1643:
1346:
1334:
1573:
4482:
729:
1859:
1016:
4180:
123:
148:
1083:
853:. The function(s) of the sail in both groups is still debated. Researchers have suggested that such sails could have provided camouflage, wind-powered sailing over water, anchoring for extra muscle support and rigidity for the backbone, protection against predator attacks, fat-storage areas, body-temperature control surfaces, or sexual display and species recognition. The height of the sail, curvature of the spines, and shape of the crossbars are distinct in each of the described species of
4192:
4186:
620:
4515:
1069:
668:
813:
3659:
1041:
3664:
968:
1136:, but with distinctive "transverse processes or branches, which resemble the yardarms of a ship's mast". He speculated that "the yardarms were connected by membranes with the neural spine or mast, thus serving the animal as a sail with which he navigated the waters of the Permian lakes". He recognized three species:
866:
spines were exposed and could create air turbulence for more efficient cooling over the surface of the sail to regulate body temperature. Recent research that examined the microscopic bone structure of the tall neural spines in edaphosaurids has raised doubts about a thermoregulatory role for the
749:
to crop bite-sized pieces from tough terrestrial plants. Back parts of the roof of the mouth and the inside of the lower jaw held dense batteries of peglike teeth, forming a broad crushing and grinding surface on each side above and below. Its jaw movements were propalinal (front to back). Early
1568:
sail spines (AMNH 4015) were remounted in the 1990s with a recreated skull (but without other skeletal parts) in a metal armature shaped in the outline of the entire animal as part of the new Hall of
Primitive Mammals, which opened at the American Museum of Natural History in 1996 after major
1464:") had not been found yet by the first decade of the 20th century when American paleontologist E.C. Case produced his major monograph on the Pelycosauria in 1907. Case argued that the apparent lack of any associated elongate and cylindrical tail bones with the known fossils meant that
1441:" were bound in a web of skin like a sail or fin (as portrayed by Cope, Knight, and others) and proposed instead that the long bony projections served as an array of separated spines to protect the animals, which allegedly could roll up like hedgehogs. Spiny-backed reconstructions of "
1472:" must have had short tails in life. (Earlier, Cope had assumed that the animals had long tails as in most reptiles, an idea seen from his sketches and his advice to Charles R. Knight in 1897.) Based on the authority of Case, museums and artists at the time restored "
1369:
with its distinctive dorsal sail composed of tall spines studded with bony knobs has made it a popular subject for scientific reconstructions and paleoart in museums and in books. However, confusion over the animal's skull dating back to Cope's ideas about
781:
from the Middle
Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous Period in North America is currently the earliest known edaphosaurid and represents a transitional stage from a diet of hard-shelled invertebrates such as insects and mollusks to fibrous plants.
857:
and show a trend for larger and more elaborate (but fewer) projecting processes over time. The possible function (or functions) of the bony tubercles on the spines remains uncertain. Romer and Price suggested that the projections on the spines of
744:
was short, relatively broad, triangular in outline, and remarkably small compared to its body size. The deep lower jaw likely had powerful muscles and the marginal teeth along the front and sides of its jaws had serrated tips, helping
1658:
in
Chicago hired Charles R. Knight to create a series of 28 murals (worked on from 1926 through 1930) to depict life reconstructions of prehistoric animals in the different sections of the new fossil hall of the museum for
1116:
and created the new family
Edaphosauridae. The type material did not include any of the post-cranial skeleton apart from an axis vertebra and Cope was unaware of the animal's large sail, a feature then known only for
1405:
skull that Cope had previously referred to that genus in error. This painting was commissioned for the
American Museum of Natural History in 1897 and was reprinted for Cope's obituary in the November 1898 issue of
1519:
at the time, the rest of the mount was a "conjectural" composite of various real fossil bones collected in different places with other parts recreated in plaster, including a skull (AMNH 4081) based on
1611:
based on additional fossil material, including large parts of a skeleton with limb bones and a crushed skull, which Case had discovered in Archer County, Texas, in 1912 and brought to the
786:
had large and bulbous teeth along its upper and lower jaws, but also had "a moderately-developed tooth battery" on its palate, "which appears intermediary towards the condition seen in
2648:
1760:
appeared in an Early
Permian landscape with plants and animals of the period. The magazine series was edited into a popular book in 1955 that also had a foldout page for Zallinger's
1293:
have been based on more fragmentary material that cannot be rigorously diagnosed to a genus/species level, but which may nonetheless represent edaphosaurids. The nominal species
1393:
consulted with Edward
Drinker Cope in person in early 1897 about a set of illustrations of prehistoric reptiles, one of Cope's specialties. Shortly after, Knight reconstructed
2337:
Christen Don
Shelton (2015) Origins of endothermy in the mammalian lineage the evolutionary beginning of fibrolamellar bone in the "mammal-like" reptiles.(Ph.D. Dissertation)
915:
suggests that the projecting bony tubercles developed "by sudden, rapid growth over a few seasons", unlike the incremental growth of the tubercles in the earlier edaphosaurid
1104:. He noted in particular the "dense body of teeth" on both the upper and lower jaws, and used the term "dental pavement" in a table in his description. The type species name
2353:
Frederik
Spindler; Sebastian Voigt; Jan Fischer (2020). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives".
862:
might have been embedded in tissue under the skin and might have supported food-storage or fat similar to the hump of a camel. Bennett argued that the bony projections on
758:
ate plants, although tooth-on-tooth wear between its upper and lower tooth plates indicates only "limited processing of food" compared to other early plant-eaters such as
1600:", which described the restoration of the composite skeleton at the American Museum of Natural History and the creation of Knight's model, both under Osborn's direction.
