544:
1302:, the shared innovations originate from a "Trans-Carpathian" homeland, and by the 4th and 6th century, "the major dialect divisions of Slavic were already established". Dialectologists and Slavists maintain that when the separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into five divergent groups, more specifically two, one Slovene and a second Serbo-Croatian with four divergent groups - Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian. The latter group can be additionally divided into a first (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian) and second (Eastern Shtokavian, Torlakian). As noted by
4869:. Their structures are grammatically and phonologically almost identical, but have differences in vocabulary and semantics: "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." See
2893:, where the Kosovo-Resava dialect becomes more dominant. It has been recorded several exclaves with Torlakian speeches inside Kosovo-Resava dialect area. One is the most prominent and preserved, like village Dublje near Svilajnac, where the majority of settlers came from Torlakian speaking village Veliki Izvor near Zajecar. Few centuries ago, before settlers from Kosovo and Metohija brought Kosovo-Resava speeches to Eastern Serbia (to Bor and Negotin area), Torlakian speech had been overwhelmingly represented in this region.
4227:'we wish', a "hyper-Ijekavism") in Croatia in 1399. Partial attestation can be found in earlier texts (for instance, Ikavian pronunciation is found in a few Bosnian documents from the latter half of the 13th century), but philologists generally accept the aforementioned dates. In the second half of the 20th century, many vernaculars with unsubstituted yat are found. The intrusion of the vernacular into Church Slavic grew in time, to be finally replaced by the vernacular idiom. This process took place for Croats, Serbs and
329:
531:
4075:
2692:
3649:
2995:
1310:". According to isoglosses, and presumed end of existence of the common Southwestern Slavic language around the 8th-9th century, the formation of the Proto-Western Shtokavian and Proto-Eastern Shtokavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 9th-10th century (Proto-Western Shtokavian closer to Proto-Chakavian, while Proto-Eastern Shtokavian shared an old isogloss with Bulgarian). According to
4829:– but eventually lost, mainly due to historical and political reasons. By the 1650s it was fairly obvious that Shtokavian would become the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard, but this process was finally completed in the 1850s, when Neo-Shtokavian Ijekavian, based mainly on Ragusan (Dubrovnik), Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Slavonian literary heritage became the national standard language.
2385:" or "retraction", length of the old syllables was preserved, but their quality changed. Stress (intensity) on the inner syllables moved to the preceding syllable, but they kept the high pitch. That process produced the "rising" accents characteristic for Neo-Shtokavian, and yielded the modern four-tone system. Stress on the initial syllables remained the same in quality and pitch.
1374:. From the 12th century, both dialects started separating further from Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. According to research of historical linguistics, Old-Shtokavian was well established by the mid-15th century. In this period it was still mixed with Church Slavonic to varying degrees. However, the ultimate development of Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian was not
1386:(since the 16th century). Initially two separate proto-idioms started to resemble each other so greatly that, according to Brozović (1975), " we can no longer speak of an independent Western Shtokavian, but only about the better or weaker preservation of former West Shtokavian features in some dialects of the unique Shtokavian group of dialects".
2364:- Shtakavian; "Eastern Shtokavian" including Eastern Herzegovinian-Krajina, Šumadija-Vojvodina, Kosovo-Resava, Zeta-Raška dialect). The isogloss developed between 7th and 8/9th century, and the former relates those dialects with Chakavian and Kajkavian, while the latter relates those dialects with Bulgarian.
4824:
Croatian has had a long tradition of
Shtokavian vernacular literacy and literature. It took almost four and half centuries for Shtokavian to prevail as the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard. In other periods, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects, as well as hybrid Chakavian–Kajkavian–Shtokavian
4820:
However, it must be stressed that standard variants, irrespectively of their mutual differences, have been stylised in such manners that parts of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect have been retained—for instance, declension—but other features were purposely omitted or altered—for instance, the phoneme "h"
4598:
However, contemporary native speakers, after process of national crystallization and identification had been completed, can be roughly identified as predominant speakers of various
Shtokavian subdialects. Because standard languages propagated through media have strongly influenced and altered the
4594:
The dispute was primarily concerned with who can, philologically, be labelled as "Slovene", "Croat" and "Serb" with the aim of expanding one's national territory and influence. Born in the climate of romanticism and national awakening, these polemical battles led to increased tensions between the
4558:
During the first half of the 19th century, protagonists of nascent Slavic philology were, as far as South Slavic dialects were concerned, embroiled in frequently bitter polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of native speakers of various dialects. This, from contemporary point of view, rather bizarre
4231:
independently and without mutual interference until the mid-19th century. Historical linguistics, textual analysis and dialectology have dispelled myths about allegedly "unspoilt" vernacular speech of rural areas: for instance, it is established that
Bosniaks have retained phoneme "h" in numerous
4239:
The
Ekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Eastern, is spoken primarily in Serbia, and in small parts of Croatia. The Ikavian pronunciation, sometimes called Western, is spoken in western and central Bosnia, western Herzegovina, some of Slavonia and the major part of Dalmatia in Croatia. The
1389:
As can be seen from the image on the right, originally the
Shtokavian dialect covered a significantly smaller area than it covers today, meaning that the Shtokavian speech has spread for the last five centuries, overwhelmingly at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. The modern areal
4844:
Also, the contemporary situation is unstable with regard to the accentuation, because phoneticians have observed that the 4-accents speech has, in all likelihood, shown to be increasingly unstable, which resulted in proposals that a 3-accents norm be prescribed. This is particularly true for
4840:
Bosnian is only currently beginning to take shape. The
Bosniak idiom can be seen as a transition between Serbian Ijekavian and Croatian varieties, with some specific traits. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Bosniaks affirmed their wish to stylize their own standard language, based on the
4529:
The
Ikavian pronunciation is the only one that is not part of any standard variety of Serbo-Croatian today, though it was a variant used for a significant literary output between the 15th and 18th centuries. This has led to a reduction in its use and an increase in the use of Ijekavian in
4836:
was present in the 18th century, it was Vuk Karadžić who, between 1818 and 1851, made a radical break with the past and established
Serbian Neo-Shtokavian folklore idiom as the basis of standard Serbian (until then, educated Serbs had been using Serbian Slavic, Russian Slavic and hybrid
4204:
Historically, the yat reflexes had been inscribed in Church Slavic texts before the significant development of
Shtokavian dialect, reflecting the beginnings of the formative period of the vernacular. In early documents it is predominantly Church Slavic of the Serbian or Croatian
3514:(spoken in northeastern Šumadija, Lower Great Morava Valley and Banat) is sometimes classified as a subdialect of the Kosovo-Resava dialect but is also considered to be a separate dialect as it the represents mixed speech of Šumadija–Vojvodina and Kosovo–Resava dialects.
4534:
today use both
Ikavian and Ijekavian words in everyday speech, without a clearly predictable pattern (usually more emotionally charged or intimate words are Ikavian and more academic, political, generally standardised words Ijekavian, but it is not a straight out rule).
2373:
The Shtokavian dialect is divided into Old-Shtokavian and Neo-Shtokavian subdialects. The primary distinction is the accentuation system: although there are variations, "old" dialects preserve the older accent system, which consists of two types of falling
1516:
a decade or two before 1400. In the next two centuries Shtokavian vernacular texts had been written mainly in Dubrovnik, other Adriatic cities and islands influenced by Dubrovnik, as well as in Bosnia, by Bosnian Franciscans and Bosnian Muslim vernacular
4559:
obsession was motivated primarily by political and national interests that prompted philologists-turned-ideologues to express their views on the subject. The most prominent contenders in the squabble, with conflicting agenda, were the Czech philologist
6283:
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai
1354:
saw the majority of Chakavian dialects as derived from the same accentological core as Western Shtokavian. Western Shtokavian was principally characterized by a three-accent system, whereas Eastern Shtokavian was mostly marked by a two-accent system.
2388:
Most speakers of Shtokavian, native or taught, from Serbia and Croatia do not distinguish between short rising and short falling tones. They also pronounce most unstressed long vowels as short, with some exceptions, such as genitive plural endings.
1555:. Some of these isoglosses are not exclusive and have also been shared by neighboring dialects, and some of them have mostly but not completely spread over the whole Shtokavian area. The differences between Shtokavian and the unrelated, neighboring
4860:
The Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian standard variants, although all based on the East Herzegovinian subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian and mutually intelligible, do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages (English, Spanish,
1484:, in southern Bosnia or Herzegovina. Experts' opinions are divided with regard to the extent these texts, especially the Kulin ban parchment, contain contemporary Shtokavian vernacular. Numerous legal and commercial documents from pre-Ottoman
4240:
Ijekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Southern, is spoken in central Croatia, most of Slavonia, southern Dalmatia, most of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, as well as some parts of western Serbia. The following are some generic examples:
3719:, in earlier centuries, this subdialect was the independent subdialect of Western Shtokavian dialect. The Dubrovnik dialect has mixed Jekavian and Ikavian pronunciations or mixed Shtokavian and Chakavian vocabulary. Some vocabulary from
4837:
Russian–Serbian language). Although he wrote in Serbian Ijekavian accent, the majority of Serbs have adopted Ekavian accent, which is dominant in Serbia. Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia, as well as Montenegrins, use the Ijekavian accent.
2766:-constructions, and adjectives are compared exclusively with prefixes. The accent in the dialect group is a stress accent, and it falls on any syllable in the word. The old semi-vowel has been retained throughout. The vocalic
1563:
dialects are mostly clear-cut, whereas the differences with the related Serbo-Croatian dialects of Chakavian and Kajkavian are much more fluid, and the mutual influence of various subdialects plays a more prominent role.
2378:) accents, one long and one short, and unstressed syllables, which can be long and short. Both long and short unstressed syllables could precede the stressed syllables. Stress placement is free and mobile in paradigms.
3789:. It is predominately Ekavian (Ikavian forms are of morphophonological origin). In some parts of Vojvodina the old declension is preserved. Most Vojvodina dialects and some dialects in Šumadija have an open
7039:
1453:
is the most spoken Serbo-Croatian dialect today, and why its name is only descriptive of its area of origin. These migrations also played a pivotal role in the spread of Neo-Shtokavian innovations.
517:. The primary subdivisions of Shtokavian are based on three principles: one is different accents whether the subdialect is Old-Shtokavian or Neo-Shtokavian, second is the way the old Slavic phoneme
3059:, Eastern Bosnian dialect has Jekavian pronunciations in the vast majority of local forms and it is spoken by the majority of Bosniaks living in that area, which includes the bigger Bosnian cities
5730:
7044:
6382:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures.
5868:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures.
1306:, "the Shtokavian dialect, on the other hand, was from the earliest times very non-unique, with the Western Shtokavian dialects leaning towards Kajkavian, and the Eastern Shtokavian to
7172:
6957:
855:
7187:
7049:
7192:
2937:). The Slavonian dialect has mixed Ikavian and Ekavian pronunciations. Ikavian accent is predominant in the Posavina, Baranja, Bačka, and in the Slavonian subdialect enclave of
2731:. There is disagreement among linguists whether these dialects belong to the Shtokavian area, because there are many other morphological characteristics apart from rendering of
4499:
is pronounced as a single syllable, , by many Ijekavian speakers, especially in Croatia. However, in Zeta dialect and most of East Herzegovina dialect, it is pronounced as two
2309:
As can be seen from the list, many of these isoglosses are missing from particular Shtokavian idioms, just as many of them are shared with neighboring non-Shtokavian dialects.
