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186:. It stated that the women would receive all their tuition in classes separate from those for men and would pay higher fees due to their classes being smaller. In all other respects the women were to be treated exactly as the men were, 'subject to all the regulations now or at any future time in force in the University as to the matriculation of students, their attendance on classes, examinations or otherwise.'
2044:
285:
article recommends that "these female students offer their services as students, dressers, and clerks to one of our great parochial hospitals, Craiglockhart or
Craigleith." It concludes that: "Let us here, however, simply in self-defence state our firm belief that it is a sign not of advancing but of decaying civilisation when women force themselves into competition with the other sex."
330:, which opened in autumn 1874 with twelve of its fourteen students having previously studied in Edinburgh. Six of the original "Seven" attended the School. Isabel Thorne was an asset to its smooth running since she was more diplomatic than Jex-Blake. She became the honorary secretary of the School, but gave up her own plan to practise as a doctor.
22:
202:, and was awarded to the first four of those students who were sitting it for the first time. Dr Crum-Brown, the current Professor of Chemistry, had at first been pleased to help the women students, but had observed growing resentment towards them from colleagues in the Medical Faculty, in particular the influential Sir
276:
It also galvanised support from some male students, who were shocked by the way the women were treated that day. The supportive students began to act as bodyguards to the women, escorting them back to 15 Buccleuch Place at the end of the examination that day. For many weeks after, they would come and
272:
They made their way to the main entrance of
Surgeons' Hall only to have the gates slammed in their faces. They endured the hostility of the crowd until a sympathetic student came to their rescue and opened the front gates for them. At the end of the exam, the women declined the offer of leaving via a
233:
had wondered why he might not equally be concerned about male students. Robert
Christison had questioned the validity of the belief that women patients would want women doctors, his own enquiries leading him to believe the opposite to be true. He concluded his argument by saying "Become Midwives, not
160:
The examination was in two parts. English, Latin and mathematics were compulsory subjects; in addition, each candidate had to choose two subjects from a group that included Greek, French, German, higher mathematics, natural philosophy, logic and moral philosophy. Sophia Jex-Blake acted as mathematics
194:
In March 1870, the women sat the first examinations in physiology and chemistry. Not only did they all pass, but four of them had obtained honours in both subjects. Edith Pechey, who had written the humble letter to Sophia Jex-Blake (see above), had won first place amongst the candidates sitting the
449:
From 21st Oct 2019 to 7th Nov 2019 the exhibition
Medical Inspirations was held at the Chaplaincy Centre, Edinburgh University, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the first group of female medical students to matriculate at a British University. Included was a new painting of the Edinburgh Seven
214:
Professor Robert
Christison was one of the women's vehement opponents. A debate was held in April 1870 by the University Court to decide on whether the women should be allowed in mixed classes (and thereby be fully equal to the male students, reducing the significantly higher fees they were paying
237:
It was
Christison's influence that saw many faculty staff who had initially been supportive of the women turn away from teaching them throughout the rest of 1870. A growing proportion of the male students began to be offensive and insolent, shutting doors in the women's faces, crowding into seats
135:
Do you think anything more is requisite to ensure success than moderate abilities and a good share of perseverance? I believe I may lay claim to these, together with a real love of the subjects of study, but as regards any thorough knowledge of these subjects at present, I fear I am deficient in
284:
in "The
Edinburgh University Magazine" of February 1871 discussed the arguments for and against admitting women to study medicine. It also discussed the monetary considerations for professors' remuneration and the lack of beds in the Edinburgh Infirmary to be shared with the male students. The
317:
supported the
University's right to refuse the women degrees. They also ruled, by a majority, that the women should not have been admitted in the first place. This defeat and their other struggles motivated most of them to continue, not only for personal reasons, but as part of a wider cause.
256:
Friends and supporters believed that some of the professors were deliberately inciting the students to behave in this way. The women began to take precautions, such as walking only as a group, but none of them were prepared for the events that took place on Friday 18 November 1870.
484:
announced the premiere of the play 'Seven
Against Edinburgh' - a dramatization of the lives of the Edinburgh Seven. 'Victorian Edinburgh. Present day Edinburgh. What do the two have in common? Seven women who will stop at nothing to make change. But will Edinburgh stop them?'
151:
This application was approved by the
University Court, by which time the group had grown to seven. The women set up home in 15 Buccleuch Place, now home to the University of Edinburgh's Student Experience Office, and began preparing for the matriculation exam.
