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204:“She is a married woman, thirty to thirty-five years old, with one or two children in school, and a husband in an executive position. She has attended exhibitions quite regularly for several years and has for some time brought her children to your classes and special events. She has some years of college education but is not always a graduate. She seldom has formal training related to her volunteer job but may have developed useful skills in other activities. She works well with her hands, likes people (especially children), and is at ease and talks easily with them. Most important — she has a curiosity, imagination, and enthusiasm, and she believes in the importance of your organization to the community”
161:
learning clienteles and learning objective". This definition was later broadened to include the idea that non-formal education is any systematic educative activity, organized outside from the official framework to facilitate educative experiences for all people, regardless of age, genre, nationality, social, economic or health situation. Informal education expands the definition of educational spaces to include learning that occurs in places like the home, national parks, zoos, and museums. Museum education has been set apart from other informal education largely due to education made available to museum educators and the specific learning objectives of the museums themselves.
195:"It has been proposed to the Trustees to consider the permanent appointment of one or more persons of intelligence and education who could act as intermediaries between Curators and the many who would be glad to avail themselves of trained instruction in our galleries. Through these docents, as it has been proposed to call them, the heads of departments could instruct many more persons than it would be possible for them to accompany through the galleries; and illustrated lectures upon the collections prepared in the departments might be regularly given by these specially qualified aids both in the Museum and in the classrooms of neighboring schools and colleges."
200:
on volunteerism, combined with the increase in student attendance, led to a greater level of importance given to museum education and museum educators. By 1946, museum leaders like Otto
Wittmann, the then associate director at the Toledo Museum of Art, were advocating for the use of volunteers (docents), and the development of museum educator training, for expanding education programs. Speaking on his conceptualization of the perfect museum volunteer educator candidate, Wittmann said,
33:
282:. Museum educators employ different teaching strategies, including Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) and the dialogical model of art interpretation. This can culminate into many different end products including brightly colored museum displays, interactive display elements, and informational books and pamphlets. Other pedagogical strategies include Feldman's Model of Art Criticism, aesthetic scanning, and FTC Palette
231:
pervasiveness of unpaid internships, which limit participation to those with access to other sources of income. Unpaid internships have become prerequisites to securing future employment in the field, as they offer opportunities for networking and demonstrating one's employability, creating a “cruel paradox” in the field in which paid employment is restricted to those with the economic resources to contribute
218:
Coombs, informal education had the potential to satisfy the learning demands of individuals and collectivities because unlike the more rigid traditional education, informal education is flexible and takes into consideration local culture, economy and society, which counteracts the tendency of developing countries to imitate education models of developed countries.
270:
out of the interest of abiding by pandemic safety guidelines, museums began turning to the digital realm for programming and educational efforts. Many museums created or added onto virtual education programs, including; Zoom or video-conferenced events, new social media channels and groups, take-home art activities, virtual tours, and more.
239:
roles of education departments across museums. Including
Director/Chair of Education, Director of Education and Public Programs, Curator of Education, Education and Interpretation Supervisor, Head of Interpretation and Participatory Experiences, Director of Education and Curator of Public Practices, etc.
269:
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, almost 95% of museums worldwide had to close their doors for at least part of 2020. The widespread impact of COVID-19 is further illustrated by the fact that 99% of arts organizations of all kinds in the U.S. had to cancel events in 2020. Due to these forced closures and
199:
After the conclusion of WWII, art museums' priorities shifted once again to an increased focus on education. Schools across the country began making field trips to museums for educational programs, and at the same time a greater emphasis was being placed on collecting and volunteerism. This emphasis
160:
Museum education falls under the broad category of informal education. Informal education is defined as "...any organized educational activity outside the established formal system—whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity—that is intended to serve identifiable
151:
published in 1992 by the
American Association of Museums, the educational role of museums was identified as the core to museums' service to the public. As museum education has developed as a field of study and interest in its own right, efforts have been made to record its history and to establish a
238:
The titles of museum educators are important for two reasons. One reason is that they evidence the field's struggle for vocabulary to define what it is museum educators do. The second reason is that these job titles may reflect differences in the positions themselves, and growing differences in the
265:
The survey includes information on museum closures, visitation numbers, furloughs and lost revenue. The staff positions most affected by layoffs and furloughs due to COVID19 at the surveyed institutions were Guest
Services/Admissions/Front of House/Retail (68%) followed by Education (40%). 67% of
217:
emphasized the increment of the educative needs of the world's population after World War II. In it, he mentions the diversity of informal education activities that constitute, or should constitute, an important complement to formal education to the total educational efforts of any country. To
1410:, a digital community and collaborative online forum for reflecting on issues of teaching, learning, and experimental practice in the field of art museum education. The site's goal is to connect educators, ideas, and resources around a dialogue about shared practice in teaching and learning.