5947:
Bunčić, Daniel (2008), "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards], in Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.),
7223:
792:
722:
1346:, while medieval Serbs spoke two dialects, old East Shtokavian and Torlakian. Many linguists noted a close connection between Chakavian and Western Shtokavian, for example
6998:
2945:. There are enclaves of one accent in the territory of the other, as well as mixed Ekavian–Ikavian and Jekavian–Ikavian areas. In some villages in Hungary, the original
1402:. Migratory waves were particularly strong in the 16th–18th century, bringing about large-scale linguistic and ethnic changes in the Central South Slavic area (see also
692:
4876:
In 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia signed the
7167:
4870:
7034:
6993:
6281:
Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996), "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward], in Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.),
1269:
1470:
7177:
1474:
5771:
5837:
3801:, Bavanište) are as close to the standard as a vernacular can be. The dialect presents a base for the Ekavian variant of the Serbian standard language.
7182:
1382:. It was the result of migrations (particularly of Neoshtokavian-Eastern Shtokavian speakers), political-cultural border change and also caused by the
5722:
5509:
P. Ivić, Putevi razvoja srpskohrvatskog vokalizma, Voprosy jazykoznanija VII/1 (1958), revised in Iz istorije srpskohrvatske dijalektologije, Niš 1991
6894:
6694:
Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian].
1390:
distribution of these three dialects as well as their internal stratification (Shtokavian and Chakavian in particular) is primarily a result of the
8397:
3823:. It encompasses by far the largest area and the number of speakers of all Shtokavian dialects. It is the dialectal basis of the standard literary
2858:
6675:
6529:
7338:
5784:
2293:
6867:
6338:
7333:
6601:
6427:
3288:'sing'). This feature is also present in most vernaculars of East Herzegovinian, and actually almost all Serbian and Croatian vernaculars.
1262:
4503:, , which is the Croatian official standard too, but seldom actually practiced. This distinction can be clearly heard in first verses of
4118:) has changed over time, coming to be pronounced differently in different areas. These different reflexes define three "pronunciations" (
6126:
3797:. However the vernaculars of western Serbia, and in past to them connected vernaculars of (old) Belgrade and southwestern Banat (Borča,
7551:
5902:
Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
2030:
differentiation between two short (in addition to two or three long) accents, rising and falling, though not in all Shtokavian speakers
1567:
The main bundle of isoglosses separates Slovenian and Kajkavian on the one hand from Shtokavian and Chakavian on the other. These are:
6286:, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana ; vol. 4 (in German), Innsbruck: Non Lieu, pp. 205–219,
2652:
As result of this process, the following set of rules emerged, which are still in effect in all standard variants of Serbo-Croatian:
2743:, typical for Bulgarian), which would place them into a "transitional" group between Shtokavian and Eastern South Slavic languages (
7767:
4814:
1283:
2671:
In practice, influx of foreign words and formation of compound words have loosened these rules, especially in spoken idioms (e.g.
5906:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
1255:
6851:[The influence of migrations on the Neoštokavian Ijekavian subdialects in the Neretva region and in lower Herzegovina].
4932:
8392:
6772:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages].
6399:
4595:
aforementioned nations, especially because the Shtokavian dialect cannot be split along ethnic lines in an unequivocal manner.
6887:
6837:
6573:
6356:
6328:
6310:
6272:
6250:
6090:
6058:
5998:
5890:
5681:
5630:
6769:
6402:[Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?].
6494:
Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
5457:
8487:
6400:"Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen - Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?"
5432:
2233:
in the plural of most monosyllabic masculine nouns, with many exceptions (e.g. in the area between Neretva and Dubrovnik)
311:
8252:
7390:
4877:
1508:
are mainly Shtokavian, with elements of Church Slavic. The first major comprehensive vernacular Shtokavian text is the
6197:
Hrvatska dijalektologija 1 – Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja
8270:
6501:
6204:
5913:
5519:
3696:
3095:
3042:
7102:
3740:
3678:
3024:
2350:- Schakavian; "Western Shtokavian" including Slavonian, Eastern Bosnian and transitory Western ikavian dialect) and
1409:
By far the most numerous, mobile and expansionist migrations were those of Ijekavian-Shtokavian speakers of eastern
702:
204:
196:
8482:
7210:
6880:
994:
781:
711:
5987:
Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
1461:
Proto-Shtokavian, or Church Slavic with elements of nascent Shtokavian, were recorded in legal documents like the
7625:
7568:
6625:
5753:
4622:
Generally, the Neo-Shtokavian dialect is divided as follows with regard to the ethnicity of its native speakers:
2401:
1054:
301:
3211:
Some vernaculars have a very open /ɛ/ or /æ/ as their reflex of ь/ъ, very rare in other Shtokavian vernaculars (
7544:
5827:
5144:
4902:
4866:
3674:
3020:
1637:
Other characteristics distinguishing Kajkavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun
1358:
Western Shtokavian covered the major part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia and part of Southern
7008:
3754:
3753:. It is spoken by Serbs across most of Vojvodina (excluding easternmost parts around Vršac), northern part of
3511:
3332:
2949:
is preserved. Local variants can widely differ in the degree of Neo-Shtokavian influences. In two villages in
2248:
in genitive and accusative singular of masculine and neuter gender if pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.,
696:
209:
7088:
3810:
1450:
673:
246:
179:
4807:
1238:
527:
isogloss (Schakavian or Shtakavian). Modern dialectology generally recognises seven Shtokavian subdialects.
455:
164:
8387:
7517:
7486:
7231:
6770:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues"
5993:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451.
4897:
3991:
1509:
1003:
800:
730:
547:
Serbo-Croatian dialects prior to the 16th-century migrations, distinguishing Western and Eastern Shtokavian
7236:
6179:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 30. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 215–235.
5991:
Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
4530:
traditionally Ikavian areas since the standardization. For example, most people in formerly fully Ikavian
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3240:
3228:
2502:
2484:
2466:
2448:
2430:
805:
735:
223:
8382:
8010:
7577:
7471:
7433:
6155:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 2. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 177–192.
4615:
Slavonian dialect (fluctuating "yat": mainly Ikavian accent, also Ijekavian and Ekavian): vastly Croatian
3670:
3180:
from Serbia and Montenegro. Together with the dominant Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations like
3016:
2866:
2834:
1792:
Characteristics distinguishing Chakavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun
989:
332:
Area where Shtokavian standard languages are spoken by the majority or plurality of inhabitants (in 2005)
2189:
so-called "new iotation" of dentals and labials, with many exceptions, especially in Slavonia and Bosnia
8417:
7855:
6967:
6305:, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo: Cambridge University Press,
5649:
626:
7423:
6830:
Ivo Lendić: književnik, novinar, proganik; Četvrti neretvanski književni, znanstveni i kulturni susret
6485:
5485:
8174:
7537:
7510:
7380:
7302:
7003:
5800:
2710:
1141:
1102:
707:
408:
7029:
3143:
687:
543:
8214:
7345:
4508:
3659:
3005:
2303:
2236:
2089:
2000:
1741:
1548:
1375:
287:
8275:
8192:
8120:
7911:
7868:
7584:
7476:
7370:
7292:
7069:
6849:"Utjecaj migracija na novoštokavske ijekavske govore u Neretvanskoj krajini i Donjoj Hercegovini"
6553:
5908:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
4862:
4599:
situation in the 19th century, the following attribution must be treated with necessary caution.
4176:
4167:
4152:
4133:
3663:
3528:
3009:
1225:
1136:
947:
640:
420:
400:
93:
17:
7350:
5645:
4504:
1149:
8112:
8045:
8040:
8005:
7964:
7735:
7491:
7323:
7139:
6628:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and the Serbo-Croatians].
5615:
Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997
4912:
4602:
The distribution of Old-Shtokavian speakers along ethnic lines in present times is as follows:
3442:
3378:
1383:
1319:
982:
554:
502:
108:
98:
68:
6657:
6591:
6519:
3603:) used to speak this dialect. Exclusively Ikavian accent, Bosnian and Herzegovinian forms use
2154:
8305:
8259:
8184:
8162:
8077:
8066:
7874:
7846:
7825:
7636:
7591:
6950:
6940:
6072:
4907:
4833:
3538:
3453:(Clisura Dunării) in Romania, in places where Romanian Serbs live (left bank of the Danube).
3264:
3177:
1403:
758:
432:
6662:
6596:
6524:
6121:
4959::506) "The core of the modern literary languages and the major dialect area, is Shtokavian (
1857:
8321:
7815:
7785:
7744:
7664:
7328:
7297:
7149:
7083:
6930:
6481:
6068:
4881:
4865:
and Portuguese, among others), but not to a degree which would justify considering them as
4799:
3836:
3710:
2752:
1766:
1497:
1462:
1379:
1159:
668:
601:
451:
159:
113:
6496:. Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148.
6395:
5982:
4841:
Neo-Shtokavian dialect, but reflecting their characteristics—from phonetics to semantics.
1947:
1867:
1342:, medieval Croats spoke an old West Shtokavian dialect, which, some believe, stemmed from
8:
8422:
8331:
8130:
8097:
7998:
7988:
7957:
7757:
7644:
7607:
7596:
7411:
6945:
6805:
6667:
4588:
2748:
2114:
1972:
1560:
1220:
1154:
1023:
975:
923:
753:
6744:
5931:
2178:
1927:
1351:
1183:
7993:
7930:
7905:
7752:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7673:
7428:
7416:
7406:
7385:
7202:
7144:
7134:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6144:
5703:
5340:
5315:
5299:
5042:
4880:, which states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro a common
4564:
3785:
and in predominantly ethnically Serbian villages in eastern Croatia around the town of
3720:
3346:
3255:, and are not Zeta–Raška specific . There is a loss of the /v/ sound apparent, seen in
3076:
2803:
2744:
2656:
Falling accents may only occur word-initially (otherwise it would have been retracted).
2438:
1556:
1299:
1287:
1062:
1008:
955:
942:
936:
774:
8407:
6230:
4584:
4560:
3450:
2059:
2023:
2017:
1804:
1524:
1303:
279:
8442:
8432:
8293:
8209:
8147:
8050:
8032:
8015:
7972:
7946:
7892:
7887:
7810:
7775:
7694:
7617:
7375:
7129:
7015:
6925:
6833:
6797:
6789:
6756:
6703:
6653:
6645:
6637:
6587:
6579:
6569:
6515:
6507:
6497:
6411:
6383:
6352:
6324:
6306:
6287:
6268:
6246:
6200:
6177:
Dutch Contributions to the Thirteenth International Congress of Slavists. Linguistics
6104:
6096:
6086:
6054:
6012:
6004:
5994:
5971:
5952:
5919:
5909:
5886:
5869:
5763:
5707:
5695:
5687:
5677:
5636:
5626:
5140:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4810:
4795:
4576:
4539:
4189:
4062:
4046:
3861:
3824:
3724:
2799:
2714:
2330:
2261:
for the neuter gender in nominative plural of pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.