269:. As they approached they found that Nicholson Street was blocked by a crowd of several hundred. When the women were seen approaching, a large number of the crowd began pelting them with rubbish and mud as well as shouting abuse and insults at them.
147:
A second application was submitted in the summer of 1869 on behalf of a group of five women. It requested matriculation and all that that implied: the right to attend all the classes and examinations required for a degree in medicine.
273:
side entrance onto the street. The Surgeons' Hall Riot, as it has now become known, was a landmark in the history of the medical women's campaign and attracted widespread publicity. It won the women many new friends and sympathisers.
40:
in 1869 and, although the Court of Session ruled that they should never have been admitted, and they did not graduate or qualify as doctors, the campaign they fought gained national attention and won them many supporters, including
104:
They were the seven women listed in the petition to the Royal Infirmary on 15 November 1870 requesting admission to clinical teaching. They were all registered in the GMC Medical Students Register between 1869 and 1870 as
241:
Jex-Blake later wrote that it was "as if a conspiracy had been formed to make our position as uncomfortable as might be". She catalogued the abuse: her doorbell was "wrenched off" and her nameplate damaged five times; a
206:. He was also concerned that awarding the scholarship to a woman would be seen as a provocation to the male students. He therefore decided to award the scholarships to male students who got lower marks than the women.
169:
On 2 November 1869 the women signed the matriculation roll. In so doing, the University of Edinburgh became the first British university to open its doors to women. Jex-Blake wrote in one of her letters to her friend
308:
Other women had joined their classes, some doctors had taught them gladly, and supporters had formed a General Committee for Securing a Complete Medical Education for Women with a membership of over 300, including
215:
and making them eligible to win prizes too). During this debate, Prof. Robert Christison and Prof. Laycock expressed views that gained the attention of the national press, which came down in support of the women.
45:. Their campaign put the demands of women for a university education on the national political agenda, and eventually resulted in legislation to ensure that women could be licensed to practice medicine in 1876 (
414:
Edinburgh University and the other Scottish universities eventually admitted women undergraduates in 1892 after the Universities (Scotland) Act of 1889 established a legal framework for this. All classes were
1499:
121:
voted in favour of allowing her to study medicine, the University Court rejected her application on the grounds that the university could not make the necessary arrangements 'in the interest of one lady'
494:"I'm still seeing patriarchal sentiment out there in the top echelons of society and that was the Edinburgh Seven's problems.... I don't want women today to sleepwalk through that existing prejudice."
225:
It is the strongest argument against the admission of young ladies to the Edinburgh medical classes that they would attend the lectures of Professors who are capable of talking in this strain.
1494:
381:
1523:
1484:
1158:
1412:
357:(then called the Kings and Queens College of Physicians) was the first to start granting medical practice licences to women: an opportunity for four of the newly qualified women.
1504:
1639:
941:
1619:
1407:
504:
446:. Seven female students received the certificates on behalf of the Edinburgh Seven. The graduation ceremony was part of a series of events to honour their achievements.
817:
2119:
1542:
1479:
64:
of Greek mythology). Although over the four-year campaign some of the original seven left and others joined, the following women became known as the Edinburgh Seven:
246:
was attached to her door; smoke was blown in their faces; filthy letters were sent; they were waylaid in quiet streets; obscenities were shouted at them in public.
1562:
1143:
297:
fined three "disorderly" students £1 each for "breach of the peace". Jex-Blake said the young men had been encouraged by a teaching assistant, but lost when he
488:
in 2023, a new biographical book by Janey Jones was published covering the story of the women's struggle for education and comparing it with the situation for
131:
and other national newspapers for more women to join her. The first two women to write to her were Isabel Thorne and Edith Pechey. Edith Pechey's letter read:
2017:
1438:
2099:
1052:
641:
2154:
182:
One of the historic documents in the campaign is the Edinburgh University Calendar for 1870. It contained a new section, which appeared under the heading
818:"The Archive of the Extramural School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Edinburgh | Library & Archive The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"
2109:
915:
1509:
1310:
1269:
161:
tutor to the other women. Of the 152 candidates who sat the exam on 19 October 1869 five were women. Four of the women came in the top seven places.