911:) and the presence of lamellar bone in the cancellous part. In contrast to slow growth in overall body size and in most bones, the histology of the tall dorsal spines on
1619:, as shown in a drawing, had a much smaller head (with teeth for crushing mollusks or plants), more robust limbs, and a somewhat longer tail than Osborn's carnivorous "
1588:-like flesh-eater's head but differed from his earlier 1897 painted reconstruction in having a curved shape to the sail and a short tail. The May 4, 1907 issue of
2614:
Osborn, H.F. (1907) "A mounted skeleton of
Naosaurus, a pelycosaur from the Permian of Texas". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23(14): 265-270
1787:.) These images appeared in the series of popular general audience books on prehistoric animals that Burian produced in collaboration with Czech paleontologists
698:
would have had a capacious gut and symbiotic bacteria to aid in the breakdown of cellulose and other indigestible plant material. Like its more famous relative
633:, meant as "pavement lizard", is often translated inaccurately as "earth lizard", "ground lizard", or "foundation lizard" based on other meanings for the Greek
1795:
beginning in the 1930s and on into the 1970s. Some of the books were translated into other languages, including English. Burian's painting from 1941 restored
1556:, based on more updated research. The museum eventually dismantled the entire composite restoration and by the 1950s only displayed the original set of
2838:
1374:" and over other details led to a long history of scientific and artistic errors that lasted in some cases into the 1940s. The correct scientific name
4717:
4672:
1258:("thunderous orator") – an ironic reference to the remarkably small size of the holotype lower jaw on a composite skeleton originally mounted in the
4608:
4707:
4682:
3877:
2897:
2014:
1815:
in biweekly pamphlet form between 1941 and 1942, and then republished as a full book after the war. Burian subsequently corrected his 1941
1779:
was based in part on edaphosaurid fossils found in native Carboniferous rocks in what is now the Czech Republic, originally identified as "
827:
was supported by hugely elongated neural spines from neck to lumbar region, connected by tissue in life. When compared with the sail of
4697:
4595:
1987:
1576:
Charles R. Knight's 1907 model of "Naosaurus" created for the American Museum of Natural History under the guidance of H.F. Osborn.
754:
fed on invertebrates such as mollusks, which it would have crushed with its tooth plates. However, paleontologists now think that
558:
is a sail on its back. A number of other synapsids from the same time period also have tall dorsal sails, most famously the large
4677:
4702:
2797:
2500:"Edaphosaurus (Reptilia, Pelycosauria) from the Lower Permian of Northeastern United States, with description of a new species"
2469:
Permo-Carboniferous Vertebrates from New Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington Geological Society of America Special Paper
1560:
sail vertebrae alone on the wall in Brontosaur Hall next to an accurate, fully mounted fossil skeleton of the smaller species
907:. Evidence of growth rates include the number of blood vessels in the bones (with more vascularization in the rapidly growing
4712:
1433:
German paleontologist Otto Jaekel argued in 1905 that there was no direct scientific evidence that the tall dorsal spines on
4687:
4667:
2637:
1738:
1503:) for public display in 1907 under the scientific direction of H.F. Osborn, along with W.D. Matthew. The main part of the "
2924:
1445:" (with a large carnivore's head) appeared in different German sources, including as a tile mosaic on the façade of the
2697:
Riggs, Elmer (1931) "New Mural Depicts Strange Reptiles Which Lived 215,000,000 Years Ago". Field Museum News 2(3): 1.
2627:
1488:
1358:
694:
are massive, the tail is deep, the limbs are short and robust, and the ribs form a wide ribcage. Like most herbivores,
135:
1986:
An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1889. "ἔδαφος ... 2. The ground-floor, pavement..."
1701:" for the American Museum of Natural History, incorporating a small head and a curved profile to the sail spines.
1655:
4481:
1819:
reconstruction in a painting with the more accurate small head of a plant-eater and a long tail, the version of
1756:
in reverse image (earliest to latest, left to right) of the mural order as a double-sided foldout page in which
1564:(a nearly complete specimen (AMNH 7003) collected from Archer County, Texas, by A.S. Romer in 1939). The fossil
4692:
1788:
1101:
576:
2069:
Reisz, R. R. (2006). "Origin of dental occlusion in tetrapods: signal for terrestrial vertebrate evolution?".
1940:
1650:
reconstruction by. E.C. Case, who noted that the size of the feet and the length of the tail were conjectural.
2022:
1968:
Cope, E. D. (1882). "Third contribution to the History of the Vertebrata of the Permian Formation of Texas".
1259:
835:
and other members of the Edaphosauridae evolved tall dorsal sails independently of sail-back members of the
655:
Buckland, 1838 "pavement tooth" (a fossil fish), match Cope's clearly intended meaning "pavement" for Greek
1108:
means "bearded" in Greek, referring to the enlarged inward sloping chin on the lower jaw. Cope classified
682:
species measured from 0.5 to 3.5 metres (1.6 to 11.5 ft) in length and weighed over 300 kg (660
1677:, basking in the sun surrounded by a large marsh. The Permian mural was finished in 1930. Paleontologist
1642:
1476:" with a short tail. New fossil finds and research by A.S. Romer in the 1930s and 1940s showed that both
147:
4191:
2197:
Bennett, S. C. (1996). "Aerodynamics and thermoregulatory function of the dorsal sail of Edaphosaurus".
2044:
4179:
1736:. The mural was based on a smaller model version of the painting in egg tempera that later appeared in
2602:
2242:"Comparative osteohistology of hyperelongate neural spines in the Edaphosauridae (Amniota: Synapsida)"
1544:
were also mounted with this composite specimen, rather than the correct, stockier limbs now known for
2581:
2736:
3003:
2945:
1220:
318:
2626:
American Museum of Natural History. Division of Paleontology. Collection. Catalog number: FR 7003
1584:" in 1907 based on the speculative American Museum of Natural History mount. The model retained a
3030:
2917:
2698:
2338:
30:
4662:
4639:
4573:
4535:
4383:
1831:
by Burian appeared on the cover of the 1968 third edition of the juvenile popular science book
1612:
1418:, with a corrected head and teeth, and a sail with smooth, unbarred spines. He also turned the
1386:
4613:
4185:
3658:
2767:
2660:
2551:
4634:
4626:
4290:
4264:
2873:
2749:
1247:
336:
2659:
Beasley, W. L. 1907. "Naosaurus: a Fossil Wonder" Scientific American 96(18): 365, 368, 370
2615:
4582:
4348:
4316:
2253:
2206:
2117:
1999:
North American Geology and Palaeontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists.
1512:
1251:
1219:, based on a specimen found in 1906 that appeared to associate elements of both. In 1913,
1164:
in 1884). Cope noted some incomplete skull material found associated with the specimens of
394:
382:
358:
344:
340:
322:
286:
242:
2453:
1572:
1277:("stunted sail") for an early species with a relatively small sail, based on fossils from
891:, which had a higher growth rate, reflecting an "elevated metabolism". Earlier studies of
8:
4406:
3663:
2731:
2485:
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913.
1893:
1864:
1733:
1728:
1693:, described as "inoffensive, and given to feeding on plants". Knight's 1930 depiction of
1333:
554:). In addition to the large tooth plates in its jaws, the most characteristic feature of
496:
238:
2876:, (1947, revised ed. 1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
2815:
2257:
2210:
2140:
2121:
2105:
503:
in 1882, naming it for the "dental pavement" on both the upper and lower jaws, from the
4518:
4065:
3924:
2910:
2538:
Modesto, S.P. & Reisz, R.R., 1990. Taxonomic status of Edaphosaurus raymondi Case.
