Effects of climate change on agriculture

1950: 2885: 1017: 3402: 1666: 33: 497: 1979: 3442: 505: 2344: 53: 1882:), providing more detail on the spatial resolution and a larger number of crops than previously studied. It found that crop yields across Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia had in general decreased because of climate change (compared to the baseline value of 2004–2008 average data), though exceptions are present. The effect of global climate change on yields of different crops from climate trends ranged from −13.4% (oil palm) to 3.5% (soybean). The study also showed that effects are generally positive in Latin America. Effects in Asia and Northern and Central America are mixed. 4456:

Jinfeng; Coll, Marta; Deryng, Delphine; de Wit, Allard; Eddy, Tyler D.; Folberth, Christian; Frieler, Katja; Friend, Andrew D.; Gerten, Dieter; Gudmundsson, Lukas; Hanasaki, Naota; Ito, Akihiko; Khabarov, Nikolay; Kim, Hyungjun; Lawrence, Peter; Morfopoulos, Catherine; Müller, Christoph; Müller Schmied, Hannes; Orth, René; Ostberg, Sebastian; Pokhrel, Yadu; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sakurai, Gen; Satoh, Yusuke; Schmid, Erwin; Stacke, Tobias; Steenbeek, Jeroen; Steinkamp, Jörg; Tang, Qiuhong; Tian, Hanqin; Tittensor, Derek P.; Volkholz, Jan; Wang, Xuhui; Warszawski, Lila (1 March 2019).

42: 2555: 2495: 3122: 1271: 1818: 2409: 62: 355: 2547: 2953: 3659: 626: 7458:

Emmerling, Johannes; Ebi, Kristie; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Havlík, Petr; Humpenoder, Florian; Da Silva, Lara Aleluia; Smith, Steve; Stehfest, Elke; Bosetti, Valentina; Eom, Jiyong; Gernaat, David; Masui, Toshihiko; Rogelj, Joeri; Strefler, Jessica; Drouet, Laurent; Krey, Volker; Luderer, Gunnar; Harmsen, Mathijs; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Baumstark, Lavinia; Doelman, Johnathan C.; Kainuma, Mikiko; Klimont, Zbigniew; Marangoni, Giacomo; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Obersteiner, Michael; Tabeau, Andrzej; Tavoni, Massimo (1 February 2017).

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greater risk of pest and diseases as a result of future climate change. Crop pests already account for approximately 1/6th of farm productivity losses. Climate change will accelerate the prevalence of pests and diseases and increase the occurrence of highly impactful events. The impacts of climate change on agricultural production in Africa will have serious implications for food security and livelihoods. Between 2014 and 2018, Africa had the highest levels of food insecurity in the world.

2127: 343: 2271: 1631: 819: 16334: 15608: 14035: 15596: 16346: 2676: 3687: 15632: 15620: 2857: 1509: 457:. Similarly, the severity of heatwave and drought effects on European crop production was found to have tripled over a 50-year period – from losses of 2.2% during 1964–1990 to losses of 7.3% in 1991–2015. In the summer of 2018, heat waves probably linked to climate change greatly reduced average yield in many parts of the world, especially Europe. During the month of August, more crop failures resulted in a rise in global 16370: 3323:

scenario). This could result in a substantial decrease in farm income by that date. Also farmland values are projected to decrease in parts of southern Europe by more than 80% by 2100, which could result in land abandonment. The trade patterns are also said to be affected, in turn affecting agricultural income. Also, increased food demand worldwide could exert pressure on food prices in the coming decades. In

16358: 14024: 2949:(HLZ) and associated weather, while also being low in social resilience. Notably, a similar fraction of global crop and livestock production would also experience a large change in HLZ, but in more developed areas which would have better chances of adapting. In contrast, under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6, 5% and 8% of crop and livestock production would leave what is defined as the safe climatic space. 4691: 3223:

framework to manage food resources in accordance with the anticipated climate variability. However, before devising a policy to cope with the impacts of climate variability, especially to the agriculture sector, it is critical to have a clear understanding of how climate variability affects different food crops. This is particularly relevant in 2020 due to the severe invasion of

9498:

Nikolay; Lange, Stefan; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Liu, Wenfeng; Mialyk, Oleksandr; Minoli, Sara; Moyer, Elisabeth J.; Okada, Masashi; Phillips, Meridel; Porter, Cheryl; Rabin, Sam S.; Scheer, Clemens; Schneider, Julia M.; Schyns, Joep F.; Skalsky, Rastislav; Smerald, Andrew; Stella, Tommaso; Stephens, Haynes; Webber, Heidi; Zabel, Florian; Rosenzweig, Cynthia (1 November 2021).

3046:; a cost that is directly passed on to the consumer and affects the affordability of food. Some farms do not sell their produce but instead feed a family or community; without that food, people will not have enough to eat. This results in decreased production, increased food prices, and potential starvation in parts of the world. The agriculture industry in 2169:

countries. This may have been caused by increased night-time respiration. IRRI has predicted that Asian rice yields will fall by some 20% per 1°C rise in global mean temperature. Further, rice is unable to yield grain if the flowers experience a temperature of 35 °C or more for over one hour, so the crop would be lost under these conditions.

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precipitation, temperature patterns, and extreme weather events (droughts and floods). These climatic events are predicted to increase in the future and are expected to have significant consequences to the agriculture sector. This would have a negative influence on food prices, food security, and land-use decisions. Yields from

2785:) would reduce this number to 122 million globally by 2050, even as the population grows to reach 9.2 billion. The effect of climate change would at most increase this 2050 figure by around 80 million, and the negative effect could be reduced to 20 million through enabling easier food trade with measures such as eliminating 682:. By 2 °C (3.6 °F), it would be felt for a longer duration, and extensive cooling systems would likely become a necessity for livestock production in the Caribbean. At 2.5 °C (4.5 °F), only layer hens would avoid daily exposure to "very severe" heat stress during the winter months. 4602:

Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel

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There are fewer projections looking beyond 2050. In general, even as climate change would cause increasingly severe effects on food production, most scientists do not anticipate it to result in mass human mortality within this century. This is in part because the studies also anticipate at least some

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It is difficult to project the effect of climate change on utilization (protecting food against spoilage, being healthy enough to absorb nutrients, etc.) In 2016, a modelling study suggested that by mid-century, the most intense climate change scenario would reduce per capita global food availability

2240:

surrounding changes in temperature and rainfall are representative for several different parts of the world since there exists a wide range of climatic conditions. They range from temperate to hot-arid to cold semi-arid. Scenarios based on increasing temperature by up to 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) and

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would suffer production losses of mostly maize and soybeans exceeding 25%. A similar finding - that some major "breadbaskets" would begin to see unequivocal effects of climate change, both positive and negative, before the year 2040 - had been established in another study from the same year. Since it

1889:

had ensured the growth of overall crop production per land area of 250% to 300% since the 1960, with around 44% attributed to newer crop varieties alone, it is believed this growth would have been even greater without the counteracting role of climate change on major crop yields over the same period.

11982:

Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; Ogallo, Laban Ayieko; Ouma, Jully; Artan, Guleid; Basalirwa, Charles; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Mwesigwa, Jasper Batureine; Otieno, George; Nanteza, Jamiat (2018). "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana

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farms account for 80% of cultivated lands in Sub-Saharan Africa. The IPCC in 2007 projected that climate variability and change would severely compromise agricultural productivity and access to food. This projection was assigned "high confidence". Cropping systems, livestock and fisheries will be at

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in three of them (A1, B1, B2) would see the number of undernourished people decline to 100–130 million people by the year 2080, while trends in A2 projected 770 million undernourished – similar to the contemporary (early 21st century) figures of ~700 million people. Once the effect of climate change

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and dedicated agricultural crop models were published in 2021, the most notable new finding was the substantial reduction in projected global yields of maize. While the previous generation suggested that under the low-warming scenario, maize productivity would increase by around 5% by the end of the

1961:

had suggested that global production potential would increase up to around 3 °C (5.4 °F) of globally averaged warming, as productivity increases for cereals in high latitudes would outweigh decreases in the low latitudes and global aggregate yields of rain-fed agriculture would increase by

836:

of crops is able to reduce or even remove the effects on yields of lower rainfall and higher temperatures – through localised cooling. However, using water resources for irrigation has downsides and is expensive. Further, some sources of irrigation water may become less reliable. This includes

684:

Studies of heat stress and livestock had historically focused on cattle, as they are often kept outdoors and so are immediately exposed to changes in climate. On the other hand, a little over 50% of all pork production and 70% of all poultry production worldwide originated from animals kept entirely

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is likely to be reduced. Variability in the degree of production decrease among different regions of Latin America is likely. For example, one 2003 study that estimated future maize production in Latin America predicted that by 2055 maize in eastern Brazil will have moderate changes while Venezuela

2504:

Grapevines are very responsive to their surrounding environment with a seasonal variation in yield of 32.5%. Climate is one of the key controlling factors in grape and wine production, affecting the suitability of certain grape varieties to a particular region as well as the type and quality of the

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and dedicated agricultural crop models were published. While it projected a consistent decrease in future global yields of maize, particularly under greater warming, it found the opposite for wheat yields. When the previous generation of models suggested a 9% increase in global wheat yields by 2100

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and over 50% in hot-arid areas. But in cold semi-arid areas yields can be increased somewhat (about 15%). Adaptation strategies with the most promise center around dates for seed planting. Late planting in November to January can have significant positive effects on yields due to the seasonality of

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assessed the literature on the effects of climate change on crop yields in 2011, and provided central estimates for key crops. A meta-analysis in 2014 revealed consensus that yield is expected to decrease in the second half of the century, and with greater effect in tropical than temperate regions.

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have been occurring more frequently on average because of climate change. Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, South and Southeast Asia are the parts of the globe where droughts are expected to become more frequent and intense in spite of the global increase in

5756:

Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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Further, the role of climate change in undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies can be calculated as the loss of "years of full health".One estimate presented in 2016 suggests that under the scenario of strong warming and low adaptation due to high global conflict and rivalry, such losses may

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Additionally, there is the issue of representing synchronisation - where extreme climate events happen to strike multiple important producer regions around the same time. It was estimated that if hypothetically, every region with a synchronized growing season were to experience crop failure at the

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Some scientists consider the aforementioned projections of crop yields and food security of limited use, because in their view, they primarily model climate change as a change in mean climate state, and are not as well-equipped to consider climatic extremes. For instance, a paper published in 2021

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Potatoes grow best under temperate conditions. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have negative effects on potato crops, from physiological damage such as brown spots on tubers, to slower growth, premature sprouting, and lower starch content. These effects reduce crop yield, affecting both

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by reducing the amount of frozen land. A 2005 study reports that temperature in Siberia has increased three-degree Celsius in average since 1960 (much more than the rest of the world). However, reports about the effect of global warming on Russian agriculture indicate conflicting probable effects:

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levels expected in the second half of the 21st century will likely reduce the levels of zinc, iron, and protein in wheat, rice, peas, and soybeans. Some two billion people live in countries where citizens receive more than 60 percent of their zinc or iron from these types of crops. Deficiencies of

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In general, the preferred ambient temperature range for domestic animals is between 10 and 30 °C (50 and 86 °F). Much like how climate change is expected to increase overall thermal comfort for humans living in the colder regions of the world, livestock in those places would also benefit

9159:

Malik, Arunima; Li, Mengyu; Lenzen, Manfred; Fry, Jacob; Liyanapathirana, Navoda; Beyer, Kathleen; Boylan, Sinead; Lee, Amanda; Raubenheimer, David; Geschke, Arne; Prokopenko, Mikhail (18 August 2022). "Impacts of climate change and extreme weather on food supply chains cascade across sectors and

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alone contribute 70-90% of the total agricultural production in Latin America. In these and other dry regions, maize production is expected to decrease. A study summarising a number of impact studies of climate change on agriculture in Latin America indicated that wheat is expected to decrease in

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climate (meaning it would have been effectively impossible in the present climate) were to impact that year. It estimated that such an event would increase the baseline number by 11–33% even in the low-emission scenario, and by 20–36% in the high-emission one. If such an event were to affect more

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The gradually increasing temperatures will lead to a shift in suitable growing regions. It is estimated that the northern boundary of European viticulture will shift north 10 to 30 kilometres (6.2 to 18.6 mi) per decade up to 2020 with a doubling of this rate predicted between 2020 and 2050.

9497:

Jägermeyr, Jonas; Müller, Christoph; Ruane, Alex C.; Elliott, Joshua; Balkovic, Juraj; Castillo, Oscar; Faye, Babacar; Foster, Ian; Folberth, Christian; Franke, James A.; Fuchs, Kathrin; Guarin, Jose R.; Heinke, Jens; Hoogenboom, Gerrit; Iizumi, Toshichika; Jain, Atul K.; Kelly, David; Khabarov,

7457:

Riahi, Keywan; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Kriegler, Elmar; Edmonds, Jae; O'Neill, Brian C.; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Bauer, Nico; Calvin, Katherine; Dellink, Rob; Fricko, Oliver; Lutz, Wolfgang; Popp, Alexander; Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo; KC, Samir; Leimbach, Marian; Jiang, Leiwen; Kram, Tom; Rao, Shilpa;

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Increased rainfall variability has been one of the most devastating consequences of climate change in Central America and Mexico. From 2009 to 2019, the region saw years of heavy rainfall in between years of below average rainfall. The spring rains of May and June have been particularly erratic,

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Climate variability and change have been and continue to be the principal source of fluctuations in global food production across developing countries where production is highly rain-dependent. The agriculture sector is sensitive to climate variability, especially the inter-annual variability of

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contribute to the sector's high levels of vulnerability. The situation is compounded by poor reliability of, and access to, climate data and information to support adaptation actions. Observed and projected disruptions in precipitation patterns due to climate change are likely to shorten growing

9234:

Nelson, Gerald C.; Valin, Hugo; Sands, Ronald D.; Havlík, Petr; Ahammad, Helal; Deryng, Delphine; Elliott, Joshua; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Heyhoe, Edwina; Kyle, Page; Von Lampe, Martin; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Mason d’Croz, Daniel; van Meijl, Hans; van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique;

4201:

Zhao, Chuang; Liu, Bing; Piao, Shilong; Wang, Xuhui; Lobell, David B.; Huang, Yao; Huang, Mengtian; Yao, Yitong; Bassu, Simona; Ciais, Philippe; Durand, Jean-Louis; Elliott, Joshua; Ewert, Frank; Janssens, Ivan A.; Li, Tao; Lin, Erda; Liu, Qiang; Martre, Pierre; Müller, Christoph; Peng, Shushi;

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would reduce the aggregate yields of millet, sorghum, maize and soybeans by between 9% and 32%, depending on the model. Notably, this was a less pessimistic result than in the earlier models, which the authors attributed to simulating soil moisture directly, rather than attempting to indirectly

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production, an insect-killing poison that is excreted when the plant senses it is being attacked. Without this protection, beetles are able to eat the soybean leaves freely, resulting in a lower crop yield. This is not a problem unique to soybeans, and many plant species' defense mechanisms are

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Climate change has the capability of altering pathogen and host interactions, specifically the rates of pathogen infection and the resistance of the host plant. Also affected by plant disease are the economic costs associated with growing different plants that might yield less profit as well as

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report "Climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector in Europe" again confirmed this. According to this 2019 report, projections indicate that yields of non-irrigated crops like wheat, corn and sugar beet would decrease in southern Europe by up to 50% by 2050 (under a high-end emission

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in some African countries could be reduced by up to 50% by 2020. To prevent the future destructive impact of climate variability on food production, it is crucial to adjust or suggest possible policies to cope with increased climate variability. African countries need to build a national legal

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become more common and more intense, floods and droughts can destroy crops and eliminate food supply, while disrupting agricultural activities and rendering workers jobless. With more costs to the farmer, some will no longer find it financially feasible to farm: i.e. some farmers may choose to

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Also in 2021, it was suggested that the high-emission scenario would result in a 4.5-fold increase in the probability of breadbasket failures (defined as a yield loss of 10% or more) by 2030, which could then increase 25 times by 2050. This corresponds to reaching 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and

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could lose up to 8% of its rice yield due to increases in extreme rainfall events alone. As of 2021, global projections of rice yields from the most advanced climate and agricultural models were less consistent than they were for wheat and maize, and less able to identify a clear statistically

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and therefore the yield and quality of crops. Following methane levels, tropospheric ozone levels "increased substantially since the late 19th century", and according to a 2016 estimate, the four major crops (see later section) experienced yield losses of 5±1.5% relative to a no-climate change

4455:

Schewe, Jacob; Gosling, Simon N.; Reyer, Christopher; Zhao, Fang; Ciais, Philippe; Elliott, Joshua; Francois, Louis; Huber, Veronika; Lotze, Heike K.; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; van Vliet, Michelle T. H.; Vautard, Robert; Wada, Yoshihide; Breuer, Lutz; Büchner, Matthias; Carozza, David A.; Chang,

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Agriculture is a particularly important sector in Africa, contributing towards livelihoods and economies across the continent. On average, agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa contributes 15% of the total GDP. Africa's geography makes it particularly vulnerable to climate change, and 70% of the

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and Western Central North America, respectively. These heat extremes have already been shown to cause 3–4% declines in crop yield across the affected regions: yet, concerningly, climate models overestimate the effects of such historic events in North America and underestimate them elsewhere,

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Predictions of climate change's effects on rice cultivation vary. Global rice yield has been projected to decrease by around 3.2% with each 1°C increase in global average temperature while another study predicts global rice cultivation will increase initially, plateauing at about 3°C warming

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The impacts of climate change on rice cultivation vary across geographic location and socioeconomic context. For example, rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century decreased rice yield by between 10% and 20% across 200 farms in seven Asian

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of India, heat stress and water availability are predicted to have significant negative effects on yield of wheat. Direct effects of increased mean and maximum temperatures is predicted to reduce wheat yields by up to 10%. The effect of reduced availability of water for irrigation is more

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population size to dramatically increase 40–150%. Warmer conditions would favor growth of certain bacteria species, shifting the bacterial community composition. Elevated carbon dioxide would increase the growth rates of plants and soil microbes, slowing the soil carbon cycle and favoring

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posing issues for farmers plant their maize crops at the onset of the spring rains. Most subsistence farmers in the region have no irrigation and thus depend on the rains for their crops to grow. In Mexico, only 21% of farms are irrigated, leaving the remaining 79% dependent on rainfall.

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suggested that under a relatively high emission scenario (RCP6.0), cereals may become 1–29% more expensive in 2050 depending on the socioeconomic pathway. Compared to a scenario where climate change is absent, this would put between 1–181 million people with low income at risk of hunger.

3129:, the extent of cropland is expected to increase under most climate and socioeconomic scenarios, with some of the largest increases seen under high-warming scenarios. Low-warming scenarios are expected to see a decrease in area due to lower demand. Similar trends are expected globally. 2399:

Climate change induced drought stress in Africa will likely lead to a reduction in the nutritional quality of the common bean. This would primarily impact populations in poorer countries less able to compensate by eating more food, more varied diets, or possibly taking supplements.

4958:

Fu, Jin; Jian, Yiwei; Wang, Xuhui; Li, Laurent; Ciais, Philippe; Zscheischler, Jakob; Wang, Yin; Tang, Yanhong; Müller, Christoph; Webber, Heidi; Yang, Bo; Wu, Yali; Wang, Qihui; Cui, Xiaoqing; Huang, Weichen; Liu, Yongqiang; Zhao, Pengjun; Piao, Shilong; Zhou, Feng (4 May 2023).

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to the year 2500. They suggested that under the second-strongest warming scenario RCP6.0, land area capable of supporting four major temperate crops (maize, potato, soybean and wheat) would become about 11% smaller by 2100 and 18.3% smaller by 2500, while for major tropical crops

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2 °C (3.6 °F) thresholds under that scenario: earlier research suggested that for maize, this would increase risks for multiple simultaneous breadbasket failures (yield loss of 10% or more) from 6% under the late-20th century climate to 40% and 54%, respectively.

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and quality of produce, although there has been some regional variation: more negative effects have been observed for some crops in low-latitudes (maize and wheat), while positive effects of climate change have been observed in some crops in high-latitudes (maize, wheat, and

849:, and it is expected to continue, depleting the glacial ice and reducing or outright eliminating runoff. In Asia, global warming of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) will reduce the ice mass of Asia's high mountains by about 29–43%,: Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the 7343:

We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning). Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

10966:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. 9292:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. 2322:

fertilisation effect and other factors need to be taken into account: as of 2021, global projections of soybean yields from the most advanced climate and agricultural models were less able to establish a strong trend when compared to the projections for maize and wheat.

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where land around certain crops was warmed by a certain amount to compare them with the controls) concluded that on a global scale, warming alone has consistently negative effects on the yields of four most important crops, suggesting that any increases would be down to

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represents the worst-case scenario of continually increasing emissions with no efforts to reduce them, RCP8.5 is often considered unrealistic, and a less intense RCP4.5 scenario (which still leads to nearly 3 °C (5.4 °F) by century's end, far in excess of the

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Altogether, one 2003 estimate suggests that future (2040–2069) worldwide potato yield would be 18–32% lower than it was at the time, driven by declines in hotter areas like Sub-Saharan Africa, unless farmers and potato cultivars can adapt to the new environment.

11121:

Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021).

2038:, global yields of these four crops would decline by between 3–12% around 2050 and by 11–25% by the year 2100. The losses were concentrated in what are currently the major agricultural producers and exporters. For instance, even by 2050, some agricultural areas of 2925:), it would decline by only 2.3% around 2100, yet by around 15% by 2500. Under the low-emission scenario RCP2.6, changes are much smaller, with around 3% decline in suitable land area for temperate crops by 2500 and an equivalent gain for tropical crops by then. 321:. Agricultural productivity growth will likely have improved food security for hundreds of millions of people by then. Predictions that reach further into the future (to 2100 and beyond) are rare. There is some concern about the effects on food security from more 1045:

concentration would stimulate the growth of 156 different plant species by an average of 37%. Response varied significantly by species, with some showing much greater gains and a few showing a loss. For example, a 1979 greenhouse study found that with doubled

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Agricultural innovation is essential to addressing the potential issues of climate change. This includes better management of soil, water-saving technology, matching crops to environments, introducing different crop varieties, crop rotations, appropriate

1842:). I.e. during the period 1981 to 2008, global warming has had negative effects on wheat yield in especially tropical regions, with decreases in average global yields by 5.5%. A study in 2019 tracked ~20,000 political units globally for 10 crops ( 1068:

levels than the greenhouse studies. They show lower gains in growth than greenhouse studies, with the gains depending heavily on the species under study. A 2005 review of 12 experiments at 475–600 ppm showed an average gain of 17% in crop yield, with

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Notably, one estimate suggests that a warming of 3 °C (5.4 °F) relative to late 20th century (i.e. closer to 4 °C (7.2 °F) when compared to preindustrial temperatures – a level associated with the SSP5-8.5 scenario) would cause

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western North America as temperatures have been rising, advancing the timing and magnitude of spring snow melt floods and reducing river flow volume in summer. Direct effects of climate change include increased heat and water stress, altered crop

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Chloupek O, Hrstkova P, Schweigert P (February 2004). "Yield and its stability, crop diversity, adaptability and response to climate change, weather and fertilisation over 75 years in the Czech Republic in comparison to some European countries".

