425:: "Senior women who are recognized by their peers as being successful have a responsibility to help educate those scientists who haven't quite accepted this important message. And we have a responsibility to maintain the highest scientific and ethical standards and to serve as the best role models we can for the younger generation of outstanding scientists – both men and women – who are rising through the ranks. Leading by good example is still the best way to diffuse the now more subtle and less vocal, but nevertheless lingering, discrimination and dogmatism against women scientists within our scientific community.” Because there were few women in leadership roles doing laboratory research when Fuchs began her career, she often faced subtle discrimination. She related a story from her early days in Chicago when a technician from one of the other labs, seeing her setting up her new lab, asked if she was Dr. Fuchs’ new technician. She replied, “I am Dr. Fuchs!”
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think like many of the children in our world, I got interested in science just from having a butterfly net and from having a few strainers and some boots and going down to the streams and creeks and being out in the fields." Even her mother, who was a homemaker, inspired her to pursue her interest in science at a time when not many women went into scientific fields. "She was a housewife but she took pride in everything that she did. She encouraged my sister and me in all different ways. My mom always said, 'You're a good cook, you'll make a fine scientist,' when I told her that I like science. So I think those kinds of little things maybe are more important that any of the bigger things."
246:(GRE). During an interview in 2009, Fuchs stated, “…I felt that the Graduate Record Examination wasn’t testing my real knowledge, but rather how I could perform in a written exam.” Instead, she submitted a three-page explanation with her applications explaining why she would not be taking the GRE. Though she was accepted everywhere she applied, she admits that her defiant statement would not likely be looked upon the same way today. “I don’t think professors are as open-minded toward rebellious students as they were during the Vietnam War era.”
380:, which is found near the blood vessels of a tumor. Although the effects of TGF-β and how it restrains normal skin cell growth had been studied by researchers before Fuchs, she specifically looked at the intermediate steps of tumor progression by creating a TGF-β reporter system. She accomplished this by developing tumor cells that expressed a gene commonly found in skin cancer cells, HRasD12V. Her research demonstrated that cancerous stem cells lacking the TGF-β signal proliferate more quickly but are sensitive to
33:
235:, graduating with highest distinction in the Chemical Sciences. She began as one of only three women in an undergraduate physics class of 200. Fuchs was politically active during college, protesting the Vietnam War and applying to the Peace Corps with the intention of being posted in Chile. However, when she was instead assigned to Uganda, then under the dictatorship of
360:, which searches for genetic explanations to a specific phenotype. Fuchs first applied the technique by engineering a gene that affected keratin function and disrupted the framework of cells. Inserting this mutant keratin into transgenic mice caused heavy epidermal blistering; analysis showed this blistering to be nearly identical to the dermatological disorder
227:
Fuchs grew up outside
Chicago, in a family of scientists—her father, aunt, and sister were also scientists, and her family encouraged her to pursue higher education. She said those influences were especially important to her as a child. During an interview with Faiza Elmasry in 2010, Fuchs said, "I
388:
pathway, which allowed the SCCs to counter the radical oxygen species often used in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Fuchs determined that both the factors internal to the cell and the cell's external surrounding environment have an effect on the stem cells’ niche in both their ability to divide and
376:(SCCs), some of the most common and dangerous cancers worldwide, interact with their microenvironments. By examining skin cancer in mice, she concluded that the speed at which stem cells will divide and how they divide is dependent on their niche. She examined the inhibitory signaling molecule
428:
Fuchs said of the L’Oreal-UNESCO Award, "It's also a wonderful concept to reward a woman from each of the five major regional areas in which science is being conducted around the world, in a celebration of not only women in science, but also the importance of science in a world community."
384:. In contrast, cancerous stem cells that received the TGF-β signal proliferated at a slower rate than those lacking the TGF-β signal but were resistant to antiproliferative drugs. She showed the ability of TGF-β to cause up-regulation of the
293:; they eventually all joined the reorganized Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, in which Fuchs was ultimately appointed the Amgen Professor of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology. In 2002, Fuchs accepted a position at
309:. Recently, she has been devoting her research to studies on the role stem cells play in the regeneration of tissue, as well as the competing demands of proliferation and differentiation in maintaining enough stem cells.