1847:
1418:
1018:
883:
654:
596:
443:
149:
7794:
7094:
6561:
4632:
Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian accent): Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Bosniak
4580:
4232:
words (unlike Serbs and Croats), due to elementary religious education based on the
3165:
679:
307:
8427:
8363:
8167:
7881:
7832:
7820:
7805:
7684:
7679:
7560:
7481:
7307:
7075:
6935:
6920:
6781:
6626:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik"
6467:
5804:
5669:
4803:
4791:
4215:'it was') is found in a document from Serbia dated 1289; the first Ikavian reflex (
3877:
3832:
3828:
3750:
3728:
3624:
3534:
3366:
3079:, etc.). Together with basic Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations exist in
2760:
2068:
1989:
1540:
1446:
1209:
1193:
1164:
876:
869:
646:
612:
607:
591:
447:
439:
425:
346:
188:
154:
144:
103:
7021:
2925:, in Croatia and Vojvodina, as well as in northern Bosnia. It is divided into two
660:
8447:
8245:
8204:
8197:
7951:
7941:
7916:
7899:
7689:
7657:
7612:
7602:
6375:
6242:
6217:[A contribution to the treatise of the beginnings of Croatian dialects].
6112:
6050:
6020:
5134:
4885:
4572:
4111:
3370:
1982:
1485:
1413:, who have spread into most of Western Serbia, many areas of eastern and western
1391:
1188:
919:
184:
85:
7456:
6755:]. Biblioteka Obrisi moderne (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing.
6451:
6036:
5625:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Kovač. p. 21.
3263:. The loss of distinction between /ʎ/ and /l/ in some vernaculars is based on a
3251:. However these sounds are known also to many in East Herzegovina like those in
8462:
8437:
8230:
8152:
8142:
8085:
7863:
7800:
7703:
7461:
7438:
7061:
6985:
6912:
6903:
6380:
Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans
5796:
5726:
5666:
Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages
4884:
is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation in
4857:
on the standard language has been waxing, not waning, in the past 50–70 years.
4568:
4531:
3398:
3168:
in Serbia, and by descendants of Montenegrin settlers in the single village of
2918:
2510:
2375:
1395:
888:
574:
435:
6809:
6671:
6260:
5699:
5640:
4553:
4192:, pronunciation is always Jekavian: when yat is short then it is (written as
3572:
328:
8476:
8412:
8402:
8102:
7978:
7723:
7649:
7124:
6801:
6793:
6707:
6649:
6641:
6583:
6415:
6298:
6291:
6108:
6016:
5975:
5963:
5956:
5832:
5767:
5758:
4963:
o 'what'), which covers the rest of the area where Serbo-Croatian is spoken."
3342:
2110:
1610:
530:
6785:
6760:
6511:
6387:
6116:
6024:
5923:
5873:
3374:
3197:
1347:
523:
has changed (Ikavian, Ijekavian or Ekavian), and third is presence of Young
8020:
7466:
7216:
4115:
3889:
3430:
3354:
3185:
2786:
by preferring the latter, postalveolar variants. Some subdialects preserve
2720:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2326:
2033:
preservation of unaccented length, but not consistently across all speeches
1536:
1430:
1335:
1067:
787:
717:
524:
428:
6872:
5673:
4074:
3414:
3200:
in southern Montenegro. Mrkojevići are also characterised by retention of
2886:
2612:
Retraction from long to short syllable → short rising + unstressed length
2239:
of dative, locative and instrumental plural of nouns, with many exceptions
263:
8349:
8336:
6192:
6085:, Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: Durieux, p. 430,
5661:
3564:
3418:
2926:
2312:
There exist three main criteria for the division of Shtokavian dialects:
1613:
1410:
8090:
6868:
Map of Serbo-Croatian dialects according to Brabec, Hraste, and Živković
6319:
Pešikan, Mitar (2007), "III. Akcenat i druga pitanja pravilnog govora",
6184:
6172:
6160:
6148:
5949:
Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008
5319:
5303:
4612:
Zeta-Raška dialect (Ijekavian accent): Montenegrin, Bosniak and Serbian.
4034:
3929:
3869:
3766:
3362:
2790:
at the end of words (where otherwise it has developed into a short o) –
2646:
Retraction from long to long syllable → long rising + unstressed length
2203:
in genitive plural of masculine and feminine nouns, with many exceptions
458:. Its name comes from the form for the interrogative pronoun for "what"
8286:
8265:
6617:
6545:
3983:
3971:
3955:
3847:
3758:
3406:
3161:
3091:
2878:
2756:
2316:
Accentuation ("Old-Shtokavian" and "Neo-Shtokavian"; see section below)
1544:
1371:
960:
514:
498:
72:
5165:
3798:
3778:
3390:
3386:
2890:
2691:
8311:
8137:
8125:
7260:
7159:
7116:
6728:
6714:
6472:
5951:, Welt der Slaven (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 89–102,
5130:
4038:
4001:
sound that is sometimes not only left out or replaced by more common
3987:
3979:
3943:
3925:
3897:
3632:
3495:
3422:
3410:
3402:
3153:
3102:
2942:
2862:
2854:
2838:
2518:
The following table shows the examples of Neo-Shtokavian retraction:
1725:
1535:
Shtokavian is characterized by a number of characteristic historical
1519:
1513:
1505:
1343:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1086:
834:
768:
746:
475:
471:
272:
256:
238:
6828:[Ikavian and Ijekavian speeches in the wider Neretva area].
5883:
Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian - A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary
5723:"Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism"
4813:
are all based on the Neo-Shtokavian dialect as it was formalized in
3947:
3648:
3080:
2994:
2830:
8356:
8280:
8238:
7529:
4500:
4228:
4054:
3975:
3959:
3939:
3921:
3905:
3857:
3782:
3628:
3580:
3560:
3382:
3358:
3060:
2950:
2938:
2910:
2882:
2846:
2826:
2818:
2724:
2382:
2333:
1827:
1501:
1489:
1469:
and Dubrovnik in Croatia, dated 1189, and in liturgical texts like
1442:
1434:
1359:
1315:
1295:
1291:
319:
6100:
6008:
5691:
5086:
5084:
3951:
3774:
3770:
3620:
3584:
3568:
3499:
3446:
3072:
2914:
2683:), but they are maintained in standard language and dictionaries.
2132:; the exception is the verbal adjective in the Slavonian southwest
1323:
8343:
8299:
7265:
7255:
3963:
3909:
3873:
3786:
3762:
3596:
3588:
3556:
3426:
3341:, is spoken by Serbs, mostly in western and northeastern Kosovo (
3252:
3157:
2981:. Both forms are usual in Kajkavian but very rare in Shtokavian.
2874:
2822:
2728:
2280:, which is however missing in some areas (e.g., around Dubrovnik)
1716:
1710:
1704:
1683:
1399:
1363:
1331:
1204:
856:
Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
839:
829:
510:
506:
315:
64:
6825:
6040:
6029:
4629:
Dalmatian-Bosnian dialect (Ikavian accent): Croatian and Bosniak
4618:
Eastern Bosnian dialect (Ijekavian accent): Bosniak and Croatian
4236:, where this phoneme is the carrier of specific semantic value.
4188:, depending on whether the vowel was long or short. In standard
3315:), like in other seaside vernaculars. Elsewhere, more common is
1350:
saw Chakavian as an arhaic peripheral zone of Shtokavian, while
6848:
6732:
6717:(1967). "Uticaj turskog jezika na fonetiku štokavskih govora".
6435:
6214:
5345:"On the relative chronology of Slavic consonantal developments"
5344:
5136:
The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics
5081:
4058:
3967:
3917:
3901:
3885:
3865:
3853:
3576:
3548:
3394:
3173:
3101:(Jekavian–ikavian). In the central area of the subdialect, the
3084:
3068:
2922:
2842:
2277:
1780:
1552:
1493:
1466:
1422:
1414:
1367:
1339:
494:
76:
60:
6455:
5866:
In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans
5153:
5046:
3938:
east Ijekavian variant groups; East Bosnia, East Herzegovina (
3350:
3176:. The majority of its speakers are Serbs and Montenegrins and
2850:
5304:"On the relative chronology of Slavic accentual developments"
4826:
4233:
4042:
3997:
Its south-eastern form is characterised by the total lack of
3935:
3913:
3881:
3600:
3592:
3587:, and also in central Bosnia where Croats and Bosniaks (e.g.
3438:
3434:
3169:
3064:
2906:
2870:
2322:
reflex ("Ikavian", "Ijekavian", "Ekavian"; see section below)
2075:
364:
6826:"Ikavski i ijekavski govori na širemu neretvanskom području"
6733:"Čakavsko-šćakavski odnosi u zapadnobosanskoj govornoj zoni"
4221:'witnesses') in Bosnia in 1331; and first Ijekavian reflex (
3460:
is predominantly Ekavian accent even on the end of datives (
2667:
Unstressed length may only appear after a stressed syllable.
1530:
27:
Prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
4554:
Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of Shtokavian dialect
3893:
3607:
in verb participle, whereas those in Dalmatia and Lika use
3552:
1438:
1426:
373:
370:
5108:
4871:
Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian
3071:, and by most of Croats and Serbs that live in that area (
2158:"cherry"; some exceptions in Slavonia, Hungary and Romania
2047:(with the exception of central Bosnia where a diphthongal
1370:, easternmost Bosnia and Herzegovina and greater parts of
534:
Distribution of Shtokavian subdialects before 20th century
355:
349:
318:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7247:
4106:
4079:
2319:
2283:
special constructs reflecting old dual for numerals 2–4 (
2210:
in locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns (e.g.
2012:
General characteristics of Shtokavian are the following:
1671:
1650:
519:
388:
4849:, where, contrary to all expectations, the influence of
3623:
was proposed as the base for the Danubian branch of the
1744:
dative, locative and instrumental plural has the ending
5942:. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 347–380.
5828:"What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?"
5096:
5002:
4550:
to Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations, respectively.
2659:
Rising accents may occur anywhere except word-finally.
2595:
Retraction from short to short syllable → short rising
2392:
The following notation is used for Shtokavian accents:
1456:
7303:
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (or Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet)
6568:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108.
5280:
5268:
5069:
5014:
3208:
as in the previously mentioned villages in Podravina.
2662:
thus, monosyllabic words may only have falling accent.
2186:); exceptions in Slavonian and Eastern Bosnian dialect
6351:(in Croatian). Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci.
