627:
recreational dose, and the highest dose exceeded fifteen times the typical recreational dose. Because of limited documentation, it is difficult to ascertain which experiments occurred at which installations, but available documentation describes several general types of experiments; which included presenting individuals with radar symbols for interpretation, having them track a simulated aircraft, having them read a map, having them interpret meteorological data, and having them attempt to defend an installation against a simulated hostile air craft attack with 40-mm antiaircraft automatic weapons. Results varied between experiments, but typically showed significant impairment at all doses, with impairment increasing as dose did.
712:, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely".
870:
and vacated trial. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims.
31:
788:
4199:
894:
101:(DoD). Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy.
631:
congenital heart disease in offspring of the experimental subjects, and neuropsychological abnormalities in 9% of the participants which could not be explained by etiological explanations other than LSD exposure, most of which were considered mild. It is reported that all testing of LSD at
Edgewood Arsenal and in general on behalf of the Army Chemical Corps was abandoned on or around April 1963.
732:
Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway
Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known.
666:, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. An Army investigation subsequently found no evidence of serious injuries or deaths associated with the MRVP, but deplored both the recruiting process and the informed consent approach, which they characterized as "suggest possible coercion".
574:. This action can be precipitated through a variety of mechanisms, including directly binding and deactivating the anticholinesterase itself, blocking the reaction between the anticholinesterase and the acetylcholinesterase, changing the release of acetylcholine, blocking acetylcholine's cholinolytic effect, or by increasing the excretion of the anticholinesterase.
34:
33:
38:
37:
32:
39:
881:(AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health.
36:
869:
On July 24, 2013, United States
District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case
823:
In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were ... subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. Finally, the command and control problems which were
293:
publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures." Soviet advances in the same
773:
Unlike the CIA program, research subjects all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus. At
Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or
327:
in 1962. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army
Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual
248:
began conducting research using the aforementioned nerve gases. These studies included a classified human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in
Edgewood technicians. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its
1543:
article, dated July 23, 1975, by Bill
Richards ("6,940 Took Drugs") reported that a top civilian drug researcher for the Army said a total of 6,940 servicemen had been involved in Army chemical and drug experiments, and that, furthermore, the tests were proceeding at Edgewood Arsenal as of the date
847:
Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and
764:
The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. The IOM committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August 2012. In
January 2014, an additional request was
550:
Available data from both experiment patients and pharmaceutical research indicates that short-term exposure to anticholinergic compounds, especially the extremely limited exposures described in the documentation is associated with no long-term effects. It is important to note however, that in the
457:
Much of the experimentation at
Edgewood Arsenal surrounded the modulation of Acetylcholine or Acetylcholinesterase, or the deactivation and reactivation of substances which did the same. These experiments represented a significant enough proportion of the total experimentation to earn a dedicated
268:
Throughout recorded history, wars have been characterized by death, human misery, and the destruction of property; each major conflict being more catastrophic than the one preceding it ... I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an
754:
Over a period of 20 years, more than 7,000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14,000 months at
Edgewood Arsenal. To my knowledge, not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury. That adds up to 1,167 man-years of survival. Statistically, at least one out of a thousand
626:
Available data describes a wide range of doses used in the experiments, from approximately 2μg/kg to 16μg/kg A typical dose for recreational use is around 100μg, or about 1.1μg/kg for the average adult male in the U.S., meaning the lowest dose used in experimentation was almost twice the typical
630:
Available data from the experiments concluded that long term effects from LSD exposure in not only the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments, but in the other associated experiments conducted concurrently by the Army Chemical Corps as well were minimal, with the exception of a possible small increase in
577:
Available data from the experiments and from prescribing information from modern marketing of these substances concludes that little risk exists of long term effects from exposure. It is noted, however, in both the prescribing information for modern variants and in toxicological research on the
587:
Psychochemical Conference informed the Department of Defense that human trials were indicated. In 1957, the first report of such trials were received, detailing a four-person experiment wherein they attempted to successfully decontaminate themselves of a mock agent while under the influence of
586:
The 1976 report on the matter identifies the sole objective of the psychochemical experiments as determining the impact on morale and efficacy such agents would have on military units. It appears that these experiments specifically were first called for in 1954 after the attendees of the First
731:
we reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood
843:, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. In the suit,
654:. Existing documentation admits only that the substance was tested at Edgewood Arsenal, and all other data, including the medical records from the subjects are completely missing. Because of the extremely limited data, speculation on possible side effects from exposure is impossible.
774:
more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.
2793:
Urban, Jonathan D.; Clarke, William P.; von Zastrow, Mark; Nichols, David E.; Kobilka, Brian; Weinstein, Harel; Javitch, Jonathan A.; Roth, Bryan L.; Christopoulos, Arthur; Sexton, Patrick M.; Miller, Keith J.; Spedding, Michael; Mailman, Richard B. (January 2007).
240:
as so called "toxicological warfare agents". He went on to suggest that with intensive research, substances that depleted certain necessary nutrients could be found, which would, when administered on the battlefield, incapacitate enemy combatants.
745:
mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel
305:
appointed a so-called Ad Hoc Study Group on Psychochemical Agents, which seems to have acted as a central authority on the research of psychochemical at Edgewood Arsenal and other installations where such experimentation occurred.
818:
The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned
458:
volume in the main experimental documentation. Much of the follow up data on the acetylcholine related experiments are lacking or entirely missing, due to a combination of remaining classification and failures on the part of the
35:
759:
As late as 2014, information was incomplete; IOM could not conduct adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs, because relevant classified documents had not been declassified and released.