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Burroughs, Charles H; Montes, Christopher M; Moller, Christopher A; Mitchell, Noah G; Michael, Anne Marie; Peng, Bin; Kimm, Hyungsuk; Pederson, Taylor L; Lipka, Alexander E; Bernacchi, Carl J; Guan, Kaiyu; Ainsworth, Elizabeth A (13 March 2023).

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often mean that both wet seasons and drought seasons will become more intense. Some insect species will breed more rapidly because they are better able to take advantage of such changes in conditions. This includes certain insect pests, such as

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Yet, another paper from 2021 suggested that by 2100, under the high-emission SSP5-8.5, 31% and 34% of the current crop and livestock production would leave what the authors have defined as a "safe climatic space": that is, those areas (most of

1921:, largely due to the development of irrigation, fertiliser, and seed varieties. Even in the absence of further scientific/technological developments, many of the existing advancements have not been evenly distributed, and their spread from the 869:

are projected to substantially increase precipitation in all but the westernmost parts of the watershed, the loss of the glaciers is expected to be offset: however, agriculture in the region will become more reliable on monsoon than ever, and

2018:

intake, and together with soybeans, they account for two thirds. Different methods have been used to project future yields of these crops, and by 2019, the consensus was that warming would lead to aggregate declines of the four. Maize and

767:, there will be an 18.5% increase in size of events and 9.6% increase in the duration between them. At the same time, water losses by plants through evotranspiration will increase almost everywhere due to higher temperatures. While the CO 12207: 2778:. In 2021, 720 million to 811 million people were considered undernourished in 2021 (of whom 200,000, 32.3 million and 112.3 million people were at a "catastrophic", "emergency" and "crisis" levels of food insecurity, respectively). 634:

from warmer winters. Across the entire world, however, increasing summertime temperatures as well as more frequent and intense heatwaves will have clearly negative effects, substantially elevating the risk of livestock suffering from

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is a vicious plant pathogen that can kill off entire fields in a matter of days, devastating farmers and costing billions in agricultural losses. Change in weather patterns and temperature due to climate change leads to dispersal of

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regions, indoor temperatures were already higher than the outdoor temperatures even in summer, and as the increased heating exceeds these systems' specifications, confined animals are left more vulnerable to the heat than those kept

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Mikovits, Christian; Zollitsch, Werner; Hörtenhuber, Stefan J.; Baumgartner, Johannes; Niebuhr, Knut; Piringer, Martin; Anders, Ivonne; Andre, Konrad; Hennig-Pauka, Isabel; Schönhart, Martin; Schauberger, Günther (22 January 2019).

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levels results in an 8% decline, on average, in the concentration of minerals. Declines in magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, zinc and other minerals in crops can worsen the quality of human nutrition. Researchers report that the

11837: 3456:

Climate change adaptation measures may reduce the risk of negative effects on agriculture from climate change. Adaptation can take place through changes in management practices, agricultural innovation, institutional changes, and

1114:. The elevated concentration in this figure, 689 ppm, is over 50% greater than the current levels, yet it is expected to be approached under the "mid-range" climate change scenarios, and will be surpassed in the high-emission one. 2980:

same time, it would cause losses of four major crops between 17% and 34%. More realistically, analysis of historic data suggested that there have already been synchronized climate events associated with up to 20% yield losses.

551:

will be negatively affected by the projected moderate increase in temperature (1–2 °C) expected to occur during the first half of the century. During the second half of the century, further warming is projected to decrease

4345:

Janssens, Charlotte; Havlík, Petr; Krisztin, Tamás; Baker, Justin; Frank, Stefan; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Leclère, David; Ohrel, Sara; Ragnauth, Shaun; Schmid, Erwin; Valin, Hugo; Van Lipzig, Nicole; Maertens, Miet (20 July 2020).

4310:

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all, In brief (Report). FAO.

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region, all livestock animals besides layer hens are already exposed to "very severe" heat stress in the present climate, with pigs being exposed to it at least once per day during the 5 summer and early autumn months, while

3353:

and grains; such as maize, wheat, soybeans, and rice. Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.

2317:

Studies indicate that on their own, temperature changes reduce global soybean yields by 3.1% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F) of global warming. These projections become more complicated once the changes in precipitation,

1390:, particularly if they are already below sea level. Once the concentration of saltwater exceeds 2–3%, the well becomes unusable. Notably, areas along an estimated 15% of the US coastline already have the majority of local 3101:, some heatwaves could become extreme enough to cause mass mortality in outdoor labourers, although they will remain relatively uncommon (up to around once per decade starting from 2l00 under the most extreme scenario). 2635:

While some areas which currently support livestock animals are expected to avoid "extreme heat stress" even with high warming at the end of the century, others may stop being suitable as early as midcentury. In general,

2691:: the baseline, SSP2, and SSP3, scenario of high global rivalry and conflict. The red and the orange lines show projections for SSP3 assuming high and low intensity of future emissions and the associated climate change. 3028:

results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and

2715:. However, this comparison was done relative to a world where no climate change had occurred, and so it does not rule out the possibility of an overall reduction in hunger risk when compared to present-day conditions. 3852:

Zacarias DA (1 August 2020). "Global bioclimatic suitability for the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and potential co-occurrence with major host crops under climate change scenarios".

3293:

was projected to decline over much of southern and eastern Australia, and over parts of eastern New Zealand. In New Zealand, initial benefits were projected close to major rivers and in western and southern areas.

2138:

Studies indicate that on their own, temperature changes reduce global rice yields by 3.2% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F) of global warming. Projections become more complicated once the changes in precipitation,

316:

of food insecurity. Climate change is expected to add an additional 8 to 80 million people who are at risk of hunger by 2050. The estimated range depends on the intensity of future warming and the effectiveness of

4408:

Hasegawa, Tomoko; Sakurai, Gen; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Hijioka, Yasuaki; Masui, Toshihiko (9 August 2021). "Extreme climate events increase risk of global food insecurity and adaptation needs".

1962:

5–20% in the first half of the 21st century. Warming exceeding this level would very likely see global declines in yields. Since then, subsequent reports had been more negative on the global production potential.

2528:

This has positive and negative effects, as it opens doors to new cultivars being grown in certain regions but a loss of suitability of other cultivars and may also risk production quality and quantity in general.

721:

Future warming is expected to consistently increase the strength of heavy rainfall, yet it also consistently increases the amount of water plants lose through evotranspiration. This effect is counteracted by the

8153:

Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring 5Roshydromet), Strategic Forecast of Climate Change in the Russian Federation 2010–2015 and Its Impact on Sectors of the Russian Economy (Moscow

758:

patterns already cause different areas to receive different amounts of rainfall) or time: heavy rainfall, with the potential to cause floods, becomes more frequent. This means that under the probable mid-range

9600: 1618:, and this spread is linked to climate change. It is expected that these highly invasive crop pests will spread to other parts of the planet since they have a high capacity to adapt to different environments. 1224:

without a structural role in plants – the human-digestable, calorie-providing starch and simple sugars. The decrease in nitrogen translates directly into a decrease in the protein content. As a result, higher

3253:

and South Asia, projections suggested that yields might decrease by up to 30%, over the same time period. Taken together, the risk of hunger was projected to remain very high in several developing countries.

6091:

Bolch, Tobias; Shea, Joseph M.; Liu, Shiyin; Azam, Farooq M.; Gao, Yang; Gruber, Stephan; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Kulkarni, Anil; Li, Huilin; Tahir, Adnan A.; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Yinsheng (5 January 2019).

3418:, and disrupted symbiotic interactions. These effects may be exacerbated by climate changes in river flow, and the combined effects are likely to reduce the abundance of native trees in favour of non-native 2513:

and this means that for high quality wines to be produced, a climate-soil-variety equilibrium has to be maintained. The interaction between climate-soil-variety will in some cases come under threat from the

488:, 2023 research found that extreme rainfall had cost the country about 8% of its rice output over the two preceding decades. This was considered comparable to losses caused by extreme heat over this period. 11044:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 11005:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 4086:

Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Long, Stephen P. (2 November 2020). "30 years of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation?".

3227:

adversely affecting agriculture in eastern Africa. The invasion was partially attributed to climate change – the warmer temperature and heavier rainfall which caused an abnormal increase in the number of

629:

Increased intensity of global climate change causes even greater increases of thermal heat index in Jamaican farm animals. High thermal heat index is one of the more widely used indicators of heat stress.

10217:

Daccache, A.; Keay, C.; Jones, R. J. A.; Weatherhead, E. K.; Stalham, M. A.; Knox, J. W. (2012). "Climate change and land suitability for potato production in England and Wales: impacts and adaptation".

311:

The scientific consensus is that global food security will change relatively little in the near-term. 720 million to 811 million people were undernourished in 2021, with around 200,000 people being at a

2964:

Some countries are particularly dependent on imports from certain exporters, meaning that a crop failure in those countries would hit them disproportionately. I.e. a ban on export of staple crops from

3387:

Suggested potential adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of global warming on agriculture in Latin America include using plant breeding technologies and installing irrigation infrastructure.

6260:

Krishnan, Raghavan; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta; Ren, Guoyu; Rajbhandari, Rupak; Saeed, Sajjad; Sanjay, Jayanarayanan; Syed, Md. Abu.; Vellore, Ramesh; Xu, Ying; You, Qinglong; Ren, Yuyu (5 January 2019).

3215:

seasons and affect crop yield in many parts of Africa. Furthermore, the agriculture sector in Africa is dominated by smallholder farmers with limited access to technology and the resources to adapt.

775:

has been primarily attributed to the great increase in evotranspiration exacerbating the effect of persistent low rainfall, which would have been more manageable in the cooler preindustrial climate.

12664:

Niles, Meredith T.; Ahuja, Richie; Barker, Todd; Esquivel, Jimena; Gutterman, Sophie; Heller, Martin C.; Mango, Nelson; Portner, Diana; Raimond, Rex; Tirado, Cristina; Vermeulen, Sonja (June 2018).

10334: 10121: 7114: 3517:

accounts for 80% of global agriculture. Many of the 852 million poor people in the world live in parts of Asia and Africa that depend on rainfall to cultivate food crops. Climate change will modify

2860:

Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100.

9043:

Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems

8534: 7526:

Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems

292:. These crops are responsible for around two-thirds of all calories consumed by humans (both directly and indirectly as animal feed). The research investigates important uncertainties, for example 12238: 4933: 2098:

Out of the four crops, maize is considered the most vulnerable to warming, with one meta-analysis concluding that every 1 °C (1.8 °F) of global warming reduces maize yields by 7.4%.

1890:

Between 1961 and 2021, global agricultural productivity could have been 21% greater than it actually was, if it did not have to contend with climate change. Such shortfalls would have affected

5223: 2253:

Globally, temperature changes alone are expected to reduce annual wheat yield by 6% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F) of global warming. However, other factors such as precipitation and the CO

2865:

had also attempted to calculate the number of people facing hunger in 2050 – but now on the assumption that a climate event with a 1% (i.e. once in 100 years) likelihood of occurring in the

11845: 3261:, for example, benefits from a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) temperature increase scenario accompanying with carbon fertilisation and leading to a 3% gain of US$ 18 billion per year; however, 2983:

According to a 2016 estimate, if global maize, rice and wheat exports declined by 10%, 55 million people in 58 poor countries lose at least 5% of their food supply. Further, two specific

13106: 6644:

Smith WK, Reed SC, Cleveland CC, Ballantyne AP, Anderegg WR, Wieder WR, et al. (March 2016). "Large divergence of satellite and Earth system model estimates of global terrestrial CO

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The difference between climatic mean and extremes may be particularly important for determining areas where agriculture may stop being viable. In 2021, a research team aimed to extend

13558: 13267: 1551:. Insects that previously had only two breeding cycles per year could gain an additional cycle if warm growing seasons extend, causing a population boom. Temperate places and higher 670:

daily exposure to very severe heat stress during the winter. it has been projected that even at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) of global warming, "very severe" heat stress would become a

5458:

Zhang, Jintao; You, Qinglong; Ren, Guoyu; Ullah, Safi; Normatov, Inom; Chen, Deliang (24 January 2023). "Inequality of Global Thermal Comfort Conditions Changes in a Warmer World".

11606:

Mondal, Sanjit Kumar; Su, Buda; Huang, Jinlong; Zhai, Jianqing; Wang, Guojie; Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W.; Wang, Yanjun; Jiang, Shan; Jiang, Han; Zhou, Jian; Jiang, Tong (3 May 2024).

2644:

shocks caused by the impacts of climate change on their livestock, as over 180 million people across those nations are expected to see significant declines in suitability of their

398:

is still a relatively new field, connecting specific weather events and the shortfalls they cause to climate change over natural variability is often difficult. Exceptions include

10559:

Fraga H, García de Cortázar Atauri I, Malheiro AC, Santos JA (November 2016). "Modelling climate change impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe".

10464:

Fraga H, Santos JA, Malheiro AC, Oliveira AA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Jones GV (January 2016). "Climatic suitability of Portuguese grapevine varieties and climate change adaptation".

10440:

Viticulture and Environment: a study of the effects of environment on grapegrowing and wine qualities, with emphasis on present and future areas for growing winegrape in Australia

2648:

around midcentury. On the other hand, Japan, the United States and nations in Europe are considered the least vulnerable. This is as much a product of pre-existing differences in

2633:

are also spreading further than they had before, and the data indicating this is frequently of superior quality to one used to estimate impacts on the spread of human pathogens.

1169:

The effect of increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the nutritional quality of plants is not limited only to the above-mentioned crop categories and nutrients. A 2014

9970:

Proctor, Jonathan; Rigden, Angela; Chan, Duo; Huybers, Peter (19 September 2022). "More accurate specification of water supply shows its importance for global crop production".

1299:

would also be affected by global warming. Increased erosion in agricultural landscapes from anthropogenic factors can occur with losses of up to 22% of soil carbon in 50 years.

10872:

Springmann, Marco; Mason-D'Croz, Daniel; Robinson, Sherman; Garnett, Tara; Godfray, Charles J; Gollin, Douglas; Rayner, Mike; Ballon, Paola; Scarborough, Peter (2 March 2016).

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and increase starch content in the edible tubers. However, potatoes are more sensitive to soil water deficits than some other staple crops like wheat. In the UK, the amount of

519:

Changes in temperature and weather patterns will alter areas suitable for farming. The current prediction is that temperatures will increase and precipitation will decrease in

2881:, typically results in lower effects than what had been observed in the real world, indicating that the effects of future extreme events are also likely to be underestimated. 3042:

employs the majority of the population in most low-income countries and increased costs can result in worker layoffs or pay cuts. Other farmers will respond by raising their

1933:

has slowed down in the recent years, but this trend is widely expected to reverse in the future in order to maintain the global food supply under all but the most optimistic

15332: 12272:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

11745:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

9336:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

8211:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

7686:) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries" 1258:

scenario due to ozone increases alone, which is nearly half of the negative effects caused by the other effects of climate change (10.9±3.2%), and cancels out most of the CO

11682:"Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making" 3946:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

11775:

Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015).

4879: 2796:

of 57 studies on food security was more pessimistic, suggesting that the year 2050 population at risk of hunger would be around 500 million under SSP2. Some variations of

12745: 5820:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 1130:(e.g. wheat, oats, rice) is especially at risk: lower levels of protein as well as minerals (for example zinc and iron) are expected. Food crops could see a reduction of 763:, SSP2-4.5, precipitation events globally will become larger by 11.5%, yet the time between them will increase by an average of 5.1%. Under the highest-emission scenario 12307: 1736:

Currently, pathogens result in losses of 10–16% of the global harvest and this level is likely to rise as plants are at an ever-increasing risk of exposure to pests and

1669:

A continental-scale research platform for long-term study of the effects of climate change, land-use change and invasive species on ecological systems (research site in

3940:

Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022:

2703:

in 2022 suggested that by 2050, the number of people at risk of hunger will increase under all scenarios by between 8 and 80 million people, with nearly all of them in

693:. Historically, livestock in these conditions were considered less vulnerable to warming than the animals in outdoor areas due to inhabiting insulated buildings, where 2956:

Certain countries around the world are particularly dependent on imports from specific exporters, leaving them the most vulnerable to crop failures in those countries.

1287:

The warmer atmospheric temperatures observed over the past decades are expected to lead to a more vigorous hydrological cycle, including more extreme rainfall events.

1142:

content in common food crops of 3 to 17%. This is the projected result of food grown under the expected atmospheric carbon-dioxide levels of 2050. Using data from the

152:. Currently this risk is regarded as rare but if these simultaneous crop failures did happen they would have significant consequences for the global food supply. Many 12907:

Berthouly-Salazar, Cécile; Vigouroux, Yves; Billot, Claire; Scarcelli, Nora; Jankowski, Frédérique; Kane, Ndjido Ardo; Barnaud, Adeline; Burgarella, Concetta (2019).

9235:

Müller, Christoph; Popp, Alexander; Robertson, Richard; Robinson, Sherman; Schmid, Erwin; Schmitz, Christoph; Tabeau, Andrzej; Willenbockel, Dirk (16 December 2013).

15508: 3559:

and another is to build local rainwater storage. Using small planting basins to harvest water in Zimbabwe has boosted maize yields. This happens whether rainfall is

2460:) will likely suffer large reductions in potato crop yields in the future. On the other hand, low temperatures reduce potato growth and present risk of frost damage. 1192:

in crop and non-crop plants with negative consequences for human nutrition, including decreased B vitamins in rice. This may have knock-on effects on other parts of

865:

watershed, these mountain water resources contribute to up to 60% of irrigation outside of the monsoon season, and an additional 11% of total crop production. Since

5081:

Connor JD, Schwabe K, King D, Knapp K (May 2012). "Irrigated agriculture and climate change: The influence of water supply variability and salinity on adaptation".

3618:

makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Indirect emissions on the other hand come from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as

1371:

will experience major loss of rice crop if sea levels rise as expected by the end of the century. Vietnam for example relies heavily on its southern tip, where the

1024:

fertilization (grey) results in substantially less severe cumulative effects on agricultural productivity compared to its absence (black), as estimated by the IPCC

15176: 14633: 2578:. As of 2011, some 400 million people relied on livestock in some way to secure their livelihood. The commercial value of this sector is estimated as close to $ 1 464:

On the other hand, floods, often linked to climate change, have also had notable adverse effects on agriculture in the recent years. In May 2019, floods shortened

437:, between 1950 and 2019, heat extremes have become more frequent and also more likely to occur consecutively, while cold extremes have declined. At the same time, 11329:

Hasegawa, Toshihiro; Wakatsuki, Hitomi; Nelson, Gerald C. (20 October 2022). "Evidence for and projection of multi-breadbasket failure caused by climate change".

8712: 13112: 203:. This effect offsets a small portion of the detrimental effects of climate change on agriculture. However, it comes at the expense of lower levels of essential 3146:

fertilisation effect, it would reduce aggregate yields by 17% by the year 2050: yet, it anticipated that this would be mostly offset through an 11% increase in

1949: 13260: 9844: 7620: 5437:

Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:

3823: 2884: 15349: 13456: 6691:

Bastos A, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Rödenbeck C, Ballantyne AP, Maignan F, Yin Y, Fernández-Martínez M, Friedlingstein P, Peñuelas J, Piao SL (7 October 2019).

6502:

fertilization, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land use and land cover change on the global terrestrial carbon uptake in the twenty-first century".

3063: 2766:

As of 2017, around 821 million people had suffered from hunger. This was equivalent to about 11% of the world population: regionally, this included 23.2% of

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fertilization do not directly enhance all plant growth, and thus carbon storage. The carbon fertilization effect has been reported to be the cause of 44% of

618: 480:, estimates pointed to severe damage to the agricultural sector of Belgium, one of the countries hardest hit by the floods, including long-term effects like 2277:, commonly known as red-banded stink bug, is a notable soybean pest which is expected to spread further and cause more damage in response to climate change. 13434: 13108:

Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

10341: 10128: 3265:

will face two thirds of the continent's aggregate losses on agriculture because its high corp net revenue suffers from the high spring temperature. In the

2464:

As well as affecting potatoes directly, climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests. For instance,

1216:

Alongside a decrease in minerals, evidence shows that plants contain 6% more carbon, 15% less nitrogen, 9% less phosphorus, and 9% less sulfur at double CO

568:

are extremely sensitive to heat and when temperatures rise over 36 °C (97 °F), soybean seedlings are killed and corn pollen loses its vitality.

14785: 14601: 13397: 3396: 12473:

Green L, Schmook B, Radel C, Mardero S (March 2020). "Living Smallholder Vulnerability: The Everyday Experience of Climate Change in Calakmul, Mexico".

6155:

Kraaijenbrink PD, Bierkens MF, Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW (September 2017). "Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's glaciers".

646:, "cattle,sheep, goats, pigs and poultry in the low latitudes will face 72–136 additional days per year of extreme stress from high heat and humidity". 14780: 3405:

U.S. and African leaders meet at a Leaders Summit for Food Security and Climate change at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. in 2014.

12447: 7016: 4925: 2828:

implied by those scenarios was taken into account, A1, B1 and B2 scenarios would see 100–380 million undernourished by 2080 (still a major decline in

1614:, is a highly invasive plant pest, which can cause have massive damage to crops, especially maize. In the recent years, it has spread to countries in 1016: 14648: 13253: 12652:

Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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fertilisation effect benefit wheat yields far more. In November 2021, the results from modelling experiments comparing the combined output of latest

1547:

At the same time, insects are the most diverse animal taxa, and some species will benefit from the changes, including notable agricultural pests and

953:(NPP) might positively respond to the carbon fertilization effect. Although, evidence shows that enhanced rates of photosynthesis in plants due to CO 2456:

the number and the weight of tubers. As a result, areas where current temperatures are near the limits of potatoes' temperature range (e.g. much of

13042: 5050: 12267: 9287: 5564:"Impacts of global warming on confined livestock systems for growing-fattening pigs: simulation of heat stress for 1981 to 2017 in Central Europe" 3533:

storage. Extended drought can cause the failure of small and marginal farms. This results in increased economic, political and social disruption.

1763:

Climate change would cause an increase in rainfall in some areas, which would lead to an increase of atmospheric humidity and the duration of the

14628: 14575: 8679: 8206: 11740: 11039: 9905:

Agnolucci, Paolo; Rapti, Chrysanthi; Alexander, Peter; De Lipsis, Vincenzo; Holland, Robert A.; Eigenbrod, Felix; Ekins, Paul (September 2020).