351:
approach when she began as an assistant professor at the
University of Chicago. Reverse genetics seeks to understand the genetic basis of a disease by examining how specific genetic modifications (such as the use of
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in 1977. Her doctoral dissertation was titled "The biosynthesis and assembly of the peptidoglycan sacculus of
Bacillus Megatorium." Fuchs began her work on skin biology during her postdoctoral work with
301:. Fuchs is known for her study of skin, identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying skin disease, developing the field of skin stem cells, and pioneering reverse genetics. Her research group uses
364:. Subsequent collaboration with dermatologists to obtain skin samples from patients with the dermatological disorder revealed that a similar mutation in keratin genes indeed underlies the condition.
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Fuchs, Elaine (July 1, 2018). "Abstract SY39-01: Stem cells in squamous cell carcinomas: Their biology, heterogeneity, and resistance to therapy".
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768:"The cDNA sequence of a human epidermal keratin: Divergence of sequence but conservation of structure among intermediate filament proteins"
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in 1980 and was the first woman in the biochemistry department. Her first publications there reported the first cloning and sequencing of
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Uttam, J.; Hutton, E.; Coulombe, P. A.; Anton-Lamprecht, I.; Yu, Q. C.; Gedde-Dahl, T.; Fine, J. D.; Fuchs, E. (August 20, 1996).
297:, where she is currently the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development and an investigator at the
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Fuchs E., Tumber T., Guasch G. (2004). Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche. The Cell. Vol. 116, 769–778
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421:, Fuchs details some of the challenges she faced as a woman pursuing a career in science and emphasizes the importance of
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823:"The cDNA sequence of a type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins"
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that characterized the two types of keratins. At the
University of Chicago she was mentored and befriended by
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Throughout her career, Fuchs has made a point of supporting young female scientists. In an interview with
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Fuchs at the 2010 UNESCO-L’Oréal Prize for Women in
Science Awards Ceremony at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris
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Fiona Watt. "Women in Cell
Science: Elaine Fuchs", Journal of Cell Science, v. 117, n. 4877-4879 (2004).
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2014:
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in 2001. In 2009 Fuchs was awarded the United States’ highest honor for scientific contributions, the
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1026:"From Skin Cells to Stem Cells, Pioneer Researcher Elaine Fuchs Wins Cell Biologists' Highest Honor"
196:
function first and then assess its role in development and disease. In particular, Fuchs researches
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262:. In Green's lab she studied the mechanisms underlying growth and differentiation in epidermal
216:
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Pezcoller
Foundation-AACR International Award for Extraordinary Achievement in Cancer Research
331:
In 2015 she was awarded the
American Society for Cell Biology's highest scientific honor, the
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L'OREAL-UNESCO Awards and
Fellowships for Women in Science 2010 to be presented at UNESCO
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The biosynthesis and assembly of the peptidoglycan sacculus of
Bacillus Megatorium
927:"Skin and Its Regenerative Powers: An Alliance between Stem Cells and Their Niche"
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The biosynthesis and assembly of the peptidoglycan sacculus of Bacillus Megatorium
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1120:"The genetic basis of epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation"
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Fuchs and her team have conducted research on how cancerous stem cells called
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211:. She is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the
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878:"The Tortoise and the Hair: Slow-Cycling Cells in the Stem Cell Race"
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639:"Cell Biologist Elaine Fuchs: Revolutionizing the Study of Skin"
814:
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174:
103:
1482:, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
1447:"Elaine Fuchs awarded Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science"
669:"Elaine Fuchs: A love for science that's more than skin deep"
242:
When applying to graduate school, Fuchs refused to take the
60:
Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying skin disease
282:
208:
204:
197:
177:
975:"Elaine Fuchs to Receive National Medal of Science | HHMI"
925:
Gonzales, Kevin Andrew Uy; Fuchs, Elaine (November 2017).