5668:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
5619:
Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal
5394:
4990:
4832:
Serbian was much faster in standardisation. Although
4045:
have some special Croatian features, influenced from
2719:
The transitional dialects stretch southwest from the
2629:
Retraction from short to long syllable → long rising
2254:), with exceptions on the area of Dubrovnik and Livno
385:
376:
361:
4825:
interdialects "contended" for the Croatian national
4626:Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect (Ekavian accent): Serbian
4478:
4464:
4445:
4431:
4412:
4398:
4379:
4365:
4346:
4332:
4313:
4299:
4280:
4266:
4119:
4024:
4018:
3900:, and is the basis of the Croatian standard. City: (
3481:
2359:
2345:
2297:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2243:
2217:
2211:
1731:
genitive plural of masculine nouns has the morpheme
1593:
1587:
485:
479:
465:
459:
391:
367:
352:
46:
40:
38:
6693:
6456:"O naglasku u staroštokavskom slavonskom dijalektu"
6199:, Zagreb: Golden marketing – Tehnička knjiga,
5970:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,
1571:
long falling accent of newer origin (neocircumflex)
1378:(like in the case of Chakavian and Kajkavian), but
382:
358:
6767:
6394:
3282:All verbs in infinitive finish with "t" (example:
7030:Zeta–Raška (or Zeta–South Sandžak or Zeta–Lovćen)
6488:[Pro and con: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays]
3950:), Bosnian Krajina, western Serbia and Podrinje (
3856:western Ijekavian variant micro groups in region
3283:
3279:) because many vernaculars have changed lj to j.
3274:
3268:
8474:
6623:
4196:), and when yat is long then it is (written as
2039:as the reflex of Common Slavic back nasal vowel
6492:. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.).
6436:"Zapadna štokavština u djelu Aleksandra Belića"
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4609:Kosovo-Resava (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian
4606:Timok-Prizren (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian
4209:(variant). The first undoubted Ekavian reflex (
3227:). Other phonetic features include sounds like
470:in Eastern Shtokavian). This is in contrast to
6323:(IV ed.), Beogradska knjiga, p. 65,
6297:
6239:Comparative and historical grammar of Croatian
6235:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika
6173:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic II"
4956:
3579:in Italy. The minority speakers of it include
3449:). This dialect can be also found in parts of
2302:) or "Orientalisms", i.e. words borrowed from
2086:, with the exception of the Zeta-Raška dialect
1633:) in the instrumental singular of a-declension
538:
7545:
6888:
6753:Voice of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats
6215:"Prilog raspravi o genezi hrvatskih narječja"
6149:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic I"
5125:
5123:
4485:
4471:
4452:
4438:
4419:
4405:
4386:
4372:
4353:
4339:
4320:
4306:
4287:
4273:
4222:
4216:
4210:
3583:in western Bosnia, mostly around the city of
3121:
1800:preservation of polytonic three-accent system
1263:
5936:Serbo-Croatian as Pluricentric Language, u:
5372:
5370:
5026:
3108:exists in some words instead of the archaic
2704:
1290:and Serbo-Croatian dialects migrated across
6902:
6047:History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics
3677:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3023:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2961:, has been retained in place of the modern
2941:, whereas Ekavian accent is predominant in
1811:< Common Slavic *mъlinъ; cf. Shtokavian
7552:
7538:
6895:
6881:
6566:Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti
5231:
5229:
5120:
5049:[Early development of Kajkavian].
3517:
2755:: declension has all but disappeared, the
2699:
2027:as the demonstrative/interrogative pronoun
2007:
1270:
1256:
6471:
6229:
6167:
6143:
5880:
5863:
5376:
5367:
5339:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5114:
5102:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4821:was reinstated in the standard language.
3697:Learn how and when to remove this message
3184:(Jekavian–Ekavian) around Novi Pazar and
3152:, it is spoken in eastern Montenegro, in
3043:Learn how and when to remove this message
1754:in the first-person plural present (e.g.
1531:Relationship towards neighboring dialects
6556:[Polycentric Standard Language]
6486:"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute"
6374:
6042:Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika
5981:
5930:
5825:
5795:
5540:
5139:. Cornell University Press. p. 47.
5041:
4162:in Ijekavian or Jekavian pronunciation (
4073:
3804:
3192:(Ikavian–Jekavian) around Podgorica and
2751:). The Timok-Prizren group falls to the
2690:
2381:In the process known as "Neo-Shtokavian
2003:dative, locative and instrumental plural
1894:) either in free positions or in groups
1728:/č/ and /ć/ to some form of middle value
542:
529:
327:
7232:Svrljig–Zaplanje (or Western Torlakian)
6846:
6832:(in Serbo-Croatian). pp. 191–205.
6823:
6743:
6450:
6433:
6318:
6212:
6035:
5962:
5720:
5612:
5480:
5478:
5413:Kašić, Zorka (1995). "Govor Konavala".
5400:
5388:
5226:
5171:
5090:
4972:
4903:Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
4009:but is replaced as well by less common
3749:, is one of the bases for the standard
2778:), and some dialects don't distinguish
312:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
8475:
8393:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
7070:Younger Ikavian (or Bosnian–Dalmatian)
6551:
6480:
6336:
6067:
5968:The Cambridge encyclopedia of language
5946:
5940:. Differing Norms in Different Nations
5600:
5564:
5159:
5075:
4050:
3502:dialects, Ikavian forms can be found (
2578:No retraction from the first syllable
2561:No retraction from the first syllable
1785:future tense formation in the form of
1523:literature – the first example being "
1334:line) and on the littoral between the
7533:
6876:
6259:
6191:
5885:. The University of Wisconsin Press.
5840:from the original on 11 February 2019
5660:
5412:
5262:
5249:
5236:
5220:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5129:
4175:
4166:
4151:
4132:
3974:) and minority Croatian Serbs. City:
3734:
3196:(Ekavian–Jekavian) in the village of
2965:. In some villages in the Podravina,
1366:. Eastern Shtokavian was dominant in
419:
7559:
7237:Timok–Lužnica (or Eastern Torlakian)
6727:
6280:
5899:
5588:
5576:
5552:
5475:
4785:
4486:
4453:
4420:
4387:
4354:
4321:
4288:
4223:
3675:adding citations to reliable sources
3642:
3571:around Subotica in Serbia and south
3522:
3021:adding citations to reliable sources
2988:
1874:the appearance of extremely palatal
1457:Earliest texts of Shtokavian dialect
165:Pluricentric Standard Serbo-Croatian
6749:Govor nacije: jezik, nacija, Hrvati
6340:Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju
6153:South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics
4156:), it has conflated into the vowel
3547:. The majority of its speakers are
2109:, with the exception of Slavonian,
1574:development of the consonant group
24:
7391:Declaration on the Common Language
6855:(in Serbo-Croatian) (15): 283–304.
6681:from the original on 4 August 2012
6607:from the original on 4 August 2012
6535:from the original on 4 August 2012
6367:
5826:Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019).
5774:from the original on 10 April 2017
5751:
5733:from the original on 27 April 2017
4878:Declaration on the Common Language
4472:
4439:
4406:
4373:
4340:
4307:
4274:
4211:
4082:pronunciations in Serbo-Croatian:
2984:
2969:is preserved instead of the usual
1665:< Common Slavic *pьsъ); closed
1527:" or "Croatian song", dated 1589.
1465:, regulating the commerce between
25:
8499:
6861:
6739:(in Serbo-Croatian) (5): 137–144.
3850:– spoken south Ijekavian variant.
3273:is a hypercorrection (instead of
3126:, instead of the standard modern
2686:
1394:resulting from the spread of the
7016:Slavonian (or Eastern Slavonian)
6958:Comparison of literary languages
6554:"Policentrični standardni jezik"
6132:from the original on 1 June 2012
4180:), it has come to be pronounced
4078:Present-day spread of the three
3647:
3326:
2993:
1807:in word-initial syllables (e.g.
1433:, continental parts of northern
345:
6853:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik
6737:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik
5819:
5789:
5754:"Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?"
5745:
5721:Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017).
5714:
5654:
5606:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5558:
5546:
5534:
5520:"IETF language subtag registry"
5512:
5503:
5450:
5425:
5406:
5382:
5333:
5292:
5255:
5242:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5177:
4069:
2889:ending up with the area around
2368:
1765:in the formation of adjectival
1055:Transitional Bulgarian dialects
454:standards. It is a part of the
8253:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
5174:, p. 56–57, 645–649, 651.
4978:
4966:
4950:
4925:
3090:(Ekavian–Jekavian) and around
1954:word-initial consonant groups
456:South Slavic dialect continuum
438:language and the basis of its
412:
47:
13:
1:
7089:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect
6460:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina
6440:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina
6345:Neocircumflex in the Čakavian
6241:] (in Croatian). Zagreb:
6049:] (in Croatian). Zagreb:
5934:(1992). Michael Clyne (ed.).
5415:Srpski dijalektološki zbornik
5308:Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch
4918:
4882:polycentric standard language
4579:, the Croat of Slovak origin
4141:has conflated into the vowel
3811:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect
3137:
2257:special form with the ending
2051:is also recorded as a reflex)
1996:in the second-person singular
1478:
8388:Slavic second palatalization
7518:Northern Macedonian dialects
7516:also considered part of the
7505:also considered part of the
7487:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book
6696:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
6630:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
5801:"Time to Make Four Into One"
4898:Abstand and ausbau languages
3638:
3369:and in Župa, in the part of
2953:, Siče and Magića Male, the
2933:) and northern (Podravian /
2896:
1941:before consonants (c.f. Čk.
1510:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book
1417:, large swathes of Croatia (
1050:Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian
7:
8383:Slavic first palatalization
6768:Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003).
5864:Alexander, Ronelle (2000).
5047:"Rani razvitak kajkavštine"
4957:Sussex & Cubberly (2006
4891:
4808:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian
4542:have assigned the variants
4505:national anthems of Croatia
3486:) in the negative of biti (
3409:) and northeastern Serbia (
2072:< Common Slavic *vъnukъ)
1787:bom/bum došel, došla, došlo
1688:, as opposed to Shtokavian
539:Early history of Shtokavian
509:, and the southern part of
464:(Western Shtokavian; it is
404:
41:
10:
8504:
8488:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian
5856:
4147:in Ikavian pronunciation (
4128:In Ekavian pronunciation (
3808:
3741:Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect
3738:
3708:
3532:
3526:
3330:
3141:
2909:who live in some parts of
2708:
2695:Map of Shtokavian dialects
1661:< Common Slavic *dьnь,
1645:used in Shtokavian), are:
1449:etc.). This is the reason
8456:
8373:
8320:
8229:
8183:
8175:Slavic dialects of Greece
8111:
8076:
8065:
8031:
7929:
7854:
7845:
7784:
7766:
7743:
7734:
7635:
7567:
7500:
7449:
7399:
7381:Vienna Literary Agreement
7363:
7316:
7285:
7278:
7245:
7201:
7158:
7115:
7060:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6911:
6847:Vidović, Domagoj (2009).
6824:Vidović, Domagoj (2009).