9331: 4202:

Peñuelas, Josep; Ruane, Alex C.; Wallach, Daniel; Wang, Tao; Wu, Donghai; Liu, Zhuo; Zhu, Yan; Zhu, Zaichun; Asseng, Senthold (15 August 2017).

1898:

the most: a study in 2019 showed that climate change has already increased the risk of food insecurity in many food insecure countries. Even in

16319: 15974: 15937: 13471: 13466: 13439: 13116: 11867: 10402:

Fraga H, Malheiro AC, Moutinho-Pereira J, Santos JA (February 2014). "Climate factors driving wine production in the Portuguese Minho region".

8165: 5326:

Meng Q, Hou P, Lobell DB, Wang H, Cui Z, Zhang F, Chen X (2013). "The benefits of recent warming for maize production in high latitude China".

2575: 12836: 10961: 3506: 1500:

to travel northward. The increasing incidence of flooding and heavy rains also promotes the growth of various other plant pests and diseases.

949:). The carbon fertilization effect varies depending on plant species, air and soil temperature, and availability of water and nutrients. Net 14284: 12017: 6351: 2262:

under the high-emission scenario, the updated results indicate that under its highest-warming SSP5-8.5 scenario, they would increase by 18%.

12582:"Climate change impacts on Canadian yields of spring wheat, canola and maize for global warming levels of 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, 2.5 °C and 3.0 °C" 12524: 15670: 14517: 13424: 13372: 12752: 11000: 2901: 2388: 1579: 1567:

had killed millions of pine trees, partially because the winters were not cold enough to slow or kill the growing beetle larvae. Likewise,

866: 712: 91: 8498: 14401: 13446: 13419: 13392: 13367: 8783: 3639: 3165:" or "Taking the Green Road"), where the inverse occurs – and which has both the lowest level of future warming and the lowest projected 2582:. As an outright end to human consumption of meat and/or animal products is not currently considered a realistic goal, any comprehensive 1407:

while they expect a northward extension of farmable lands, they also warn of possible productivity losses and increased risk of drought.

6614: 5188:

Thomson LJ, Macfadyen S, Hoffmann AA (March 2010). "Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests".

3766: 14670: 14618: 11372:

Kornhuber, Kai; Coumou, Dim; Vogel, Elisabeth; Lesk, Corey; Donges, Jonathan F.; Lehmann, Jascha; Horton, Radley M. (9 December 2019).

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concentration the dry weight of 40-day-old cotton plants doubled, but the dry weight of 30-day-old maize plants increased by only 20%.

358:

Soybean plants grow less and develop a smaller leaf area as they are exposed to temperatures beyond what they are historically used to.

12308:

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/893671643276478711/pdf/Ukraine-Building-Climate-Resilience-in-Agriculture-and-Forestry.pdf

10960:

Parry ML (2007). "Box TS.2. Communication of uncertainty in the Working Group II Fourth Assessment". In Parry ML, et al. (eds.).

3544:

during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling harms most crops. It is particularly harmful to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Increased

3289:

Without further adaptation to climate change, projected effects would likely be substantial. By 2030, production from agriculture and

2118:. Under the high-emission SSP5-8.5, there was a global decline of 24% by 2100, as opposed to the earlier suggestion of a 1% increase. 1085:

for 25% to 50% of Earth's vegetated area over the past 35 years (i.e., a greening of the planet), providing evidence for a positive CO

921:: evergreen broadleaf forests (EBFs), other forests (OF), short woody vegetation (SW), grasslands (GRA), croplands (CRO), plants with 15549: 14665: 14240: 13778: 13518: 12644:. In Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE, Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B (eds.). 12328:

Jones P, Thornton P (April 2003). "The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055".

3745: 3587: 3580: 2719: 19: 10015:"Reduction in nutritional quality and growing area suitability of common bean under climate change induced drought stress in Africa" 9764: 3054:

supply 51% of Canadian agriculture; any changes in the production of food crops from these areas could have profound effects on the

1910:

disruption, in addition to its primary effect on fruit, vegetable, and livestock sectors and the rural communities reliant on them.

16287: 14880: 14309: 14086: 14048: 14043: 13387: 12851: 12790: 10637:

Kovacs E, Kopecsko Z, Puskas J (2014). "The Impact of Climate Change on Wine Regions of the Western Part of the Carpathian Basin".

8847:"Implications for a warmer, wetter world on the late blight pathogen: How CIP efforts can reduce risk for low-input potato farmers" 8846: 6043: 5824:

predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

771:

fertilisation effect also reduces such losses by plants, it depends on the area's climate which effect will dominate. As such, the

308:, has increased yields per unit of land area by between 250% and 300% since the 1960. Some of that progress will likely continue. 685:

in confined buildings even around 2006, and the raw numbers were expected to increase by 3–3.5 times for pigs, by 2–2.4 times for

16395: 15236: 15025: 14183: 14038: 13382: 7254:

enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO

1529: 184: 87: 9362: 14885: 14848: 14702: 14687: 14596: 14245: 14189: 13768: 13201: 9712:

Welch, Jarrod R.; Vincent, Jeffrey R.; Auffhammer, Maximilian; Moya, Piedad F.; Dobermann, Achim; Dawe, David (9 August 2010).

7742: 3643: 3569:. It is possible to adapt food systems to improve food security and prevent negative impacts from climate change in the future. 2670: 2567: 2539: 1641: 4711:"Reductions in leaf area index, pod production, seed size, and harvest index drive yield loss to high temperatures in soybean" 1081:

levels were lower, and most of the experiments were carried out in temperate regions. Satellite measurements found increasing

999:. Earth's vegetated lands have shown significant greening since the early 1980s largely due to rising levels of atmospheric CO 496: 15544: 14682: 14027: 13783: 13461: 13055: 12891: 12000: 11812: 11664: 11049: 11010: 10971: 10448: 9827: 9297: 9214: 8926: 8913:

Chakraborty S, Pangga IB (2004). "Plant disease and climate change". In Gillings M, Holmes A (eds.). . Taylor & Francis.

6326: 6281: 6206: 6113: 5172: 5034: 4324: 3740: 2812: 893:

increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of

587:

region of China increased by between 7 and 17% per decade as a result of rising temperatures. On the other hand, a year 2017

32: 7541: 15566: 14512: 14507: 13878: 13726: 12756: 5912:"Global Agricultural Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water Availability Under Future Climate Change" 5816:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 3473:

use, and supporting community-based adaptation strategies. On a government and global level, research and investments into

3331:

yields (wheat sown in winter) could increase by 20–40% in the north and northwestern regions by 2050, as compared to 2010.

3139: 2889: 2035: 1665: 1034: 772: 727: 5445:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 4589:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 463–464 |doi= 10.1017/9781009157926.005 4581:

Mycoo, M., M. Wairiu, D. Campbell, V. Duvat, Y. Golbuu, S. Maharaj, J. Nalau, P. Nunn, J. Pinnegar, and O. Warrick, 2022:

1126:

quality of some crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and less of some minerals. The nutritional quality of

16189: 15047: 14825: 14643: 14565: 14555: 14538: 14445: 14252: 13731: 13377: 13362: 12420:

Mendelsohn R, Dinar A (1 August 1999). "Climate Change, Agriculture, and Developing Countries: Does Adaptation Matter?".

11525: 8335: 8288: 6305:

Scott, Christopher A.; Zhang, Fan; Mukherji, Aditi; Immerzeel, Walter; Mustafa, Daanish; Bharati, Luna (5 January 2019).

4024:

Kornhuber, Kai; Lesk, Corey; Schleussner, Carl F.; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Pfleiderer, Peter; Horton, Radley M. (4 July 2023).

3710: 1427: 14570: 10738:

Rasmussen, Laura Vang; Hall, Charlotte; Vansant, Emilie C.; Braber, Bowie den; Olesen, Rasmus Skov (17 September 2021).

7361: 3422:

and drought-tolerant competitors, reduce the habitat quality for many native animals, and slow litter decomposition and

1728:, reducing their efficiency. However, this may be counteracted by increased temperatures elevating their effectiveness. 426:. Agriculture in Southern Africa was also adversely affected by drought after climate change intensified the effects of 304:

are further uncertainties. On the other hand, a range of improvements to agricultural yields, collectively known as the

16400: 16219: 15476: 15337: 15294: 14790: 13828: 13642: 13632: 13553: 13476: 12510:"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)" 11194:

d'Amour, Christopher Bren; Wenz, Leonie; Kalkuh, Matthias; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Creutzig, Felix (29 February 2016).

9714:"Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures" 9412: 8719: 8653: 7089: 5374:

Lallo, Cicero H. O.; Cohen, Jane; Rankine, Dale; Taylor, Michael; Cambell, Jayaka; Stephenson, Tannecia (24 May 2018).

3793: 3715: 500:

Climate-driven changes in crop yields at different latitudes, as projected by the US National Research Council in 2011.

11977: 11975: 11953:; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Otieno, George; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Nanteza, Jamiat; Basalirwa, Charles (2016). 10610:

Kenny GJ, Harrison PA (January 1992). "The effects of climate variability and change on grape suitability in Europe".

9866:"Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies for Rainfed Wheat in Contrasting Climatic Regions of Iran" 7460:"The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview" 3401: 2550:

Map of countries considered most and least vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change on their grazing livestock.

2241:

rainfall decreases by up to 25% show wheat grain yield losses can be significant. The losses can be as much as 45% in

2143:

fertilisation effect and other factors need to be taken into account: for instance, climate effects on rice growth in

1906:, extreme weather associated with climate change has been found to cause a wide range of cascading spillovers through 16374: 15403: 15279: 15096: 14289: 14053: 13662: 13647: 13481: 13429: 13233: 12782: 10070:

Gervais, Taylor; Creelman, Alexa; Li, Xiu-Qing; Bizimungu, Benoit; De Koeyer, David; Dahal, Keshav (12 August 2021).

8550: 8239: 6035: 5817: 5376:"Characterizing heat stress on livestock using the temperature humidity index (THI)—prospects for a warmer Caribbean" 5310: 2888:

Projections of crop yields for seven key crops in year 2100 and year 2500 under the second-highest warming scenario,

2449:

potato production is predicted to decrease by at least 75%. These changes are likely to lead to increased demand for

2023:

would decrease with any warming, whereas rice and wheat production might peak at 3 °C (5.4 °F) of warming.

1796:

as hosts migrate to areas with more favourable conditions. This increases crop losses due to diseases. For instance,

1254: 1181: 1143: 1057: 12525:"Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems to elevated CO2 and climate change in arid and semiarid western North America" 2759:

supply, rather than outright starvation. Acting to slow climate change would reduce these projections by up to 71%.

1978: 1693:

ability, and fast-growth rates put them at an advantage in changing climates as these characteristics allow them to

1278:' coast have over half of their freshwater wells below sea level, leaving them vulnerable to saltwater infiltration. 1052:

In addition to greenhouse studies, field and satellite measurements attempt to understand the effect of increased CO

15663: 15636: 15274: 15254: 15201: 15153: 14205: 13709: 13523: 13414: 13404: 11972: 9499: 6789:

fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink: Partitioning of the Eastern US Carbon Sink".

4582: 1596: 571:

Higher winter temperatures and more frost-free days in some regions can currently be disruptive, as they can cause

12992: 11955:"Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda" 10831:

Hasegawa, Tomoko; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Yokohata, Tokuta; Masui, Toshihiko (29 January 2016).

10160:

Haverkort, A.J.; Verhagen, A. (October 2008). "Climate Change and Its Repercussions for the Potato Supply Chain".

8083: 5438: 4902: 3941: 2739:

consumption. According to its numbers, 529,000 people would die between 2010 and 2050 as the result, primarily in

16267: 16252: 16247: 16024: 15393: 15344: 14770: 14732: 14677: 14137: 13843: 13592: 13570: 13528: 13498: 13451: 13334: 13317: 13300: 13276: 7645:

Loladze I (2002). "Rising atmospheric CO2 and human nutrition: toward globally imbalanced plant stoichiometry?".

1431: 1177:

levels at various latitudes have lower density of several minerals such as magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium.

966: 272:

There has been extensive research on the effects of climate change on individual crops, particularly on the four

10509:"Candidate loci for phenology and fruitfulness contributing to the phenotypic variability observed in grapevine" 9038: 6989: 5883: 4960: 16314: 16309: 16257: 16004: 15461: 14745: 14492: 13548: 13543: 13011: 11493:"Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa" 8187: 7769:

Coviella CE, Trumble JT (1999). "Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Insect-Plant Interactions".

6262:"Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes" 5622:

Ficklin, Darren L.; Null, Sarah E.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Novick, Kimberly A.; Myers, Daniel T. (9 March 2022).

5083: 3190: 2684: 2522:

variation in grape may help to maintain consistent yield of particular varieties in future climatic conditions.

846: 799:, which results in crop failures and the loss of pasture grazing land for livestock, exacerbating pre-existing 224: 11373: 8372:"The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C" 1077:

generally showing less. The review also stated that the experiments have their own limitations. The studied CO

991:. The response by plants to the carbon fertilization effect is unlikely to significantly reduce atmospheric CO 427: 15989: 15700: 15571: 15106: 14638: 13714: 13652: 9931: 8573:

Haverkort AJ, Verhagen A (October 2008). "Climate Change and Its Repercussions for the Potato Supply Chain".

7517: 3441: 3154: 2808: 2797: 2782: 2688: 2375: 2115: 1958: 1025: 764: 643: 2625:. Difficulties with growing feed could reduce worldwide livestock headcounts by 7–10% by midcentury. Animal 16009: 15984: 15554: 15226: 14755: 14750: 14655: 14522: 14079: 13310: 12638: 10013:

Hummel M, Hallahan BF, Brychkova G, Ramirez-Villegas J, Guwela V, Chataika B, et al. (November 2018).

9655:

Iizumi, Toshichika; Furuya, Jun; Shen, Zhihong; Kim, Wonsik; Okada, Masashi; et al. (10 August 2017).

8092: 5122: 4268:"A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050" 3735: 2877:

Notably, other papers show that simulating recent historical extreme events in climate models, such as the

2700: 1990:, but not all of them are equally important. Most climate change assessments focus on "four major crops" – 1966: 1826: 13863: 12289: 11954: 3962: 15994: 15656: 14765: 14608: 13681: 13565: 13322: 12966: 10873: 7931:"Groundwater level observations in 250,000 coastal US wells reveal scope of potential seawater intrusion" 5256:

Kulshreshtha SN (March 2011). "Climate Change, Prairie Agriculture and Prairie Economy: The new normal".

5163:

Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it

4812:

Pradhan, Prajal; Seydewitz, Tobias; Zhou, Bin; Lüdeke, Matthias K. B.; Kropp, Juergen P. (18 July 2022).

3319: 697:

systems are used to control the climate and relieve the excess heat. However, in the historically cooler

13061: 12208:"Impact of Climate Change on Livestock in Bangladesh: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know" 7568:

Smith MR, Myers SS (27 August 2018). "Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition".

7523:. In Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, et al. (eds.). 5054: 4853: 3590:

is significant: The agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global

3210:

In relation to agricultural systems, heavy reliance on rain-fed subsistence farming and low adoption of

2157: 591:

comparing data from four different methods of estimating effect of warming (two types of climate model,

16034: 15969: 15796: 15624: 15388: 15191: 15148: 14921: 14843: 14697: 13239: 12275: 11406: 9303: 8621: 5888: 1064:

concentration of the surrounding air is artificially elevated. These experiments generally use lower CO

942: 694: 395: 12666:"Climate change mitigation beyond agriculture: a review of food system opportunities and implications" 11608:"Climate Change Will Aggravate South Asian Cropland Exposure to Drought by the Middle of 21st Century" 10874:"Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study" 10712: 8687: 8214: 6785:

Albani M, Medvigy D, Hurtt GC, Moorcroft PR (December 2006). "The contributions of land-use change, CO

4871: 3371:. Livestock, which is the main agricultural product for parts of Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, 2418: 1953:

Map of predicted climate change effects on agricultural yields between 2003 and 2080 (data from 2007).

969:

are used to investigate and interpret vegetation trends related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO

15771: 15493: 15168: 15143: 15116: 15078: 14995: 14813: 14660: 14613: 14363: 14132: 14127: 14122: 13951: 13903: 13798: 13691: 13575: 11748: 11055: 9594:

Zhao, Chuang; Liu, Bing; Piao, Shilong; Wang, Xuhui; Lobell, David B.; et al. (29 August 2017).

9339: 8878:

Coakley SM, Scherm H, Chakraborty S (September 1999). "Climate change and plant disease management".

8810:

Coakley SM, Scherm H, Chakraborty S (September 1999). "Climate change and plant disease management".

8279: 7929:

Jasechko, Scott J.; Perrone, Debra; Seybold, Hansjörg; Fan, Ying; Kirchner, James W. (26 June 2020).

5798: 3998: 3730: 3725: 3474: 3458: 3445: 3211: 3178: 3098: 2587: 2583: 2559: 2515: 1748:), as they grow and reproduce faster at higher temperatures. The warming is also expected to elevate 1744:

that can affect crops. This includes several pathogens associated with potato blackleg disease (e.g.

1469: 988: 318: 145: 15008: 13858: 12084: 11016: 10299:

Levy, D.; Veilleux, R.E. (2007). "Adaptation of Potato to High Temperatures and Salinity A Review".

3465:, these measures are considered as essential as changes needed to reduce global warming in general. 3327:, where temperatures are increasing throughout the year and precipitation is predicted to increase, 2874:, then they would have required triple their 2021 level of known food reserves to absorb the blow. 2343: 2131: 995:

concentration over the next century due to the increasing anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO

16282: 15868: 15781: 15766: 15721: 15503: 15498: 15488: 15429: 15269: 14775: 14740: 14623: 14550: 14391: 14220: 14156: 14117: 13956: 13911: 13813: 13538: 13354: 12855: 12650:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1039–1099. 11276:

Mehrabi, Zia; Ramankutty, Navin (15 April 2019). "Synchronized failure of global crop production".

11235:

Caparas, Monica; Zobel, Zachary; Castanho, Andrea D A; Schwalm, Christopher R (21 September 2021).

10977: 9500:"Climate impacts on global agriculture emerge earlier in new generation of climate and crop models" 8273:

Luck J, Spackman M, Freeman A, Trebicki P, Griffiths W, Finlay K, Chakraborty S (10 January 2011).

7988:"Towards constraining the magnitude of global agricultural sediment and soil organic carbon fluxes" 5302: 3591: 2622: 2426: 2091: 1705: 1242: 958: 930: 917:

in different areas (red=more positive impact.) Bottom: the impact on the main types of terrestrial

902: 605: 579:, threatening their reproductive success. In the longer term, however, they would result in longer 504: 469: 390:

in uninsured agriculture losses. Climate change is known to increase the frequency and severity of

293: 196: 83: 12713:

Anyiam, P. N.; Adimuko, G. C.; Nwamadi, C. P.; Guibunda, F. A.; Kamale, Y. J. (31 December 2021).

12563: 12157:"Direct and indirect impacts of climate change on wheat yield in the Indo-Gangetic plain in India" 8419: 6448:

fertilization effect based on global monitoring land-atmosphere exchange with a theoretical model"

5911: 4522:"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space" 3481:

must be done to get a better picture of the issues involved and the best methods to address them.

3426:

cycling. Climate change effects on human water demand and irrigation may intensify these effects.

2289:

leaves are less nutritious; therefore plant-eating beetles have to eat more to get their required

16209: 15932: 15927: 15818: 15786: 15612: 15534: 15444: 15186: 15158: 14838: 14487: 14465: 14072: 14003: 13941: 13344: 13175: 12042: 8784:"Why is Dickeya spp. (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) taking over? The ecology of a blackleg pathogen" 7115:"If you're looking for good news about climate change, this is about the best there is right now" 6137: 3948:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.007. 3462: 2976:

alone would place around 200 million people (90% from Sub-Saharan Africa) at risk of starvation.

2649: 2147:

had been a net positive so far, although 2023 research suggested that by the end of the century,

2031: 1934: 1741: 1229:

not only reduce a plant's micronutrients, but also the quality of its macronutrient combination.

760: 755: 639: 540: 383: 11038:

Easterling WE (2007). "5.6.5 Food security and vulnerability". In Parry ML, et al. (eds.).

6306: 6261: 6093: 414:

yields 5–15%. Similarly, it was found that climate change had intensified drought conditions in

16277: 16262: 16204: 16199: 15954: 15885: 15878: 15695: 15690: 15211: 15031: 14973: 14890: 14875: 14760: 14396: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 13946: 13773: 11565:

Beddington JR, Asaduzzaman M, Clark ME, Bremauntz AF, Guillou MD, Jahn MM, et al. (2012).

10921:"Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition" 7143: 6442:

Ueyama M, Ichii K, Kobayashi H, Kumagai TO, Beringer J, Merbold L, et al. (17 July 2020).

5821: 5018:

Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia

3537: 3135: 2878: 2189: 1982:

US National Research Council projections of climate change effects on the most important crops.

1930: 1776: 1572: 1375:

lies, for rice planting. A one-metre rise in sea level will cover several square kilometres of

592: 561: 52: 9817: 5910:

Liu, Xingcai; Liu, Wenfeng; Tang, Qiuhong; Liu, Bo; Wada, Yoshihide; Yang, Hong (April 2022).

5706:"Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data" 2487: 16093: 15873: 15600: 15246: 15123: 14931: 14381: 14304: 13329: 10937: 10920: 8526: 7516:

Mbow C, Rosenzweig C, Barioni LG, Benton TG, Herrero M, Krishnapillai M, et al. (2019).

6622: 5704:

Trenberth, Kevin E.; Smith, Lesley; Qian, Taotao; Dai, Aiguo; Fasullo, John (1 August 2007).

4903:"Climate Crisis Brings Historic Delay to Planting Season, Pressuring Farmers and Food Prices" 3664: 3494: 2804:

instead resulted in an outright increase of global hunger by up to 30% from its 2010 levels.

2570:

rearing. This activity is both heavily affected by and a substantial driver of anthropogenic

1670: 1548: 1524:

Climate change is expected to have a negative effect on many insects, greatly reducing their

572: 325:

events in future. Nevertheless, at this stage there is no expectation of a widespread global

301: 128:. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to 11892:

Thornton, Philip K; Ericksen, Polly J; Herrero, Mario; Challinor, Andrew J (November 2014).

11680:

Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019).

10335:"Climate change and potatoes: The risks, impacts and opportunities for UK potato production" 10122:"Climate change and potatoes: The risks, impacts and opportunities for UK potato production" 8120: 8049:

Naylor D, Sadler N, Bhattacharjee A, Graham EB, Anderton CR, McClure R, et al. (2020).

6893:

Sugden AM (11 December 2020). Funk M (ed.). "A decline in the carbon fertilization effect".