874:
858:
A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg
1988:
1836:
289:), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. In the 1950s, some officials in the
2936:
Holze, Friederike; Vizeli, Patrick; Ley, Laura; Müller, Felix; Dolder, Patrick; Stocker, Melanie; Duthaler, Urs; Varghese, Nimmy; Eckert, Anne; Borgwardt, Stefan; Liechti, Matthias E. (Feb 2021).
257:
662:
In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. The founder and director of the program,
2706:
368:. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. A result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed.
865:
A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life.
755:
young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one-year period. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months.
551:
decades since their introduction to medical use, research has begun to suggest a causal relationship between long term anticholinergic drug use and later development or worsening of
3639:
3628:
341:
2329:
Dmochowski, Roger R.; Thai, Sydney; Iglay, Kristy; Enemchukwu, Ekene; Tee, Silvia; Varano, Susann; Girman, Cynthia; Radican, Larry; Mudd, Paul N.; Poole, Charles (January 2021).
94:; grouped under the title "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (1956–1975), driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques.
3551:
4035:
832:
agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets".
4244:
3070:
Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975)
1474:
Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975)
1467:
1188:
1985:
317:
in 1959 that "provided sufficient emphasis is put behind it, I think the future lies in the psychochemicals." This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist,
4234:
1872:
878:
2631:
253:
1833:
371:
According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":
3207:"Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances"
578:
subject that it has been the subject of insufficient research to conclude this beyond a reasonable doubt. In total, 219 subjects were tested with 4 agents.
4239:
4061:
1182:
599:
The LSD experiments are perhaps the best documented of the psychochemical experiments of the time, garnering at least two significant independent reports.
318:
765:
made for release of multiple films made of Project SHAD tests. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).
4099:
310:
3105:
1519:, from Edgewood Arsenal, who explained how the experiments there were about searching for humane weapons, adding that the use of LSD was unacceptable.
520:, genetic mutation and cancer. In total, 1,406 subjects were tested with 16 agents, some of which included reactivating agents and protective agents.
70:, and continued until the public became aware of the experiments, resulting in significant outcry. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose
295:
4269:
663:
4224:
3588:
2756:"Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis"
1516:
3634:
2009:
1820:
3690:
862:
A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them
1945:
264:
that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. In his words,
97:
Overall, about 6,720 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the
3410:
1660:
1525:
459:
2552:"Spezifische Antidot-Behandlung bei protrahierter Vergiftung mit Alkylphosphaten (Paraoxon, Parathion, DFP) und Eserin an Meerschweinchen"
2388:"Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate poisoning"
1183:
List of notable CS (Chemical Structure) and CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) numbered chemicals used in the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments
824:
apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.(S. Rep., at 411.)
1798:
Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949.
1431:
3548:
725:
Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel
4120:
4092:
3710:
3358:
2466:"Protection of Human Red Cell Cholinesterase Against Inhibition by Tabun and O,O-Diethyl-S-2-Diethylaminoethyl Phosphorothiolate"
3613:
3597:
2331:"Increased risk of incident dementia following use of anticholinergic agents: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis"
1948:. United States Department of Defense, Force Health Protection & Readiness, Medical Countermeasures website. Archived from
1532:. Hunt used this finding to assert that in this collaboration, US and former Nazi scientists "used Nazi science as a basis for
1421:
43:'Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) on Troops Marching' - 16mm film produced by the United States military circa 1958.
3077:
3059:
2269:
2227:
2088:
1926:
1898:
1481:
323:
294:
field were cited as a special incentive giving impetus to research efforts in this area, according to testimony by Maj. Gen.
2022:
Colovic, Mirjana B.; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013-04-01).
1725:
2938:"Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects"
1736:
3462:
1480:, ChemBook, Inc., 360 pp, was written by Ketchum who was a key player after 1960 and went on to become a professor at the
901:
3623:
3581:
2208:"Organization and Electrophysiology of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract"
1426:
799:
463:
302:
245:
98:
2834:
1811:
4259:
4202:
4125:
4085:
2873:
555:. In total, 1,752 subjects were tested with 21 agents, some of whom received exposure to more than one chemical agent.
2427:"Formation of potent inhibitors of AChE by reaction of pyridinaldoximes with isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB)"
4130:
4015:
855:
The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances.
3436:
1969:
1772:
1470:, who went on to become a prof of psychiatry at Yale. Bowers' book is a "fictionalized" account with names changed.
1247:
1087:- A "V-series" nerve agent, Cyclopentyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate ("Substance 100A" to Soviets)
3522:
1889:
Malcolm Dando; Martin Furmanski (2006). "Midspectrum Incapacitant Programs". In Mark Wheelis; Lajos Rózsa (eds.).
3797:
1652:
1460:
Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published:
3574:
3052:
Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure
1919:
Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure
1758:
1282:
1266:
1235:
1191:
as having been used in the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments, though they did not receive an EA number designation.
3384:
3092:
314:
905:
4249:
3700:
720:
709:
769:
Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that:
340:
took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories—which is now known as the
4181:
3845:
1302:
1175:
926:
836:
1508:, then-acting Secretary of Army, ordered a probe of Army use of LSD in soldier and civilian experiments.
4264:
3680:
3665:
3534:
1683:
290:
1986:
Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. What types of tests were conducted at Edgewood?
4229:
3834:
3644:
1533:
1374:
1353:
1073:
974:
647:
639:
536:
482:
365:
170:
1862:
before the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, June 1959 (No. 22).