6086:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1335:. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
367:
215:
Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development at
6151:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
405:. Her interests include travel, art, and photography.
6066:
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
6061:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
249:
Fuchs earned her Ph.D. in biochemical sciences from
1004:
National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
475:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
231:Fuchs earned a B.S. in chemistry in 1972 from the
2329:
617:
615:
613:
239:, she elected to go directly to graduate school.
6042:
4614:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1552:
1243:"Skin Stem Cells in Silence, Action, and Cancer"
1124:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
408:
820:
765:
610:
599:Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science (2023)
305:and mammalian epithelial stem cell culture as
6136:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2299:
1912:
1538:
924:
633:
631:
629:
627:
558:March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology
918:
588:International Society for Stem Cell Research
6141:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
222:
2306:
2292:
1919:
1905:
1545:
1531:
1402:
1194:. Vol. 78. pp. SY39–01–SY39-01.
1023:
624:
540:L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science
452:of the National Academy of Sciences (1994)
31:
1436:, UNESCO.org, Retrieved November 14, 2015
1410:"Sandra K. Masur Senior Leadership Award"
1353:
1266:
1161:
1143:
1078:
950:
901:
821:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (1983).
766:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (1982).
700:
662:
660:
514:Senior Women's Career Achievement Award (
312:Fuchs currently sits on the board of the
274:Fuchs accepted a faculty position at the
4023:
1486:Elaine Fuchs: iBioseminar on Stem Cells"
1322:
1320:
489:American Association for Cancer Research
2593:
2315:United States National Medal of Science
482:European Molecular Biology Organization
397:Fuchs is married to a fellow academic,
314:Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
184:, who helped lead the modernization of
6126:20th-century American women scientists
6076:21st-century American women scientists
6043:
1427:
992:
657:
368:Stem cells in squamous cell carcinomas
269:
5143:
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4022:
3536:
2592:
2328:
2287:
1900:
1526:
1347:
1329:"Under the skin and out in the world"
1326:
1317:
1304:Teachers College, Columbia University
1240:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1060:
875:
723:
666:
444:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
403:Teachers College, Columbia University
6091:Foreign members of the Royal Society
524:(National Academy of Sciences, 2001)
432:
6081:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
1024:Fleischman, John (April 21, 2015).
594:Canada Gairdner International Award
342:
337:Canada Gairdner International Award
316:. She was elected president of the
13:
6146:Searle Scholars Program recipients
1480:Video of Fuchs discussing her work
1292:
1178:
356:) affect phenotype, as opposed to
14:
6162:
6071:Richard-Lounsbery Award laureates
1468:
1365:. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
566:Lifetime Achievement Award (2013)
318:American Society for Cell Biology
6121:21st-century American biologists
1414:American Society of Cell Biology
1200:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2018-SY39-01
667:Short, Ben (December 28, 2009).
516:American Society of Cell Biology
462:American Academy of Microbiology
392:
1439:
1377:
1327:Arnst, John (October 1, 2019).
1283:
1234:
1111:
1054:
1043:
1017:
967:
299:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
6101:Rockefeller University faculty
869:
734:
717:
495:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
468:American Philosophical Society
1:
6111:University of Illinois alumni
6106:University of Chicago faculty
3537:
2330:Behavioral and social science
1241:Fuchs, Elaine (May 8, 2018).
603:
437:
362:epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1879:Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
1259:10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.008
943:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.001
839:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90034-x
784:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90424-x
456:National Academy of Sciences
409:Support for women in science
7:
6131:Fellows of the AACR Academy
6096:Princeton University alumni
833:(3). Elsevier BV: 915–924.
778:(1). Elsevier BV: 243–252.
552:Albany Medical Center Prize
335:. In 2020 she received the
244:Graduate Record Examination
10:
6167:
5218:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
894:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.002
876:Fuchs, Elaine (May 2009).
217:The Rockefeller University
165:known for her work on the
97:The Rockefeller University
6116:American women biologists
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4193:William Hayward Pickering
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3836:
3690:
3566:
3547:
3543:
3532:
3443:
3252:
3066:
2884:
2740:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2545:
2486:
2398:
2358:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2220:
2208:
1942:
1561:
1511:
1501:
1493:
724:Fuchs, Elaine V. (1977).