6301:; Cubberly, Paul (2006),
4734:
4658:
4547:
4543:
2735:(also, some dialects use
2705:Timok–Prizren (Torlakian)
2529:
2526:
2523:
1578:(as opposed to consonant
1103:Slavic dialects of Greece
298:
286:
270:
254:
236:
231:
173:
135:
82:
56:
39:
37:
32:
6321:Srpski jezički priručnik
6079:Language and Nationalism
5752:J., T. (10 April 2017).
2810:has become the syllable
2192:general loss of phoneme
2142:with numerous exceptions
2043:as well as the syllabic
1678:retention of word-final
1286:who later spoke various
1239:Banat Bulgarian alphabet
493:Shtokavian is spoken in
294:53-AAA-gi (-gia to -gii)
8483:Serbo-Croatian language
7040:Bjelopavlići–Vasojevići
6786:10.3406/slave.2002.6801
6774:Revue des études slaves
6624:—— (2009).
6564:; Silić, Josip (eds.).
6552:—— (2009).
6434:Hrnjica, Samra (2018).
5881:—— (2006).
5490:Hrvatski jezični portal
5462:Hrvatski jezični portal
5437:Hrvatski jezični portal
5162:, p. 46–48, 56–62.
5093:, p. 226–227, 235.
4937:Hrvatski jezični portal
4888:, English, or Spanish.
4104:The Proto-Slavic vowel
3529:Younger Ikavian dialect
3518:Neo-Shtokavian dialects
3512:Smederevo–Vršac dialect
3333:Smederevo–Vršac dialect
3284:
3275:
3269:
2929:: southern (Posavian /
2817:Torlakian is spoken in
2700:Old-Shtokavian dialects
2242:preservation of ending
2008:General characteristics
1717:
1711:
1705:
1684:
1437:, some places north of
1314:in the area of today's
409:Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic
292:53-AAA-ga to -gf &
7492:Yugoslav Sign Language
7424:Montenegrin literature
7140:Southeastern Chakavian
6337:Zubčić, Sanja (2017).
5938:Pluricentric Languages
5613:Zanelli, Aldo (2018).
4913:Mutual intelligibility
4479:
4465:
4446:
4432:
4413:
4399:
4380:
4366:
4347:
4333:
4314:
4300:
4281:
4267:
4217:
4120:
4101:
4033:). Local forms in the
4025:
4019:
3482:
3122:
2696:
2360:
2346:
2298:
2286:dva, tri, četiri stola
2285:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2218:
2212:
2196:, with many exceptions
1625:inflectional morpheme
1594:
1588:
1586:before a vowel (e.g.,
1320:Bosnia and Herzegovina
555:South Slavic languages
548:
535:
503:Bosnia and Herzegovina
490:also meaning "what").
486:
480:
466:
460:
333:
300:This article contains
69:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8306:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
7511:Prizren–Timok dialect
6560:. In Badurina, Lada;
6462:(in Serbo-Croatian).
6442:(in Serbo-Croatian).
6213:Lukežić, Iva (1996).
5900:Blum, Daniel (2002).
5674:10.1017/9781108685795
5057:(1): 80–81, 84–85, 92
4908:Pluricentric language
4834:vernacular literature
4168:[ijěːkaʋskiː]
4077:
3817:Eastern Herzegovinian
3805:Eastern Herzegovinian
3539:Slavomolisano dialect
3160:, around the city of
2711:Prizren–Timok dialect
2694:
2115:Vlah oasis-Burgenland
1724:dephonemicization of
1475:Mihanović's fragments
1451:Eastern Herzegovinian
1404:Great Serb Migrations
1040:Transitional dialects
674:Eastern Herzegovinian
546:
533:
421:[ʃtǒːkaʋskiː]
331:
180:Eastern Herzegovinian
7298:Montenegrin alphabet
7293:Gaj's Latin alphabet
7211:Prizren–South Morava
7150:Southwestern Istrian
6303:The Slavic Languages
6074:Jezik i nacionalizam
5799:(30 November 2017).
4767:Eastern Herzgovinian
4583:, and the Croatians
4177:[jěːkaʋskiː]
4061:are influenced from
3896:), around of region
3711:Dubrovnik subdialect
3671:improve this section
3627:of Bunjevac Croats (
3476:), in comparatives (
3017:improve this section
2753:Balkan language area
1904:depalatalization of
1669:appearing also as a
1543:changes, changes in
1463:charter of Ban Kulin
1284:early medieval Slavs
1098:Bulgarian–Macedonian
910:Eastern South Slavic
782:Prizren–South Morava
712:Prizren–South Morava
564:Western South Slavic
401:Serbo-Croatian Latin
217:Prizren–South Morava
114:Western South Slavic
8332:Pan-Slavic language
8131:Burgenland Croatian
8011:Marcho-Magdeburgian
7608:Old Church Slavonic
7472:Serbian manuscripts
7412:Croatian literature
6946:Burgenland Croatian
6723:(in Serbo-Croatian)
6169:Kortlandt, Frederik
6145:Kortlandt, Frederik
5341:Kortlandt, Frederik
5300:Kortlandt, Frederik
4867:different languages
4153:[ǐːkaʋskiː]
4134:[ěːkaʋskiː]
4053:, whereas forms in
4037:enclave and around
3575:of Hungary, and in
3433:) with one part of
2806:); in others, this
2770:has been retained (
2078:resulting from the
1582:) from former soft
1155:Macedonian Cyrillic
1024:Standard Macedonian
8418:Illič-Svityč's law
8398:Monophthongization
7906:Camaldolese Slovak
7719:Canadian Ukrainian
7585:Up to Proto-Slavic
7578:Proto-Balto-Slavic
7429:Serbian literature
7407:Bosnian literature
7386:Novi Sad Agreement
7188:Turopolje–Posavina
7173:Križevci–Podravina
7145:Southern Chakavian
7135:Northern Chakavian
7103:Šumadija–Vojvodina
7050:Sjenica–Novi Pazar
6913:Literary languages
6396:Gröschel, Bernhard
6030:Inhaltsverzeichnis
5983:Gröschel, Bernhard
5522:. IANA. 2021-08-06
4855:Kajkavian dialects
4738:Šumadija-Vojvodina
4540:IETF language tags
4511:—they're sung as "
4428:to grow gray hairs
4102:
4051:western subdialect
4029:imperfect of verb
3735:Šumadija–Vojvodina
3731:are also present.
3347:Kosovska Mitrovica
3150:Đekavian-Ijekavian
3144:Zeta–Raška dialect
3057:Jekavian-Šćakavian
2905:, it is spoken by
2697:
1828:palatal consonants
1300:Frederik Kortlandt
1150:Bulgarian Cyrillic
1082:Croatian–Slovenian
703:Šumadija–Vojvodina
587:Standard languages
549:
536:
334:
205:Zeta–South Sandžak
197:Šumadija–Vojvodina
8470:
8469:
8463:extinct languages
8294:Solombala English
8225:
8224:
8148:Prekmurje Slovene
8061:
8060:
7841:
7840:
7695:Doukhobor Russian
7618:Glagolitic script
7527:
7526:
7376:Illyrian movement
7371:Illyrian language
7359:
7358:
7274:
7273:
7130:Central Chakavian
7111:
7110:
7045:Ozrinići–Broćanac
6839:978-953-6223-18-3
6745:Škiljan, Dubravko
6575:978-953-260-054-4
6358:978-953-7975-50-0
6330:978-86-7590-169-3
6312:978-0-521-22315-7
6274:978-953-7611-06-4
6267:, SDK Prosvjeta,
6252:978-953-150-840-7
6092:978-953-188-311-5
6060:978-953-150-971-8
6000:978-3-929075-79-3
5932:Brozović, Dalibor
5892:978-0-299-21194-3
5683:978-953-313-086-6
5632:978-3-8300-9773-0
5623:from 1991 to 1997
4811:standard language
4786:Standard language
4783:
4782:
4752:Dalmatian-Bosnian
4516:na-ša do-mo-vi-no
4493:
4492:
4124:) of Shtokavian:
3717:Western Ijekavian
3707:
3706:
3699:
3523:Bosnian–Dalmatian
3053:
3052:
3045:
2973:, for example in
2957:, as in the verb
2903:Archaic Šćakavian
2857:, in the part of
2715:Torlakian dialect
2650:
2649:
2516:
2515:
2331:palatal consonant
2140:⟨đ⟩
2054:initial group of
1280:
1279:
1245:
1244:
1110:
1109:
1031:
1030:
1019:Spoken Macedonian
901:
900:
884:Prekmurje Slovene
326:
325:
308:rendering support
304:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
8495:
8364:Slavonic-Serbian
8215:Cieszyn Silesian
8086:Carpathian Rusyn
8074:
8073:
7852:
7851:
7741:
7740:
7626:Modern languages
7561:Slavic languages
7554:
7547:
7540:
7531:
7530:
7509:dialect (as the
7482:Slavonic-Serbian
7351:Relative clauses
7308:Yugoslav Braille
7283:
7282:
7226:
7219:
7097:
7078:
7024:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6856:
6843:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6780:(2–3): 311–325.
6764:
6740:
6724:
6711:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6665:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6599:
6559:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6527:
6491:
6482:Kordić, Snježana
6477:
6475:
6473:10.15291/csi.414
6447:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6410:(1–2): 135–196.
6391:
6376:Friedman, Victor
6362:
6350:
6333:
6315:
6294:
6277:
6265:Srpski dijalekti
6256:
6231:Matasović, Ranko
6226:
6209:
6188:
6164:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6124:
6084:
6069:Kordić, Snježana
6064:
6028:
5978:
5959:
5943:
5927:
5896:
5877:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5805:The New European
5793:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5246:
5240:
5233:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5127:
5118:
5117:, p. 65–66.
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5079:
5078:, p. 63–64.
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5039:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4929:
4806:variants of the
4636:
4635:
4549:
4545:
4526:" respectively.
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4243:
4242:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4179:
4170:
4155:
4136:
4123:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3878:East Herzegovina
3751:Serbian language
3702:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3651:
3643:
3625:Bunjevac dialect
3619:. Local form of
3535:Bunjevac dialect
3485:
3468:), in pronouns (
3456:Substitution of
3451:Banatska Klisura
3349:and also around
3287:
3278:
3272:
3242:
3230:
3125:
3112:and more common
3048:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3028:
2997:
2989:
2901:Also called the
2521:
2520:
2504:
2486:
2468:
2450:
2432:
2414:unstressed short
2395:
2394:
2363:
2349:
2301:
2292:many so-called "
2288:
2276:preservation of
2272:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2221:
2215:
2141:
1990:conditional mood
1803:vocalization of
1720:
1714:
1708:
1687:
1649:a reflex of old
1597:
1591:
1483:
1480:
1384:Ottoman invasion
1352:Dalibor Brozović
1272:
1265:
1258:
1210:Bosnian Cyrillic
1142:Serbian Cyrillic
1123:
1122:
1044:
1043:
914:
913:
858:
801:Svrljig–Zaplanje
731:Svrljig–Zaplanje
613:Slavonic-Serbian
568:
567:
551:
550:
489:
483:
469:
463:
423:
418:
414:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
282:
266:
259:
250:
249:
241:
220:Svrljig–Zaplanje
88:
52:
51:
50:
49:
44:
30:
29:
21:
8503:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8452:
8375:
8369:
8323:
8316:
8246:Bohemian Romani
8231:Mixed languages
8221:
8198:Pannonian Rusyn
8179:
8121:Banat Bulgarian
8107:
8069:
8057:
8027:
7925:
7917:Pannonian Rusyn
7837:
7780:
7762:
7730:
7690:Alaskan Russian
7665:Old Novgorodian
7658:Old East Slavic
7631:
7613:Cyrillic script
7603:Church Slavonic
7563:
7558:
7528:
7523:
7522:
7496:
7445:
7395:
7355:
7312:
7270:
7241:
7224:Janjevo–Letnica
7222:
7215:
7197:
7193:Zagor–Međimurje
7154:
7107:
7093:
7074:
7056:
7020:
7009:Smederevo–Vršac
6994:Eastern Bosnian
6962:
6951:Molise Croatian
6907:
6901:
6864:
6859:
6840:
6814:
6812:
6722:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6661:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6595:
6576:
6562:Pranjković, Ivo
6557:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6523:
6504:
6489:
6420:
6418:
6370:
6368:Further reading
6365:
6359:
6348:
6331:
6313:
6275:
6253:
6243:Matica hrvatska
6225:(1–2): 223–236.