741:
The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the
252:
A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by
3233:
3003:
2795:
2729:
2650:
1777:
1619:
1442:
1223:
966:
544:
512:, including at levels below the threshold for profound illness and death can include paralysis and
229:
48:
1949:
228:
In 1947, the first steps of planning began when Dr. Alsoph H. Corwin, a professor of chemistry at
3984:
3715:
2387:
349:
345:
2898:
4025:
3979:
3949:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3695:
3675:
3541:
3385:"Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets"
1259:
1163:
829:
643:
532:
478:
91:
55:
52:
3015:
1631:
547:
to the extreme. This can result in anticholinergic syndrome, and possibly death if untreated.
4254:
4156:
4056:
3974:
3964:
3705:
3670:
3279:
1845:
1490:
1381:
1240:
742:
684:
513:
348:, Maryland. The experiments involved at least 254 chemical substances, but focused mainly on
261:
146:
3021:
2153:"EEG, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS WITH ORGANOPHOSPHORUS EXPOSURE*"
1637:
1547:
Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast:
3889:
3776:
3685:
3009:
2164:
1726:"Research Report Concerning the Use of Volunteers in Chemical Agent Research DAIG-IN 21-75"
1625:
1436:
1349:
1332:
840:
567:
486:
385:
3518:
Hunt, Secret Agenda: The U.S. Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945-1991.
3177:
3152:
2503:
Sánchez-Pastor, Enrique; Trujillo, Xóchitl; Huerta, Miguel; Andrade, Felipa (2007-01-31).
2105:
1773:"Alsoph H. Corwin Chair in Chemistry - Named Deanships, Directorships, and Professorships"
269:
enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.
8:
4151:
3959:
3807:
3660:
3566:
2975:
2850:
2121:
1563:
1314:
1216:
1203:
1062:
934:
701:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984)
214:
79:
2249:
2207:
2168:
2152:
4051:
3826:
3802:
2976:"Measured average height, weight, and waist circumference for adults ages 20 and older"
2874:"A woman took 550 times the usual dose of LSD, with surprisingly positive consequences"
2363:
2330:
2261:
2219:
2176:
2056:
1464:
Men and Poisons: The Edgewood Volunteers and the Army Chemical Warfare Research Program
1416:
571:
509:
502:
474:
75:
3954:
3939:
3812:
3745:
3560:
3295:
3269:, Operation Paperclip, 1991, and hearings before the House Judiciary Committee, 1991.
3073:
3055:
2957:
2937:
2918:
2914:
2854:
2815:
2775:
2755:
2678:
2670:
2632:"TNAA Atropine and Pralidoxime Chloride Auto-Injector – Full Prescribing Information"
2610:
2606:
2571:
2532:
2524:
2505:"Effects of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction"
2485:
2446:
2442:
2407:
2368:
2350:
2311:
2265:
2223:
2188:
2180:
2133:
2125:
2084:
2061:
2043:
1922:
1894:
1752:
1529:
1477:
1270:
1167:
517:
273:
In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist
3343:
3250:
3093:
Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016)
1493:
Television News Archive has two videos about the experiments, both from a July 1975
4173:
3944:
3894:
3873:
2949:
2910:
2846:
2807:
2767:
2662:
2602:
2563:
2516:
2477:
2438:
2399:
2358:
2342:
2303:
2257:
2215:
2172:
2117:
2051:
2035:
1505:
1149:
1018:
994:
986:
747:
604:
498:
274:
121:
113:
71:
59:
3263:
Secret Agenda: the United States Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip
2590:
2426:
3792:
3555:
3016:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants
2666:
2403:
1992:
1840:
1815:
1632:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants
1501:
1286:
1171:
528:
361:
105:
83:
20:
3314:
2039:
108:
tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:
4030:
3618:
3527:
3206:
3179:
2953:
2736:. U.S. Army Medical Department, U.S. Army Health Services Command. October 1980
1390:
494:
233:
185:
152:
3122:
2771:
4218:
3856:
3760:
2961:
2922:
2858:
2819:
2779:
2674:
2614:
2575:
2528:
2504:
2489:
2450:
2354:
2315:
2291:
2184:
2129:
2047:
2023:
1808:
1554:
1411:
1299:
1209:
1050:
687:(IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 1982–1985,
651:
616:
540:
490:
162:
4077:
2811:
2796:"Functional Selectivity and Classical Concepts of Quantitative Pharmacology"
2520:
2307:
1809:"Altered States: LSD and the Anesthesia Laboratory of Henry Knowles Beecher"
1653:"War Related Illness and Injury Study Center: Edgewood-Aberdeen Experiments"
3969:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3755:
3178:
CHEMICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABS EDGEWOOD ARSENAL MD (July 1, 1964).
3000:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
2754:
Marona-Lewicka, Danuta; Thisted, Ronald A.; Nichols, David E. (July 2005).
2682:
2556:
Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv for Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie
2536:
2411:
2372:
2065:
1616:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
1292:
884:
689:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
612:
427:
Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms
206:
179:
166:
67:
3510:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
3486:"Secret Army volunteer's widow blames VA for spouse's death" (CNN; 3/3/12)
3125:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
3035:
2649:
Voicu, Victor; Rădulescu, Flavian Ştefan; Medvedovici, Andrei (Jan 2013).