2521:
2370:
2320:
2222:
1792:
1345:
1263:
1208:
850:
687:
482:
368:
142:
4621:
4005:
3978:
2853:
2726:
2525:
2374:
2324:
2312:
2266:
2241:
2145:
2086:
1705:
1507:" skeleton was a set of dorsal vertebrae with high spines (AMNH 4015) from a partial
1390:
478:
2226:
2106:"A new Carboniferous edaphosaurid and the origin of herbivory in mammal forerunners"
1697:, apart from its shortened tail, was much more accurate than his earlier images of "
1524:(per E.D. Cope, and despite Case's already expressed doubts about such a skull for "
1410:. Knight later created a more accurate revised version of the painting that turned "
1100:("pavement lizard") in 1882, based on a crushed skull and a left lower jaw from the
728:
4035:
3774:
3634:
3277:
2863:
2798:
The Wonders of the Prehistoric World - Chronicle of Prehistoric Nature and Creation
2511:
2404:
2362:
2302:
2261:
2214:
2179:
2135:
2125:
2078:
836:
831:, the vertebral spines are shorter and heavier, and bear numerous small crossbars.
709:
691:
414:
2447:
1823:
that appeared in later translated editions of Burian's books with Augusta such as
1768:
895:
limb bones had also indicated slower growth and a lower metabolism, reflecting an
4101:
3944:
3884:
3744:
3700:
2988:
2880:
1744:
1446:
845:
1484:
had long tails, a feature similar to other "pelycosaurs" and seen as primitive.
1015:
4429:
4360:
4058:
3987:
3907:
3870:
3828:
3819:
3571:
3475:
3420:
3409:
3366:
3332:
3242:
3117:
3015:
2366:
2130:
1887:
1317:
777:
608:
504:
493:
463:
218:
205:
2486:
2218:
1148:"cross-bearer" (for the projections on its spines; first described by Cope as
1140:"club-bearer" (for the projections on its spines; now considered a synonym of
122:
4656:
4558:
4503:
4372:
4131:
4123:
4044:
3994:
3964:
3954:
3891:
3751:
3709:
3506:
3491:
3464:
3443:
3305:
3298:
3214:
2593:
Jaekel, O. M. J. (1905). "Die Bedeutung der Wirbelstacheln der Naosauriden".
1552:-derived skull on the museum skeleton was later replaced with one modeled on
1278:
765:
592:
580:
559:
490:
486:
470:
80:
1663:. One of the large murals depicted the Permian Period, with a group of five
1082:
875:
A study comparing the microscopic bone histology of the vertebral centra of
4508:
4498:
4462:
4322:
4279:
4253:
4115:
4051:
3856:
3842:
3758:
3730:
3457:
3373:
3312:
3256:
3249:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3142:
2779:
2424:
Jaekel, O. M. J. (1910). "Naosaurus credneri im Rotliegenden von Sachsen".
2352:
2316:
2149:
2090:
1899:
1880:
1812:
1307:
1113:
1090:
800:
683:
250:
2467:
Williston, S.W.; Case, E.C. (1913). "A Description of Edaphosaurus Cope".
2280:
1515:
in Hog Creek, Texas in 1896. Because of the still incomplete knowledge of
1188:, although he had no direct fossil proof. In 1910, German paleontologist
4567:
4337:
4305:
4108:
4087:
3863:
3723:
3716:
3681:
3624:
3614:
3542:
3450:
3345:
3173:
3151:
3132:
1907:
1718:
1678:
1189:
769:
736:
showing the tooth plates on the palate and on the inside of the lower jaw
551:
540:
55:
2686:
2082:
1301:
by Romer and Price (1940), but Modesto and Reisz (1990) designated it a
1068:
619:
4600:
4452:
4442:
4395:
4222:
4209:
4143:
4073:
4021:
3805:
3737:
3584:
3499:
3484:
3394:
3387:
3359:
3284:
3270:
2774:, Vol. 38, No. 19, p. 157. Note that LIFE Magazine was a subsidiary of
2675:
1914:
1228:
700:
646:
584:
563:
291:
100:
65:
34:
1843:(1972), written by Zdeněk Špinar, included an additional depiction of
1799:
with a large carnivorous head and short tail, reflecting an outdated "
1040:
812:
4239:
4094:
3795:
3520:
3380:
3291:
3235:
3228:
3166:
3096:
3083:
3042:
2933:
2826:
2775:
2516:
2499:
2307:
2282:
2239:
2183:
1803:" concept of the animal. The artwork was featured in Josef Augusta's
896:
760:
667:
651:
642:
547:
192:
159:
105:
49:
42:
4529:
1592:
featured a cover painting by Knight depicting a revised version of "
4552:
4080:
3934:
3849:
3604:
3594:
3527:
3513:
3436:
3429:
3184:
3159:
2963:
2957:
2409:
2392:
1873:
1712:
in a more scientifically updated form (with a long tail) alongside
1681:
described the new artistic addition in the March 1931 issue of the
1337:
Charles R. Knight's original erroneous artistic reconstruction of
900:
588:
466:
179:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
38:
2649:
File:Extinct_monsters_and_creatures_of_other_days_(6288294815).jpg
1607:" was detailed by E.C. Case in 1914 with a revised description of
3263:
2972:
2737:
https://remodernreview.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/zallinger2.jpg
2452:. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp.
1723:
1193:
1132:"ship") for skeletal remains similar to those of the long-spined
967:
604:
544:
460:
110:
85:
4587:
1603:
The inaccuracy of much of Osborn's composite reconstruction of "
1430:" at the time) with a different head and a sail with crossbars.
899:(cold-blooded) animal, although the plant-eating early synapsid
539:
is important as one of the earliest-known, large, plant-eating (
4412:
3402:
2951:
2825:
Database of children's literature illustrators: Zdenek Burian:
2670:
Case, E.C. (1914) "Restoration of Edaphosaurus cruciger Cope."
2291:(Amniota, Synapsida) vertebrae from the Lower Permian of Texas"
2170:
Romer, A.S.; Price, L.I. (1940). "Review of the Pelycosauria".
1197:
474:
169:
2699:
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25718#page/9/mode/1up
2339:
https://bonndoc.ulb.uni-bonn.de/xmlui/handle/20.500.11811/6495
1580:
Charles R. Knight had produced a small sculpture of a living "
1315:
Fritsch, 1895 from the Czech Republic was given its own genus
455:, meaning "pavement lizard" for dense clusters of teeth) is a
3221:
2757:, Vol. 35, No. 10: (Reptiles Inherit the Earth foldout pages)
2104:
Mann, A.; Henrici, A. C.; Sues, H.-D.; Pierce, S. E. (2023).