6221:(in Croatian).
6207:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6120:
6093:
6082:
6061:
6051:Matica hrvatska
6001:
5916:
5893:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5797:Trudgill, Peter
5794:
5790:
5777:
5775:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5719:
5715:
5684:
5659:
5655:
5633:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5411:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5377:Alexander (2006
5375:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5260:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5128:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5053:(in Croatian).
5040:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4985:Alexander (2000
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4894:
4788:
4735:Neo-Shtokavian
4720:Eastern Bosnian
4659:Old-Shtokavian
4585:Vatroslav Jagić
4573:Franz Miklosich
4567:, the Slovenes
4561:Josef Dobrovský
4556:
4447:siditi (síditi)
4440:sedeti (sédeti)
4414:siditi (sìditi)
4407:sedeti (sèdeti)
4100:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087: Ijekavian
4084:
4072:
3813:
3807:
3747:Younger Ekavian
3743:
3737:
3713:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3668:
3652:
3641:
3567:, and of north
3545:Western Ikavian
3541:
3531:
3525:
3520:
3335:
3329:
3146:
3140:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3014:
2998:
2987:
2985:Eastern Bosnian
2899:
2835:Southern Serbia
2833:especially, in
2759:has yielded to
2717:
2709:Main articles:
2707:
2702:
2689:
2427:unstressed long
2371:
2304:Ottoman Turkish
2139:
2010:
1641:(as opposed to
1629:(as opposed to
1533:
1525:Chirvat-türkisi
1500:, and southern
1481:
1459:
1445:, southeastern
1304:Ranko Matasović
1298:. According to
1276:
1247:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1198:
1146:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1072:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1015:
1014:
999:
965:
920:Church Slavonic
911:
903:
902:
895:
894:
854:
844:
812:
811:
797:
793:Janjevo–Letnica
765:
764:
742:
741:
727:
723:Janjevo–Letnica
697:Smederevo–Vršac
684:
665:
651:
641:Younger Ikavian
616:
610:
565:
541:
416:
381:
348:
344:
306:Without proper
293:
278:
262:
255:
245:
244:
237:
210:Smederevo–Vršac
193:Eastern Bosnian
185:Younger Ikavian
169:
138:
131:
89:
86:Language family
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8501:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8468:
8467:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8443:Van Wijk's law
8440:
8438:Ruki sound law
8435:
8433:Pedersen's law
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8328:
8326:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8302:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8278:
8276:Romano-Serbian
8273:
8268:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8241:
8235:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8193:Eastern Slovak
8189:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8123:
8117:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8082:
8080:
8071:
8067:Microlanguages
8063:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8043:
8037:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7938:East Lechitic
7935:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7912:Eastern Slovak
7909:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7893:White Croatian
7890:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7869:Biblical Czech
7860:
7858:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7801:Serbo-Croatian
7798:
7790:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7772:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7747:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7677:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7600:
7588:
7581:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7557:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7534:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:Romano-Serbian
7474:
7469:
7464:
7462:Codex Marianus
7459:
7453:
7451:
7450:Related topics
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7220:
7207:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7066:
7064:
7062:Neo-Shtokavian
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6986:Old-Shtokavian
6979:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6941:Microlanguages
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6904:Serbo-Croatian
6900:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6863:
6862:External links
6860:
6858:
6857:
6844:
6838:
6821:
6765:
6741:
6725:
6712:
6702:(2): 178–186.
6691:
6636:(2): 210–215.
6621:
6574:
6549:
6502:
6478:
6466:(4): 115–147.
6448:
6431:
6392:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6357:
6334:
6329:
6316:
6311:
6299:Sussex, Roland
6295:
6278:
6273:
6257:
6251:
6227:
6210:
6205:
6189:
6165:
6141:
6091:
6065:
6059:
6033:
5999:
5979:
5964:Crystal, David
5960:
5944:
5928:
5914:
5897:
5891:
5878:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5818:
5788:
5744:
5727:Balkan Insight
5713:
5682:
5653:
5631:
5605:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5541:Brozović (1992
5533:
5511:
5502:
5474:
5449:
5424:
5405:
5393:
5381:
5366:
5332:
5291:
5287:Kortlandt 1982
5279:
5275:Kortlandt 1982
5267:
5254:
5241:
5225:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5145:
5119:
5115:Matasović 2008
5107:
5103:Matasović 2008
5095:
5080:
5068:
5043:Lončarić, Mijo
5025:
5021:Matasović 2008
5013:
5011:, p. 215.
5009:Kortlandt 2003
5001:
4997:Kortlandt 1982
4989:
4977:
4965:
4949:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4815:SFR Yugoslavia
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4589:Ante Starčević
4581:Bogoslav Šulek
4569:Jernej Kopitar
4555:
4552:
4532:Split, Croatia
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4202:
4201:
4160:
4145:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
3995:
3933:
3851:
3842:Micro groups:
3809:Main article:
3806:
3803:
3755:western Serbia
3745:Also known as
3739:Main article:
3736:
3733:
3715:Also known as
3709:Main article:
3705:
3704:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3527:Main article:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3328:
3325:
3148:Also known as
3142:Main article:
3139:
3136:
3051:
3050:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2898:
2895:
2867:Eastern Serbia
2859:Toplica Valley
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2688:
2687:Classification
2685:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2511:Inverted breve
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2223:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2159:
2143:
2133:
2118:
2100:
2087:
2082:merger yields
2073:
2060:weak semivowel
2052:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1952:
1932:
1912:
1902:
1890:(< earlier
1882:(< earlier
1872:
1822:as opposed to
1816:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1759:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1722:
1693:
1676:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1599:
1572:
1532:
1529:
1458:
1455:
1396:Ottoman Empire
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1226:Early Cyrillic
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
985:
981:
979:
969:
968:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
952:
950:
945:
940:
930:
929:
928:
927:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
899:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
886:
879:
875:
873:
863:
862:
861:
860:
848:
847:
846:
845:
843:
842:
837:
832:
826:
824:
816:
815:
814:
813:
810:
809:
803:
798:
796:
795:
790:
784:
777:
773:
771:
766:
763:
762:
756:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
728:
726:
725:
720:
714:
705:
700:
690:
685:
683:
682:
676:
671:
666:
664:
663:
657:
652:
650:
649:
643:
636:
632:
630:
620:
619:
618:
617:
606:
604:
599:
594:
589:
581:
580:
579:
578:
575:Serbo-Croatian
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
540:
537:
436:Serbo-Croatian
324:
323:
310:, you may see
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
276:
268:
267:
260:
252:
251:
242:
234:
233:
232:Language codes
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
218:
215:
212:
207:
202:
199:
194:
191:
182:
175:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
139:
137:Standard forms
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
58:
57:Native to
54:
53:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8500:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8464:
8460:
8455:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8428:Meillet's law
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8244:20th century
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8163:Slavomolisano
8161:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8104:
8103:West Polesian
8101:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8046:Lower Sorbian
8044:
8042:
8041:Upper Sorbian
8039:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8030:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8006:West Lechitic
8004:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7965:Middle Polish
7962:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7831:
7827:
7826:Slavomolisano
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7795:Alpine Slavic
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7725:
7724:Simple speech
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7650:Simple speech
7648:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7550:
7548:
7543:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:Prizren–Timok
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:Kosovo–Resava
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6776:(in French).
6775:
6771:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6698:(in German).
6697:
6692:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6663:CROSBI 436361
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6632:(in German).
6631:
6627:
6622:
6619:
6603:
6598:
6597:CROSBI 426269
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6531:
6526:
6525:CROSBI 430499
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6503:3-87690-885-X
6499:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6452:Kapović, Mate
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:(in German).
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6360:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6208:
6206:953-212-168-4
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6128:
6123:
6122:CROSBI 475567
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6037:Kapović, Mate
6034:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5915:3-89913-253-X
5911:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5833:Atlas Obscura
5829:
5822:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:The Economist
5755:
5748:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5521:
5515:
5506:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5403:, p. 42.
5402:
5397:
5390:
5389:Pešikan (2007
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5111:
5105:, p. 35.
5104:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5023:, p. 66.
5022:
5017:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4973:Crystal (1998
4969:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:The standard
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:Kosovo-Resava
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:Timok-Prizren
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4565:Pavel Šafárik
4563:, the Slovak
4562:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4524:maj-ska zo-ro
4523:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4099: Ikavian
4093: Ekavian
4081:
4076:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4021:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:Neo-Ijekavian
3818:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3656:This section
3654:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:Morava Valley
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:Kosovo Valley
3340:
3339:Older Ekavian
3334:
3327:Kosovo–Resava
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3044:
3036:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3002:This section
3000:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2681:poljoprȉvreda
2678:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2481:short falling
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:(600–750 AD)
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1695:word-initial
1694:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:Common Slavic
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:sound changes
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1512:, written in
1511:
1507:
1504:, especially
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
991:
987:
986:
984:
980:
978:
977:
973:
972:
971:
970:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:
934:
933:
932:
931:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
890:
887:
885:
881:
880:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
850:
849:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
807:
806:Timok–Lužnica
804:
802:
799:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
779:
778:
776:
772:
770:
767:
760:
757:
755:
751:
750:
748:
744:
737:
736:Timok–Lužnica
734:
732:
729:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
709:
708:Prizren–Timok
706:
704:
701:
698:
694:
693:Kosovo–Resava
691:
689:
686:
681:
678:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
662:
659:
658:
656:
653:
648:
645:
644:
642:
638:
637:
635:
631:
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
621:
614:
609:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:
569:
561:
560:
556:
553:
552:
545:
532:
528:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
482:
477:
473:
468:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
422:
410:
406:
402:
396:
342:
338:
330:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
297:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
258:
253:
248:
243:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:Timok–Lužnica
222:
219:
216:
214:Kosovo–Resava
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
200:
198:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
134:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:Indo-European
91:
87:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
43:
36:
31:
19:
8458:
8448:Winter's law
8408:Havlík's law
8362:
8355:
8348:
8304:
8292:
8285:
8260:Mednyj Aleut
8258:
8251:
8243:
8157:
8113:South Slavic
8070:and dialects
7977:
7963:
7956:
7904:
7880:
7875:Czechoslovak
7873:
7856:Czech-Slovak
7793:
7768:Transitional
7736:South Slavic
7672:
7663:
7656:
7624:
7592:Proto-Slavic
7590:
7583:
7576:
7506:
7467:Humac tablet
7457:Baška tablet
7246:Reflexes of
7178:Lower Sutlan
6976:
6852:
6829:
6815:23 September
6813:. Retrieved
6777:
6773:
6752:
6748:
6736:
6718:
6699:
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6633:
6629:
6609:. Retrieved
6565:
6537:. Retrieved
6493:
6463:
6459:
6446:(14): 77–85.