2192:
845:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
3999:
3867:
3750:
2137:
1384:
1358:
1325:
1307:
1228:
1141:
1042:
563:
131:
24:
3328:
2591:"The fate of Tabun in atropine and atropine-oxime treated rats and mice"
2551:
2292:"Belladonna alkaloids and synthetic anticholinergics. Uses and toxicity"
787:
321:, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in
3296:"King's Collections : Archive Catalogues : Military Archives"
2567:
1574:
In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in
1512:
1397:
1365:
1250:
1134:
958:
175:
3549:
Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal
2346:
4020:
3989:
3934:
3341:
3180:"THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE"
2465:
1320:
1275:
704:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985)
282:
278:
210:
125:
2481:
1202:
an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist (
236:
Technical Command positing the potential for the use of specialized
3994:
3851:
3840:
3507:
2651:"Toxicological considerations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators"
2502:
2021:
1219:
620:
552:
189:
142:
138:
63:
1528:, revealed that eight German scientists worked at Edgewood, under
4066:
3640:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
3495:"Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments" (CNN; 3/1/12)
1317:
1196:
1123:
1115:
1099:
1091:
1083:
608:
87:
3049:
1916:
1368:
1342:
1254:
1035:
237:
3022:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects"
2024:"Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology"
1638:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects"
3861:
2792:
2589:
Heilbronn, E.; Appelgren, I.-E.; Sundwall, A. (August 1964).
2328:
1888:
1690:. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. April 1, 2013
1156:
1068:
Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8
1010:
950:
942:
835:
In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations
543:, resulting in what is essentially the opposite effect of an
313:, former chief chemical officer, U.S. Army, testified to the
222:
218:
117:
3153:"Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency"
2897:
Materson, Barry J.; Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth (1967-06-19).
2753:
2248:
Marx, John A.; Hockberger, Robert S.; Walls, Ron M. (2010),
1946:"Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies 1955–1975"
209:, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three
3106:"United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987"
2425:
Hackley, B.E.; Steinberg, G.M.; Lamb, J.C. (January 1959).
2254:
Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice
981:
3596:
3517:
2588:
2550:
Bethe, K.; Erdmann, W.D.; Lendle, L.; Schmidt, G. (1957).
2386:
Jokanović, Milan; Stojiljković, Miloš P. (December 2006).
875:
Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency
698:
Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982).
2648:
2549:
2206:
Sanders, Kenton M.; Koh, Sang Don; Ward, Sean M. (2012),
1858:"Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents",
1336:
1189:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
1106:
1026:
1002:
600:
588:
558:
357:
353:
286:
158:
27:(a similar military program) undertaken at the same time.
3629:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
885:
List of notable EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbered chemicals
342:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
1747:– via [[United States Government Printing Office.
2896:
151:
Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. the common OP antidote
3460:
3434:
3408:
3382:
3356:
2800:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2509:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2385:
1912:
1910:
581:
4062:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2935:
2424:
2081:
Current therapy of trauma and surgical critical care
452:
435:
Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions)
90:. A small portion of these studies were directed at
2247:
1739:
Office of the Inspector General and Auditor General
1466:(2005), Xlibris Corporation, 140pp, was written by
4245:20th-century military history of the United States
3127:Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009)"
3010:Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics"
2655:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
2151:Metcalf, David R.; Holmes, Joseph H. (June 1969).
2079:Asenio, Juan A.; Trunkey, Donald D., eds. (2016).
1907:
1626:Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics"
260:at Edgewood. Greene called for a search for novel
66:. These experiments began after the conclusion of
3542:Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments
3512:Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009)
469:
281:in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (
4216:
3067:
3040:, Government Accounting Office, May 2004, p. 24.
1882:
642:, or BZ is a substance that interferes with the
623:, and a wide variety of physiological symptoms.
3117:
3115:
2470:Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology
1536:-like experiments on over 7,000 U.S. soldiers".
1524:Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the
1352:mixture, related to the chemical warfare agent
1187:The following chemicals were identified by the
466:to follow the subjects of the experimentation.
443:Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc.)
4235:History of the government of the United States
3231:
3204:
3198:
3072:. Santa Rosa, CA: ChemBooks Inc. p. 128.
2205:
1970:Researchers tested pot, LSD on Army volunteers
1893:. Harvard University Press. pp. 245–246.
1891:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945
523:
4107:
4093:
3691:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
3624:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
3582:
3514:, Morrison & Foerster LLP, August 7, 2013
2150:
2078:
1723:
3331:. 2 September 1994 – via www.imdb.com.
3112:
1661:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
460:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
4240:Human subject research in the United States
3461:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 11, 2012).
3435:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 12, 2012).
3409:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 16, 2012).
3383:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 17, 2012).
3357:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 26, 2012).
3342:Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives.
3145:
3054:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
3050:Lynn C. Klotz; Edward J. Sylvester (2009).
1921:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
1917:Lynn C. Klotz; Edward J. Sylvester (2009).
1298:, a synthetic choline ester that acts as a
798: with: older lawsuits. You can help by
200:
4100:
4086:
3589:
3575:
3232:Khatchadourian, Raffi (10 December 2012).
2899:"LSD "Mainlining": A New Hazard to Health"
2832:
2157:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1432:Human experimentation in the United States
877:, a panel majority held in July 2015 that
657:
419:Development evaluation and test procedures
3133:. Morrison & Foerster. August 7, 2013
2362:
2055:
3251:"July 17, 1975 NBC Evening News segment"
3171:
2835:"Long Lasting Effects of LSD on Normals"
2212:Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2083:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
29:
4270:Cannabis and the United States military
3711:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
3253:, Vanderbilt University, July 17, 1975.
2431:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2008:was invoked but never defined (see the
980:, an analogue and active metabolite of
531:are substances that interfere with the
489:and therefore sustaining the effect of
477:are substances that interfere with the
4225:Central Intelligence Agency operations
4217:
3598:United States chemical weapons program
3213:. Defense Technical Information Center
3186:. Defense Technical Information Center
2463:
2289:
2103:
1940:
1938:
1476:(2006, 2nd edition 2007), foreword by
1422:United States chemical weapons program
848:biological agent testing experiments.