3157:

is a significant increase in land allocated to agriculture (and a corresponding decrease in

2781:

In 2020, research suggested that the baseline projected level of socioeconomic development (

2183:

risotto rice varieties have suffered poor harvests through drought in the 21st century. The

2109:

levels. When the results from modelling experiments comparing the combined output of latest

941:

while limiting leaf transpiration in plants. Both processes result from increased levels of

16338: 16174: 15964: 15823: 15776: 15439: 15317: 14978: 14543: 14470: 13931: 13699: 13339: 13305: 13295: 12593: 12539: 12392: 12337: 12119: 11905: 11776: 11693: 11619: 11578: 11445: 11385: 11338: 11285: 11248: 11207: 11090: 10844: 10800: 10751: 10668: 10568: 10473: 10411: 10376: 10026: 9907:"Impacts of rising temperatures and farm management practices on global yields of 18 crops" 9668: 9609: 9558: 9450: 9377: 9286:

Schneider SH (2007). "19.3.1 Introduction to Table 19.1". In Parry ML, et al. (eds.).

9068: 8992: 8462: 7999: 7987: 7942: 7882: 7837: 7778: 7697: 7577: 7471: 7310: 7203: 7169: 7054: 6902: 6841: 6712: 6657: 6577: 6511: 6459: 6396: 6164: 6005: 5966: 5923: 5849: 5717: 5678: 5635: 5575: 5467: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5387: 5265: 5197: 5092: 4825: 4766: 4652: 4641:"Severity of drought and heatwave crop losses tripled over the last five decades in Europe" 4533: 4469: 4359: 4215: 4146: 4037: 4026:"Risks of synchronized low yields are underestimated in climate and crop model projections" 3977: 3862: 2946: 2848:

as the world's most food-insecure region, primarily due to differing socioeconomic trends.

2824: 2653: 2630: 2594: 2554: 2494: 2274: 2198:

variety has deep roots that enable it to tolerate drought, but is not suitable for risotto.

1895: 1556: 1525: 1461: 1356: 477: 177: 160:

are also expected to either become more prevalent or to spread to new regions. The world's

41: 12744:

Nelson GC, Rosegrant MW, Koo J, Robertson R, Sulser T, Zhu T, et al. (October 2009).

12714: 11794: 11374:"Amplified Rossby waves enhance risk of concurrent heatwaves in major breadbasket regions" 10833:"Economic implications of climate change impacts on human health through undernourishment" 9775: 8067: 8050: 6697:

fertilization, land-use change and warming on seasonal amplitude of Northern Hemisphere CO

5775: 5758: 4695: 3340: 1833:

that in and of itself, climate change to date has left primarily negative effects on both

1697:

readily in comparison to most farm's uniform crops, and give them a biological advantage.

1146:

as well as other public sources, the authors analyzed 225 different staple foods, such as

296:, which will increase global food demand for the foreseeable future. The future degree of 8: 16362: 15791: 15456: 15231: 14455: 14450: 13993: 13986: 13926: 13823: 13818: 13493: 12306:

World Bank. 2021. Ukraine: Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry. 151p.

12016:"A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges". 11732: 9797:

Singh, S.K. (2016). "Climate Change: Impact on Indian Agriculture & its Mitigation".

9596:"Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates" 8979:

Ray DK, West PC, Clark M, Gerber JS, Prishchepov AV, Chatterjee S (2019). Jung YH (ed.).

7865:

Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, Huybers P, Leakey AD, Bloom AJ, et al. (June 2014).

4204:"Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates" 3635: 3514: 3482: 3266: 3219: 3199: 3121: 2230: 1899: 1555:

are more likely to experience a dramatic change in insect populations: for instance, the

1383: 262: 12597: 12543: 12396: 12341: 12123: 12043:"Climate risk to agriculture: A synthesis to define different types of critical moments" 11909: 11697: 11623: 11582: 11468: 11449: 11433: 11389: 11342: 11289: 11252: 11220: 11211: 11195: 11094: 11077:

Heinicke, Stefanie; Frieler, Katja; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Mengel, Matthias (18 March 2022).

10848: 10804: 10755: 10672: 10572: 10477: 10438: 10415: 10380: 10030: 9672: 9613: 9562: 9454: 9381: 9072: 8996: 8853: 8466: 8144:

German Research Indicates Warming in Siberia, Global Warming Today, Global Warming Today

8091:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the

8003: 7946: 7886: 7841: 7782: 7701: 7581: 7475: 7314: 7207: 7058: 6906: 6845: 6716: 6661: 6581: 6515: 6463: 6400: 6246: 6168: 6009: 5970: 5927: 5884:"Water scarcity predicted to worsen in more than 80% of croplands globally this century" 5853: 5721: 5682: 5639: 5624:"Hydrological Intensification Will Increase the Complexity of Water Resource Management" 5579: 5471: 5416: 5391: 5269: 5201: 5096: 4829: 4770: 4656: 4537: 4473: 4363: 4219: 4150: 4060: 4041: 4025: 3981: 3866: 3161:

and "other natural land" area) in every pathway besides the SSP1 (officially subtitled "

1270: 16350: 16272: 16098: 16014: 15284: 15216: 15133: 14983: 14948: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14460: 14008: 13966: 13961: 13921: 13873: 13637: 13533: 13409: 12943: 12908: 12817: 12695: 12637:

Oppenheimer M, Campos M, Warren R, Birkmann J, Luber G, O'Neill B, Takahashi K (2014).

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Daloz AS, Rydsaa JH, Hodnebrog Ø, Sillmann J, van Oort B, Mohr CW, et al. (2021).

11926: 11893: 11818: 11716: 11681: 11491:

Kristjanson P, Neufeldt H, Gassner A, Mango J, Kyazze FB, Desta S, et al. (2012).

11434:"North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation" 11411: 11354: 11171: 10919:

Myers SS, Smith MR, Guth S, Golden CD, Vaitla B, Mueller ND, et al. (March 2017).

10901: 10769: 10689: 10656: 10592: 10533: 10508: 10489: 10316: 10281: 10264:

Hijmans, Robert J. (2003). "The Effect of Climate Change on Global Potato Production".

10177: 10098: 10071: 10047: 10014: 9995: 9952: 9740: 9713: 9689: 9656: 9632: 9595: 9527: 9263: 9236: 9185: 9141: 9113: 9094: 9015: 8980: 8630: 8609: 8590: 8451:"Climate change contributes to widespread declines among bumble bees across continents" 8401: 8352: 8031: 7963: 7930: 7903: 7866: 7802: 7794: 7718: 7681: 7662: 7601: 7427: 7396: 7334: 7227: 7070: 6966: 6937: 6918: 6875: 6806: 6535: 6419: 6380: 6332: 6287: 6188: 6119: 6070: 5939: 5865: 5735: 5651: 5601: 5538: 5505: 5483: 5405: 5353: 4991: 4789: 4754: 4556: 4521: 4520:

Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021).

4492: 4457: 4434: 4382: 4347: 4238: 4203: 4170: 4112: 4003: 3886: 3720: 3678: 3563:

or scarce. And in Niger they have led to three or fourfold increases in millet yields.

3318:, the initial effect of climate change was projected to increase crop yields. The 2019 3067: 2938: 2841: 2801: 2767: 2704: 2637: 2457: 2408: 2258: 2110: 2102: 1918: 1817: 1717: 1713: 1615: 1533: 1246: 1127: 1074: 962: 950: 922: 804: 212: 12349: 12132: 12107: 10889: 10388: 9819:

Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management

7658: 6825: 5499: 5497: 4961:"Extreme rainfall reduces one-twelfth of China's rice yield over the last two decades" 2660:

to the national diet as it is an outcome of direct impacts of climate on each country.

1767:. Combined with higher temperatures, these conditions could favour the development of 354: 16345: 15942: 15915: 15863: 15833: 15518: 15181: 14926: 14692: 14475: 14438: 14225: 14179: 13883: 13758: 13704: 13503: 13488: 13157: 13086: 13051: 12948: 12930: 12887: 12726: 12687: 12623: 12611: 12551: 12494: 12377: 12234: 12192: 12137: 12062: 11996: 11931: 11822: 11808: 11721: 11660: 11533: 11473: 11415: 11358: 11311: 11175: 11163: 11155: 11045: 11006: 10967: 10942: 10893: 10787:

Liu, Weihang; Zhou, Junxiong; Ma, Yuchi; Chen, Shuo; Luo, Yuchuan (3 February 2024).

10773: 10694: 10650: 10648: 10584: 10538: 10493: 10444: 10243: 10103: 10052: 9999: 9987: 9956: 9944: 9936: 9906: 9887: 9823: 9745: 9694: 9637: 9576: 9531: 9519: 9393: 9293: 9268: 9210: 9204: 9189: 9177: 9145: 9133: 9086: 9020: 8922: 8895: 8827: 8767: 8750: 8635: 8546: 8480: 8393: 8370:

Warren, R.; Price, J.; Graham, E.; Forstenhaeusler, N.; VanDerWal, J. (18 May 2018).

8306: 8301: 8274: 8035: 8023: 7968: 7908: 7850: 7821: 7790: 7723: 7593: 7542:"Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops" 7432: 7326: 7279: 7274: 7249: 7219: 7041:

Zhu Z, Piao S, Myneni RB, Huang M, Zeng Z, Canadell JG, et al. (1 August 2016).

6971: 6922: 6879: 6867: 6862: 6802: 6730: 6673: 6595: 6539: 6527: 6477: 6424: 6336: 6322: 6291: 6277: 6180: 6123: 6109: 5943: 5803: 5655: 5593: 5543: 5525: 5487: 5409: 5348: 5306: 5295: 5277: 5209: 5168: 5030: 4995: 4983: 4814:"Climate extremes are becoming more frequent, co-occurring, and persistent in Europe" 4794: 4732: 4680: 4561: 4497: 4438: 4426: 4387: 4320: 4289: 4243: 4174: 4162: 4135:"Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain" 4133:

Biemans H, Siderius C, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Ahmad B, Hassan T, et al. (July 2019).

4116: 4104: 4065: 4007: 3890: 3878: 3556: 3498: 3166: 3090: 3051: 3021: 2242: 1821:

The already observed effects of climate change on the production of four major crops.

1686: 1568: 1303: 1238: 877: 788: 524: 61: 13132:"Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on CO 12821: 12699: 12559: 12290:"Climate change threatens future of farming in Europe — European Environment Agency" 11237:"Increasing risks of crop failure and water scarcity in global breadbaskets by 2030" 11079:"Global gridded crop models underestimate yield responses to droughts and heatwaves" 10905: 10657:"Livestock and food security: vulnerability to population growth and climate change" 10596: 10423: 10181: 9098: 8950: 8594: 8405: 7806: 7666: 7605: 7484: 7459: 7231: 6914: 6074: 5869: 5757:

Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

5739: 5605: 5357: 3963:"Increasing risks of multiple breadbasket failure under 1.5 and 2 °C global warming" 2546: 16179: 16137: 16029: 15920: 15828: 15813: 15561: 15128: 15111: 15052: 14943: 14707: 14421: 14294: 14230: 13838: 13833: 13808: 13607: 13580: 13147: 13022: 12938: 12920: 12807: 12799: 12677: 12601: 12547: 12482: 12429: 12400: 12345: 12222: 12178: 12168: 12127: 12054: 11988: 11921: 11913: 11800: 11711: 11701: 11627: 11586: 11504: 11463: 11453: 11401: 11393: 11346: 11301: 11293: 11256: 11215: 11145: 11135: 11098: 10932: 10885: 10852: 10808: 10759: 10684: 10676: 10619: 10576: 10528: 10520: 10481: 10419: 10384: 10308: 10285: 10273: 10235: 10227: 10195: 10169: 10093: 10083: 10042: 10034: 9979: 9926: 9918: 9877: 9735: 9725: 9684: 9676: 9627: 9617: 9566: 9511: 9468: 9458: 9385: 9258: 9248: 9169: 9125: 9076: 9010: 9000: 8914: 8891: 8887: 8823: 8819: 8762: 8625: 8582: 8542: 8538: 8470: 8383: 8356: 8344: 8296: 8062: 8015: 8007: 7958: 7950: 7898: 7890: 7845: 7786: 7713: 7705: 7654: 7585: 7489: 7479: 7422: 7412: 7338: 7318: 7297:

Zhu Z, Piao S, Myneni RB, Huang M, Zeng Z, Canadell JG, et al. (August 2016).

7269: 7211: 7170:"Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to an elevated ambient CO 7074: 7062: 6961: 6953: 6910: 6857: 6849: 6810: 6798: 6765: 6720: 6665: 6585: 6519: 6467: 6414: 6404: 6314: 6269: 6192: 6172: 6101: 6060: 6052: 6013: 5974: 5931: 5857: 5770: 5725: 5686: 5643: 5583: 5554: 5533: 5517: 5494: 5475: 5453: 5451: 5395: 5369: 5367: 5343: 5335: 5273: 5205: 5104: 5100: 5022: 4975: 4833: 4784: 4774: 4722: 4670: 4660: 4616: 4551: 4541: 4487: 4477: 4418: 4377: 4367: 4312: 4279: 4233: 4223: 4154: 4134: 4096: 4055: 4045: 3993: 3985: 3870: 3700: 2952: 2679:

Projected changes in average food availability (represented as calorie consumption

2374:

countries. A paper published in the year 2022 found that under the highest-warming

2294: 1926: 1886: 1701: 1560: 1493: 1488:. The warmer, wetter winters are promoting fungal plant diseases like wheat rusts ( 1328: 1292: 1213:

these nutrients already cause an estimated loss of 63 million life-years annually.

625: 596: 548: 394:, and to make precipitation less predictable and more prone to extremes, but since 305: 124:, many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global 13245: 13071: 10645: 10320: 6824:

Wang S, Zhang Y, Ju W, Chen JM, Ciais P, Cescatti A, et al. (December 2020).

6228: 6214: 5978: 5623: 3536:

Water availability strongly influences all kinds of agriculture. Changes in total

3306:, it was predicted in 2007 that climate change would reduce crop productivity. In 3078:

increases: up to 250 days the worst-affected parts of these two continents and of

909: 886:

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways. Elevated

16154: 15890: 15513: 15434: 15398: 15327: 15301: 15289: 15206: 15138: 15013: 14870: 14482: 14433: 14411: 13971: 13888: 13868: 13848: 13748: 13597: 13103:

Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in:

12881: 12580:

Qian B, Zhang X, Smith W, Grant B, Jing Q, Cannon AJ, et al. (1 July 2019).

11992: 11706: 11350: 10764: 10739: 9237:"Climate change effects on agriculture: Economic responses to biophysical shocks" 9005: 8292: 7747: 6498:

Tharammal T, Bala G, Narayanappa D, Nemani R (April 2019). "Potential roles of CO

5993: 5161: 4546: 4266:

van Dijk, Michiel; Morley, Tom; Rau, Marie Luise; Saghai, Yashar (21 July 2021).

3560: 3555:

There are many adaptation options. One is to develop crop varieties with greater

3541: 3449: 3315: 3303: 3079: 3034: 2942: 2922: 2712: 2075: 2064: 2055: 2051: 1938: 1922: 1793: 1441: 1437: 1332: 1082: 861:

provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people. In the

792: 717: 544: 438: 415: 403: 322: 157: 153: 107: 75: 12909:"Adaptive Introgression: An Untapped Evolutionary Mechanism for Crop Adaptation" 10639:

Proceedings of University of West Hungary Savaria Campus XX. Natural Sciences 15

9657:"Responses of crop yield growth to global temperature and socioeconomic changes" 6385:

fertilization of terrestrial photosynthesis inferred from site to global scales"

6318: 6273: 6105: 6094:"Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region" 5448: 5364: 3658: 3012: 2605:, and the sublethal impacts, such as lower quantity of quality of products like 2207: 16110: 15466: 15322: 15264: 15259: 15101: 14990: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14560: 14497: 14235: 14215: 14174: 14095: 13998: 13893: 13793: 13721: 13508: 12606: 12581: 12173: 12156: 11781:

CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

11458: 11261: 11236: 11150: 11103: 11078: 10813: 10788: 10780: 10038: 9983: 9922: 9680: 9571: 9546: 9515: 9463: 9438: 9241:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9173: 8166:"The Danger of Climate Change for Russia – Expected Losses and Recommendations" 7954: 7298: 7245: 6472: 6443: 6389:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5759:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 5588: 5563: 4979: 4838: 4813: 4759:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4665: 4640: 4482: 4422: 4284: 4267: 4208:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4050: 3989: 3874: 3566: 3526: 3513:

Climate change is altering global rainfall patterns. This affects agriculture.

3478: 3346: 3311: 3307: 3242: 3162: 3074:

to decline by 30 to 50%, as the number of days when outdoor workers experience

3071: 3000: 2992: 2832:

from 2006 levels), and A2 would see 740–1,300 million, although there was only

2571: 2473: 2430: 2332: 2114:

century, the latest had shown a reduction of 6% under the equivalent scenario,

1780: 1740:. Research has shown that climate change may alter the developmental stages of 1690: 1414:

region is expected to benefit from increased opportunities for agriculture and

1340: 1324: 1296: 1174: 1119: 938: 887: 850: 838: 796: 580: 442: 240: 220: 129: 119: 79: 70:

Examples of the effects of climate change on agriculture: 2019 flooding of the

13176:"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050" 13079: 13026: 12682: 12665: 12058: 11777:"Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases" 11509: 11492: 11397: 11297: 10857: 10832: 10623: 10524: 10231: 10173: 9882: 9865: 8586: 8348: 8331:"Challenges for weed management in African rice systems in a changing climate" 7621:"Climate change will make hundreds of millions more people nutrient deficient" 7589: 6725: 6692: 6523: 6017: 5400: 5375: 5339: 4621: 4604: 4372: 4158: 3093:

is also expected to be highly affected, in part due to the region's extensive

2601:

in all but the coldest nations. This causes both mass animal mortality during

1098: 981:

fertilization effect remain uncertain and therefore are challenging to model.

754:. However, this increase in precipitation is not distributed evenly in space ( 16389: 16304: 16169: 16127: 16073: 15895: 15716: 15539: 15471: 15196: 15018: 15003: 14938: 14833: 13981: 13936: 13916: 13738: 13513: 13161: 13090: 13003: 12934: 12730: 12691: 12615: 12378:"Vulnerability of the agricultural sector of Latin America to climate change" 12141: 12066: 11838:"Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa" 11537: 11159: 10247: 10088: 9940: 9891: 9397: 9137: 8310: 8027: 7680:

Zhu C, Kobayashi K, Loladze I, Zhu J, Jiang Q, Xu X, et al. (May 2018).

7597: 7330: 7042: 6734: 6677: 6531: 6481: 5529: 4684: 4166: 3882: 3692: 3672: 3631: 3611: 3549: 3530: 3470: 3083: 2973: 2897: 2820: 2793: 2748: 2696: 2675: 2641: 2434: 2384: 2379: 2306: 2293:. In addition, soybeans are less capable of defending themselves against the 2126: 2059: 2027: 1891: 1607: 1595:

swarms could also cause more damage as the result. A notable example was the

1275: 1250: 1221: 1203:

result in lower concentrations of many minerals in plant tissues. Doubling CO

1196:

as herbivores will need to eat more food to gain the same amount of protein.

1189: 1170: 1111: 1103: 751: 706: 601: 588: 450: 446: 371: 342: 204: 125: 103: 13152: 13131: 12925: 12433: 12226: 10999:

Easterling WE (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry ML, et al. (eds.).

10558: 9730: 9622: 9253: 9081: 9056: 8475: 8450: 8388: 8371: 6853: 6409: 4779: 4458:"State-of-the-art global models underestimate impacts from climate extremes" 4228: 2851: 2236:

will vary depending on the region and local climatic conditions. Studies in

2067:

goals) is now usually considered a better match for the current trajectory.

1302:

Climate change will also cause soils to warm. In turn, this could cause the

16224: 16083: 16058: 15900: 15858: 15803: 15761: 15424: 15221: 14865: 14855: 14502: 14386: 14299: 13674: 13669: 13657: 13617: 13602: 13290: 13080:

Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018

13041:

Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C (2006).

12952: 12509: 12085:"Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis" 11950: 11935: 11774: 11725: 11591: 11566: 11477: 11315: 11167: 10946: 10897: 10789:"Unequal impact of climate warming on meat yields of global cattle farming" 10698: 10588: 10542: 10107: 10056: 9991: 9948: 9849: 9749: 9698: 9641: 9580: 9523: 9272: 9181: 9090: 9024: 8899: 8831: 8639: 8484: 8397: 8051:"Soil Microbiomes Under Climate Change and Implications for Carbon Cycling" 7972: 7912: 7727: 7709: 7546: 7494: 7436: 7283: 7223: 6975: 6871: 6750:"Leaf Area Index identified as a major source of variability in modelled CO 6599: 6428: 6184: 5597: 5547: 4987: 4798: 4736: 4565: 4501: 4430: 4391: 4293: 4247: 4108: 4069: 3824:"Human-induced climate change increased drought severity in Horn of Africa" 3328: 3250: 3203: 3134:

continuation of the ongoing agricultural improvements, yet also because of

3097:

networks resulting in unusually moist air. In scenarios without aggressive

2996: 2988: 2910: 2614: 2510: 2224: 2176: 2047: 1907: 1788: 1682: 1497: 1372: 808: 747: 584: 481: 297: 149: 13085:(Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2. 12803: 12486: 9361:

Challinor AJ, Watson J, Lobell DB, Howden SM, Smith DR, Chhetri N (2014).

9289:

Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change

8918: 6957: 6056: 4727: 4710: 3961:

Gaupp, Franziska; Hall, Jim; Mitchell, Dann; Dadson, Simon (23 May 2019).

2270: 1041:

A 1993 review of scientific greenhouse studies found that a doubling of CO

818: 164:

are also expected to be affected by many of the same issues, from greater

16214: 16149: 16132: 16105: 16078: 16063: 16039: 15910: 15751: 15679: 15451: 14968: 14960: 14210: 13788: 13743: 13612: 13585: 12906: 11632: 11607: 10871: 9473: 9389: 8019: 7322: 7066: 6669: 5935: 5647: 5479: 4348:"Global hunger and climate change adaptation through international trade" 3705: 3623: 3545: 3522: 3075: 3043: 3039: 3017: 2984: 2934: 2760: 2657: 2618: 2598: 2506: 2465: 2442: 2367: 2366:

are not as widely consumed as the four major crops, but they are crucial

2007: 1772: 1749: 1600: 1489: 1449: 1403: 1391: 1382:

Besides simply flooding agricultural land, sea level rise can also cause

1376: 1351:

due to the increased sea levels, could mainly affect agriculture through

1348: 1265: 862: 698: 635: 565: 528: 511:

will fail to reproduce at temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) and

458: 399: 273: 266: 258: 232: 192: 169: 165: 12078: 12076: 12041:

Shah, Hassnain; Hellegers, Petra; Siderius, Christian (1 January 2021).