1673:
867:
sail and suggests that a display function is more plausible.
635:
527:
520:
514:
508:
456:
2902:
441:
2552:
http://tubaf.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A22988/attachment/ATT-0/
720:
in having cross-bars on the spines that supported its fin.
596:
571:
is different in shape and morphology. The first fossils of
444:
432:
426:
420:
2814:
as depicted by Z. Burian in 1942 and inaccurately in 1941
1941:"Paleobiology Database: Edaphosaurus Cope 1882 (synapsid)"
1305:, and Spindler (2015) considered it probably referable to
2616:
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1423?show=full
2240:
Huttenlocker, A. K.; Mazierski, D.; Reisz, R. R. (2011).
1748:
magazine in 1952 to 1954. The September 7, 1953 issue of
1449:
in 1913 (destroyed in World War II and later recreated).
2786:
Time is also often cited as the publisher of the series.
1639:-like head, continued to appear in some popular sources.
1341:
with a carnivorous skull and a sail with bony crossbars.
2281:
Amin Agliano; P. Martin Sander; Tanja Wintrich (2020).
708:
had a sail-like fin that was supported by bones of the
2780:
The Editorial Staff of Life; Barnett, Lincoln (1955).
790:" and would have helped process tough plant material.
2887:, Geological Society of America Special Papers, No 28
2103:
1266:) with the head restored based on the larger species
447:
438:
429:
417:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4369:
4334:
4302:
4276:
4250:
4235:
4032:
4017:
3975:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3816:
3801:
3791:
3697:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3342:
3129:
3113:
2837:
National Geographic: Permian Period: Photo Gallery:
1854:
1775:
set in Paleozoic landscapes. (The choice to portray
641:, such as "soil, earth, ground, land, base" used in
423:
350:
328:
310:
299:
278:
257:
2595:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft
2466:
2426:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft
2001:
Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati. 718 pp.
1382:") also was not used consistently until the 1940s.
1184:must have had a large carnivorous skull similar to
849:that lived at the same time, an unusual example of
435:
2393:"The long-spined Theromorpha of the Permian epoch"
1540:, slender limbs (AMNH 4057) probably belonging to
1528:") and a hypothetical short tail (per Case). As "
1491:mounted the first full skeletal reconstruction of
1970:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
649:). However, older names in paleontology, such as
4654:
2898:Edaphosauridae – edaphosaurs – (list of species)
2750:The World We Live In: Part V The Pageant Of Life
2174:. Geological Society of America Special Papers.
2169:
887:"grew distinctly more slowly" than the predator
3696:
2348:
2346:
1596:" and an article (pages 368 and 370) entitled "
1077:
662:
2987:
3569:
2918:
2725:in a Permian Period landscape as depicted by
2449:Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America
1903:– an unrelated animal with a sail on its back
1273:In 1979, paleontologist David Berman erected
1227:from a fairly complete specimen unearthed in
804:, which lacked tooth plates and ate insects.
2563:Osborn, H. F. (1898). "A Great Naturalist".
2343:
2172:Geological Society of America Special Paper
1311:due to its age and stratigraphy. The taxon
2925:
2911:
2735:Mural at the Yale Peabody Museum in 1947.
1933:
121:
4220:
2827:Modified illustrations and redrawn themes
2515:
2408:
2306:
2265:
2139:
2129:
2009:
2007:
4718:Pennsylvanian tetrapods of North America
4673:Carboniferous synapsids of North America
3094:
2441:
2439:
2386:
2384:
1641:
1571:
1532:" was thought to be a close relative of
1353:skeletal mount, with wrongly attributed
1344:
1332:
1096:Edward Drinker Cope named and described
1081:
870:
811:
798:and lived earlier than the edaphosaurid
727:
666:
618:
2196:
1963:
1961:
1771:created a number of vivid paintings of
1635:", and even the outdated and incorrect
1511:specimen found by the fossil collector
4655:
2592:
2586:
2562:
2497:
2423:
2417:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2071:Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B
2004:
1767:The Czech illustrator and paleoartist
1631:". Despite his corrections, the name "
1235:-type skeleton was found with a small
686:). In keeping with its tiny head, the
4708:Pennsylvanian genus first appearances
4683:Cisuralian synapsids of North America
4534:
4533:
4207:
3679:
3081:
2944:
2906:
2870:, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
2858:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
2556:
2491:
2436:
2381:
2233:
2190:
2068:
1839:), also written by Augusta. The book
1328:
1284:
1239:-type skull. The older generic name
2638:File:Edaphosaurus_cross-hatching.jpg
2460:
2445:
2390:
2283:"Bone histology and microanatomy of
2062:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1156:, the largest species in size); and
1124:In 1886, Cope erected the new genus
659:in reference to the animal's teeth.
599:. Fragmentary fossils attributed to
2156:
2037:
1223:and Case described the new species
1215:might belong with skeletons called
671:Size comparison of some species of
13:
1623:" mount. Case also confirmed that
1489:American Museum of Natural History
1207:In 1907, American paleontologist
1160:"small tooth" (first described as
794:was found to be a sister taxon to
14:
4729:
4698:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
2891:
1243:Cope, 1882 became the valid one.
690:are reduced in length, while the
4514:
4513:
4480:
4190:
4184:
4178:
3662:
3657:
2267:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01047.x
1857:
1809:Wonders of the Prehistoric World
1627:was the valid name rather than "
1422:in the original background into
1385:At the urging of paleontologist
1067:
1039:
1014:
966:
603:have also been found in eastern
519:("ground"; also "pavement") and
413:
146:
53:
3680:
2831:
2819:
2805:
2789:
2760:
2741:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2664:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2620:
2608:
2575:
2545:
2532:
2479:
2331:
2274:
1656:Field Museum of Natural History
1231:in 1910, in which a sailbacked
772:) that lived at the same time.
4678:Cisuralian synapsids of Europe
4208:
2784:. New York: Time Incorporated.
2097:
1980:
1:
4703:Fossil taxa described in 1882
3082:
2932:
2687:Charles R. Knight Collection.