230:
A 2019 demographic study demonstrated a long-standing homogeneity among art museum educators, who tend to be White, heterosexual, cisgender women between the ages of 26-40 with spouses but without care-taking responsibilities. These demographics point to historical conditions of low pay and
1404:, a forum for museum education professionals to address issues of museum and educational interest, exchange and disseminate relevant information and to explore and implement cooperative programming opportunities through roundtable discussions, workshops, and an annual conference.
221:
Throughout his career, Coombs encouraged and impulsed the professional development of people responsible of non-formal education, which will be determining for the development and professionalization of the educative areas in institutions devoted to non-formal education.
174:
At the turn of the twentieth century, art museums were very new institutions to the average visitor, who was seen wandering with no clear direction through the galleries, and with no clear idea on how to appreciate and study the exhibitions. In 1906, architect
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A committee on museum education that works to advance the purpose of museums as places of lifelong learning, serves as an advocate for diverse audiences and educators, and promotes professional standards and excellence in the practice of museum
1363:
1060:
406:
355:(NAEA) has over 620 members across North America, working through regional representatives and task forces. The division also hosts a Museum Education Preconvention before the NAEA annual conference.
300:(JME) is a journal covering the theory, training and practice of the museum education field from the Museum Education Roundtable. Articles are written by museum, education, and research professionals.
191:
An article published in the June bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1906 features one of the first uses of the term docent and the description of its functions. It said,
316:
is a digitally published resource and collaborative online forum for reflecting on issues of teaching, learning, and experimental practice in the field of art museum education.
1139:
377:(ICOM) are both open for membership to museum professionals. AAM and ICOM each maintain codes of ethics for museums, which detail expectations for professional conduct.
129:
242:
There is a growing number of graduate programs in museum education, including: a Master's and PhD in Arts
Administration, Education, & Policy from
54:
47:
1389:, an online organization devoted to meeting the needs of museum educators by providing tools and resources by and for the museum education community
266:
surveyed museums reported needing to cut back on education, programming, and other public service due to budget shortfalls and/or staff reductions.
924:
426:
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144:
is a specialized field devoted to developing and strengthening the education role of informal education spaces and institutions such as museums.
478:
Pastor Homs, Ma. Inmaculada (2001). «La necesidad de planificación y evaluación educativas en la educación no formal. Algunas propuestas».
183:. He experimented with a guiding system in the galleries, to help visitors orient themselves throughout their walk across the exhibitions.
294:
was developed by the
Education Committee of the American Association of Museums to help guide and inform the practice of Museum Education.
262:
The
American Alliance of Museum and Wilkening Consulting released a survey snap shot of COVID-19 Impact on United States Museums
97:
306:
was a monthly email newsletter that tracked and recorded research and resources in museum education worldwide. Publication of
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632:"Reconsidering People as the Institution: Empathy, Pay Equity, and Deaccessioning as Key Leadership Strategies in Art Museum"
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provides scholarship and professional learning for museum educators through regional networks and producing the publication
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352:
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is a quarterly journal that reports quantitative, qualitative, historical, and philosophical research in art education.
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342:) is an annual publication of the United States Society for Education through Art and is completely accessible online.
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673:"Resistant Transparency and Nonprofit Labor: Challenging Precarity in the Art + Museum Wage Transparency Campaign"
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466:(en inglés). New York, N.Y.: International Council for Educational Development Publications. p. 11.
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In 1968, in his first report as the first
Assistant Secretary of State for Education and Culture,
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research agenda to strengthen its position as a discipline in the wider work of museums.
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Visual thinking strategies : using art to deepen learning across school disciplines
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Category:Art museums and galleries in the United States by state or territory
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Museum pedagogy is influenced by constructivism, postmodernism, and critical
546:"Full text of "The Educational Work of the Museum. Retrospect and Prospect""
1086:"Using Form+Theme+Context (FTC) for Rebalancing 21st-century Art Education"
1431:"The Professionalization of Museum Educators: The Case in Science Museums"
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856:"COVID-19's Pandemic Impact on the Arts Research Update: November 3, 2021"
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1140:"Figure 1. Form+Theme+Context: FTC Palette for Decoding and Encoding..."
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492:
Bekerman, Zvi; Burbules, Nicholas C.; Silberman-Keller, Diana (2006).
978:
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editor., Acuff, Joni Boyd, 1982- editor. Evans, Laura, 1980- (2014).