11567:"The role for scientists in tackling food insecurity and climate change" 9845:"Risotto crisis: the fight to save Italy's beloved dish from extinction" 9705: 8499:"Bumblebees are disappearing at rates 'consistent with mass extinction'" 7894: 7417: 6770: 6749: 6176: 5521: 4675: 1630: 15905: 15853: 15848: 15731: 15483: 14860: 13853: 13229: 12883:

Balancing Water for Humans and Nature: The New Approach in Ecohydrology

12828: 12206:

Chowdhury QM, Hossain M, Ahmed J, Shykat CA, Islam MS, Hasan M (2016).

12183: 10312: 10277: 10012: 8610:"What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change?" 7798: 7215: 6566:

fertilization effect in old-growth subalpine forests of western Canada"

5560: 3627: 3419: 3278: 3246: 3126: 3110: 3094: 3025: 2930: 2871: 2775: 2740: 2708: 2680: 2645: 2498: 2450: 2246:

rainfall. However, those experiments did not consider the effects of CO

2105:

plant, meaning that it experiences little benefit from the increased CO

1839: 1834: 1764: 1757: 1725: 1694: 1588: 1537: 1517: 1360: 1352: 1312: 1308: 871: 833: 823: 743: 726:

fertilization effect, but at times not enough to avoid events like the

576: 419: 257:

grow faster as the climate warms. Their growth has negative effects on

245: 236: 228: 71: 13010:

Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al.

12812: 12645: 12261: 12259: 11917: 11306: 11140: 11123: 10680: 10580: 6590: 6561: 6065: 5690: 5669:

Brown, Oliver L. I. (August 1951). "The Clausius-Clapeyron equation".

5442: 4586: 4100: 3945: 3281:

by diseases, scarcity of forage, heat stress and breeding strategies.

619:

Effects of climate change on livestock § Projected worldwide increases

16115: 15843: 14428: 13976: 13622: 12405: 12073: 11804: 11741:"Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts" 10485: 10239: 9332:"Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts" 9206:

The doubly green revolution: food for all in the twenty-first century

8503: 8207:"Chapter 15: Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic): Executive summary" 8011: 6938:"Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? Lessons learned from CO 5730: 5705: 4316: 3603: 3490: 3486: 3415: 3372: 3363: 3350: 3274: 3238: 2771: 2756: 2744: 2736: 2519: 2348: 2290: 2180: 2172: 2144: 2083: 2039: 1903: 1879: 1753: 1541: 1513: 1193: 1159: 1123: 974: 826: 686: 654: 536: 375: 254: 161: 148:

can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simultaneous

137: 13136:

emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption"

11770: 11768: 11766: 11679: 11651: 10740:"Rethinking the approach of a global shift toward plant-based diets" 9112:

Gollin, Douglas; Hansen, Casper Worm; Wingender, Asger Mose (2021).

6374: 6372: 5837: 4880:"This Summer's Heat Waves Could Be the Strongest Climate Signal Yet" 3507:

Climate change adaptation § Changed rainfall patterns in agriculture

3257:

Different Asian Countries have various effects from climate change.

18:

For contributions of agricultural activities to climate change, see

15808: 12523:

Perry LG, Andersen DC, Reynolds LV, Nelson SM, Shafroth PB (2012).

12256: 12215:

American Journal of Agricultural Science Engineering and Technology

11894:"Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review" 11564: 10507:

Grzeskowiak L, Costantini L, Lorenzi S, Grando MS (November 2013).

10401: 10072:"Potato Response to Drought Stress: Physiological and Growth Basis" 9769: 9363:"A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation" 9325: 9323: 9321: 9129: 8981:"Climate change has likely already affected global food production" 7017:"Human Activity in China and India Dominates the Greening of Earth" 5861: 5026: 5016: 4926:"Heavy rainfall and flash floods: another catastrophe for farmers?" 3518: 3493:

and safety nets for vulnerable populations. In addition, providing

3423: 3410: 3376: 3290: 3147: 3138:. For instance, a 2013 paper estimated that if the high warming of 2969: 2856: 2728: 2695:

Scientific understanding of how climate change would affect global

2626: 2610: 2602: 2579: 2352: 2003: 1871: 1867: 1737: 1552: 1532:. Around 9% of agricultural production is dependent in some way on 1508: 1481: 1415: 1344: 842: 735: 675: 659: 391: 363: 289: 173: 10506: 9437:

Wing, Ian Sue; De Cian, Enrica; Mistry, Malcolm N. (5 June 2021).

6154: 4854:"Europe's heat and drought crop losses tripled in 50 years: study" 3489:, educational campaigns and economic incentives as well as funds, 1804:

and will be able to spread further due to increased temperatures.

1448:

distributions, with potential to reduce crop yields, including of

1245:

of methane. At the same time, methane also acts as a precursor to

219:. On the coasts, some agricultural land is expected to be lost to 16164: 16120: 16088: 14406: 14064: 13803: 13753: 11799:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. 11796:

SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World

11763: 10830: 9413:"Maize, rice, wheat: alarm at rising climate risk to vital crops" 8680:"Real-time evaluation of FAO's response to desert locust upsurge" 8330: 7290: 6369: 4023: 3767:"Climate change added $ 4bn to damage of Japan's Typhoon Hagibis" 3686: 3642:

is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time,

3615: 3368: 3324: 3055: 2987:

pattern are known to induce simultaneous heat extremes in either

2914: 2906: 2469: 2446: 2438: 2412:

Response of six prominent potato varieties to drought conditions.

2363: 2286: 2212: 2087: 2020: 2015: 1875: 1863: 1855: 1745: 1477: 1457: 1368: 1336: 1288: 1131: 1070: 800: 779: 690: 679: 663: 650: 512: 454: 423: 411: 379: 367: 337: 133: 11891: 11868:"Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science" 9904: 9318: 8369: 7348:

fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend

5994:"Measuring economic impacts of drought: A review and discussion" 5021:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 11 February 2011. 4407: 2425:

Potato plants and crop yields are predicted to benefit from the

1575:

are predicted to spread into areas currently too cold for them.

1421: 795:

spurring on increased demand for water. The ultimate outcome is

332: 16142: 16068: 15736: 15726: 15419: 13627: 12636: 11490: 10500: 8751:"Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview" 8048: 3619: 3485:

and programs must provide environmentally sensitive government

3430: 3359: 3355: 3224: 3158: 2965: 2829: 2786: 2468:

is predicted to become a greater threat in some areas (e.g. in

2371: 2359: 2043: 2011: 1914: 1859: 1797: 1724:

levels are also expected to increase the tolerance of weeds to

1592: 1584: 1564: 1473: 1465: 1411: 858: 812: 739: 557: 532: 473: 434: 407: 347: 326: 250: 99: 15648: 13040: 13012:"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)" 12880:

Falkenmark, Malin; Rockstrom, Johan; Rockström, Johan (2004).

12715:"Sustainable Food System Transformation in a Changing Climate" 11076: 11031: 10430: 7456: 6690: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6259: 4639:

Brás TA, Seixas J, Carvalhais N, Jägermeyr J (18 March 2021).

4601: 4583:

Chapter 3: Mitigation pathways compatible with long-term goals

4309: 3638:

contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.

1232: 1110:

concentrations, reconstructed from multiple studies through a

491: 16159: 15333:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

14416: 13130:

Sarkodie, Samuel A.; Ntiamoah, Evans B.; Li, Dongmei (2019).

12746:

Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation

12448:"What's Really Driving Immigrants North from Central America" 10953: 9042: 8449:

Soroye, Peter; Newbold, Tim; Kerr, Jeremy (7 February 2020).

7743:"As CO2 increases, rice loses B vitamins and other nutrients" 7524: 5755: 5296:

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective

4707: 4690: 4638: 4605:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future" 3262: 3258: 3047: 2752: 2732: 2433:

and therefore growth, reduce water consumption through lower

2233: 2220: 2148: 2079: 1999: 1991: 1851: 1843: 1801: 1768: 1485: 1453: 1364: 1318: 1163: 1155: 1147: 1060:(FACE) experiments plants are grown in field plots and the CO 918: 894: 854: 746:. On average, climate change increases the overall amount of 508: 485: 465: 285: 216: 141: 95: 13009: 12879: 12712: 12154: 11193: 10554: 10552: 10359: 10216: 9054: 7826:

on the protein concentration of food crops: a meta-analysis"

7397:"Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO 6748:

Li Q, Lu X, Wang Y, Huang X, Cox PM, Luo Y (November 2018).

6643: 6560:

Hararuk O, Campbell EM, Antos JA, Parish R (December 2018).

3573: 3409:

Droughts are becoming more frequent and intense in arid and

2747:: two-thirds of those deaths would be caused by the lack of 2505:

wine produced. Wine composition is largely dependent on the

1929:

is expected to drive some improvements on its own. Further,

1787:

treating and managing already diseased crops. For instance,

1677:

A changing climate may favour the more biologically diverse

1311:, which are slower-growing and more resource efficient than 1073:

typically showing a greater response than other species and

16050: 15838: 12743: 12647:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

12522: 12205: 11234: 10716: 10463: 9496: 9360: 8951:"Potato Research Priorities in Asia and the Pacific Region" 8272: 7515: 6784: 6546: 6488: 6441: 6304: 5957:

Mishra AK, Singh VP (2011). "Drought modeling – A review".

5621: 4344: 3599: 3501:

to poor or remote areas will allow for better preparation.

2918: 2845: 2606: 2237: 1995: 1987: 1847: 1678: 1445: 1387: 1241:

have a significant contribution to warming due to the high

1220:

conditions. The increase in carbon is mostly attributed to

1151: 1139: 1135: 937:

or carbon fertilization effect causes an increased rate of

583:. For example, a 2014 study found that maize yields in the 553: 520: 387: 362:

Agriculture is sensitive to weather, and major events like

281: 277: 12268:"Chapter 11: Australia and New Zealand: Executive summary" 11124:"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100" 10737: 10630: 10365: 10069: 9711: 7864: 7362:"Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds" 7090:"Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds" 6559: 5443:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

5123:"Developing climate change impact metrics for agriculture" 4811: 4748: 4746: 3794:"Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds" 2664: 2617:. Another impact concerns reduced quantity or quality of 707:

Changes in agricultural water availability and reliability

15509:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

13044:

Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options

12022:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 11948: 10992: 10603: 10549: 10457: 10395: 9547:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 9114:"Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution" 7928: 7190:

Wong SC (December 1979). "Elevated Partial Pressure of CO

3433:, notable increases are predicted for spring-sown wheat. 3106: 2852:

Effects of extreme weather and synchronized crop failures

2014:

are collectively responsible for half of the total human

1973: 1460:, and corn (maize). Warmer temperatures can increase the 1173:

has shown that crops and wild plants exposed to elevated

1007: 845:

during the summer, as there has already been an observed

784: 750:

by 7% per every 1 °C (1.8 °F), thus increasing

12663: 12472: 11371: 9969: 8877: 8809: 5224:"Earliest Blooms Recorded in U.S. Due to Global Warming" 5187: 4132: 1716:, they are likely to compete even more than now against 785:

terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture

90:, the worst drought on record and made worse due to the 13113:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

11983:

Crop Production to Future Climate Change over Uganda".

11981: 11328: 9439:"Global vulnerability of crop yields to climate change" 8427: 6379:

Chen C, Riley WJ, Prentice IC, Keenan TF (March 2022).

6378: 6352:"Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels Will Help and Hurt Crops" 6138:"Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports" 5506:"Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare" 5373: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 4743: 4265: 3960: 1779:, which may also be able to spread more easily through 1544:

known to be particularly vulnerable to recent warming.

874:

generation would become less predictable and reliable.

378:'s farmers are very likely to suffer losses during the 243:

and the length of growing seasons. Also, bacteria like

82:; increase in global leaf area primarily caused by the 10443:(Second ed.). Tanunda, S. Aust.: Trivinum Press. 9233: 9057:"Climate trends and global crop production since 1980" 8607: 8328: 7679: 5080: 4752: 4454: 3116: 3086:. This could then increase crop prices by around 5%. 2453:

water, particularly during the potato growing season.

2130:

A rice field suffering from the effects of drought in

1700:

Weeds also undergo the same acceleration of cycles as

1685:

on many farms. Characteristics of weeds such as their

1432:

Pest (organism) § In agriculture and horticulture

1266:

Changes in the extent and quality of agricultural land

913:

Top: the extent to which plant growth benefits from CO

15350:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

12993:"Adapting to climate change to sustain food security" 12108:"The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Asia" 12040: 11432:

Kang, Suchul; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (31 July 2018).

9538: 9111: 9055:

Lobell DB, Schlenker W, Costa-Roberts J (July 2011).

8608:

Sgrò CM, Terblanche JS, Hoffmann AA (11 March 2016).

8240:"Global Warming Could Trigger Insect Population Boom" 8082:

Fox-Kemper B, Hewitt HT, Xiao C, et al. (2021).

5703: 4753:

Tubiello FN, Soussana JF, Howden SM (December 2007).

3552:

in the plants themselves will cause moisture stress.

3249:

could increase up to 20% by the mid-21st century. In

2621:, whether due to drought or as a secondary impact of 1397: 1199:

Empirical evidence shows that increasing levels of CO

1093: 878:

Effects on plants caused by increasing atmospheric CO

575:

between flowering time of plants and the activity of

422:

and caused "acute food insecurity" in the country of

374:

extremes) can cause substantial losses. For example,

12967:"Diverse water sources key to food security: report" 11962:

Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences

10918: 10636: 9836: 9809: 8084:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere, and Sea Level Change" 8081: 5137: 3942:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products

3654: 2472:) and become a lesser threat in others (e.g. in the 1603:, considered the worst of its kind in many decades. 239:

thaws. Other effects include erosion and changes in

13275: 12579: 11189: 11187: 11185: 10340:. Cranfield Water Science Institute. Archived from 10127:. Cranfield Water Science Institute. Archived from 9654: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 7985: 6830:

fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis"

5439:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products

4519: 3622:into agricultural land. Furthermore, there is also 3397:

Climate change and agriculture in the United States

2501:

grapes which had been damaged by heat from sunburn.

2158:

Rice § Effects of climate change on rice production

346:The observed increase in extreme weather events in 13129: 11120: 9863: 9545:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 8978: 7296: 7250:"What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO 7040: 6615:"How does carbon fertilization affect crop yield?" 5160: 5120: 3540:or its pattern of variability are both important. 3314:, forest productivity was expected to decline. In 2640:is considered to be the most vulnerable region to 2215:which had been affected by heavy rainfall in 2016. 1035:CO2 fertilization effect § Observations and trends 983:Terrestrial ecosystems have reduced atmospheric CO 13019:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 11605: 11275: 10655:Godber, Olivia F.; Wall, Richard (1 April 2014). 10259: 10257: 10159: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 9932:20.500.11820/683ec46f-f944-460f-9b71-8cc6ae1872cf 9864:Nazari M, Mirgol B, Salehi H (20 December 2021). 9799:Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research 9492: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9443:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 9436: 8912: 8748: 8572: 8448: 8329:Rodenburg J, Meinke H, Johnson DE (August 2011). 8163: 7401:depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition" 5325: 4587:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 3024:, which is particularly vulnerable as widespread 2800:with high climate change and a lack of equitable 2006:– which are consumed directly and indirectly, as 16387: 15550:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 12837:"Dealing with Climate Change at the Local Level" 11182: 10826: 10824: 9790: 9756: 9544: 9158: 8601: 8257: 8234: 8232: 6621:. Environmental Research Letters. Archived from 6090: 5991: 5457: 3270:significant, running at yield losses up to 35%. 2335:is likely to differ across crops and countries. 2082:farming in Uganda is made more difficult due to 1944: 110:that is expected to benefit from climate change. 13202:"How livestock farming affects the environment" 13050:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. 12419: 11987:. Climate Change Management. pp. 175–190. 11331:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 10865: 9718:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9601:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9593: 7924: 7922: 7819: 7768: 6823: 6253: 6229:"Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists" 6086: 6084: 5842:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5792: 5790: 4597: 4595: 4577: 4575: 4403: 4401: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4200: 4081: 4079: 4019: 4017: 3644:livestock farming is affected by climate change 2900:projections of mean changes in temperature and 2532: 2480: 2419:Potato § Impact of climate change on production 2194:is developing drought-resistant varieties; its 1540:species are also adversely affected, with wild 1503: 472:, lowering the projected yield from 15 billion 402:, where the climate-induced intensification of 231:water being available. On the other hand, more 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 10254: 10146: 9481: 9229: 9227: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 5617: 5615: 4882:. No. Climate change. Inside Climate News 4261: 4259: 4257: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3847: 3845: 3565:Climate change can threaten food security and 3007: 2026:In 2021, a paper which used an ensemble of 21 1106:density across a range of crops at elevated CO 338:Observed changes in adverse weather conditions 329:due to climate change within the 21st century. 15664: 14285:History of climate change policy and politics 14080: 13261: 12327: 11484: 11070: 10821: 10786: 10609: 8229: 6747: 6298: 5909: 5751: 5749: 5158: 4755:"Crop and pasture response to climate change" 4701: 4450: 4448: 4128: 4126: 4085: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3610:emissions. With regards to direct emissions, 2394: 1422:Response of insects, plant diseases and weeds 1282: 333:Direct effects from changing weather patterns 12753:International Food Policy Research Institute 12274:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 11949:Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; 11747:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 11738: 11645: 11643: 11427: 11425: 11228: 11116: 11114: 10298: 10292: 10063: 9338:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 8749:Chakraborty S, Newton AC (10 January 2011). 8363: 8213:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 7986:Doetterl S, Van Oost K, Six J (1 May 2012). 7919: 7533: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7137: 7135: 6081: 5787: 5293: 5255: 4957: 4592: 4572: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4398: 4333: 4076: 4014: 3284: 2763:are also expected to become more volatile. 2389:effects of climate change on the water cycle 1580:effects of climate change on the water cycle 987:concentrations and have partially mitigated 867:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 713:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 92:effects of climate change on the water cycle 14402:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 12780: 11599: 11551: 11431: 11407:1871.1/08ff0c33-fdd1-41e7-8a08-20f528a5a999 11041:Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Forest Products 11002:Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Forest Products 10198:. FAO Water Development and Management Unit 9224: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8275:"Climate change and diseases of food crops" 7379: 6033: 5956: 5612: 5116: 5114: 4805: 4634: 4632: 4254: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3956: 3954: 3842: 3598:greenhouse gas emissions (for example from 2609:, greater vulnerability to conditions like 1233:Increasing damages from surface-level ozone 642:of highest emissions and greatest warming, 611: 492:Projected effects from temperature increase 370:or heavy rains (also known as low and high 15671: 15657: 15631: 15619: 15076: 14087: 14073: 13268: 13254: 12997:International Livestock Research Institute 12783:"Climate Change, Agriculture, and Poverty" 12105: 11037: 10998: 10654: 10436: 10114: 9765:"Rice yields falling under global warming" 9152: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8055:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7567: 6935: 6612: 6036:"Climate Change, Agriculture, and Poverty" 6029: 6027: 5763:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5746: 5258:Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 4445: 4305: 4303: 4123: 3897: 3038:permanently leave drought-affected areas. 3004:simulating effectively no net yield loss. 2010:(the main purpose of soybeans). The three 1402:Climate change may increase the amount of 1319:Agricultural land loss from sea level rise 15371: 15177:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 14310:United Nations Climate Change conferences 13779:Environmental issues in the United States 13151: 12942: 12924: 12811: 12681: 12605: 12481:(2). University of Texas Press: 110–142. 12404: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12182: 12172: 12131: 11925: 11715: 11705: 11640: 11631: 11590: 11523: 11508: 11467: 11457: 11422: 11405: 11305: 11260: 11219: 11149: 11139: 11111: 11102: 10936: 10856: 10812: 10763: 10688: 10532: 10097: 10087: 10046: 9930: 9881: 9842: 9739: 9729: 9688: 9631: 9621: 9570: 9472: 9462: 9285: 9262: 9252: 9080: 9014: 9004: 8766: 8629: 8474: 8387: 8300: 8095:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 8066: 7962: 7902: 7849: 7717: 7502: 7493: 7483: 7443: 7426: 7416: 7273: 7244: 7132: 6965: 6861: 6769: 6724: 6589: 6471: 6418: 6408: 6249:. 10 November 2004 – via bbc.co.uk. 6064: 5774: 5729: 5587: 5537: 5399: 5347: 5289: 5287: 5076: 5074: 5072: 4953: 4951: 4837: 4788: 4778: 4726: 4674: 4664: 4620: 4555: 4545: 4508: 4491: 4481: 4381: 4371: 4283: 4237: 4227: 4059: 4049: 3999:1983/d5df7241-3564-43de-b9ef-31a103c7a46d 3997: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3746:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 3588:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 3581:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 3574:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 3050:makes up 52% of their employment and the 3016:Climate change is expected to exacerbate 2720:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 1807: 1621: 787:, and these effects can be aggravated by 191:from human activities (mainly burning of 20:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 14881:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 13764:Effects of climate change on agriculture 12852:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 12834: 12791:Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 12639:"Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities" 12375: 12265: 12161:Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 11739:Parry, M. L.; et al., eds. (2007). 11649: 10938:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044356 9815: 9196: 8965: 8204: 8107: 6044:Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 5838:"Drought under global warming: A review" 5796: 5503: 5111: 4629: 4181: 3951: 3851: 3440: 3400: 3120: 3011: 2951: 2883: 2855: 2674: 2553: 2545: 2493: 2407: 2342: 2269: 2206: 2125: 2074: 1986:There is a large number of agricultural 1977: 1948: 1816: 1664: 1507: 1269: 1097: 1015: 908: 817: 716: 624: 503: 495: 353: 341: 15237:National Adaptation Programme of Action 15026:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 12774: 11653:OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025 10263: 9843:Spaggiari, Ottavia (29 February 2024). 9279: 8737: 8707: 8705: 8559: 8535:Norwegian Institute for Nature Research 8317: 7673: 7644: 7394: 7299:"Greening of the Earth and its drivers" 7043:"Greening of the Earth and its drivers" 6562:"Tree rings provide no evidence of a CO 6024: 5568:International Journal of Biometeorology 5251: 5249: 5181: 5051:"Corn and Soybean Temperature Response" 4917: 4900: 4300: 3380:is expected to have drastic decreases. 2945:) would experience very rapid shift in 2665:Global food security and undernutrition 1756:-producing fungi, and bacteria such as 16388: 14886:Economics of climate change mitigation 14849:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 14362: 14190:Scientific consensus on climate change 13769:Effects of climate change on livestock 12737: 12670:Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 12413: 12356: 12312: 12082: 9202: 8805: 8803: 8781: 8524: 8185: 7740: 7539: 6892: 6207:"Big melt threatens millions, says UN" 5284: 5069: 4948: 4877: 3811: 3736:Effects of climate change on fisheries 3191:Climate change in Africa § Agriculture 2819:(about 50% certainty)) that trends of 2671:Effects of climate change on fisheries 2568:effects of climate change on livestock 2540:Effects of climate change on livestock 2030:estimated that under the most intense 1974:Effects on yields for four major crops 15652: 15545:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 15370: 15075: 14811: 14361: 14273: 14154: 14106: 14068: 13249: 10959: 9796: 9762: 9410: 8068:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-082720 7992:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7618: 7359: 7141: 7087: 7014: 6349: 5776:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 5668: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 3791: 3741:Environmental issues with agriculture 3153:Similarly, one of the assumptions of 2518:. Identification of genes underlying 2378:scenario, changes in temperature and 2338: 2331:Climate change induced by increasing 16357: 15567:Representative Concentration Pathway 14508:Tipping points in the climate system 14184:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 14023: 13879:Tropical cyclones and climate change 13104: 12019:Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook 11524:Gale J, Olmos S (4 September 2021). 10793:Communications Earth and Environment 10466:International Journal of Climatology 9329: 8702: 8209:. In Parry, ML, et al. (eds.). 7189: 5992:Ding Y, Hayes MJ, Widhalm M (2011). 5246: 4923: 3212:climate smart agricultural practices 2683:), population at risk of hunger and 1625: 1188:lead to decreased concentrations of 1184:have also shown that increases in CO 1144:UN Food and Agriculture Organization 406:was found to have already decreased 16369: 15338:Nationally determined contributions 15048:Individual action on climate change 14253:World energy supply and consumption 13912:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 13240:Climate adaptation & mitigation 13077: 12835:Jennings, Paul A. (February 2008). 12475:Journal of Latin American Geography 12466: 12440: 12270:. In Parry ML, et al. (eds.). 12106:Mendelsohn, Robert (1 April 2014). 11985:Limits to Climate Change Adaptation 11659:. OECD Publishing. pp. 59–61. 10404:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 10327: 10301:American Journal of Potato Research 10266:American Journal of Potato Research 10220:The Journal of Agricultural Science 9334:. In Parry ML, et al. (eds.). 8800: 8646: 8336:The Journal of Agricultural Science 8289:British Society for Plant Pathology 8188:"Global warming 'will hurt Russia'" 7820:Taub DR, Miller B, Allen H (2008). 7167: 5835: 5504:Lacetera, Nicola (3 January 2019). 5294:Lemmen DS, Warren FJ, eds. (2004). 3711:Climate change and invasive species 3345:The major agricultural products of 3172: 3117:Long-term predictions (beyond 2050) 3109:and 4% of the GDP in India and the 2811:in 2007, the analysis of four main 2165:(2091–2100 relative to 1850–1900). 1812: 1752:issues and food spoilage caused by 1428:Climate change and invasive species 653:, considered representative of the 515:above 38.8 °C (101.8 °F). 211:fertilisation has little effect on 88:2020–present Horn of Africa drought 13: 16220:Environmental impact of irrigation 15477:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 14094: 12112:Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12083:Rosane, Olivia (27 January 2020). 11196:"Teleconnected food supply shocks" 8948: 8844: 8654:"Locust swarms and climate change" 8631:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023859 8164:Kokorin AO, Gritsevich IG (2007). 8108:Wassmann R (July–September 2007). 6311:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 6307:"Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya" 6266:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 6247:"Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed" 6098:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 5998:Disaster Prevention and Management 5167:. University of California Press. 5121:Tubiello FN, Rosenzweig C (2008). 5002: 4846: 3716:Climate change and meat production 3245:, an estimate in 2007 stated that 2699:has evolved over time. The latest 1775:, or bacterial infections such as 1731: 1398:Thawing of potentially arable land 1094:Reduced nutritional value of crops 1058:free-air carbon dioxide enrichment 822:Observed glacier mass loss in the 14: 16412: 15404:Satellite temperature measurement 15009:forestry for carbon sequestration 14290:History of climate change science 13559:pharmaceuticals and personal care 13234:Food and Agriculture Organization 13223: 12781:Hertel TW, Rosch SD (June 2010). 12507: 11835: 8205:Anisimov OA, et al. (2007). 7647:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7148:Finance and Development | F&D 6705:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6034:Hertel TW, Rosch SD (June 2010). 5818:The Australian Academy of Science 5230:. 17 January 2013. Archived from 5127:The Integrated Assessment Journal 4936:from the original on 16 July 2021 4609:Frontiers in Conservation Science 3142:scenario was not alleviated by CO 2995:and Central North America, or in 2731:consumption and a 4% decrease in 2727:by 3.2%, with a 0.7% decrease in 2656:and widely varying importance of 2347:A sorghum field at the shores of 1464:and number of breeding cycles of 1331:, in particular in areas such as 1262:fertilisation effect (6.5±1.0%). 1182:Free-Air Concentration Enrichment 1056:in more natural environments. In 748:water contained in the atmosphere 16368: 16356: 16344: 16333: 16332: 15630: 15618: 15607: 15606: 15594: 15255:Climate Change Performance Index 14634:Destruction of cultural heritage 14034: 14033: 14022: 13710:decline in amphibian populations 13415:Deforestation and climate change 13194: 13168: 13123: 13115:. pp. 67–69. Archived from 13097: 13034: 12985: 12959: 12900: 12873: 12706: 12657: 12630: 12573: 12552:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02588.x 12516: 12501: 12422:The World Bank Research Observer 12300: 12282: 12266:Hennessy K, et al. (2007). 12199: 12148: 12099: 12034: 12009: 11942: 11885: 11860: 11829: 11787: 11673: 11517: 11365: 11322: 11269: 10912: 10731: 10705: 10513:Theoretical and Applied Genetics 10210: 10196:"Crop Water Information: Potato" 10188: 10006: 9963: 9898: 9857: 9816:Rao, Prakash; Patil, Y. (2017). 9648: 9587: 9430: 9404: 9354: 9105: 9048: 9031: 8942: 8906: 8871: 8838: 8775: 8768:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02411.x 8672: 8527:"Climate Change Impact: Insects" 8518: 8491: 8442: 8412: 8302:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02414.x 8198: 8179: 8157: 8147: 8138: 8101: 8075: 8042: 7851:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01511.x 7791:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98267.x 7275:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x 7144:"Global Warming and Agriculture" 6803:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x 5797:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 5278:10.1111/j.1744-7976.2010.01211.x 5210:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.01.022 4689: 3685: 3671: 3657: 3579:This section is an excerpt from 3505:This section is an excerpt from 3390: 3334: 3277:production will be decreased in 3189:This section is an excerpt from 2593:The observed adverse impacts on 2538:This section is an excerpt from 2486:This section is an excerpt from 2417:This section is an excerpt from 2156:This section is an excerpt from 1917:production more than doubled in 1629: 1327:would result in an agricultural 1033:This section is an excerpt from 967:Dynamic Global Vegetation Models 961:(GPP) increase since the 2000s. 901:This section is an excerpt from 783:precipitation. Droughts disturb 773:2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought 728:2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought 617:This section is an excerpt from 556:yields in all regions including 445:was found to experience extreme 60: 51: 40: 31: 16288:Agriculture and the environment 16025:British Agricultural Revolution 15678: 15394:Instrumental temperature record 15345:Sustainable Development Goal 13 13844:Land surface effects on climate 13301:Environmental impact assessment 13277:Human impact on the environment 11571:Agriculture & Food Security 11526:"When Hard Jobs Turn Hazardous" 10424:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.11.003 8880:Annual Review of Phytopathology 8812:Annual Review of Phytopathology 7979: 7858: 7813: 7762: 7734: 7638: 7612: 7561: 7485:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 7353: 7238: 7183: 7161: 7107: 7081: 7034: 7008: 6990:"Global Green Up Slows Warming" 6982: 6929: 6915:10.1126/science.370.6522.1286-e 6886: 6817: 6778: 6741: 6684: 6637: 6613:Cartwright J (16 August 2013). 6606: 6435: 6343: 6239: 6221: 6199: 6148: 6130: 5985: 5950: 5903: 5876: 5829: 5697: 5662: 5319: 5216: 5043: 4894: 3341:Climate justice § Examples 2566:There are numerous interlinked 2488:Vitis vinifera § Climate change 2281:Studies have shown that when CO 1800:act as vectors for many potato 1253:. Its effects include lowering 547:). In addition, crop yields in 16396:Climate change and agriculture 16232:Climate change and agriculture 16005:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 15462:Climate variability and change 14812: 14493:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 12586:Environmental Research Letters 11278:Nature Ecology & Evolution 11241:Environmental Research Letters 11200:Environmental Research Letters 11083:Environmental Research Letters 10925:Annual Review of Public Health 8892:10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.399 8824:10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.399 8543:10.1002/9780470015902.a0022555 6936:Kirschbaum MU (January 2011). 6452:Environmental Research Letters 5105:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.02.021 4715:Journal of Experimental Botany 4645:Environmental Research Letters 3785: 3759: 3626:consumption for transport and 3548:from the soil and accelerated 2783:Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2 2685:disability-adjusted life years 2590:must also consider livestock. 2326: 1720:such as corn. The increased CO 1704:, and would also benefit from 847:retreat of glaciers since 1850 829:region since the 20th century. 1: 15572:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 15107:Climate emergency declaration 13715:decline in insect populations 12886:. Earthscan. pp. 67–68. 12844:Chemical Engineering Progress 12350:10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00090-0 12133:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60701-7 11221:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035007 10890:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01156-3 10389:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00162-X 9411:McKie, Robin (16 July 2017). 8119:. IRRI: 10–15. Archived from 8097:. Cambridge University Press. 7659:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02587-9 7540:Milius S (13 December 2017). 5979:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049 5671:Journal of Chemical Education 5380:Regional Environmental Change 3752: 3630:production. For example, the 3436: 3155:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 3099:action to stop climate change 2809:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2798:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2689:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 1959:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 1945:Generalized yield projections 1274:Some locations alongside the 207:in the crops. Furthermore, CO 172:shortfalls and the spread of 16010:Arab Agricultural Revolution 15555:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 14781:Middle East and North Africa 14107: 12719:Nigeria Agricultural Journal 11993:10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10 11707:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641 11351:10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101217 10765:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.018 9209:. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. 9118:Journal of Political Economy 9006:10.1371/journal.pone.0217148 8110:"Coping With Climate Change" 6826:"Recent global decline of CO 5159:Epstein P, Ferber D (2011). 4547:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017 2840:certainty in these figures. 2701:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2533:Effects on livestock rearing 2481:Grapevines (wine production) 1967:US National Research Council 1827:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1597:2019–2022 locust infestation 1504:Insect pollinators and pests 853:of the Himalayan rivers: In 7: 14629:Depopulation of settlements 14274: 12454:(Podcast). 22 February 2019 12330:Global Environmental Change 9822:. IGI Global. p. 330. 9772:: Science & Environment 9763:Black, R. (9 August 2010). 8713:"Early Summer Weed Control" 8614:Annual Review of Entomology 8186:Pearce F (3 October 2003). 7464:Global Environmental Change 7015:Tabor A (8 February 2019). 6319:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 6274:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 6106:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7 5799:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 5710:Journal of Hydrometeorology 4924:Hope, Alan (16 July 2021). 3650: 3320:European Environment Agency 3105:take up 0.4% of the global 3008:Labour and economic effects 2403: 2383:account for it by tracking 2265: 1468:populations. Historically, 742:contribute to decreases in 78:, which was exacerbated by 10: 16417: 15970:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 15389:Global surface temperature 15280:Popular culture depictions 15192:Ecosystem-based adaptation 14922:Carbon capture and storage 14844:Carbon offsets and credits 14155: 12913:Frontiers in Plant Science 12751:(Report). Washington, DC: 12174:10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100132 11459:10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7 10814:10.1038/s43247-024-01232-x 10076:Frontiers in Plant Science 10039:10.1038/s41598-018-33952-4 9984:10.1038/s43016-022-00592-x 9923:10.1038/s43016-020-00148-x 9681:10.1038/s41598-017-08214-4 9572:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 9516:10.1038/s43016-021-00400-y 9464:10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102462 9174:10.1038/s43016-022-00570-3 8525:Stange E (November 2010). 7955:10.1038/s41467-020-17038-2 7871:threatens human nutrition" 7619:Davis N (27 August 2018). 7518:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 6693:"Contrasting effects of CO 5889:American Geophysical Union 5589:10.1007/s00484-018-01655-0 4980:10.1038/s43016-023-00753-6 4839:10.1007/s44177-022-00022-4 4483:10.1038/s41467-019-08745-6 4423:10.1038/s43016-021-00335-4 4285:10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9 4051:10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7 3990:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.05.010 3875:10.1007/s10584-020-02722-5 3578: 3504: 3394: 3338: 3188: 3176: 2668: 2537: 2485: 2416: 2395:Lentils (besides soybeans) 2229:Climate change effects on 2218: 2155: 1528:and thus increasing their 1470:cold temperatures at night 1436:Climate change will alter 1425: 1359:. Low-lying areas such as 1283:Erosion and soil fertility 1032: 959:gross primary productivity 943:atmospheric carbon dioxide 900: 778:In total, this means that 710: 616: 396:climate change attribution 382:weather conditions, while 17: 16401:Effects of climate change 16329: 16320:Universities and colleges 16296: 16240: 16188: 16049: 15953: 15938:Universities and colleges 15750: 15743: 15709: 15686: 15601:Climate change portal 15588: 15527: 15494:Extreme event attribution 15412: 15381: 15377: 15366: 15310: 15245: 15167: 15117:School Strike for Climate 15089: 15085: 15071: 15040: 14996:Climate-smart agriculture 14957: 14914: 14824: 14820: 14807: 14731: 14584: 14531: 14374: 14370: 14357: 14280: 14269: 14198: 14167: 14163: 14150: 14133:Climate change adaptation 14128:Climate change mitigation 14123:Effects of climate change 14113: 14102: 14017: 13952:Environmental engineering 13902: 13799:Environmental degradation 13690: 13576:fishing down the food web 13353: 13283: 13182:. University of Cambridge 13027:10.1017/9781009157926.009 12683:10.1017/S1742170518000029 12059:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378 11872:www.cropscience.bayer.com 11510:10.1007/s12571-012-0194-z 11398:10.1038/s41558-019-0637-z 11298:10.1038/s41559-019-0862-x 10858:10.1007/s10584-016-1606-4 10624:10.1080/09571269208717931 10525:10.1007/s00122-013-2170-1 10232:10.1017/S0021859611000839 10174:10.1007/s11540-008-9107-0 9883:10.3389/fagro.2021.806146 8587:10.1007/s11540-008-9107-0 8349:10.1017/S0021859611000207 8173:Russian Analytical Digest 7590:10.1038/s41558-018-0253-3 7360:Hille K (25 April 2016). 7088:Hille K (25 April 2016). 6994:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 6863:10067/1754050151162165141 6726:10.5194/acp-19-12361-2019 6524:10.1007/s00382-018-4388-8 6018:10.1108/09653561111161752 5401:10.1007/s10113-018-1359-x 5349:10.1007/s10584-013-1009-8 5340:10.1007/s10584-013-1009-8 4901:Higgins E (29 May 2019). 4878:Berwyn B (28 July 1018). 4622:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419 4373:10.1038/s41558-020-0847-4 4159:10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3 3828:World Weather Attribution 3792:Hille K (25 April 2016). 3771:World Weather Attribution 3731:Effects of climate change 3726:Climate-smart agriculture 3475:agricultural productivity 3459:climate-smart agriculture 3446:Climate smart agriculture 3297: 3285:Australia and New Zealand 3183: 3179:Effects of climate change 3113:region by the year 2100. 2588:effects of climate change 2560:impacts of climate change 2516:effects of climate change 1341:submergence of shorelines 1295:is more likely to occur. 1249:, which is a significant 965:, Land System Models and 146:effects of climate change 16305:Agriculturist profession 15782:Agricultural engineering 15767:Agricultural cooperative 15504:Global warming potential 15311:International agreements 14958:Preserving and enhancing 14392:Arctic methane emissions 14314:Years in climate change 14221:Greenhouse gas emissions 14118:Causes of climate change 13957:Environmental mitigation 13814:Greenhouse gas emissions 13774:Environmental insecurity 12607:10.1088/1748-9326/ab17fb 11262:10.1088/1748-9326/ac22c1 11104:10.1088/1748-9326/ac592e 10612:Journal of Wine Research 10089:10.3389/fpls.2021.698060 9039:Summary for Policymakers 8339:(Submitted manuscript). 7741:Milius S (23 May 2018). 6619:environmentalresearchweb 6473:10.1088/1748-9326/ab79e5 6233:Rediff.com India Limited 5303:Natural Resources Canada 5228:National Geographic News 4666:10.1088/1748-9326/abf004 3592:greenhouse gas emissions 2870:vulnerable regions like 2815:pathways had shown with 2623:CO2 fertilization effect 2576:greenhouse gas emissions 2427:CO2 fertilization effect 2202: 2092:climate change in Uganda 2070: 1935:climate change scenarios 1660: 1243:global warming potential 903:CO2 fertilization effect 612:Heat stress in livestock 606:CO2 fertilization effect 470:Midwestern United States 453:became more affected by 418:in 2007, which elevated 294:future population growth 235:may become available as 84:CO2 fertilization effect 16210:Agricultural wastewater 15933:Sustainable food system 15928:Sustainable agriculture 15819:Animal-free agriculture 15787:Agricultural technology 15535:Climate change scenario 15187:Disaster risk reduction 14839:Carbon emission trading 14649:U.S. insurance industry 14619:Civilizational collapse 14466:sea surface temperature 14004:Sustainable consumption 13345:Social ecology (ethics) 13153:10.1111/1477-8947.12183 13140:Natural Resources Forum 12926:10.3389/fpls.2019.00004 12854:: 40–44. Archived from 12227:10.54536/ajaset.v3i2.40 12047:Climate Risk Management 9731:10.1073/pnas.1001222107 9623:10.1073/pnas.1701762114 9254:10.1073/pnas.1222465110 9203:Conway, Gordon (1998). 