843:
2124:
1629:
407:, following a dispute between Jex-Blake and the Cadell sisters, the teaching there was aimed to prepare women for direct entry to medicine via the
2114:
354:
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2094:
1649:
1634:
1574:
1557:
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1433:
1004:
1863:
1832:
1370:
1165:
171:
717:
1987:
1807:
1547:
1464:
473:. While the 'woman-hating' character of Vizard has to be persuaded of Rhoda's potential to do good, Reade's own attitude is sympathetic:
229:
Laycock had suggested that women seeking medical careers might be "basely inclined" or might be "Magdalenes" (reformed prostitutes). The
333:
1589:
1966:
1533:
1299:
1288:
2139:
2047:
1878:
1659:
1137:
1099:
635:
2071:
36:
were the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university. They began studying medicine at the
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1935:
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748:
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353:. In 1876 new legislation enabled, but did not compel, examining bodies to treat candidates of both sexes equally. The Irish
109:
medical students and required clinical instruction at the Infirmary in order to fulfil the requirements of a medical degree.
1930:
1777:
475:" . . . it matters greatly to mankind whether the whole race of women are to be allowed to study medicine and practice it"
1614:
870:
327:
1920:
1579:
1868:
1115:
793:
2134:
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1888:
1604:
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253:, also spoke of being followed in the streets and having "the foulest epithets", such as "whore", shouted at her.
2007:
1950:
1474:
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1883:
1315:
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93:
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as the city's first woman doctor. She also established a clinic for poor patients which was the forerunner of
1757:
1722:
2059:
1133:"Let me conclude that all women who wish to study medicine join the class already formed in Edinburgh . . ."
1812:
1802:
1747:
1644:
1151:
524:
469:(1877), Rhoda Gould tells the story of the Edinburgh Seven in some detail, as if she had been one of them:
136:
most. I am afraid I should not without a good deal of previous study be able to pass the preliminary exam.
2164:
2144:
2012:
1873:
1514:
265:
At four o'clock in the afternoon of Friday 18 November 1870 the women were due to sit an anatomy exam at
689:
1997:
1787:
1674:
1669:
1609:
1128:
Comparison of Jex-Blake and Florence Nightingale, from Centre for the History of Nursing and Midwifery
895:
763:"Female Education in Medicine" in The Edinburgh University Magazine, No. 11, pp. 32–34 (February 1871)
1910:
1395:
1355:
955:
1893:
1847:
1792:
1752:
1469:
117:
Sophia Jex-Blake applied to study medicine in March 1869 and although the Medical Faculty and the
1992:
1958:
1727:
1654:
1599:
1278:
725:
554:
37:
442:
In 2019, Edinburgh Medical School awarded the Edinburgh Seven the posthumous honorary degree of
399:
In 1889, a rival college for the education of women in medicine in Edinburgh was established by
238:
that they usually sat in, bursting into "horse laughs and howls" whenever the women approached.
1772:
1221:
848:
389:
178:
It is a grand thing to enter the very first British University ever opened to women, isn't it?
1982:
1925:
1737:
1624:
1140:, the story of the University of Edinburgh's women scientists in the Department of Chemistry.
596:
471:"We were seven ladies, who wished to be doctresses, especially devoted to our own sex . . ."
341:
Five of the original seven – Bovell, Chaplin, Jex-Blake, Marshall and Pechey – were granted
326:
Sophia Jex-Blake soon moved to London to campaign there. She was active in establishing the
1903:
1827:
1822:
1712:
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1375:
1304:
544:
489:
481:
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365:
61:
2067:
8:
1837:
1762:
431:
Historic Scotland commemorative plaque to the Edinburgh Seven and the Surgeons' Hall riot
361:
199:
46:
1177:
the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university.
198:
This scholarship had been instituted 40 years previously by the Professor of Chemistry,
1898:
1742:
998:
694:
342:
118:
2055:
1797:
1732:
986:
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337:
Matriculation Signatures: Sophia Jex-Blake, Mary Pechey, Helen Evans, Matilda Chaplin
266:
203:
636:"Blake, Sophia Louisa Jex- (1840–1912), physician and campaigner for women's rights"
21:
2149:
2002:
1915:
1842:
1692:
1664:
1333:
1206:
1132:
646:
559:
534:
519:
314:
68:
25:
675:
1945:
1817:
1390:
1339:
956:"Seven Against Edinburgh | the Lyceum | Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh"
539:
529:
83:
1940:
1707:
1702:
1380:
1326:
942:"Hateful Surgeons' Hall riots that opposed women doctors recalled 150 years on"
650:
373:
310:
243:
42:
990:
2088:
1782:
1717:
1211:
578:
Scotsman, The (15 November 1870). "Female Medical Students at the Infirmary".