2685:Field Museum Photo Archives:
2504:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
1921:
1452:Nearly complete specimens of
1260:Museum of Comparative Zoology
903:had a lower growth rate than
4713:Cisuralian genus extinctions
2868:Evolution of the Vertebrates
1827:(1956). Another painting of
1211:suggested that the skull of
1078:Discovery and classification
883:found that the plant-eating
750:descriptions suggested that
663:Description and paleobiology
636:
614:
528:
509:
7:
4688:Carboniferous United States
4668:Prehistoric synapsid genera
1850:
823:The sail along the back of
10:
4734:
2885:Review of the Pelycosauria
2778:The book is thus cited as
2367:10.1007/s12542-019-00453-2
2131:10.1038/s41598-023-30626-8
1598:Naosaurus: a Fossil Wonder
1365:The strange appearance of
1289:Other proposed species of
1225:Edaphosaurus novomexicanus
1128:"ship lizard" (from Greek
1028:Williston & Case, 1913
1024:Edaphosaurus novomexicanus
922:
521:
515:
469:that lived in what is now
16:Extinct genus of synapsids
4542:
4493:
4478:
4427:
4394:
4368:
4359:
4333:
4301:
4275:
4249:
4231:
4216:
4203:
4176:
4142:
4031:
4013:
4004:
3974:
3916:
3905:
3815:
3787:
3783:
3772:
3692:
3688:
3675:
3655:
3565:
3541:
3474:
3419:
3354:
3341:
3330:
3183:
3141:
3128:
3109:
3105:
3090:
3077:
3041:
3023:
3014:
2996:
2983:
2940:
2582:File:DimetrodonKnight.jpg
2219:10.1017/S0094837300016481
1732:mural (1943-1947) at the
1357:skull, as mounted in the
1246:In 1940, paleontologists
645:scientific nomenclature (
550:(four-legged land-living
374:
367:
275:
270:
256:
249:
143:Scientific classification
141:
129:
120:
23:
1671:, along with a group of
1615:. His reconstruction of
1275:Edaphosaurus colohistion
1221:Samuel Wendell Williston
1180:. He later decided that
976:Edaphosaurus colohistion
723:
2672:The American Naturalist
2540:Journal of Paleontology
2045:"Edaphosaurus pogonias"
1389:, American paleoartist
955:Romer & Price, 1940
807:
775:The recently described
567:. However, the sail on
2860:, WH Freeman & Co.
2498:Berman, D. S. (1979).
1997:Miller, S. A. (1889).
1651:
1613:University of Michigan
1577:
1562:Edaphosaurus boanerges
1542:Dimetrodon dollovianus
1387:Henry Fairfield Osborn
1362:
1342:
1256:Edaphosaurus boanerges
1254:named the new species
1192:reported remains near
1093:
951:Edaphosaurus boanerges
820:
737:
676:
626:
583:, with later finds in
477:around 303.4 to 272.5
4693:Permian United States
4635:Paleobiology Database
2768:An Extraordinary Book
2295:The Anatomical Record
1645:
1617:Edaphosaurus cruciger
1575:
1566:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1558:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1554:Edaphosaurus cruciger
1509:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1501:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1348:
1336:
1268:Edaphosaurus cruciger
1248:Alfred Sherwood Romer
1162:Edaphosaurus microdus
1154:Edaphosaurus cruciger
1142:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1085:
1063:Edaphosaurus claviger
1049:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1010:Edaphosaurus microdus
996:Edaphosaurus cruciger
871:Growth and metabolism
815:
764:, a large nonamniote
731:
670:
624:Edaphosaurus pogonias
622:
261:Edaphosaurus pogonias
130:Restored specimen of
2782:The World We Live In
2565:The Century Magazine
2391:Cope, E. D. (1886).
2049:The Dino Pit Fossils
1811:), published during
1742:series published in
1739:The World We Live In
1513:Charles H. Sternberg
1408:The Century Magazine
1252:Llewellyn Ivor Price
2732:The Age of Reptiles
2446:Case, E.C. (1907).
2397:American Naturalist
2258:2011Palgy..54..573H
2211:1996Pbio...22..496B
2122:2023NatSR..13.4459M
2083:10.1002/jez.b.21115
2025:on 20 February 2022
1894:List of pelycosaurs
1865:Paleontology portal
1825:Prehistoric Animals
1762:The Age of Reptiles
1754:The Age of Reptiles
1734:Yale Peabody Museum
1729:The Age of Reptiles
1685:and used the name "
1590:Scientific American
1313:Naosaurus mirabilis
1150:Dimetrodon cruciger
1112:as a member of his
497:Edward Drinker Cope
2753:" (Sept. 7, 1953)
2542:64 (6): 1049‐1051.
2110:Scientific Reports
1652:
1578:
1497:Naosaurus claviger
1363:
1343:
1329:In popular culture
1295:Naosaurus raymondi
1285:Reassigned species
1264:Harvard University
1209:Ermine Cowles Case
1202:Naosaurus credneri
1200:, which he called
1176:was distinct from
1158:Naosaurus microdus
1146:Naosaurus cruciger
1138:Naosaurus claviger
1094:
1003:Texas and Oklahoma
851:parallel evolution
821:
738:
688:cervical vertebrae
677:
627:
483:Late Carboniferous
4650:
4649:
4622:Open Tree of Life
4536:Taxon identifiers
4527:
4526:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4423:
4422:
4199:
4198:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4006:Sphenacodontoidea
3979:Palaeohatteriidae
3901:
3900:
3768:
3767:
3671:
3670:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3561:
3560:
3537:
3536:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
2879:Romer, A. S. and
2770:". (May 9, 1955)
2727:Rudolph Zallinger
2674:48(566): 116-121
1783:" and now called
1722:to represent the
1706:Rudolph Zallinger
1683:Field Museum News
1391:Charles R. Knight
1075:
1074:
479:million years ago
404:
403:
398:
386:
361:
347:
325:
307:
296:
245:
48:303.4–272.5
4725:
4643:
4642:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4531:
4530:
4517:
4516:
4484:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4336:
4304:
4278:
4252:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4036:Sphenacodontidae
4034:
4019:
4011:
4010:
3977:
3962:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3818:
3803:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3775:Haptodontiformes
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3635:Protoclepsydrops
3632:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3582:
3567:
3566:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3278:Lalieudorhynchus
3139:
3138:
3131:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3021:
3020:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2764:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2517:10.5962/p.215833
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2310:
2308:10.1002/ar.24468
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:10.1130/spe28-p1
2167:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1499:" (a synonym of
1297:was assigned to
1071:
1043:
1018:
970:
927:
926:
837:Sphenacodontidae
710:vertebral column
692:dorsal vertebrae
639:
531:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
499:first described
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
392:
380:
356:
352:
335:
330:
317:
314:E. novomexicanus
312:
305:
301:
284:
280:
259:
237:
230:
217:
151:
150:
125:
115:
52:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4485:
4468:
4419:
4390:
4355:
4329:
4297:
4271:
4245:
4225:
4212:
4195:
4158:
4138:
4102:Secodontosaurus
4027:
4000:
3970:
3945:Hypselohaptodus
3910:
3897:
3885:Remigiomontanus
3811:
3777:
3764:
3745:Stereophallodon
3701:Ophiacodontidae
3684:
3667:
3641:
3557:
3533:
3470:
3415:
3335:
3318:
3179:
3124:
3099:
3086:
3057:
3037:
3010:
3004:Tetrapodomorpha
2989:Tetrapodomorpha
2979:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2894:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2806:
2800:(July 10, 2014)
2794:
2790:
2765:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2510:(11): 185–202.