607:that acts as a dopamine and serotonin
559:Cholinesterase Reactivator Experiments
508:Long term side effects of exposure to
258:Chemical and Radiological Laboratories
4081:
3635:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
3570:
3537:, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
3359:"Primary Sources: Operation Delirium"
3312:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2638:. Meridian Medical Technologies, LLC.
2626:
2624:
1611:
1482:University of California, Los Angeles
674:
324:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
298:, the Army's chief chemical officer.
16:US military chemical warfare research
3205:Johnson, Kelli (February 29, 2016).
2871:
2851:10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730290009002
2711:Defense Technical Information Center
2122:10.1001/archneur.1978.00500320050011
1737:United States Department of the Army
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1678:
1676:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
888:
782:
3411:"High Anxiety: LSD in the Cold War"
3002:, Commission on Life Sciences. The
2707:"Clinical Investigation of EA 1729"
2704:
2003:
1935:
1688:VA Public Health Military Exposures
1618:, Commission on Life Sciences. The
1427:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
930:- Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)
505:, and possibly death if untreated.
464:United States Department of Defense
303:United States Department of Defense
246:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
13:
4147:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
3741:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
2968:
2833:McGlothlin, William (1967-11-01).
2717:
2689:
2621:
2262:10.1016/b978-0-323-05472-0.00205-x
2220:10.1016/b978-0-12-382026-6.00018-x
2177:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb15857.x
1998:
1454:
594:
582:Psychochemical Related Experiments
338:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
331:
14:
4281:
3501:
3281:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1877:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1702:
1684:"Edgewood / Aberdeen Experiments"
1673:
1588:
978:- Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
970:- Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
736:
634:
570:which has been inactivated by an
453:Acetylcholine Related Experiments
411:Protective equipment and clothing
344:(USAMRICD)—at the Edgewood Area,
112:Anticholinesterase nerve agents (
4198:
4197:
2915:10.1001/jama.1967.03120250160025
2392:European Journal of Pharmacology
2290:Wilson, T. R. (September 1973).
2004:Cite error: The named reference
1724:Taylor, JR; Johnson, WN (1976).
1248:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
892:
786:
566:are substances which reactivate
3489:
3480:
3454:
3428:
3402:
3376:
3350:
3335:
3321:
3306:
3288:
3272:
3256:
3244:
3225:
3098:
3086:
3043:
3037:Chemical and Biological Defense
3029:
2993:
2929:
2890:
2865:
2826:
2786:
2747:
2642:
2582:
2543:
2496:
2457:
2418:
2379:
2322:
2283:
2241:
2199:
2144:
2097:
2072:
2015:
1979:
1963:
1865:
1834:"US Plans Study of Gas Warfare"
1145:- Etonitazene in free base form
277:at its interrogation center at
3240:– via www.newyorker.com.
2839:Archives of General Psychiatry
2214:, Elsevier, pp. 511–556,
2104:Morgan, John P. (1978-08-01).
1852:
1827:
1801:
1792:
1765:
1645:
1283:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1267:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1236:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
470:Anticholinesterase Experiments
380:Percentage of volunteer hours
157:Psychoactive agents including
1:
3535:Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments
3346:– via Internet Archive.
3344:"Bad Trip To Edgewood (1993)"
3317:– via Internet Archive.
3284:. September 1992. p. 43.
2296:British Journal of Psychiatry
1449:
1222:, specifically, a reversible
315:U.S. House of Representatives
3798:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
3701:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
2730:"LSD follow-up study report"
2667:10.1517/17425255.2013.736489
2607:10.1016/0006-2952(64)90120-0
2464:Scaife, J. F. (1960-03-01).
2443:10.1016/0003-9861(59)90359-5
2404:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.054
2335:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1873:"Psychochemicals as Weapons"
1871:Lieberman, E. James (1962),
1657:www.warrelatedillness.va.gov
1582:
1133:- An enantiomer of the drug
721:Government Accounting Office
710:National Academy of Sciences
669:
256:, Technical Director of the
7:
4182:Marijuana Smoking in Panama
3846:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
3315:"A Bad Trip to Edgewood #1"
2040:10.2174/1570159x11311030006
1405:
1378:- Methylscopolamine bromide
1303:muscarinic receptor agonist
1137:, also known as benzetimide
1079:("Substance 78" to Soviets)
837:Vietnam Veterans of America
828:In the 1990s, the law firm
778:
564:Cholinesterase Reactivators
524:Anticholinergic Experiments
23:(a similar CIA program) or
10:
4286:
3681:Edgewood Chemical Activity
3666:Anniston Chemical Activity
3265:St. Martin's Press, 1991;
2954:10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6
2872:Hunt, Katie (2020-02-27).
2106:"Jamaica Ginger Paralysis"
1807:George A. Mashour (2009),
1757:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1515:reported on Major General
727:(pp. 1, 24), stated:
291:U.S. Department of Defense
249:treatment and prevention.
195:
18:
4260:Psychedelic drug research
4192:
4165:
4139:
4113:
4108:Cannabis and the military
4044:
4008:
3882:
3835:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
3825:
3785:
3769:
3733:
3724:
3653:
3645:Chemical mortar battalion
3604:
3068:James S. Ketchum (2006).
2772:10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9
2705:Sim, Van M. (June 1961).
2028:Current Neuropharmacology
1843:, Sunday, 9 August 1959,
1824:, Winter issue, pp 68-74.