549:
462:
294:
73:
803:
785:
Sophia Jex-Blake : a woman pioneer in nineteenth century medical reform
368:. Once Scotland started licensing women doctors, Jex-Blake helped found the
1236:
1216:
1075:
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509:
416:
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127:
98:
78:
1247:
1767:
1226:
1047:
783:
427:
360:
In 1878 Jex-Blake returned to Edinburgh and set up at Manor Place in the
88:
916:"Edinburgh gives female medical students their degrees – 150 years late"
1697:
595:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp.
302:
277:
pick the women up from their home and escort them to and from classes.
140:
This modest letter did not do justice to her intellectual ability; see
1061:
Sophia Jex-Blake: a woman pioneer in nineteenth century medical reform
195:
exam for the first time and so had first claim on a Hope Scholarship.
1020:"New book tells story of seven pioneering Edinburgh medical students"
972:
Edinburgh seven : the story of the first women to study medicine
217:
184:
Regulations for the Education of Women in Medicine in the University
900:
620:
The Lives of Scottish Women: Women and Scottish Society, 1800–1980
439:, as part of the Historic Scotland Commemorative Plaques Scheme.
1413:
Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency
288:
435:
In 2015 the Edinburgh Seven were commemorated with a plaque at
385:
313:. Yet in the end they lost the battle to graduate. In 1873 the
443:
393:
377:
350:
164:
505:
Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women
346:
298:
1408:
Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency
1121:
Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions.
155:
1072:
Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb. Vol. 26(4):629-44. (1996)
112:
2018:
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute
844:"Tribute paid to first UK women to go to university"
396:, but later returned to private practice in London.
280:
The controversy continued in the press. The article
209:
896:"First female medical students get degrees at last"
634:
456:
380:before becoming senior medical officer at the new
2120:History of higher education in the United Kingdom
392:in London. Chaplin founded a midwifery school in
2086:
1456:College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
388:(now Mumbai). Bovell and Marshall worked at the
450:and the Surgeons' Hall Riot of 18th Nov,1870.
1263:
1159:
289:The defamation case and the national campaign
1808:Royal Hospital for Children and Young People
1500:Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences
645:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2100:19th-century Scottish women medical doctors
1524:College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
1277:
1069:The Royal Medical Society and Medical Women
16:First British female medical students, 1869
1270:
1256:
1166:
1152:
1003:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
690:"The Female Medical Students in Edinburgh"
260:
2110:History of medicine in the United Kingdom
1967:University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland
1534:Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
588:
372:, with clinical practice taking place at
165:The first women undergraduates in Britain
141:
577:
426:
332:
20:
2155:Women's education in the United Kingdom
2125:Medical education in the United Kingdom
1401:Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom
1053:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
788:. London: Routledge. pp. 175–179.
781:
738:
642:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
632:
405:Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women
189:
2115:History of the University of Edinburgh
2087:
975:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England.
370:Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women
2105:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
2095:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1251:
1147:
1084:The Female Students at Surgeons' Hall
1017:
968:
722:Edinburgh University Science Magazine
345:abroad in the later 1870s, either in
156:The matriculation examination of 1869
2043:
1931:Edinburgh University Theatre Company
841:
718:"A Bit of Edinburgh Medical History"
617:
1495:Literatures, Languages and Cultures
328:London School of Medicine for Women
113:The start of the Edinburgh campaign
13:
1571:Sub-units, centres and institutes
1543:College of Science and Engineering
842:Mair, George (11 September 2015).
14:
2176:
1485:History, Classics and Archaeology
1109:
384:women and children's hospital in
210:Hostility towards the women grows
2066:
2054:
2042:
2031:
2030:
1354:
1048:Edinburgh Seven (act. 1869–1873)
2140:1869 establishments in Scotland
2008:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
1833:St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy
1011:
962:
948:
934:
908:
888:
863:
835:
810:
775:
698:. 22 November 1870. p. 5 col. 2
457:In fiction and recent biography
28:, leader of the Edinburgh Seven
1117:The Edinburgh Medical Students
766:
757:
732:
710:
682:
626:
611:
582:
571:
52:The group was also called the
1:
1758:Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre
875:Edinburgh University web site
772:The Scotsman 23 November 1870
622:. Edinburgh University Press.
321:
249:Edith Pechey, in a letter to
125:Jex-Blake then advertised in
2160:History of women in Scotland
1803:Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
1645:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1505:Social and Political Science
871:"Honorary Graduates in 2019"
676:UK public library membership
565:
419:except for medical classes.