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2389:
2382:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2279:
2275:
2238:
2234:
2195:
2191:
2168:
2157:
2102:
2098:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1841:Life Before Man
1667:, and a single
1447:Aquarium Berlin
1426:(still called "
1331:
1287:
1080:
925:
873:
846:Secodontosaurus
810:
726:
665:
617:
416:
412:
334:
316:
266:
263:
236:
228:
215:
145:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4564:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4430:Incertae sedis
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4377:
4375:
4363:
4361:Eutheriodontia
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4059:Ctenospondylus
4055:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3988:Palaeohatteria
3983:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3917:
3911:
3908:Sphenacodontia
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3871:Melanedaphodon
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3829:Bohemiclavulus
3824:
3822:
3820:Edaphosauridae
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3577:
3575:
3572:Incertae sedis
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3478:
3476:Varanodontinae
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3421:Mesenosaurinae
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3410:Thrausmosaurus
3406:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3367:Archaeovenator
3363:
3355:
3349:
3336:
3333:Eupelycosauria
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3243:Cotylorhynchus
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:Diadectomorpha
3110:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:Reptiliomorpha
3024:
3018:
3016:Reptiliomorpha
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2892:External links
2890:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2864:Colbert, E. H.
2861:
2854:Carroll, R. L.
2850:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2804:
2795:Muzeum 3000. "
2788:
2759:
2740:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2663:
2652:
2641:
2630:
2619:
2607:
2585:
2574:
2555:
2544:
2531:
2490:
2478:
2459:
2435:
2416:
2410:10.1086/274275
2380:
2342:
2330:
2301:(3): 570–583.
2273:
2252:(3): 573–590.
2232:
2205:(4): 496–506.
2189:
2155:
2116:(4459): 4459.
2096:
2077:(3): 261–277.
2061:
2036:
2015:"Edaphosaurus"
2003:
1990:
1979:
1957:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1888:Melanedaphodon
1884:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1852:
1849:
1837:The Lost World
1785:Bohemiclavulus
1726:in his famous
1724:Permian period
1661:Life Over Time
1378:(rather than "
1330:
1327:
1318:Bohemiclavulus
1286:
1283:
1172:, but thought
1102:Texas Red Beds
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
984:
981:
978:
972:
971:
964:
962:
959:
956:
953:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
924:
921:
872:
869:
809:
806:
792:Melanedaphodon
784:Melanedaphodon
778:Melanedaphodon
725:
722:
664:
661:
616:
613:
609:Central Europe
577:Texas Red Beds
575:came from the
533:) ("lizard").
494:paleontologist
402:
401:
400:
399:
387:
372:
371:
365:
364:
363:
362:
354:E. colohistion
348:
326:
308:
297:
289:) (originally
273:
272:
268:
267:
264:
254:
253:
247:
246:
226:
222:
221:
219:Edaphosauridae
213:
209:
208:
206:Sphenacomorpha
203:
196:
195:
190:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4730:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Edaphosaurids
4661:
4660:
4658:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4520:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Phthinosuchia
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4483:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4384:Therocephalia
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4373:Therocephalia
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4132:Tetraceratops
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:Tappenosaurus
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:Cryptovenator
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3995:Pantelosaurus
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3965:Tetraceratops
3959:
3957:
3956:
3955:Kenomagnathus
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:Xyrospondylus
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:Stereorhachis
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:Archaeothyris
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3660:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:Tambacarnifex
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:Mycterosaurus
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3465:Microvaranops
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:Elliotsmithia
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:Ruthenosaurus
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:Phreatophasma
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:Callibrachion
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2839:Edaphosaurus
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:Barnett, L. "
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Palaeontology
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:Ztracený svět
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Divy prasvěta
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:Zdeněk Špinar
1790:
1789:Josef Augusta
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Zdeněk Burian
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:In 1926, the
1649:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1569:renovations.
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1279:West Virginia
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:in 1878; now
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:mount at the
1088:
1084:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:West Virginia
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
965:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
868:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
814:
805:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
779:
773:
771:
767:
766:reptiliomorph
763:
762:
757:
753:
748:
743:
735:
730:
721:
719:
716:differs from
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
669:
660:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
638:
632:
625:
621:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:West Virginia
590:
586:
582:
581:North America
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
561:
560:apex predator
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
530:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:Early Permian
484:
481:, during the
480:
476:
472:
471:North America
468:
465:
462:
458:
452:
410:
409:
396:
391:
388:
384:
379:
378:Brachycnemius
376:
375:
373:
370:
366:
360:
355:
349:
346:
342:
338:
333:
327:
324:
320:
315:
309:
304:
298:
294:
293:
288:
283:
277:
276:
274:
269:
262:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
234:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Pennsylvanian
26:
22:
19:
4574:Edaphosaurus
4544:Edaphosaurus
4543:
4509:Theriodontia
4499:Pelycosauria
4463:Niaftasuchus
4461:
4451:
4441:
4428:
4291:Dinocephalia
4280:Dinocephalia
4265:Biarmosuchia
4254:Biarmosuchia
4238:
4183:
4130:
4122:
4116:Steppesaurus
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4052:Ctenorhachis
4050:
4043:
4020:
3993:
3986:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3857:Ianthasaurus
3855:
3848:
3843:Glaucosaurus
3841:
3836:Edaphosaurus
3835:
3834:
3827:
3804:
3794:
3759:Varanosaurus
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3731:Echinerpeton
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3583:
3570:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3483:
3463:
3458:Mesenosaurus
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3374:Ascendonanus
3372:
3365:
3358:
3313:Trichasaurus
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3257:Ennatosaurus
3255:
3250:Datheosaurus
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3208:Arisierpeton
3206:
3201:Angelosaurus
3199:
3194:Alierasaurus
3192:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3143:Eothyrididae
3116:
2968:
2962:Superclass:
2884:
2881:Price, L. I.
2874:Romer, A. S.
2867:
2857:
2848:Bibliography
2833:
2821:
2812:Edaphosaurus
2811:
2807:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2722:
2719:Edaphosaurus
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2655:
2644:
2633:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2571:(33): 10–15.