9160:regions in Australia". 9082:10.1126/science.1204531 8476:10.1126/science.aax8591 8389:10.1126/science.aar3646 8093:Sixth Assessment Report 7822:"Effects of elevated CO 7142:Cline WR (March 2008). 6854:10.1126/science.abb7772 6410:10.1073/pnas.2115627119 6211:People & the Planet 4780:10.1073/pnas.0701728104 4229:10.1073/pnas.1701762114 3463:sustainable food system 3273:Due to climate change, 3232: 3202:for their livelihoods. 2892:. (Research from 2021.) 2650:human development index 2429:, which would increase 2305:diminishes the plant's 2121: 2032:climate change scenario 1913:Between 1961 and 1985, 1712:. Since most weeds are 1255:physiological functions 1118:Changes in atmospheric 1008:Higher yields due to CO 761:climate change scenario 756:atmospheric circulation 640:climate change scenario 593:statistical regressions 541:Southwest United States 468:planting season in the 428:2014–2016 El Niño event 384:2003 European heat wave 16310:Agricultural machinery 16268:History of agriculture 16253:Agriculture by country 16248:Agricultural machinery 16205:Agricultural pollution 16200:Agricultural expansion 15975:Austronesian expansion 15886:Mechanised agriculture 15528:Research and modelling 15212:Nature-based solutions 15032:Nature-based solutions 14974:Carbon dioxide removal 14891:Fossil fuel divestment 14876:Climate risk insurance 14786:Small island countries 14397:Arctic sea ice decline 13947:Ecological engineering 13727:runaway climate change 13236:of the United Nations) 13206:www.downtoearth.org.in 11592:10.1186/2048-7010-1-10 10437:Gladstones JS (2016). 7710:10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012 7395:Loladze I (May 2014). 6350:Hille K (3 May 2016). 5822:Climate Action Tracker 3594:. Emissions come from 3538:seasonal precipitation 3453: 3406: 3367:Brazil, Argentina and 3136:agricultural expansion 3130: 3035:extreme weather events 3030: 2957: 2937:, as well as parts of 2893: 2879:2003 European heatwave 2861: 2844:would likely overtake 2692: 2652:and other measures of 2563: 2551: 2502: 2413: 2356: 2278: 2216: 2135: 2095: 1983: 1954: 1931:agricultural expansion 1896:vulnerable populations 1822: 1808:Effects on crop yields 1777:Ralstonia solanacearum 1674: 1638:This section is empty. 1622:Invasive plant species 1573:Colorado potato beetle 1521: 1476:months would kill off 1279: 1115: 1029: 989:climate change effects 977:associated with the CO 926: 830: 731: 630: 562:Northern United States 516: 501: 449:more often, while the 410:yields by 10–20%, and 359: 351: 16315:Government ministries 16258:Agriculture companies 16094:Convertible husbandry 15772:Agricultural supplies 15722:Agricultural Engineer 15489:Earth's energy budget 15372:Background and theory 15260:Climate crisis (term) 14932:Fossil fuel phase-out 14826:Economics and finance 14791:by individual country 14733:By country and region 14708:Security and conflict 14703:Psychological impacts 14382:Abrupt climate change 14305:Charles David Keeling 14138:By country and region 13330:List of global issues 12532:Global Change Biology 12487:10.1353/lag.2020.0028 12434:10.1093/wbro/14.2.277 11898:Global Change Biology 11438:Nature Communications 11378:Nature Climate Change 11128:Global Change Biology 10661:Global Change Biology 10641:. Szombathely: 71–89. 10561:Global Change Biology 9870:Frontiers in Agronomy 9370:Nature Climate Change 8919:10.4324/9780203506608 8852:. CIP. Archived from 7935:Nature Communications 7830:Global Change Biology 7570:Nature Climate Change 7303:Nature Climate Change 7047:Nature Climate Change 6958:10.1104/pp.110.166819 6901:(6522): 1286.5–1287. 6791:Global Change Biology 6650:Nature Climate Change 6570:Global Change Biology 4462:Nature Communications 4352:Nature Climate Change 4139:Nature Sustainability 4089:Global Change Biology 4030:Nature Communications 3665:Global warming portal 3495:early warning systems 3444: 3404: 3124: 3015: 2955: 2887: 2859: 2678: 2631:vector-borne diseases 2557: 2549: 2497: 2411: 2346: 2310:impaired in a high CO 2273: 2219:Further information: 2210: 2129: 2078: 1981: 1952: 1820: 1668: 1612:Spodoptera frugiperda 1530:risk of going extinct 1511: 1426:Further information: 1394:below the sea level. 1325:rise in the sea level 1273: 1101: 1089:fertilization effect. 1019: 912: 837:irrigation driven by 821: 720: 628: 573:phenological mismatch 507: 499: 357: 345: 302:groundwater depletion 227:could result in less 178:vector-borne diseases 15965:Neolithic Revolution 15824:Cellular agriculture 15777:Agricultural science 15318:Glasgow Climate Pact 14979:Carbon sequestration 14544:Mass mortality event 13932:Community resilience 13732:in the United States 13700:Biodiversity threats 13373:cannabis cultivation 13340:Planetary boundaries 13306:Environmental issues 13296:Ecological footprint 13119:on 12 December 2014. 12376:Baethgen WE (1997). 12252:– via e-palli. 11633:10.1029/2023EF003872 11618:(5): e2023EF003872. 10884:(10031): 1937–1946. 10369:Field Crops Research 10347:on 10 September 2012 10134:on 10 September 2012 9390:10.1038/nclimate2153 8725:on 11 September 2017 7771:Conservation Biology 7323:10.1038/nclimate3004 7067:10.1038/nclimate3004 6670:10.1038/nclimate2879 6313:. pp. 257–299. 6217:on 19 February 2008. 6100:. pp. 209–255. 5959:Journal of Hydrology 5936:10.1029/2021EF002567 5648:10.1029/2021EF002487 5634:(3): e2021EF002487. 5480:10.1029/2022EF003109 5466:(2): e2022EF003109. 5234:on 22 September 2019 5084:Ecological Economics 4818:Anthropocene Science 3970:Agricultural Systems 3200:rain-fed agriculture 2947:Holdridge life zones 2825:economic development 2595:livestock production 2431:photosynthetic rates 2275:Piezodorus guildinii 1937:consistent with the 1829:from 2022, there is 1557:Mountain Pine Beetle 1526:species distribution 1102:Average decrease of 951:primary productivity 935:fertilization effect 805:developing countries 689:and 4.4–5 times for 478:2021 European floods 476:to 14.2. During the 350:, from 1964 to 2015. 201:fertilisation effect 15457:Climate sensitivity 15232:The Adaptation Fund 14688:Infectious diseases 14585:Social and economic 13994:Restoration ecology 13927:Climate engineering 13864:Ocean acidification 13854:Loss of green belts 13824:Holocene extinction 13819:Habitat destruction 13494:Environmental crime 12999:. 16 November 2020. 12804:10.1093/aepp/ppq016 12598:2019ERL....14g4005Q 12544:2012GCBio..18..821P 12452:The State of Things 12397:1997ClRes...9....1B 12342:2003GEC....13...51J 12124:2014JIAgr..13..660M 11910:2014GCBio..20.3313T 11698:2019PLoSO..1413641P 11624:2024EaFut..1203872M 11583:2012AgFS....1...10B 11450:2023NatCo..14.3528K 11390:2019NatCC..10...48K 11343:2022COES...5801217H 11290:2019NatEE...3..780M 11253:2021ERL....16j4013C 11212:2016ERL....11c5007B 11151:20.500.11850/521222 11095:2022ERL....17d4026H 10849:2016ClCh..136..189H 10805:2024ComEE...5...65L 10756:2021OEart...4.1201R 10673:2014GCBio..20.3092G 10573:2016GCBio..22.3774F 10478:2016IJCli..36....1F 10416:2014AgFM..185...26F 10381:2004FCrRe..85..167C 10031:2018NatSR...816187H 9724:(33): 14562–14567. 9673:2017NatSR...7.7800I 9614:2017PNAS..114.9326Z 9563:2020Natur.577..618H 9455:2021JEEM..10902462W 9382:2014NatCC...4..287C 9073:2011Sci...333..616L 8997:2019PLoSO..1417148R 8467:2020Sci...367..685S 8430:on 30 December 2020 8004:2012ESPL...37..642D 7947:2020NatCo..11.3229J 7895:10.1038/nature13179 7887:2014Natur.510..139M 7842:2008GCBio..14..565T 7783:1999ConBi..13..700C 7702:2018SciA....4.1012Z 7682:"Carbon dioxide (CO 7582:2018NatCC...8..834S 7476:2017GEC....42..153R 7418:10.7554/eLife.02245 7315:2016NatCC...6..791Z 7208:1979Oecol..44...68W 7194:and Plant Growth". 7059:2016NatCC...6..791Z 6942:enrichment studies" 6907:2020Sci...370S1286S 6846:2020Sci...370.1295W 6840:(6522): 1295–1300. 6771:10.5194/bg-2018-213 6717:2019ACP....1912361B 6711:(19): 12361–12375. 6662:2016NatCC...6..306K 6582:2019GCBio..25.1222H 6516:2019ClDy...52.4393T 6464:2020ERL....15h4009U 6401:2022PNAS..11915627C 6395:(10): e2115627119. 6177:10.1038/nature23878 6169:2017Natur.549..257K 6057:10.1093/aepp/ppq016 6010:2011DisPM..20..434D 5971:2011JHyd..403..157M 5928:2022EaFut..1002567L 5854:2011AGUFM.H42G..01D 5722:2007JHyMe...8..758T 5683:1951JChEd..28..428B 5640:2022EaFut..1002487F 5580:2019IJBm...63..221M 5472:2023EaFut..1103109Z 5392:2018REnvC..18.2329L 5270:2011CaJAE..59...19K 5202:2010BiolC..52..296T 5097:2012EcoEc..77..149C 4830:2022AnthS...1..264P 4771:2007PNAS..10419686T 4765:(50): 19686–19690. 4728:10.1093/jxb/erac503 4657:2021ERL....16f5012B 4538:2021OEart...4..720K 4474:2019NatCo..10.1005S 4364:2020NatCC..10..829J 4220:2017PNAS..114.9326Z 4151:2019NatSu...2..594B 4042:2023NatCo..14.3528K 3982:2019AgSys.175...34G 3867:2020ClCh..161..555Z 3636:nitrogen fertilizer 3606:farming). And from 3515:Rainfed agriculture 3483:Government policies 3267:Indo-Gangetic plain 3220:rainfed agriculture 3198:population rely on 2836:(20% certainty) to 2654:national resilience 2259:earth system models 2185:Ente Nazionale Risi 2152:significant trend. 2134:, Can Tho, Vietnam. 2111:earth system models 1900:developed countries 1384:saltwater intrusion 975:ecosystem processes 963:Earth System Models 319:adaptation measures 116:There are numerous 16099:Rotational grazing 16015:Columbian exchange 15028:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 15000:Forest management 14984:Direct air capture 14949:Sustainable energy 14906:Net zero emissions 14901:Low-carbon economy 14896:Green Climate Fund 14683:Indigenous peoples 14576:Plant biodiversity 14364:Effects and issues 14009:Waste minimization 13967:Mitigation banking 13962:Industrial ecology 13922:Cleaner production 13874:Resource depletion 13410:Corporate behavior 13368:animal agriculture 13105:HLPE (June 2012). 12973:. 6 September 2010 12861:on 1 December 2008 11848:on 1 November 2022 11751:on 2 November 2018 11530:The New York Times 11058:on 2 November 2018 10719:on 20 October 2016 10313:10.1007/bf02987885 10278:10.1007/bf02855363 10019:Scientific Reports 9661:Scientific Reports 9342:on 2 November 2018 8217:on 2 November 2018 7216:10.1007/BF00346400 6996:. 18 February 2020 6510:(7–8): 4393–4406. 6268:. pp. 57–97. 5190:Biological Control 4930:The Brussels Times 3748:(2019 IPCC report) 3721:Climate resilience 3679:Environment portal 3454: 3407: 3131: 3068:Sub-Saharan Africa 3031: 2958: 2939:sub-Saharan Africa 2894: 2862: 2842:Sub-Saharan Africa 2802:global development 2768:sub-Saharan Africa 2705:Sub-Saharan Africa 2693: 2638:sub-Saharan Africa 2597:include increased 2564: 2552: 2503: 2458:sub-Saharan Africa 2414: 2387:changes caused by 2357: 2339:Millet and sorghum 2279: 2217: 2136: 2132:Binh Thuy District 2103:C4 carbon fixation 2096: 2034:used at the time, 1984: 1955: 1919:developing nations 1823: 1771:diseases, such as 1675: 1616:sub-Saharan Africa 1534:insect pollination 1522: 1512:Locust swarm near 1280: 1116: 1030: 927: 923:C4 carbon fixation 831: 732: 631: 517: 502: 386:led to 13 billion 360: 352: 314:catastrophic level 16383: 16382: 15943:Urban agriculture 15916:Rice-duck farming 15864:Intensive farming 15834:Extensive farming 15646: 15645: 15584: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15519:Radiative forcing 15362: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15182:Adaptive capacity 15067: 15066: 15063: 15062: 14927:Energy transition 14803: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14513:Tropical cyclones 14439:Urban heat island 14353: 14352: 14265: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14226:Carbon accounting 14180:Greenhouse effect 14146: 14145: 14062: 14061: 13884:Water degradation 13759:Ecological crisis 13705:biodiversity loss 13504:Industrialisation 13489:Genetic pollution 13335:Impact assessment 13057:978-92-5-105571-7 12893:978-1-85383-926-9 12294:www.eea.europa.eu 12278:on 8 August 2018. 12002:978-3-319-64598-8 11918:10.1111/gcb.12581 11904:(11): 3313–3328. 11814:978-92-5-134325-8 11666:978-92-64-25323-0 11650:OECD/FAO (2016). 11141:10.1111/gcb.15871 11051:978-0-521-88010-7 11012:978-0-521-88010-7 10973:978-0-521-88010-7 10963:Technical summary 10681:10.1111/gcb.12589 10667:(10): 3092–3102. 10581:10.1111/gcb.13382 10567:(11): 3774–3788. 10450:978-0-9945016-1-5 9829:978-1-5225-1047-5 9608:(35): 9326–9331. 9299:978-0-521-88010-7 9216:978-0-8014-8610-4 9067:(6042): 616–620. 8928:978-0-203-50660-8 8859:on 5 January 2011 8690:on 2 October 2022 8660:. 6 February 2020 8461:(6478): 685–688. 8382:(6390): 791–795. 7248:(February 2005). 6797:(12): 2370–2390. 6764:(22): 6909–6925. 6591:10.1111/gcb.14561 6328:978-3-319-92287-4 6283:978-3-319-92287-4 6163:(7671): 257–260. 6115:978-3-319-92287-4 5691:10.1021/ed028p428 5522:10.1093/af/vfy030 5174:978-0-520-26909-5 5036:978-0-309-15176-4 4326:978-92-5-134634-1 4214:(35): 9326–9331. 4101:10.1111/gcb.15375 3640:Livestock farming 3557:drought tolerance 3499:weather forecasts 3167:population growth 3091:North China Plain 3052:Canadian Prairies 3022:North China Plain 2817:medium confidence 2613:or even impaired 2295:predatory insects 1825:According to the 1687:genetic diversity 1673:, Virginia, U.S.) 1658: 1657: 1569:potato tuber moth 1239:methane emissions 857:alone, the river 789:population growth 597:field experiments 16408: 16372: 16371: 16360: 16359: 16348: 16336: 16335: 16180:Wildlife farming 16030:Green Revolution 15981:Ancient history 15921:Rice-fish system 15829:Contract farming 15814:Animal husbandry 15673: 15666: 15659: 15650: 15649: 15634: 15633: 15622: 15621: 15610: 15609: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15562:Paleoclimatology 15379: 15378: 15368: 15367: 15129:Ecological grief 15112:Climate movement 15087: 15086: 15073: 15072: 15053:Plant-based diet 14944:Renewable energy 14822: 14821: 14809: 14808: 14644:Economic impacts 14566:Invasive species 14422:Coastal flooding 14372: 14371: 14359: 14358: 14295:Svante Arrhenius 14271: 14270: 14241:from agriculture 14231:Carbon footprint 14216:Greenhouse gases 14165: 14164: 14152: 14151: 14104: 14103: 14089: 14082: 14075: 14066: 14065: 14037: 14036: 14026: 14025: 13859:Phosphorus cycle 13839:Land consumption 13834:Land degradation 13809:Freshwater cycle 13608:Overexploitation 13581:marine pollution 13388:cocoa production 13270: 13263: 13256: 13247: 13246: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13155: 13127: 13121: 13120: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13084: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13067:on 25 June 2008. 13066: 13060:. Archived from 13049: 13038: 13032: 13030: 13016: 13007: 13001: 13000: 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12946: 12928: 12904: 12898: 12897: 12877: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12860: 12841: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12815: 12787: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12761: 12755:. Archived from 12750: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12685: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12643: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12609: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12562:. Archived from 12529: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406:10.3354/cr009001 12385:Climate Research 12382: 12373: 12354: 12353: 12325: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12297: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12243: 12237:. Archived from 12212: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12186: 12176: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12135: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12080: 12071: 12070: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12013: 12007: 12006: 11979: 11970: 11969: 11959: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11929: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11844:. Archived from 11833: 11827: 11826: 11805:10.4060/CB4474EN 11791: 11785: 11784: 11772: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11719: 11709: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11658: 11647: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11562: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11471: 11461: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11409: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11309: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11191: 11180: 11179: 11153: 11143: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11054:. Archived from 11035: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11019:on 12 March 2013 11015:. Archived from 10996: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10976:. Archived from 10957: 10951: 10950: 10940: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10828: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10767: 10750:(9): 1201–1204. 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10715:. Archived from 10709: 10703: 10702: 10692: 10652: 10643: 10642: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10556: 10547: 10546: 10536: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10486:10.1002/joc.4325 10461: 10455: 10454: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10375:(2–3): 167–190. 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10346: 10339: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10261: 10252: 10251: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10168:(3–4): 223–237. 10157: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10101: 10091: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10050: 10010: 10004: 10003: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9934: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9885: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9774:. Archived from 9760: 9754: 9753: 9743: 9733: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9692: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9625: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9574: 9557:(7792): 618–20. 9542: 9536: 9535: 9494: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9466: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9367: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9327: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9306:on 12 March 2013 9302:. Archived from 9283: 9277: 9276: 9266: 9256: 9247:(9): 3274–3279. 9231: 9222: 9220: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9124:(8): 2344–2384. 9109: 9103: 9102: 9084: 9052: 9046: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8976: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8851: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8788: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8746: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8718:. Archived from 8717: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8686:. Archived from 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8633: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8581:(3–4): 223–237. 8570: 8557: 8556: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8426:. Archived from 8416: 8410: 8409: 8391: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8326: 8315: 8314: 8304: 8270: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8236: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8161: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8126:on 27 March 2009 8125: 8114: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8088: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8012:10.1002/esp.3198 7983: 7977: 7976: 7966: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7881:(7503): 139–42. 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7721: 7690:Science Advances 7677: 7671: 7670: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7522: 7513: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7487: 7454: 7441: 7440: 7430: 7420: 7392: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6946:Plant Physiology 6933: 6927: 6926: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6865: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6648:fertilization". 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6593: 6576:(4): 1222–1234. 6557: 6544: 6543: 6504:Climate Dynamics 6495: 6486: 6485: 6475: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6412: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6213:. Archived from 6203: 6197: 6196: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6021: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5965:(1–2): 157–175. 5954: 5948: 5947: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5813: 5811: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5731:10.1175/jhm600.1 5701: 5695: 5694: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5591: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5510:Animal Frontiers 5501: 5492: 5491: 5455: 5446: 5435: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5386:(8): 2329–2340. 5371: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5334:(1–2): 341–349. 5323: 5317: 5316: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5166: 5156: 5135: 5134: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5053:. Archived from 5047: 5041: 5040: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4965: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4792: 4782: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4721:(5): 1629–1641. 4705: 4699: 4694:Available under 4693: 4688: 4678: 4668: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4599: 4590: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4549: 4517: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4485: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4375: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4317:10.4060/cb5409en 4307: 4298: 4297: 4287: 4263: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4231: 4198: 4179: 4178: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4053: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3938: 3895: 3894: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3701:2022 food crises 3695: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3173:Regional effects 2807:For the earlier 2333:greenhouse gases 2193: 1927:developing world 1887:Green Revolution 1813:Observed effects 1702:cultivated crops 1653: 1650: 1640:You can help by 1633: 1626: 1561:British Columbia 1386:into freshwater 1293:soil degradation 811:and potentially 786: 604:changes and the 549:tropical regions 306:Green Revolution 225:melting glaciers 64: 55: 44: 35: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16292: 16283:Poultry farming 16236: 16191: 16184: 16155:Poultry farming 16045: 16021:Modern history 16001:Post-classical 15949: 15948: 15947: 15891:Organic farming 15746: 15745: 15741: 15705: 15682: 15677: 15647: 15642: 15595: 15593: 15576: 15523: 15514:Orbital forcing 15408: 15373: 15354: 15328:Paris Agreement 15306: 15302:Warming stripes 15241: 15207:Managed retreat 15202:Loss and damage 15163: 15097:Business action 15081: 15059: 15036: 14959: 14953: 14910: 14871:Climate finance 14816: 14795: 14727: 14580: 14556:Extinction risk 14532:Flora and fauna 14527: 14488:Permafrost thaw 14483:Ozone depletion 14412:Extreme weather 14366: 14349: 14276: 14257: 14194: 14159: 14142: 14109: 14098: 14093: 14063: 14058: 14013: 13972:Organic farming 13898: 13889:Water pollution 13869:Ozone depletion 13849:Loss and damage 13749:Desertification 13686: 13598:Overconsumption 13519:cleaning agents 13420:Energy industry 13383:meat production 13349: 13279: 13274: 13226: 13221: 13220: 13210: 13208: 13200: 13199: 13195: 13185: 13183: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13135: 13128: 13124: 13111:. Rome, Italy: 13102: 13098: 13082: 13076: 13072: 13064: 13058: 13047: 13039: 13035: 13021:. p. 750. 13014: 13008: 13004: 12991: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12965: 12964: 12960: 12905: 12901: 12894: 12878: 12874: 12864: 12862: 12858: 12839: 12833: 12829: 12785: 12779: 12775: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12748: 12742: 12738: 12711: 12707: 12662: 12658: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12578: 12574: 12569:on 26 May 2013. 12566: 12527: 12521: 12517: 12506: 12502: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12418: 12414: 12380: 12374: 12357: 12326: 12313: 12305: 12301: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12264: 12257: 12247: 12245: 12244:on 28 July 2020 12241: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12153: 12149: 12104: 12100: 12090: 12088: 12081: 12074: 12039: 12035: 12025: 12023: 12015: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11980: 11973: 11957: 11947: 11943: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11851: 11849: 11834: 11830: 11815: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11773: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11737: 11733: 11692:(3): e0213641. 11678: 11674: 11667: 11656: 11648: 11641: 11604: 11600: 11563: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11522: 11518: 11489: 11485: 11430: 11423: 11370: 11366: 11327: 11323: 11274: 11270: 11233: 11229: 11192: 11183: 11119: 11112: 11075: 11071: 11061: 11059: 11052: 11036: 11032: 11022: 11020: 11013: 10997: 10993: 10983: 10981: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10917: 10913: 10870: 10866: 10837:Climatic Change 10829: 10822: 10785: 10781: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10653: 10646: 10635: 10631: 10608: 10604: 10557: 10550: 10519:(11): 2763–76. 10505: 10501: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10400: 10396: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10297: 10293: 10262: 10255: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10162:Potato Research 10158: 10147: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10068: 10064: 10011: 10007: 9968: 9964: 9903: 9899: 9862: 9858: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9814: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9778:on 5 April 2018 9761: 9757: 9710: 9706: 9653: 9649: 9592: 9588: 9543: 9539: 9510:(11): 873–885. 9495: 9482: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9409: 9405: 9365: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9328: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9284: 9280: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9157: 9153: 9110: 9106: 9053: 9049: 9036: 9032: 8991:(5): e0217148. 8977: 8966: 8956: 8954: 8947: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8911: 8907: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8808: 8801: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8755:Plant Pathology 8747: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8606: 8602: 8575:Potato Research 8571: 8560: 8553: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8368: 8364: 8327: 8318: 8293:Wiley-Blackwell 8280:Plant Pathology 8271: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8238: 8237: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8199: 8184: 8180: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8086: 8080: 8076: 8047: 8043: 7984: 7980: 7927: 7920: 7870: 7863: 7859: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7748:Sciencenews.org 7739: 7735: 7696:(5): eaaq1012. 7685: 7678: 7674: 7653:(10): 457–461. 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7617: 7613: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7538: 7534: 7520: 7514: 7503: 7455: 7444: 7400: 7393: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7295: 7291: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7239: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7173: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7140: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7119:Washington Post 7113: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7086: 7082: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6891: 6887: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6647: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6625:on 27 June 2018 6611: 6607: 6565: 6558: 6547: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6447: 6440: 6436: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6348: 6344: 6329: 6303: 6299: 6284: 6258: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6235:. 24 July 2007. 6227: 6226: 6222: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6153: 6149: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6116: 6089: 6082: 6038: 6032: 6025: 5990: 5986: 5955: 5951: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5834: 5830: 5809: 5807: 5795: 5788: 5754: 5747: 5702: 5698: 5667: 5663: 5620: 5613: 5559: 5555: 5502: 5495: 5456: 5449: 5436: 5417: 5372: 5365: 5328:Climatic Change 5324: 5320: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5254: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5157: 5138: 5119: 5112: 5079: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5015: 5014: 5003: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4810: 4806: 4751: 4744: 4706: 4702: 4637: 4630: 4600: 4593: 4580: 4573: 4518: 4509: 4453: 4446: 4406: 4399: 4343: 4334: 4327: 4308: 4301: 4264: 4255: 4199: 4182: 4131: 4124: 4084: 4077: 4022: 4015: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3939: 3898: 3855:Climatic Change 3850: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3830:. 