1354:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
648:Peripheral nervous system
640:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
537:Peripheral nervous system
483:Peripheral nervous system
350:midspectrum incapacitants
3619:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
3095:National Academies Press
3004:National Academies Press
2595:Biochemical Pharmacology
2256:, Elsevier, pp. v,
1778:Johns Hopkins University
1620:National Academies Press
1443:United States v. Stanley
1263:- Pyridostigmine bromide
1224:cholinesterase inhibitor
694:The three volumes were:
545:cholinesterase inhibitor
386:Incapacitating compounds
230:Johns Hopkins University
205:After the conclusion of
201:Background and rationale
49:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
19:Not to be confused with
3985:XM736 8-inch projectile
3716:Umatilla Chemical Depot
3463:"Manufacturing Madness"
2942:Neuropsychopharmacology
2812:10.1124/jpet.106.104463
2521:10.1124/jpet.106.116319
2308:10.1192/bjp.123.3.366-a
1468:Malcolm Baker Bowers Jr
1244:- Hexafluronium bromide
1030:- LSD in free base form
830:Morrison & Foerster
658:Scandal and termination
346:Aberdeen Proving Ground
213:developed by the Nazis—
47:From 1948 to 1975, the
3980:M687 155 mm projectile
3950:M360 105 mm projectile
3910:M121 155 mm projectile
3905:M110 155 mm projectile
3900:M104 155 mm projectile
3696:Newport Chemical Depot
3676:Deseret Chemical Depot
3614:2nd Chemical Battalion
3607:centers and institutes
3329:"Bad Trip to Edgewood"
1526:U.S. National Archives
1006:- LSD in tartrate form
851:The plaintiffs cited:
826:
776:
767:
757:
734:
644:Central nervous system
533:Central nervous system
479:Central nervous system
403:Riot control compounds
271:
262:psychoactive compounds
92:psychochemical warfare
56:human subject research
44:
4157:Operation Green Sweep
4057:Dugway sheep incident
3975:M60 105 mm projectile
3965:M44 generator cluster
3706:Pueblo Chemical Depot
3671:Blue Grass Army Depot
3654:Industrial facilities
2110:Archives of Neurology
1846:The Milwaukee Journal
1567:Investigative Reports
1491:Vanderbilt University
1382:muscarinic antagonist
1110:- LSD in maleate form
1054:- Phencyclidine (PCP)
879:Army Regulation 70-25
821:
771:
762:
752:
743:Institute of Medicine
729:
685:Institute of Medicine
514:peripheral neuropathy
377:Experimental category
328:afflictions of war."
266:
244:In 1948, the US Army
99:Department of Defense
42:
4009:Protective equipment
3890:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
3777:Operation Ranch Hand
3686:Hawthorne Army Depot
3544:, CNN, March 1, 2012
3508:Edgewood Test Vets:
3313:Yorkshire, I. T. V.
3234:"Operation Delirium"
3006:. In three volumes:
2636:FDALabel Version 2.9
1622:. In three volumes:
1560:Bad Trip to Edgewood
1551:Bad Trip to Edgewood
1437:Swords to Plowshares
1350:anticholinergic drug
1333:anticholinergic drug
906:adding missing items
841:Swords to Plowshares
723:report of May 2004,
568:acetylcholinesterase
487:acetylcholinesterase
254:Luther Wilson Greene
4250:Military psychiatry
4152:Night Train Seizure
3960:M43 BZ cluster bomb
3808:Operation Steel Box
3661:Anniston Army Depot
3531:, December 26, 2012
3523:Secrets of Edgewood
2169:1969NYASA.160..357M
1733:GovernmentAttic.org
1541:The Washington Post
1315:parasympathomimetic
1217:parasympathomimetic
1204:parasympathomimetic
1063:dimethylheptylpyran
750:, a key scientist:
615:effect, leading to
510:Anticholinesterases
475:Anticholinesterases
80:protective clothing
4052:CB military symbol
3803:Operation Geranium
3605:Units, formations,
3554:2015-04-06 at the
3267:ABC PrimeTime Live
3131:Edgewood Test Vets
2760:Psychopharmacology
2568:10.1007/bf00246123
1995:September 08, 2008
1991:2015-06-21 at the
1839:2020-01-26 at the
1814:2015-03-19 at the
1417:CB military symbol
904:; you can help by
680:1982-85 IOM report
675:Government reports
572:anticholinesterase
503:cholinergic crisis
319:E. James Lieberman
301:In June 1955, the
76:military personnel
45:
4265:Cannabis research
4212:
4211:
4075:
4074:
3955:M426 8-inch shell
3940:M23 chemical mine
3821:
3820:
3813:Operation Red Hat
3746:Operation Top Hat
3561:The Baltimore Sun
3558:, July 11, 1991,
3540:David S. Martin,
3437:"War of the Mind"
3079:978-1-4243-0080-8
3061:978-0-226-44407-9
2909:(12): 1126–1127.
2347:10.1002/nau.24536
2271:978-0-323-05472-0
2229:978-0-12-382026-6
2090:978-0-323-07980-8
1972:Richard Willing,
1928:978-0-226-44407-9
1900:978-0-674-04513-2
1530:Project Paperclip
1478:Alexander Shulgin
1271:Gulf War syndrome
1168:isopropyl alcohol
1166:from mixing OPA (
962:- Cyclosarin (GF)
922:
921:
816:
815:
518:sleep disturbance
501:, resulting in a
499:chemical synapses
450:
449:
311:William M. Creasy
40:
4277:
4230:Chemical warfare
4201:
4200:
4174:Hemp for Victory
4102:
4095:
4088:
4079:
4078:
3945:M34 cluster bomb
3895:M1 chemical mine
3731:
3730:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3027:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2601:(8): 1189–1195.
2586:
2580:
2579:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2302:(574): 366–367.
2287:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1879:(January issue).