2568:
2564:
2558:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2448:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2400:
2396:
2358:
2354:
2333:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:Edaphosaurus
2284:
2276:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2199:Paleobiology
2198:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2018:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1913:
1906:
1900:Platyhystrix
1898:
1886:
1881:Ianthasaurus
1879:
1872:
1845:Edaphosaurus
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:Edaphosaurus
1828:
1824:
1821:Edaphosaurus
1820:
1817:Edaphosaurus
1816:
1813:World War II
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:Edaphosaurus
1796:
1784:
1780:
1777:Edaphosaurus
1776:
1773:Edaphosaurus
1772:
1766:
1761:
1758:Edaphosaurus
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1710:Edaphosaurus
1709:
1703:
1698:
1695:Edaphosaurus
1694:
1691:Edaphosaurus
1690:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1669:Edaphosaurus
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:Edaphosaurus
1647:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:Edaphosaurus
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:Edaphosaurus
1608:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:Edaphosaurus
1545:
1541:
1538:Edaphosaurus
1537:
1536:rather than
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:Edaphosaurus
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:Edaphosaurus
1492:
1486:
1482:Edaphosaurus
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:Edaphosaurus
1457:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1424:Edaphosaurus
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:Edaphosaurus
1394:
1384:
1379:
1376:Edaphosaurus
1375:
1371:
1367:Edaphosaurus
1366:
1364:
1361:in 1906-1907
1354:
1350:
1338:
1322:
1321:by Spindler
1316:
1312:
1308:Ianthasaurus
1306:
1302:
1299:Edaphosaurus
1298:
1294:
1291:Edaphosaurus
1290:
1288:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1255:
1245:
1241:Edaphosaurus
1240:
1237:Edaphosaurus
1236:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1213:Edaphosaurus
1212:
1206:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1178:Edaphosaurus
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:Pelycosauria
1110:Edaphosaurus
1109:
1105:
1098:Edaphosaurus
1097:
1095:
1091:Field Museum
1086:
1062:
1048:
1023:
1009:
995:
980:Berman, 1979
975:
950:
917:Ianthasaurus
916:
913:Edaphosaurus
912:
908:
905:Edaphosaurus
904:
893:Edaphosaurus
892:
888:
885:Edaphosaurus
884:
880:
877:Edaphosaurus
876:
874:
864:Edaphosaurus
863:
860:Edaphosaurus
859:
855:Edaphosaurus
854:
844:
840:
833:Edaphosaurus
832:
828:
825:Edaphosaurus
824:
822:
818:Edaphosaurus
817:
816:Skeleton of
801:Ianthasaurus
799:
796:Edaphosaurus
795:
791:
788:Edaphosaurus
787:
783:
776:
774:
759:
756:Edaphosaurus
755:
752:Edaphosaurus
751:
747:Edaphosaurus
746:
742:Edaphosaurus
741:
740:The head of
739:
734:Edaphosaurus
733:
717:
714:Edaphosaurus
713:
706:Edaphosaurus
705:
699:
696:Edaphosaurus
695:
680:Edaphosaurus
679:
678:
673:Edaphosaurus
672:
656:
650:
634:
631:Edaphosaurus
630:
628:
623:
601:Edaphosaurus
600:
573:Edaphosaurus
572:
569:Edaphosaurus
568:
562:
556:Edaphosaurus
555:
537:Edaphosaurus
536:
535:
526:
507:
501:Edaphosaurus
500:
464:edaphosaurid
408:Edaphosaurus
407:
406:
405:
389:
381:(Williston,
377:
353:
332:E. boanerges
331:
313:
302:
290:
281:
260:
251:Type species
233:Edaphosaurus
232:
231:
199:
186:
132:E. boanerges
131:
25:Edaphosaurus
24:
18:
4568:Wikispecies
4349:Gorgonopsia
4338:Gorgonopsia
4323:dicynodonts
4317:Anomodontia
4306:Anomodontia
4109:Sphenacodon
4088:Macromerion
3878:Ramodendron
3864:Lupeosaurus
3724:Clepsydrops
3717:Baldwinonus
3682:Metopophora
3625:Mastersonia
3615:Knoxosaurus
3543:Metopophora
3451:Heleosaurus
3346:Varanopidae
3174:Vaughnictis
3152:Asaphestera
3133:Caseasauria
2711:Sphenacodon
2487:Boanerges.
2403:: 544–545.
2361:: 125–153.
2029:9 September
1950:17 December
1945:Fossilworks
1908:Sphenacodon
1847:by Burian.
1719:Sphenacodon
1679:Elmer Riggs
1665:Dimetrodons
1303:nomen vanum
1190:Otto Jaekel
1170:N. microdus
1166:N. claviger
1087:E. pogonias
897:ectothermic
770:Diadectidae
552:vertebrates
541:herbivorous
303:E. pogonias
282:E. cruciger
4657:Categories
4497:See also:
4453:Kamagorgon
4443:Dinosaurus
4407:Cynodontia
4396:Cynodontia
4223:Therapsida
4210:Therapsida
4153:see below↓
4144:Therapsida
4074:Dimetrodon
4022:Shashajaia
3806:Milosaurus
3738:Ophiacodon
3585:Dimacrodon
3552:see below↓
3500:Ruthiromia
3485:Aerosaurus
3395:Nitosaurus
3388:Dendromaia
3360:Apsisaurus
3285:Martensius
3271:Euromycter
3052:see below↓
2883:, (1940),
2866:, (1969),
2723:Ophiacodon
2715:Dimetrodon
2709:Synapsids
2601:: 192–195
2432:: 526–535.
2289:Dimetrodon
1976:: 447–474.
1922:References
1915:Dimetrodon
1752:presented
1714:Dimetrodon
1637:Dimetrodon
1586:Dimetrodon
1550:Dimetrodon
1548:. The big
1534:Dimetrodon
1522:Dimetrodon
1478:Dimetrodon
1466:Dimetrodon
1454:Dimetrodon
1435:Dimetrodon
1420:Dimetrodon
1416:Dimetrodon
1403:Dimetrodon
1401:") with a
1355:Dimetrodon
1229:New Mexico
1186:Dimetrodon
1134:Dimetrodon
1119:Dimetrodon
1053:Cope, 1882
1031:New Mexico
1000:Cope, 1878
909:Dimetrodon
889:Dimetrodon
881:Dimetrodon
841:Dimetrodon
829:Dimetrodon
718:Dimetrodon
701:Dimetrodon
647:edaphology
585:New Mexico
564:Dimetrodon
321:and Case,
306:Cope, 1882
292:Dimetrodon
265:Cope, 1882
35:Cisuralian
4411:includes
4321:includes
4240:Raranimus
4095:Neosaurus
3796:Ianthodon
3521:Varanodon
3381:Eoscansor
3292:Oromycter
3236:Caseopsis
3229:Caseoides
3167:Oedaleops
3097:Synapsida
3084:Synapsida
3043:Synapsida
2964:Tetrapoda
2950:Kingdom:
2934:Synapsida
2776:Time Inc.