27 April 2023 3822: 3821: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3600:rice production 3584: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3542:Moisture stress 3510: 3497:, and accurate 3450:Machakos County 3439: 3399: 3393: 3343: 3337: 3316:Northern Europe 3304:Southern Europe 3300: 3287: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3194: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3145: 3119: 3064:labour capacity 3010: 2943:Central America 2902:the water cycle 2854: 2770:, 16.5% of the 2713:Central America 2673: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2491: 2483: 2462: 2461: 2422: 2406: 2397: 2341: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2284: 2268: 2256: 2249: 2243:temperate areas 2227: 2211:Wheat field in 2205: 2200: 2199: 2187: 2161: 2142: 2124: 2108: 2073: 2065:Paris Agreement 2056:Southern Europe 2052:Southeast China 1976: 1947: 1939:Paris Agreement 1923:developed world 1831:high confidence 1815: 1810: 1794:plant pathogens 1742:plant pathogens 1734: 1732:Plant pathogens 1723: 1709: 1663: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1624: 1549:disease vectors 1506: 1434: 1424: 1400: 1357:low-lying lands 1333:South East Asia 1321: 1285: 1268: 1261: 1235: 1228: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1187: 1122:may reduce the 1109: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1083:leaf area index 1080: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 980: 973:. However, the 972: 956: 948: 934: 916: 906: 891: 884: 881: 807:and leading to 793:urban expansion 770: 725: 715: 709: 704: 703: 622: 614: 581:growing seasons 545:Southern Europe 494: 439:Northern Europe 416:Southern Africa 404:extreme weather 340: 335: 323:extreme weather 210: 200: 188: 114: 113: 112: 111: 76:Typhoon Hagibis 67: 66: 65: 57: 56: 47: 46: 45: 37: 36: 23: 12: 11: 5: 16414: 16404: 16403: 16398: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16366: 16354: 16342: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16244: 16242: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16234: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16196: 16194: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16124: 16123: 16113: 16111:Insect farming 16108: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16055: 16053: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16043: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16012: 16007: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15992: 15990:Ancient Greece 15987: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15959: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15924: 15923: 15918: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15882: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15800: 15799: 15794: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15748: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15713: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15704: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15676: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15653: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15628: 15616: 15604: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15558: 15557: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15469: 15467:Cloud feedback 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15448: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15422: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15385: 15383: 15375: 15374: 15364: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15325: 15323:Kyoto Protocol 15320: 15314: 15312: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15299: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15277: 15275:Media coverage 15272: 15267: 15265:Climate spiral 15262: 15257: 15251: 15249: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15173: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15161: 15156: 15154:Public opinion 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15120: 15119: 15109: 15104: 15102:Climate action 15099: 15093: 15091: 15083: 15082: 15069: 15068: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15014:REDD and REDD+ 15011: 15006: 14998: 14993: 14991:Carbon farming 14988: 14987: 14986: 14981: 14971: 14965: 14963: 14955: 14954: 14952: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14924: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14841: 14836: 14830: 14828: 14818: 14817: 14805: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14737: 14735: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14725: 14723:Water security 14720: 14718:Water scarcity 14715: 14713:Urban flooding 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14674: 14673: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14599: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14561:Forest dieback 14558: 14553: 14548: 14547: 14546: 14535: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14498:Sea level rise 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14471:stratification 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14443: 14442: 14441: 14436: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14378: 14376: 14368: 14367: 14355: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14267: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14236:Carbon leakage 14233: 14228: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14192: 14187: 14177: 14175:Climate system 14171: 14169: 14161: 14160: 14148: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14100: 14099: 14096:Climate change 14092: 14091: 14084: 14077: 14069: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14030: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13999:Sustainability 13996: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13908: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13894:Water scarcity 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13829:Nitrogen cycle 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13794:Forest dieback 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13722:Climate change 13719: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13696: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13539:nanotechnology 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13444: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13359: 13357: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13323:on marine life 13315: 13314: 13313: 13311:list of issues 13303: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13281: 13280: 13273: 13272: 13265: 13258: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13237: 13230:Climate change 13225: 13224:External links 13222: 13219: 13218: 13193: 13167: 13146:(3): 135–153. 13133: 13122: 13096: 13070: 13056: 13033: 13002: 12984: 12958: 12899: 12892: 12872: 12827: 12798:(3): 355–385. 12773: 12736: 12725:(3): 105–115. 12705: 12676:(3): 297–308. 12656: 12629: 12572: 12538:(3): 821–842. 12515: 12500: 12465: 12439: 12428:(2): 277–293. 12412: 12355: 12311: 12299: 12281: 12255: 12198: 12147: 12118:(4): 660–665. 12098: 12072: 12033: 12008: 12001: 11971: 11941: 11884: 11859: 11842:ICT Update CTA 11828: 11813: 11786: 11762: 11731: 11672: 11665: 11639: 11612:Earth's Future 11598: 11550: 11516: 11503:(3): 381–397. 11483: 11421: 11364: 11321: 11284:(5): 780–786. 11268: 11227: 11181: 11134:(2): 349–361. 11110: 11069: 11050: 11030: 11011: 10991: 10980:on 8 June 2011 10972: 10952: 10931:(1): 259–277. 10911: 10864: 10843:(2): 189–202. 10820: 10779: 10730: 10704: 10644: 10629: 10618:(3): 163–183. 10602: 10548: 10499: 10456: 10449: 10429: 10410:(185): 26–36. 10394: 10358: 10326: 10307:(6): 487–506. 10291: 10272:(4): 271–280. 10253: 10226:(2): 161–177. 10209: 10187: 10145: 10113: 10062: 10005: 9978:(9): 753–763. 9962: 9917:(9): 562–571. 9897: 9856: 9835: 9828: 9808: 9805:(10): 857–859. 9789: 9755: 9704: 9647: 9586: 9537: 9480: 9429: 9403: 9376:(4): 287–291. 9353: 9317: 9298: 9278: 9223: 9215: 9195: 9168:(8): 631–643. 9151: 9130:10.1086/714444 9104: 9047: 9030: 8964: 8941: 8927: 8905: 8886:(1): 399–426. 8870: 8837: 8799: 8782:Czajkowski R. 8774: 8736: 8701: 8671: 8658:UN Environment 8645: 8622:Annual Reviews 8600: 8558: 8551: 8517: 8490: 8441: 8411: 8362: 8343:(4): 427–435. 8316: 8256: 8228: 8197: 8178: 8156: 8146: 8137: 8100: 8074: 8041: 7998:(6): 642–655. 7978: 7918: 7868: 7867:"Increasing CO 7857: 7836:(3): 565–575. 7823: 7812: 7777:(4): 700–712. 7761: 7733: 7683: 7672: 7637: 7611: 7576:(9): 834–839. 7560: 7532: 7501: 7470:(9): 153–168. 7442: 7398: 7378: 7352: 7345: 7289: 7255: 7251: 7237: 7191: 7182: 7174:concentration" 7171: 7160: 7131: 7106: 7080: 7053:(8): 791–795. 7033: 7007: 6981: 6939: 6928: 6885: 6827: 6816: 6786: 6777: 6758:Biogeosciences 6754:fertilization" 6751: 6740: 6698: 6694: 6683: 6656:(3): 306–310. 6645: 6636: 6605: 6563: 6545: 6499: 6487: 6445: 6434: 6382: 6368: 6342: 6327: 6297: 6282: 6252: 6238: 6220: 6198: 6147: 6129: 6114: 6080: 6051:(3): 355–385. 6023: 6004:(4): 434–446. 5984: 5949: 5916:Earth's Future 5902: 5875: 5862:10.1002/wcc.81 5836:Dai A (2011). 5828: 5786: 5745: 5716:(4): 758–769. 5696: 5661: 5628:Earth's Future 5611: 5574:(2): 221–230. 5553: 5493: 5460:Earth's Future 5447: 5415: 5363: 5318: 5311: 5283: 5245: 5215: 5196:(3): 296–306. 5180: 5173: 5136: 5110: 5068: 5057:on 12 May 2013 5042: 5035: 5027:10.17226/12877 5001: 4974:(5): 416–426. 4947: 4916: 4893: 4870: 4845: 4824:(2): 264–277. 4804: 4742: 4700: 4628: 4591: 4571: 4532:(5): 720–729. 4507: 4444: 4417:(8): 587–595. 4397: 4358:(9): 829–835. 4332: 4325: 4299: 4278:(7): 416–426. 4253: 4180: 4145:(7): 594–601. 4122: 4075: 4013: 3950: 3896: 3861:(4): 555–566. 3841: 3810: 3784: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3682: 3668: 3652: 3649: 3586:The amount of 3585: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3567:water security 3511: 3503: 3479:infrastructure 3461:. To create a 3438: 3435: 3392: 3389: 3336: 3333: 3312:Eastern Europe 3299: 3296: 3286: 3283: 3243:Southeast Asia 3234: 3231: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3163:Sustainability 3143: 3118: 3115: 3072:Southeast Asia 3009: 3006: 3001:Western Europe 2993:Eastern Europe 2853: 2850: 2749:micronutrients 2666: 2663: 2572:climate change 2558:Multi-faceted 2544: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2492: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2474:United Kingdom 2423: 2415: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2340: 2337: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2282: 2267: 2264: 2254: 2247: 2204: 2201: 2196:nuovo prometeo 2175:in Italy, the 2162: 2154: 2140: 2123: 2120: 2106: 2072: 2069: 2028:climate models 1975: 1972: 1946: 1943: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1781:flash flooding 1733: 1730: 1721: 1707: 1691:cross-breeding 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1636: 1634: 1623: 1620: 1505: 1502: 1462:metabolic rate 1423: 1420: 1399: 1396: 1320: 1317: 1297:Soil fertility 1284: 1281: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1237:Anthropogenic 1234: 1231: 1226: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1190:micronutrients 1185: 1180:Studies using 1175:carbon dioxide 1120:carbon dioxide 1107: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1031: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1000: 996: 992: 984: 978: 970: 954: 946: 939:photosynthesis 932: 914: 907: 899: 889: 883: 879: 876: 851:drainage basin 797:water scarcity 768: 723: 711:Main article: 708: 705: 623: 615: 613: 610: 493: 490: 443:Eastern Europe 339: 336: 334: 331: 241:soil fertility 221:sea level rise 208: 205:micronutrients 198: 186: 185:atmospheric CO 183:The increased 158:plant diseases 130:water scarcity 122:on agriculture 120:climate change 80:climate change 69: 68: 59: 58: 50: 49: 48: 39: 38: 30: 29: 28: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16413: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16377: 16376: 16367: 16365: 16364: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16343: 16341: 16340: 16331: 16328: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16278:Meat industry 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16263:Biotechnology 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16239: 16233: 16230: 16226: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16193: 16190:Environmental 16187: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16170:Sheep farming 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16074:Dairy farming 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16052: 16051:Farming Types 16048: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15985:Ancient Egypt 15983: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15896:Paludiculture 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15798: 15797:Biotechnology 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15755: 15753: 15749: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15717:Agriculturist 15715: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15685: 15681: 15674: 15669: 15667: 15662: 15660: 15655: 15654: 15651: 15639: 15638: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15617: 15615: 15614: 15605: 15603: 15602: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15540:Climate model 15538: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15472:Cloud forcing 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15380: 15376: 15369: 15365: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15300: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15248: 15247:Communication 15244: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15227:Vulnerability 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197:Flood control 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15166: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15118: 15115: 15114: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15074: 15070: 15054: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15033: 15030: 15027: 15024: 15020: 15019:reforestation 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15004:afforestation 15002: 15001: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14956: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14939:Nuclear power 14937: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14913: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14834:Carbon budget 14832: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14810: 14806: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14672: 14671:Mental health 14669: 14668: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14602:United States 14600: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14456:deoxygenation 14454: 14452: 14451:acidification 14449: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14360: 14356: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14279: 14272: 14268: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14246:from wetlands 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14206:Deforestation 14204: 14203: 14201: 14197: 14191: 14188: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14153: 14149: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14112: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14090: 14085: 14083: 14078: 14076: 14071: 14070: 14067: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14031: 14029: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13982:Reforestation 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13937:Cultured meat 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13917:Birth control 13915: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13739:Deforestation 13737: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13689: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13514:Manufacturing 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13462:nuclear power 13460: 13458: 13457:fracking (US) 13455: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13266: 13264: 13259: 13257: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13181: 13180:Science Daily 13177: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13126: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13109: 13100: 13092: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13046: 13045: 13037: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13013: 13006: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12962: 12954: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12903: 12895: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12876: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12838: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12784: 12777: 12762:on 5 May 2016 12758: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12709: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12640: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12592:(7): 074005. 12591: 12587: 12583: 12576: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12511: 12504: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12407: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12309: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12285: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12260: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12202: 12194: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12086: 12079: 12077: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12037: 12021: 12020: 12012: 12004: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11978: 11976: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11952: 11951:Ogallo, Laban 11945: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11888: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11836:Dinku, Tufa. 11832: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11668: 11662: 11655: 11654: 11646: 11644: 11634: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11593: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11497:Food Security 11494: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11428: 11426: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11272: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11222: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11206:(3): 035007. 11205: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11089:(4): 044026. 11088: 11084: 11080: 11073: 11057: 11053: 11047: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10995: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10956: 10948: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10825: 10815: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10734: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10649: 10640: 10633: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10553: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10433: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10343: 10336: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10258: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10213: 10197: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9839: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9475: 9474:10278/3740492 9470: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9330:IPCC (2007). 9326: 9324: 9322: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9230: 9228: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8952: 8945: 8930: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8785: 8778: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8554: 8552:9780470016176 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8193: 8192:New Scientist 8189: 8182: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8150: 8141: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8094: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8020:2078.1/123112 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7861: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7496: 7495:10044/1/78069 7491: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7411:(9): e02245. 7410: 7406: 7402: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7309:(8): 791–95. 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7268:(2): 351–71. 7267: 7263: 7259: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7186: 7175: 7164: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7022: 7018: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6952:(1): 117–24. 6951: 6947: 6943: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6781: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6640: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6458:(8): 084009. 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444:"Inferring CO 6438: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6375: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6037: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5312:0-662-33123-0 5308: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5133:(1): 165–184. 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651:(6): 065012. 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3846: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3773:. 18 May 2022 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3693:Energy portal 3688: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:nitrous oxide 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3550:transpiration 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3531:soil moisture 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471:fertilization 3466: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3403: 3398: 3391:North America 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3347:Latin America 3342: 3335:Latin America 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3084:South America 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2974:United States 2971: 2967: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2898:climate model 2891: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:meta-analysis 2790: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2774:and 14.8% of 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751:from reduced 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:food security 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:food security 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562:on livestock. 2561: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2445:suitable for 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:transpiration 2432: 2428: 2420: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2385:precipitation 2381: 2380:soil moisture 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2324: 2315: 2314:environment. 2308: 2307:jasmonic acid 2297:under high CO 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285:levels rise, 2276: 2272: 2263: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2133: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2101:It is also a 2099: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060:United States 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1957:In 2007, the 1951: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892:food security 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:fertilization 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1652: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:fall armyworm 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591:: similarly, 1590: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:plant disease 1439: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1277: 1276:United States 1272: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1251:air pollutant 1248: 1247:surface ozone 1244: 1240: 1230: 1223: 1222:carbohydrates 1214: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171:meta-analysis 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1112:meta-analysis 1105: 1104:micronutrient 1100: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1059: 1051: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1012:fertilisation 990: 982: 976: 968: 964: 960: 952: 944: 940: 936: 924: 920: 911: 904: 898: 896: 892: 875: 873: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 828: 825: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 781: 776: 774: 766: 762: 757: 753: 752:precipitation 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 719: 714: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 627: 620: 609: 607: 603: 602:precipitation 598: 594: 590: 589:meta-analysis 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 514: 510: 506: 498: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 451:Mediterranean 448: 447:precipitation 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:precipitation 369: 365: 356: 349: 344: 330: 328: 324: 320: 315: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253:that produce 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 206: 202: 194: 190: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 150:crop failures 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126:food security 123: 121: 109: 105: 104:fall armyworm 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 63: 54: 43: 34: 25: 21: 16: 16373: 16361: 16349: 16337: 16231: 16225:Overdrafting 16084:Goat farming 15995:Ancient Rome 15901:Permaculture 15859:Horticulture 15804:Agroforestry 15762:Agribusiness 15635: 15623: 15611: 15592: 15425:Carbon cycle 15382:Measurements 15077:Society and 14961:carbon sinks 14866:Climate debt 14856:Carbon price 14678:Human rights 14591: 14503:Season creep 14461:heat content 14387:Anoxic event 14300:James Hansen 13763: 13675:urban sprawl 13670:Urbanization 13618:Particulates 13603:Overdrafting 13318:Human impact 13291:Anthropocene 13209:. Retrieved 13205: 13196: 13184:. Retrieved 13179: 13170: 13143: 13139: 13125: 13117:the original 13107: 13099: 13078:FAO (2020). 13073: 13062:the original 13043: 13036: 13018: 13005: 12996: 12987: 12975:. Retrieved 12970: 12961: 12916: 12912: 12902: 12882: 12875: 12863:. Retrieved 12856:the original 12847: 12843: 12830: 12795: 12789: 12776: 12764:. Retrieved 12757:the original 12739: 12722: 12718: 12708: 12673: 12669: 12659: 12651: 12646: 12632: 12589: 12585: 12575: 12564:the original 12535: 12531: 12518: 12503: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12456:. Retrieved 12451: 12442: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12388: 12384: 12336:(1): 51–59. 12333: 12329: 12302: 12293: 12284: 12276:the original 12271: 12246:. Retrieved 12239:the original 12221:(2): 18–25. 12218: 12214: 12201: 12164: 12160: 12150: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12089:. Retrieved 12050: 12046: 12036: 12024:. Retrieved 12018: 12011: 11984: 11965: 11961: 11944: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11875:. Retrieved 11871: 11862: 11850:. 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Retrieved 4857: 4848: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4762: 4758: 4718: 4714: 4703: 4676:10362/144590 4648: 4644: 4612: 4608: 4529: 4525: 4465: 4461: 4414: 4410: 4355: 4351: 4275: 4271: 4211: 4207: 4142: 4138: 4095:(1): 27–49. 4092: 4088: 4033: 4029: 3973: 3969: 3858: 3854: 3832:. Retrieved 3827: 3801:. Retrieved 3797: 3787: 3775:. Retrieved 3770: 3761: 3607: 3595: 3554: 3535: 3512: 3467: 3455: 3428: 3408: 3386: 3382: 3344: 3329:winter wheat 3301: 3288: 3272: 3256: 3236: 3209: 3196: 3152: 3132: 3103: 3088: 3060: 3032: 3020:over at the 2997:Western Asia 2989:Eastern Asia 2982: 2978: 2963: 2959: 2927: 2911:sweet potato 2895: 2876: 2866: 2863: 2837: 2833: 2816: 2806: 2791: 2780: 2765: 2725: 2718:The earlier 2717: 2694: 2615:reproduction 2592: 2565: 2520:phenological 2511:microclimate 2463: 2424: 2398: 2358: 2330: 2316: 2280: 2252: 2228: 2225:Winter Wheat 2195: 2167: 2163: 2137: 2100: 2097: 2090:worsened by 2048:South Africa 2025: 1985: 1964: 1956: 1912: 1908:supply chain 1884: 1830: 1824: 1789:soybean rust 1785: 1762: 1735: 1699: 1676: 1649:January 2024 1646: 1642:adding to it 1637: 1611: 1605: 1577: 1559:epidemic in 1546: 1523: 1498:soybean rust 1450:staple crops 1435: 1409: 1401: 1381: 1379:in Vietnam. 1377:rice paddies 1373:Mekong Delta 1322: 1304:soil microbe 1301: 1286: 1236: 1215: 1198: 1179: 1168: 1162:, roots and 1117: 1040: 928: 885: 839:water runoff 832: 809:malnutrition 777: 733: 671: 667: 648: 638:. Under the 632: 585:Heilongjiang 570: 566:staple crops 518: 482:soil erosion 463: 441:and much of 432: 361: 313: 310: 298:soil erosion 274:staple crops 271: 244: 193:fossil fuels 182: 117: 115: 102:attacked by 24: 15: 16375:Wikiproject 16215:Overgrazing 16150:Pig farming 16133:Paddy field 16106:Hydroponics 16079:Fur farming 16064:Aquaculture 16059:Agrivoltaic 16040:Monoculture 15961:Prehistory 15911:Polyculture 15732:Farm worker 15710:Occupations 15680:Agriculture 15452:Carbon sink 15430:atmospheric 15295:video games 14969:Blue carbon 14592:Agriculture 14571:Marine life 14518:Water cycle 14476:temperature 14211:Fossil fuel 13789:Externality 13784:Coral reefs 13744:Defaunation 13613:Overgrazing 13586:overfishing 13566:Marine life 13440:electricity 13363:Agriculture 13211:10 February 13186:17 February 12865:29 February 12184:10037/21611 11852:13 December 11755:13 December 11543:4 September 11444:(1): 3528. 9972:Nature Food 9911:Nature Food 9667:(1): 7800. 9504:Nature Food 9162:Nature Food 9045:. In press. 8949:Pandey SK. 8845:Forbes GA. 8818:: 399–426. 8761:(1): 2–14. 8684:www.fao.org 8664:29 November 8624:: 433–451. 8434:28 November 8424:www.ecpa.eu 7941:(1): 3229. 7246:Ainsworth L 7168:Poorter H. 7124:11 November 7099:27 December 7026:27 December 7000:27 December 6361:29 November 5769:: 343–371. 5238:28 November 5091:: 149–157. 4968:Nature Food 4603:T. (2021). 4468:(1): 1005. 4411:Nature Food 4272:Nature Food 4036:(1): 3528. 3803:27 December 3706:Agroecology 3634:and use of 3632:manufacture 3624:fossil fuel 3546:evaporation 3523:evaporation 3247:crop yields 3204:Smallholder 3111:South Asian 3089:Similarly, 3076:heat stress 3044:food prices 3040:Agriculture 3018:heat stress 2985:Rossby wave 2935:Middle East 2792:In 2021, a 2761:Food prices 2658:pastoralism 2619:animal feed 2599:heat stress 2574:due to its 2507:mesoclimate 2466:late blight 2443:arable land 2327:Other crops 2250:increases. 2188: [ 2008:animal feed 1840:sugar beets 1835:crop yields 1773:late blight 1765:wet seasons 1750:food safety 1671:Front Royal 1601:East Africa 1599:focused on 1536:, and some 1472:and in the 1404:arable land 1392:groundwater 1349:water table 1313:copiotrophs 1309:oligotrophs 1124:nutritional 882:and methane 863:Indus River 744:crop yields 699:midlatitude 695:ventilation 636:heat stress 577:pollinators 529:Middle East 459:food prices 420:food prices 400:West Africa 259:food safety 237:frozen land 233:arable land 195:) causes a 170:animal feed 166:heat stress 118:effects of 16390:Categories 16241:Categories 15906:Plantation 15854:Free range 15849:Feed ratio 15484:Cryosphere 15445:permafrost 15217:Resilience 15169:Adaptation 15144:Litigation 15134:Governance 15079:adaptation 14861:Carbon tax 14814:Mitigation 14751:Antarctica 14639:Disability 14054:mitigation 14049:assessment 14044:by country 13942:Decoupling 13904:Mitigation 13633:Reservoirs 13554:pesticides 13499:Explosives 13477:reservoirs 13378:irrigation 12977:8 February 12813:10986/3949 12167:: 100132. 12091:6 February 12087:. Ecowatch 12053:: 100378. 11577:(10): 10. 11307:2429/70224 10878:The Lancet 10472:(1): 1–2. 10351:7 November 10202:7 November 10138:7 November 9876:: 806146. 8957:7 November 8863:7 November 8792:7 November 8510:3 November 8175:(23): 2–4. 8117:Rice Today 7553:21 January 7371:4 February 7262:New Phytol 6066:10986/3949 5677:(8): 428. 5301:(Report). 4905:. 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