6443:
6439:
6419:. Retrieved
6407:
6404:Srpski Jezik
6403:
6379:
6344:
6339:
6320:
6302:
6282:
6264:
6261:Okuka, Miloš
6238:
6234:
6222:
6218:
6196:
6193:Lisac, Josip
6176:
6152:
6134:, retrieved
6078:
6073:
6046:
6041:
5990:
5986:
5967:
5948:
5939:
5935:
5905:
5901:
5882:
5865:
5842:. Retrieved
5831:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5807:. p. 46
5791:
5776:. Retrieved
5757:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5716:
5665:
5662:Šipka, Danko
5656:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5601:Bunčić (2008
5596:
5584:
5572:
5565:Kordić (2010
5560:
5548:
5536:
5526:10 September
5524:. Retrieved
5514:
5505:
5493:. Retrieved
5489:
5465:. Retrieved
5461:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5436:
5427:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5401:Kapović 2015
5396:
5384:
5357:. Retrieved
5355:(2): 465–469
5352:
5348:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5311:
5307:
5294:
5289:, p. 7.
5282:
5277:, p. 4.
5270:
5261:Cited after
5257:
5248:Cited after
5244:
5235:Cited after
5219:Cited after
5215:
5203:
5191:
5179:
5172:Kapović 2015
5167:
5155:
5135:
5110:
5098:
5091:Lukežić 1996
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5054:
5050:
5016:
5004:
4999:, p. 3.
4992:
4980:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4936:
4927:
4875:
4859:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4789:
4654:Montenegrin
4621:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4577:Vuk Karadžić
4557:
4537:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4496:
4494:
4238:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4129:
4105:
4103:
4070:Yat reflexes
4030:
3841:
3820:
3816:
3815:Also called
3814:
3794:
3790:
3746:
3744:
3716:
3714:
3693:
3684:
3669:Please help
3657:
3617:vidija/vidia
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3551:who live in
3544:
3543:Also called
3542:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3431:Velika Plana
3357:Valley with
3338:
3337:Also called
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3186:Bijelo Polje
3182:djete–deteta
3181:
3149:
3147:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3099:djete–diteta
3098:
3088:dete–djeteta
3087:
3056:
3055:Also called
3054:
3039:
3030:
3015:Please help
3003:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2902:
2900:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2798:, etc. (cf.
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:subjunctives
2740:
2736:
2732:
2721:Timok Valley
2718:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2651:
2517:
2499:long falling
2493:Double grave
2445:short rising
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2369:Accentuation
2355:
2351:
2341:
2337:
2327:Proto-Slavic
2311:
2308:
2270:ove m(j)esta
2264:ova m(j)esta
2258:
2230:
2226:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2152:in the word
2149:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2011:
1993:
1981:
1980: : Št.
1977:
1971:
1970: : Št.
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1945: : Št.
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1925: : Št.
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1865: : Št.
1862:
1856:
1855: : Št.
1852:
1846:
1845: : Št.
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1767:comparatives
1762:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1601:reflexes of
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1534:
1518:
1460:
1431:Gorski kotar
1408:
1388:
1357:
1336:Bay of Kotor
1281:
1175:
1128:
1097:
1081:
1049:
995:Southeastern
974:
935:
868:
853:
821:
633:
625:
586:
573:
557:and dialects
525:Proto-Slavic
518:
492:
433:pluricentric
429:supradialect
340:
336:
335:
299:
288:Linguasphere
271:
118:
109:South Slavic
99:Balto-Slavic
8423:Ivšić's law
8350:Army Slavic
8337:Interslavic
8322:Constructed
8185:West Slavic
8078:East Slavic
7847:West Slavic
7816:Montenegrin
7637:East Slavic
7035:Cetinje–Bar
6931:Montenegrin
6428:(COBISS-Sr)
6219:Fluminensia
5486:"ijékavskī"
5359:14 February
5325:14 February
5263:Lisac (2003
5250:Lisac (2003
5237:Okuka (2008
5221:Okuka (2008
5208:Okuka (2008
5196:Okuka (2008
5184:Okuka (2008
5160:Zubčić 2017
5076:Zubčić 2017
5061:14 February
4933:"štókavskī"
4800:Montenegrin
4642:Sub-Dialect
4575:, the Serb
4548:sr-ijekavsk
4249:Predecessor
3839:languages.
3837:Montenegrin
3727:and modern
3573:Bács-Kiskun
3565:Herzegovina
3506:instead of
3490:instead of
3480:instead of
3472:instead of
3464:instead of
3303:instead of
3267:. The word
3247:instead of
3235:instead of
3219:instead of
3204:instead of
3194:dete–đeteta
3190:dite–đeteta
3164:in eastern
2977:instead of
2927:subdialects
2463:long rising
2406:Traditional
2398:Description
2124:changes to
2120:word-final
2001:syncretized
1968:črivo/črevo
1917:instead of
1843:jazik/zajik
1809:malin/melin
1750:the ending
1742:syncretized
1614:nasal vowel
1609:of the old
1482: 1150
1441:, parts of
1429:, parts of
1411:Herzegovina
1160:Montenegrin
1137:Gaj's Latin
602:Montenegrin
452:Montenegrin
314:instead of
160:Montenegrin
8477:Categories
8413:Hirt's law
8403:Dybo's law
8374:Historical
8287:Russenorsk
8266:Ponaschemu
8158:Shtokavian
8098:Podlachian
7999:Slovincian
7989:Pomeranian
7958:Old Polish
7758:Macedonian
7645:Belarusian
7507:Shtokavian
7400:Literature
6977:Shtokavian
6729:Peco, Asim
6715:Peco, Asim
6611:31 January
6101:2011520778
6009:2009473660
5762:. London.
5725:. London:
5700:1061308790
5692:2018048005
5641:1023608613
5589:Blum (2002
5577:Pohl (1996
5553:Blum (2002
5421:: 241–395.
5146:0801416752
5131:Banac, Ivo
4919:References
4690:Zeta-Raška
4522:svi-je-tla
4509:Montenegro
4258:Ijekavian
3984:Banja Luka
3972:Prijepolje
3848:Montenegro
3759:Kragujevac
3635:, Serbia.
3533:See also:
3443:Bela Crkva
3407:Despotovac
3375:Kuršumlija
3331:See also:
3291:The group
3265:substratum
3198:Mrkojevići
3162:Novi Pazar
3138:Zeta–Raška
2879:Soko Banja
2757:infinitive
2749:Macedonian
2727:border to
2527:New stress
2524:Old stress
2409:Diacritic
2361:Štakaviski
2237:syncretism
2219:u m(j)estu
2138:> /dʑ/
2090:metathesis
1966:(c.f. Čk.
1921:(c.f. Čk.
1841:(e.g. Čk.
1726:affricates
1651:semivowels
1619:, and not
1561:Macedonian
1549:morphology
1545:inflection
1471:Gršković's
1392:migrations
1380:convergent
1372:Montenegro
1348:Pavle Ivić
1221:Glagolitic
1184:Bohoričica
1176:Historical
976:Macedonian
961:Meshterski
754:Burgenland
688:Zeta–Raška
634:Shtokavian
515:Burgenland
505:, much of
499:Montenegro
417:pronounced
337:Shtokavian
119:Shtokavian
73:Montenegro
33:Shtokavian
8461:indicate
8376:phonology
8324:languages
8312:Trasianka
8138:Kajkavian
8126:Chakavian
8051:Schleifer
7994:Kashubian
7776:Torlakian
7753:Bulgarian
7709:Ukrainian
7674:Ruthenian
7417:Vukovians
7346:Phonology
7329:Loanwords
7261:Ijekavian
7203:Torlakian
7160:Kajkavian
7117:Chakavian
7084:Dubrovnik
6802:754204160
6794:0080-2557
6721:, 16, 3.
6719:Naš jezik
6708:0044-2356
6650:680567046
6642:0044-2356
6584:437306433
6539:2 October
6416:0354-9259
6292:243829127
6117:15270636W
6109:729837512
6025:15295665W
6017:428012015
5976:300458429
5966:(1998) ,
5957:238795822
5768:0013-0613
5708:150383965
5591::125–126)
5543::347–380)
5458:"íkavskī"
5433:"ékavskī"
4851:Chakavian
4706:Slavonian
4544:sr-ekavsk
4501:syllables
4296:beautiful
4207:recension
4164:ijekavski
4063:Kajkavian
4047:Chakavian
4039:Dubrovnik
3988:Nevesinje
3980:Bijeljina
3944:Nevesinje
3926:Dubrovnik
3898:Dubrovnik
3757:, around
3721:Dalmatian
3687:June 2023
3658:does not
3639:Dubrovnik
3633:Vojvodina
3496:Smederevo
3423:Majdanpek
3415:Požarevac
3411:Smederevo
3403:Svilajnac
3377:) in the
3361:, around
3154:Podgorica
3103:diphthong
3096:Jablanica
3033:June 2023
3004:does not
2943:Podravina
2935:podravski
2897:Slavonian
2887:Knjaževac
2863:Prokuplje
2855:Aleksinac
2839:Bujanovac
2821:, around
2804:Bulgarian
2800:Kajkavian
2745:Bulgarian
2725:Bulgarian
2723:near the
2347:Šćakavski
1973:cr(ij)evo
1805:weak jers
1699:becoming
1557:Bulgarian
1541:accentual
1520:aljamiado
1514:Dubrovnik
1506:Dubrovnik
1376:divergent
1344:Chakavian
1328:Vlasenica
1322:(west of
1312:Ivo Banac
1308:Torlakian
1288:Bulgarian
1237:Includes
1194:Metelčica
1119:Alphabets
1087:Kajkavian
1063:Torlakian
1009:Torlakian
956:Torlakian
937:Bulgarian
835:Ijekavian
775:Torlakian
769:Kajkavian
747:Chakavian
669:Dubrovnik
655:Slavonian
476:Chakavian
472:Kajkavian
424:) is the
413:штокавски
405:štokavski
341:Štokavian
273:Glottolog
257:ISO 639-3
239:ISO 639-1
201:Slavonian
48:штокавски
42:štokavski
8357:Iazychie
8281:Runglish
8239:Balachka
8210:Silesian
8168:Bunjevac
8016:Polabian
7973:Silesian
7952:dialects
7947:Masurian
7931:Lechitic
7888:Moravian
7811:Croatian
7714:dialects
7685:dialects
7434:Medieval
7279:Features
7183:Prigorje
7076:Bunjevac
6968:Dialects
6926:Croatian
6906:language
6810:208723-6
6761:55754615
6747:(2002).