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1831:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1721:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1613:
1506:Norman Augustine
1504:reported on how
1495:NBC Evening News
1394:- Methylatropine
1339:as a truth serum
917:
914:
896:
895:
889:
811:
808:
790:
783:
611:precipitating a
605:Psychedelic drug
529:Anticholinergics
395:Lethal compounds
374:
373:
275:Henry K. Beecher
122:organophosphorus
72:chemical warfare
60:Edgewood Arsenal
41:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4188:
4161:
4135:
4109:
4106:
4076:
4071:
4040:
4004:
3878:
3817:
3793:Operation CHASE
3781:
3765:
3726:
3720:
3649:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3556:Wayback Machine
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3159:. June 30, 2015
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2016:
2005:
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1993:Wayback Machine
1984:
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1968:
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1849:, Part I, pg 2.
1841:Wayback Machine
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1651:
1650:
1646:
1614:
1589:
1585:
1544:of the article.
1502:John Chancellor
1457:
1455:General sources
1452:
1408:
1403:
1335:studied by the
1287:organophosphate
1215:a highly toxic
1185:
1180:
1172:isopropyl amine
918:
912:
909:
893:
887:
812:
806:
803:
796:needs expansion
781:
739:
718:
716:2004 GAO report
682:
677:
672:
660:
637:
597:
595:LSD Experiments
584:
561:
526:
472:
455:
362:benzodiazepines
334:
332:The experiments
296:Marshall Stubbs
203:
198:
106:chemical agents
84:pharmaceuticals
30:
28:
21:Project MKUltra
17:
12:
11:
5:
4283:
4273:
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4123:
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4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
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4097:
4090:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4045:Related topics
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4031:People sniffer
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
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3642:
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3626:
3621:
3616:
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3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3528:The New Yorker
3520:
3515:
3503:
3502:External links
3500:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3467:The New Yorker
3453:
3441:The New Yorker
3427:
3415:The New Yorker
3401:
3389:The New Yorker
3375:
3363:The New Yorker
3349:
3334:
3320:
3305:
3287:
3271:
3255:
3243:
3238:The New Yorker
3224:
3197:
3170:
3144:
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3085:
3078:
3060:
3042:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3013:
2992:
2967:
2948:(3): 537–544.
2928:
2889:
2864:
2825:
2785:
2766:(3): 427–435.
2746:
2716:
2688:
2641:
2620:
2581:
2542:
2515:(2): 439–445.
2495:
2476:(3): 301–303.
2456:
2437:(1): 211–214.
2417:
2398:(1–3): 10–17.
2378:
2321:
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2270:
2240:
2228:
2198:
2163:(1): 357–365.
2143:
2116:(8): 530–532.
2096:
2089:
2071:
2034:(3): 315–335.
2014:
1997:
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1576:The New Yorker
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1520:
1511:Correspondent
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1404:
1402:
1401:
1392:CAS 31610-87-4
1388:
1372:
1356:
1340:
1323:
1305:
1296:- Methacholine
1290:
1273:
1269:implicated in
1257:
1238:
1226:
1207:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1128:
1127:- A BZ variant
1120:
1119:- A BZ variant
1112:
1104:
1103:- A BZ variant
1096:
1095:- A BZ variant
1088:
1080:
1071:
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1069:
1056:
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737:Safety debates
735:
706:
705:
702:
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676:
673:
671:
668:
664:Van Murray Sim
659:
656:
650:by inhibiting
636:
635:BZ Experiments
633:
617:hallucinations
613:hallucinogenic
596:
593:
583:
580:
560:
557:
539:by inhibiting
525:
522:
495:butyrylcholine
485:by inhibiting
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234:Chemical Corps
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155:
153:2-PAM chloride
149:
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15:
9:
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3761:Operation LAC
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3300:www.kcl.ac.uk
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2018:
2011:
2001:
1994:
1990:
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1982:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1952:on 2013-07-24
1951:
1947:
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1939:
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1743:September 17,
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1556:
1555:ITV Yorkshire
1552:
1549:
1548:
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1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:Lloyd Fellenz
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:THC-O-acetate
1410:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:- Hyoscyamine
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:CAS 8015–54–1
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:- Scopolamine
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:- Bethanechol
1310:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:non-selective
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:- Neostigmine
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:- Benactyzine
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
977:
973:
971:
969:
965:
963:
961:
957:
955:
953:
949:
947:
945:
941:
939:
937:
933:
931:
929:
925:
924:
916:
913:February 2015
907:
903:
900:This list is
898:
891:
890:
882:
880:
876:
873:On appeal in
871:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
825:
820:
810:
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4255:Mind control
4196:
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4146:
3930:M139 bomblet
3925:M138 bomblet
3920:M134 bomblet
3915:M125 bomblet
3756:Project SHAD
3740:
3727:and projects
3559:
3547:Tom Bowman,
3526:
3509:
3491:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:
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3217:December 19,
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3190:December 19,
3188:. Retrieved
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2982:. 2023-10-01
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2661:(1): 31–50.
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2341:(1): 28–37.
2338:
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2250:"Dedication"
2243:
2233:, retrieved
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2113:
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1981:
1973:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1918:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1829:
1821:CSA Bulletin
1819:
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1781:. 2016-07-11
1776:
1767:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1692:. Retrieved
1687:
1664:. Retrieved
1656:
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1615:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1540:
1500:NBC newsman
1494:
1473:
1463:
1441:
1391:
1376:CAS 155–41–9
1375:
1360:CAS 101-31-5
1359:
1343:
1326:
1309:CAS 674-38-4
1308:
1293:
1277:CAS 121–75–5
1276:
1261:CAS 155–97–5
1260:
1242:CAS 317–52–2
1241:
1229:
1210:
1197:
1186:
1164:binary agent
1160:- Sarin (GB)
1157:
1148:
1140:
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1107:
1098:
1090:
1082:
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1014:- Edemo (VM)
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
975:
967:
959:
954:- Soman (GD)
951:
946:- Sarin (GB)
943:
938:- Tabun (GA)
935:
927:
910:
872:
868:
850:
844:
834:
827:
822:
817:
807:October 2013
804:
800:adding to it
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207:World War II
204:
180:riot control
167:cannabinoids
137:Nerve agent
103:
96:
78:and to test
68:World War II
62:facility in
46:
4036:M1135 NBCRV
4000:Weteye bomb
3868:Mustard gas
3770:Operational
3751:Project 112
3157:findlaw.com
2980:www.cdc.gov
2806:(1): 1–13.