2526:191159505
2375:198140317
2325:219172923
2178:: 1–538.
1801:Naosaurus
1781:Naosaurus
1764:artwork.
1708:depicted
1699:Naosaurus
1687:Naosaurus
1633:Naosaurus
1629:Naosaurus
1621:Naosaurus
1605:Naosaurus
1594:Naosaurus
1582:Naosaurus
1530:Naosaurus
1526:Naosaurus
1505:Naosaurus
1474:Naosaurus
1470:Naosaurus
1462:Naosaurus
1443:Naosaurus
1439:Naosaurus
1428:Naosaurus
1412:Naosaurus
1399:Naosaurus
1380:Naosaurus
1372:Naosaurus
1351:Naosaurus
1339:Naosaurus
1233:Naosaurus
1217:Naosaurus
1182:Naosaurus
1174:Naosaurus
1126:Naosaurus
933:Authority
761:Diadectes
732:Skull of
652:Edaphodon
643:Neo-Latin
629:The name
615:Etymology
548:tetrapods
467:synapsids
390:Naosaurus
319:Williston
193:Synapsida
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
43:Kungurian
4553:Wikidata
4519:Category
4081:Eosyodon
4066:Cutleria
3935:Haptodus
3925:Cutleria
3850:Gordodon
3605:Gorgodon
3595:Driveria
3528:Watongia
3514:Varanops
3437:Cabarzia
3430:Anningia
3185:Caseidae
3160:Eothyris
2958:Chordata
2956:Phylum:
2952:Animalia
2856:(1988),
2475:: 71–81.
2317:32484294
2227:89276555
2150:37019927
2141:10076360
2091:16683226
1874:Haptodus
1851:See also
1325:(2019).
1106:pogonias
942:Synonyms
936:Location
839:such as
589:Oklahoma
491:American
369:Synonyms
357:Berman,
271:Species
212:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
39:Gzhelian
4627:4130000
4614:1060528
4601:4819418
4588:4530618
4559:Q131688
4413:mammals
3264:Eocasea
2973:Amniota
2254:Bibcode
2207:Bibcode
2118:Bibcode
2019:Palaeos
1704:Artist
1689:" for
1414:" into
1194:Dresden
945:Images
930:Species
923:Species
901:caseids
657:edaphos
637:edaphos
605:Germany
545:amniote
510:edaphos
461:extinct
393:(Cope,
285:(Cope,
225:Genus:
3403:Pyozia
2721:, and
2524:
2373:
2323:
2315:
2225:
2148:
2138:
2089:
2054:22 May
1323:et al.
1198:Saxony
939:Status
595:, and
529:sauros
522:σαῦρος
516:έδαφος
475:Europe
339:&
4640:38911
4609:IRMNG
3222:Casea
2969:Clade
2522:S2CID
2456:–176.
2371:S2CID
2321:S2CID
2223:S2CID
1927:Notes
1674:Casea
1646:1914
1468:and "
1460:(as "
1437:and "
1397:(as "
1059:Valid
1056:Texas
1034:Valid
1006:Valid
986:Valid
961:Valid
958:Texas
724:Skull
505:Greek
457:genus
341:Price
337:Romer
200:Clade
187:Clade
4596:GBIF
4405:see
4382:see
4347:see
4315:see
4289:see
4263:see
3029:see
3002:see
2772:Life
2755:Life
2729:for
2355:PalZ
2313:PMID
2287:and
2146:PMID
2087:PMID
2075:306B
2056:2015
2031:2022
1952:2021
1791:and
1750:Life
1745:Life
1716:and
1495:as "
1487:The
1480:and
1456:and
1359:AMNH
1349:The
1250:and
1168:and
1130:naos
879:and
843:and
808:Sail
597:Ohio
473:and
395:1886
383:1911
359:1979
345:1940
323:1913
287:1878
243:1882
239:Cope
136:AMNH
56:PreꞒ
4583:EoL
2512:doi
2473:181
2405:doi
2363:doi
2303:doi
2299:304
2262:doi
2215:doi
2180:doi
2136:PMC
2126:doi
2079:doi
1196:in
1144:);
607:in
579:in
543:),
489:.
485:to
459:of
442:ɔːr
45:),
41:to
33:to
4659::
4637::
4624::
4611::
4598::
4585::
4570::
4555::
2971::
2717:,
2713:,
2599:57
2597:.
2569:55
2567:.
2520:.
2508:48
2506:.
2502:.
2471:.
2438:^
2430:62
2428:.
2401:20
2399:.
2395:.
2383:^
2369:.
2359:94
2357:.
2345:^
2319:.
2311:.
2297:.
2293:.
2260:.
2250:54
2248:.
2244:.
2221:.
2213:.
2203:22
2201:.
2176:28
2158:^
2144:.
2134:.
2124:.
2114:13
2112:.
2108:.
2085:.
2073:.
2047:.
2017:.
2006:^
1974:20
1972:.
1960:^
1943:.
1281:.
1270:.
1204:.
1121:.
919:.
712:.
704:,
684:lb
611:.
591:,
587:,
433:oʊ
343:,
241:,
202::
189::
134:,
106:Pg
50:Ma
4459:†
4449:†
4439:†
4370:†
4335:†
4303:†
4277:†
4251:†
4236:†
4135:?
4127:?
4119:?
4069:?
4033:†
4018:†
3976:†
3961:†
3951:†
3941:†
3931:†
3921:†
3817:†
3802:†
3792:†
3698:†
3638:?
3631:†
3621:†
3611:†
3601:†
3591:†
3581:†
3495:?
3398:?
3348:?
3343:†
3155:?
3135:?
3130:†
3121:?
3114:†
2926:e
2919:t
2912:v
2802:"
2766:"
2604:.
2528:.
2514::
2454:1
2413:.
2407::
2377:.
2365::
2327:.
2305::
2270:.
2264::
2256::
2229:.
2217::
2209::
2186:.
2182::
2152:.
2128::
2120::
2093:.
2081::
2058:.
2033:.
1954:.
1835:(
1807:(
1370:"
1262:(
768:(
675:.
525:(
451:/
448:s
445:ə
439:s
436:ˈ
430:f
427:ə
424:d
421:ɛ
418:ˌ
415:/
411:(
397:)
385:)
351:†
329:†
311:†
300:†
295:)
279:†
258:†
229:†
216:†
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
37:(
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