6731:(1981).
6676:Archived
6672:201058-6
6602:Archived
6530:Archived
6512:56198470
6484:(2004).
6454:(2008).
6421:14 April
6398:(2003).
6388:46734277
6378:(1999).
6263:(2008),
6233:(2008).
6195:(2003),
6185:40997749
6171:(2003).
6161:40996889
6147:(1982).
6127:archived
6071:(2010),
6039:(2015).
5985:(2009).
5924:51961066
5874:47186443
5838:Archived
5772:Archived
5731:Archived
5664:(2019).
5621:Language
5567::99–101)
5495:21 March
5467:21 March
5442:21 March
5349:Rasprave
5343:(2016).
5320:24750220
5302:(2006).
5133:(1984).
5051:Rasprave
5045:(1988).
4942:21 March
4892:See also
4847:Croatian
4796:Croatian
4648:Croatian
4454:sijediti
4355:djevojka
4229:Bosniaks
4224:želijemo
4190:Croatian
4173:jekavski
4121:izgovori
4114:or ě in
4112:Cyrillic
4055:Bjelovar
4049:and the
4035:Žumberak
3976:Trebinje
3960:Ivanjica
3940:Trebinje
3930:Metković
3922:Petrinja
3906:Bjelovar
3870:Žumberak
3862:Banovina
3858:Slavonia
3846:western
3825:Croatian
3783:Belgrade
3767:Šumadija
3725:Venetian
3723:, older
3629:Bunjevci
3615:like in
3581:Bosniaks
3561:Dalmatia
3437:(around
3401:Valley (
3383:Jagodina
3373:Valley (
3367:Trstenik
3363:Kruševac
3359:Kraljevo
3061:Sarajevo
2951:Posavina
2939:Derventa
2931:posavski
2911:Slavonia
2883:Boljevac
2847:Leskovac
2827:Gnjilane
2819:Metohija
2677:asistȅnt
2673:paradȁjz
2623:prǐːlika
2617:priːlîka
2383:metatony
2334:isogloss
2299:turcizmi
2294:Turkisms
2225:augment
1502:Dalmatia
1443:Slavonia
1435:Dalmatia
1419:Banovina
1360:Dalmatia
1316:Slavonia
1296:Pannonia
1292:Moldavia
1189:Dajnčica
1004:Northern
983:Dialects
943:Dialects
877:Dialects
647:Bunjevac
627:Dialects
597:Croatian
444:Croatian
426:prestige
320:Help:IPA
280:shto1241
189:Bunjevac
174:Dialects
150:Croatian
8459:Italics
8344:Lydnevi
8300:Surzhyk
8033:Sorbian
7882:Knaanic
7833:Slovene
7821:Serbian
7806:Bosnian
7786:Western
7745:Eastern
7680:Russian
7569:History
7364:History
7339:Turkish
7324:Grammar
7286:Writing
7266:Ikavian
7256:Ekavian
6936:Serbian
6921:Bosnian
6658:3439240
6592:3438216
6520:3434516
6136:3 April
5857:Sources
5844:7 April
5785:Alt URL
5314:: 4–6.
5252::17–18)
5223::20–21)
4804:Serbian
4792:Bosnian
4651:Bosnian
4645:Serbian
4518:" and "
4514:L'je-pa
4487:grijati
4480:grijati
4473:grejati
4466:grějati
4461:to heat
4421:sjediti
4348:divojka
4341:devojka
4334:děvojka
4289:vrijeme
4255:Ikavian
4252:Ekavian
4246:English
4218:svidoci
4149:ikavski
4130:ekavski
3964:Loznica
3910:Daruvar
3874:Neretva
3833:Serbian
3829:Bosnian
3799:Pančevo
3787:Vukovar
3779:Bogatić
3773:around
3763:Valjevo
3729:Italian
3679:removed
3664:sources
3597:Bugojno
3589:Travnik
3557:Kvarner
3508:gde si?
3483:dobriji
3427:Negotin
3391:Paraćin
3387:Ćuprija
3371:Toplica
3270:pljesma
3253:Konavle
3249:sjekira
3237:izjesti
3178:Muslims
3158:Cetinje
3025:removed
3010:sources
2919:Baranja
2891:Zaječar
2875:Svrljig
2869:around
2861:around
2837:around
2823:Prizren
2729:Prizren
2640:ʒǐːviːm
2634:ʒīːvîːm
2626:prílika
2620:prīlȉka
2572:prâːvda
2566:prâːvda
2376:dynamic
2267:and no
2251:drugoga
2213:u gradu
2206:ending
2199:ending
2155:trešnja
2117:dialect
2062:yields
1796:, are:
1775:slabeši
1771:debleši
1643:što/šta
1447:Baranya
1400:Balkans
1398:in the
1364:Croatia
1332:Neretva
1205:Arebica
1165:Slovene
990:Western
870:Slovene
840:Ikavian
830:Ekavian
822:Accents
608:Serbian
592:Bosnian
511:Austria
507:Croatia
448:Bosnian
440:Serbian
431:of the
316:Unicode
155:Bosnian
145:Serbian
65:Croatia
18:Ekavian
8271:Quelia
8153:Resian
7942:Polish
7900:Slovak
7597:Accent
7439:Poetry
6836:
6808:
6806:ZDB-ID
6800:
6792:
6759:
6706:
6670:
6668:ZDB-ID
6656:
6648:
6640:
6590:
6582:
6572:
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6510:
6500:
6414:
6386:
6355:
6347:]
6327:
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6271:
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5912:
5889:
5872:
5811:1 July
5766:
5737:6 June
5706:
5698:
5690:
5680:
5650:(FFZG)
5639:
5629:
5318:
5143:
4886:German
4863:German
4802:, and
4433:sěděti
4400:sědĕti
4395:to sit
4388:vjeran
4110:(ѣ in
4097:
4091:
4085:
4059:Pakrac
4026:bijaku
3968:Priboj
3948:Bileća
3918:Pakrac
3902:Osijek
3886:Stolac
3866:Kordun
3854:Croats
3835:, and
3577:Molise
3549:Croats
3494:); in
3478:dobrej
3399:Resava
3397:), in
3395:Lapovo
3353:), in
3299:/aː/ (
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3276:pjesma
3261:đa'ola
3245:ɕekira
3243:as in
3233:iʑesti
3174:Istria
3085:Maglaj
3081:Tešanj
3069:Zenica
3067:, and
2923:Syrmia
2907:Croats
2843:Vranje
2831:Štrpce
2606:jǔnaːk
2600:junâːk
2592:lìvada
2589:lǐvada
2586:livȁda
2583:livâda
2575:prȃvda
2569:prȃvda
2544:Trad.
2439:macron
2354:&
2325:Young
2278:aorist
2245:-og(a)
2176:(e.g.
2111:Molise
2066:(e.g.
1976:, Čk.
1886:) and
1861:, Čk.
1858:početi
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1851:, Čk.
1826:after
1818:vowel
1781:supine
1769:(e.g.
1761:affix
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1703:(e.g.
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8205:Goral
8143:Pomak
8091:Lemko
7864:Czech
7704:Rusyn
7334:Greek
7317:Other
7125:Buzet
7095:Užice
7022:Šokac
6751:[
6685:6 May
6679:(PDF)
6618:(ÖNB)
6605:(PDF)
6558:(PDF)
6546:(ÖNB)
6533:(PDF)
6490:(PDF)
6349:(PDF)
6343:[
6237:[
6181:JSTOR
6157:JSTOR
6130:(PDF)
6083:(PDF)
6077:[
6045:[
5989:[
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5778:4 May
5704:S2CID
5646:(NSK)
5617:[
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5316:JSTOR
4827:koine
4639:Group
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4268:vrěme
4234:Quran
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4043:Slunj
4020:bijak
3956:Čačak
3952:Užice
3936:Serbs
3914:Sisak
3882:Ravno
3781:, in
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3771:Mačva
3769:, in
3631:) in
3621:Bačka
3601:Vitez
3593:Jajce
3585:Bihać
3569:Bačka
3504:di si
3500:Vršac
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3488:nesam
3447:Vršac
3439:Kovin
3435:Banat
3345:with
3319:>
3313:rekao
3295:gave
3293:a + o
3257:čo'ek
3170:Peroj
3166:Raška
3123:stuop
3116:like
3092:Žepče
3077:Usora
3073:Vareš
3065:Tuzla
2963:nosio
2959:nosil
2915:Bačka
2871:Pirot
2865:, in
2737:kakvo
2643:žívīm
2637:žīvȋm
2609:jùnāk
2603:junȃk
2555:kûtɕa
2549:kûtɕa
2538:Trad.
2530:Note
2475:Acute
2457:Grave
2184:pođem
2168:from
2148:>
2105:>
2076:schwa
1992:with
1948:mačka
1943:maška
1937:>
1868:želja
1848:jezik
1718:vozek
1712:vuzel
1690:došao
1685:došel
1595:zorja
1324:Brčko
948:Banat
680:Užice
661:Šokac
8021:Rani
7979:Lach
7217:Gora
7168:Gora
6834:ISBN
6817:2015
6798:OCLC
6790:ISSN
6757:OCLC
6704:ISSN
6687:2014
6654:SSRN
6646:OCLC
6638:ISSN
6613:2015
6588:SSRN
6580:OCLC
6570:ISBN
6541:2013
6516:SSRN
6508:OCLC
6498:ISBN
6444:14/1
6423:2015
6412:ISSN
6384:OCLC
6353:ISBN
6325:ISBN
6307:ISBN
6288:OCLC
6284:1995
6269:ISBN
6247:ISBN
6201:ISBN
6138:2014
6105:OCLC
6097:LCCN
6087:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6013:OCLC
6005:LCCN
5995:ISBN
5972:OCLC
5953:OCLC
5920:OCLC
5910:ISBN
5887:ISBN
5870:OCLC
5846:2019
5813:2018
5780:2017
5764:ISSN
5739:2017
5696:OCLC
5688:LCCN
5678:ISBN
5637:OCLC
5627:ISBN
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5528:2021
5497:2015
5469:2015
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5327:2023
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5239::21)
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5063:2023
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4944:2015
4853:and
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4507:and
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4329:girl
4263:time
4212:beše
4031:biti
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3992:Pale
3894:Neum
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3793:and
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3609:-ija
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3462:žene
3445:and
3355:Ibar
3311:for
3309:rekā
3223:and
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3130:and
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3094:and
3083:and
3008:any
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2802:and
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2792:došl
2784:đ/dž
2782:and
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2552:kȕća
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2164:and
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1964:čre-
1960:čri-
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1427:Lika
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