376:. Edith Pechey practised in
282:Female Education in Medicine
7:
1515:Edinburgh Futures Institute
498:
422:
142:§ The Hope Scholarship
10:
2181:
2130:Women's rights in Scotland
1998:Edinburgh University Press
1184:The campaign for admission
1040:
589:Jex-Blake, Sophia (1886).
2026:
1975:
1856:
1685:
1447:
1421:
1396:Polish School of Medicine
1363:
1352:
1287:
1199:
1183:
782:Roberts, Shirley (1993).
739:Roberts, Shirley (1993).
633:Roberts, Shirley (2004).
492:and the author also said
2013:Scotland's Rural College
1946:FreshAir (student radio)
1848:Western General Hospital
1510:Centre for Open Learning
1480:Health in Social Science
1470:Edinburgh College of Art
482:Edinburgh Lyceum Theatre
2135:British women activists
1993:Edinburgh Stanford Link
1280:University of Edinburgh
261:The Surgeons' Hall riot
60:", in reference to the
58:Seven against Edinburgh
38:University of Edinburgh
1899:The Scottish Boat Race
1439:List of professorships
1434:List of medical people
1429:List of notable people
1138:'A Chemical Imbalance'
849:Edinburgh Evening News
651:10.1093/ref:odnb/34189
618:Knox, William (2006).
432:
390:New Hospital for Women
338:
227:
180:
138:
29:
1983:Alan Turing Institute
1926:Royal Medical Society
1879:Women's Football Club
1864:Students' Association
1728:Forrest Hill Building
1625:Euan MacDonald Centre
1563:Physics and Astronomy
1123:No. 6: 131–137 (1871)
1094:Scottish Law Reporter
969:Jones, Janey (2023).
430:
355:College of Physicians
336:
223:
176:
133:
24:
1904:The Scottish Varsity
1305:Anne, Princess Royal
1191:The Edinburgh Seven.
1175:The Edinburgh Seven:
1104:(1877), Chapter XIII
545:Agnes Yewande Savage
490:women in Afghanistan
437:Edinburgh University
409:Triple Qualification
366:Bruntsfield Hospital
190:The Hope Scholarship
62:Seven against Thebes
54:Septem contra Edinam
1894:Rugby Football Club
1874:Men's Football Club
1838:Talbot Rice Gallery
1316:Sir Peter Mathieson
944:. 17 November 2020.
822:library.rcsed.ac.uk
728:on 19 October 2014.
525:Elizabeth Blackwell
200:Thomas Charles Hope
47:UK Medical Act 1876
2165:Women in Edinburgh
2145:Scottish activists
1743:Lauriston Building
1738:Lady Yester's Kirk
1340:Senatus Academicus
1090:(23 November 1870)
695:The Glasgow Herald
433:
339:
119:Senatus Academicus
30:
2082:
2081:
1936:Socialist Society
1889:Men's Hockey Club
1828:St Leonard's Hall
1823:St Cecilia's Hall
1813:Royal Observatory
1798:Reid Concert Hall
1733:Informatics Forum
1245:
1244:
1018:Roberston, Adam.
982:978-1-3990-9924-0
750:978-0-415-75606-8
674:(Subscription or
660:978-0-19-861412-8
204:Robert Christison
2172:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2003:Gifford Lectures
1916:Meadows Marathon
1843:Teviot Row House
1763:King's Buildings
1693:40 George Square
1670:Scottish Studies
1665:Roslin Institute
1358:
1334:University Court
1291:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1207:Sophia Jex-Blake
1168:
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1144:
1035:
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1008:
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958:. 19 April 2022.
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741:Sophia Jex-Blake
736:
730:
729:
724:. Archived from
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686:
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671:
669:
667:
638:
630:
624:
623:
615:
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606:
604:
586:
580:
579:
575:
560:Isabella Pringle
535:Maria Zakrzewska
520:Louisa Stevenson
315:Court of Session
69:Sophia Jex-Blake
26:Sophia Jex-Blake
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2022:
1971:
1911:Labour Students
1852:
1818:Salisbury Green
1723:Deaconess House
1681:
1660:Nursing Studies
1449:
1443:
1417:
1391:Plinian Society
1386:Edinburgh Seven
1359:
1350:
1346:General Council
1289:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1246:
1241:
1222:Matilda Chaplin
1200:The petitioners
1195:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1112:
1100:Charles Reade,
1067:Ross, Margaret
1046:Elston, M. A. '
1043:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1012:
996:
995:
983:
967:
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954:
953:
949:
940:
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923:
914:
913:
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869:
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1558:Informatics
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1227:Helen Evans
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