391:
1414:
American
Alliance of Museums' Education Professional Network (EdCom)
32:
1200:
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1164:
Excellence in
Practice: Museum Education Principles and Standards
292:
Excellence in Practice: Museum Education Principles and Standards
169:
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1246:
491:
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806:"National Snapshot of COVID-19 Impact on United States Museums"
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PedagogĂa museĂstica. Nuevas perspectivas y tendencias actuales
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980:
Teaching in the art museum : interpretation as experience
359:
1386:
186:
831:"Museums, Museum Professionals, and COVID-19: Third Survey"
1307:
714:"What does a museum educator do? (And do we need them?)"
525:
Teaching in the Art Museum. Interpretation as Experience
1401:
1259:"Viewfinder: Reflecting on Museum Education – Medium"
208:
464:
New Paths To Learning: For Rural Children and Youth
1012:Borun, Minda; Dritsas, Jennifer (September 1997).
495:Learning in Places: The Informal Education Reader
1473:
527:(en inglés). J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.
322:is a peer-reviewed digital publication from the
1308:"Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education"
671:Sudkamp, Carolin M.; Dempsey, Sarah E. (2021).
523:Burnham, Rika and, Elliot Kai-Kee (2011). «2».
257:
670:
170:Beginnings in art museums of the United States
1428:
346:
336:Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education
1429:Uyen Tran, Lynn; King, Heather (June 2007).
1011:
179:was appointed the temporary director of the
225:
927:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
569:Pastor Homs, Ma. Inmaculada (2011 ). «1».
320:Viewfinder: Reflecting on Museum Education
1402:New York City Museum Educators Roundtable
1170:. EdCom, American Association of Museums.
923:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
688:
647:
593:"Art Museum Educators: Who Are They Now?"
431:. American Association of Museums. 1992.
187:Art Museum Volunteers as Museum Educators
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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133:Children during a museum lesson at the
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53:Please improve this article by adding
1014:"Developing Family-Friendly Exhibits"
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879:Multiculturalism in art museums today
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739:"Museum Education and Administration"
351:The Museum Education Division of the
1181:JME: The Journal of Museum Education
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1201:Museum Education Roundtable website
24:
1219:
1044:"Feldman's Model of Art Criticism"
1030:10.1111/j.2151-6952.1997.tb01302.x
854:Cohen, Randy (November 30, 2021).
712:Shulman, Rebecca (July 23, 2014).
677:Management Communication Quarterly
462:Coombs, Phillips H. and H. Ahmed.
353:National Art Education Association
324:National Art Education Association
209:WWII impacts on informal education
25:
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1435:Museum Management and Curatorship
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1032:– via Wiley Online Library.
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591:Kletchka, Dana Carlisle (2021).
375:International Council of Museums
248:Bank Street College of Education
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1393:The Museum Education Roundtable
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298:The Journal of Museum Education
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254:in Museum Studies; and others.
1102:10.1080/00393541.2009.11518774
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55:secondary or tertiary sources
1368:American Alliance of Museums
882:. Rowman & Littlefield.
781:"Search Results for "covid""
371:American Alliance of Museums
308:the Museum Education Monitor
304:The Museum Education Monitor
258:Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic
147:In a critical report called
7:
1397:Journal of Museum Education
1332:"Museum Education Division"
1018:Curator: The Museum Journal
948:. Harvard Education Press.
636:Curator: The Museum Journal
597:Curator: The Museum Journal
380:
360:Museum Education Roundtable
10:
1508:
1283:"Studies in Art Education"
1222:"Museum Education Monitor"
347:Professional Organizations
181:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
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135:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1447:10.1080/09647770701470328
942:Philip, Yenawine (2013).
767:"Museum Studies at Tufts"
1287:Studies in Art Education
1090:Studies in Art Education
983:. J. Paul Getty Museum.
690:10.1177/0893318921993833
330:Studies in Art Education
226:Museum education workers
177:J. Randolph Coolidge Jr.
1084:Sandell, Renee (2009).
977:Rika., Burnham (2014).
630:Whitaker, Amy (2021).
250:; and a Master's from
206:
197:
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42:relies excessively on
811:. October 15–28, 2020
428:Excellence and Equity
274:Theory & Practice
244:Ohio State University
202:
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149:Excellence and Equity
132:
1061:"AESTHETIC SCANNING"
1408:Art Museum Teaching
1395:, publisher of the
1370:. 12 December 2017.
1247:Art Museum Teaching
785:Art Museum Teaching
387:Biographical museum
314:Art Museum Teaching
1492:Cultural education
1206:2017-01-05 at the
916:has generic name (
649:10.1111/cura.12420
609:10.1111/cura.12399
480:EducaciĂł i Cultura
246:; a Master's from
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66:"Museum education"
990:978-1-60606-058-2
955:978-1-61250-609-8
889:978-0-7591-2410-3
579:978-84-344-6974-7
533:978-1-60606-058-2
505:978-0-8204-6786-3
438:978-0-931201-14-1
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215:Philip H. Coombs
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