1976:, 4/6/2007
1400:derivative
1385:scopolamine
1371:of atropine
1327:CAS 51–34–3
1294:CAS 62–51–1
1279:- Malathion
1253:related to
1230:CAS 59-99-4
497:within the
211:nerve gases
147:scopolamine
25:Project 112
4219:Categories
4114:By country
3970:M55 rocket
3725:Operations
3631:(USAMRICD)
3472:October 1,
3446:October 1,
3420:October 1,
3394:October 1,
3368:October 1,
3137:October 1,
2986:2024-09-18
2883:2024-09-18
2845:(5): 521.
2740:2024-09-18
2734:HathiTrust
2277:2024-09-15
2235:2024-09-15
1956:2013-06-19
1785:2024-09-17
1694:October 1,
1666:2024-09-15
1562:(1994) on
1553:(1993) on
1513:Tom Pettit
1450:References
1398:belladonna
1387:derivative
1366:levorotary
1251:antagonist
1135:Dexetimide
902:incomplete
352:, such as
232:wrote the
141:including
128:pesticides
74:agents on
53:classified
51:conducted
3990:MC-1 bomb
3935:M2 mortar
3883:Munitions
2962:1740-634X
2923:0098-7484
2859:0003-990X
2820:0022-3565
2780:0033-3158
2675:1742-5255
2615:0006-2952
2576:0028-1298
2529:0022-3565
2490:0576-5544
2451:0003-9861
2355:0733-2467
2316:0007-1250
2185:0077-8923
2130:0003-9942
2048:1570-159X
2010:help page
1974:USA Today
1583:Citations
1578:magazine.
1497:segment.
1321:carbamate
1289:pesticide
1213:- Eserine
1200:- Tacrine
1052:EA 2148-A
670:Aftermath
283:mescaline
279:Camp King
176:Irritants
139:antidotes
126:carbamate
124:(OP) and
4203:Category
3995:M47 bomb
3852:Phosgene
3841:Chlorine
3786:Disposal
3734:Research
3552:Archived
3211:dtic.mil
3184:dtic.mil
2683:23176543
2537:17267583
2412:17109842
2373:33098213
2066:24179466
1989:Archived
1860:Hearings
1837:Archived
1812:Archived
1753:cite web
1406:See also
1346:- Ditran
1220:alkaloid
1211:CS 58525
1198:CS 12602
1065:variant
1039:- CS gas
779:Lawsuits
646:and the
621:euphoria
553:dementia
535:and the
481:and the
309:General
190:caffeine
143:atropine
88:vaccines
64:Maryland
4067:MKULTRA
4021:M93 Fox
3163:May 20,
3066:citing
3012:(1982).
2364:7821204
2193:5257403
2165:Bibcode
2057:3648782
1628:(1982).
1564:A&E
1318:choline
1158:EA 5823
1150:EA 5365
1142:EA 4942
1131:EA-4929
1124:EA 3834
1116:EA 3580
1108:EA 3528
1100:EA 3443
1092:EA 3167
1084:EA 3148
1075:EA 2277
1059:EA 2233
1044:EA 2092
1036:EA 1779
1028:EA 1729
1020:EA 1701
1012:EA 1664
1004:EA 1653
996:EA 1517
988:EA 1508
976:EA 1298
968:EA 1285
960:EA 1212
952:EA 1210
944:EA 1208
936:EA 1205
928:EA 1152
609:agonist
238:enzymes
196:History
186:Alcohol
132:Mustard
58:at the
4185:(1933)
4177:(1942)
4140:Events
4131:Israel
4126:Canada
3827:Agents
3076:
3058:
3024:(1985)
3018:(1984)
2960:
2921:
2857:
2818:
2778:
2681:
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2613:
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2183:
2138:666613
2136:
2128:
2087:
2064:
2054:
2046:
1925:
1897:
1640:(1985)
1634:(1984)
1534:Dachau
1369:isomer
1255:Curare
839:, and
422:12.5%
414:13.2%
406:14.2%
398:14.5%
390:29.9%
364:, and
221:, and
182:agents
169:, and
134:agents
86:, and
4166:Media
3862:Sarin
2562:(1).
1729:(PDF)
1162:as a
859:Code.
819:them.
603:is a
446:7.2%
438:2.1%
430:6.4%
223:sarin
219:soman
215:tabun
118:sarin
4026:MOPP
4016:CAIS
3870:(HD)
3864:(GB)
3848:(DF)
3837:(BZ)
3474:2013
3448:2013
3422:2013
3396:2013
3370:2013
3219:2017
3192:2017
3165:2016
3139:2013
3074:ISBN
3056:ISBN
2958:ISSN
2919:ISSN
2903:JAMA
2855:ISSN
2816:ISSN
2776:ISSN
2679:PMID
2671:ISSN
2611:ISSN
2572:ISSN
2533:PMID
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2062:PMID
2044:ISSN
1923:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1759:link
1745:2024
1696:2013
1489:The
1331:an
1313:, a
1285:and
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1077:- BZ
1061:- A
1022:- VX
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