564:American Skin Association
534:National Medal of Science
508:
417:, an editor-in-chief for
322:National Medal of Science
192:approaches, which assess
136:
132:
114:
102:
92:
79:
72:
64:
56:
42:
30:
23:
6056:American cell biologists
5642:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5088:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2719:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
374:squamous cell carcinomas
223:Early life and education
203:and their production of
4953:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2871:George Ledyard Stebbins
2792:James Augustine Shannon
2263:Akkihebbal Ravishankara
2150:Barbara Sherwood Lollar
1145:10.1073/pnas.93.17.9079
1067:Nature Reviews Genetics
1061:Fuchs, E. (June 2012).
1050:Gairdner Laureates 2020
673:Journal of Cell Biology
590:Innovation Award (2017)
522:Richard Lounsbery Award
487:Fellow, Academy of the
382:antiproliferative drugs
18:American cell biologist
5410:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5397:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4353:Harry George Drickamer
4299:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3973:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3847:John D. Baldeschwieler
3087:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2769:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1356:"A Kaleidoscopic View"
1354:Marantz Henig, Robin.
401:, a faculty member at
295:Rockefeller University
233:University of Illinois
47:University of Illinois
6001:Sylvester James Gates
5387:William Alfred Fowler
5369:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5182:Robert Burns Woodward
3994:Geraldine L. Richmond
3742:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3025:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2954:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2810:Sterling B. Hendricks
2627:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2622:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2470:William Julius Wilson
450:Institute of Medicine
276:University of Chicago
213:Rebecca C. Lancefield
5972:Warren M. Washington
5936:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5845:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5790:Martin Schwarzschild
5571:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5563:J. Robert Schrieffer
5533:E. Margaret Burbidge
5377:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5354:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5233:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4985:John Griggs Thompson
4908:Martin David Kruskal
4748:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4221:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
4175:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4130:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4057:John Robinson Pierce
4024:Engineering sciences
3955:Jacqueline K. Barton
3810:George M. Whitesides
3729:Dudley R. Herschbach
3667:Richard B. Bernstein
3636:Walter H. Stockmayer
3184:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3115:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3005:Stanley Norman Cohen
2992:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2828:Keith Roberts Porter
2691:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2686:Michael Heidelberger
2658:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2200:Kumar Wickramasinghe
2125:Caetano Reis e Sousa
2070:John-Michael Kendall
2020:VĂ©ronique Gouverneur
1735:Alexander Varshavsky
1389:search.amphilsoc.org
1385:"APS Member History"
347:Fuchs developed the
251:Princeton University
171:molecular mechanisms
51:Princeton University
6022:Shirley Ann Jackson
5941:Charles P. Slichter
5785:Marshall Rosenbluth
5777:Wallace S. Broecker
5730:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5491:Victor F. Weisskopf
5438:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5420:Edgar Bright Wilson
5261:George Kistiakowsky
4879:Stephen Cole Kleene
4390:George H. Heilmeier
4377:Mildred Dresselhaus
4268:Edward H. Heinemann
4198:Frederick E. Terman
4162:Richard T. Whitcomb
4083:Clarence L. Johnson
4044:Theodore von Kármán
3931:Stephen J. Benkovic
3910:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3897:Marvin H. Caruthers
3852:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3792:Darleane C. Hoffman
3682:Harden M. McConnell
3623:Frank H. Westheimer
3435:Stanley B. Prusiner
3399:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3158:Howard Martin Temin
3015:Maurice R. Hilleman
3010:Joseph L. Goldstein
2949:Donald A. Henderson
2866:Earl Reece Stadtman
2851:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2815:Orville Alvin Vogel
2645:Donald D. Van Slyke
2594:Biological sciences
1831:William R. Brinkley
1809:J. Richard McIntosh
1725:Elizabeth Blackburn
1136:1996PNAS...93.9079U
270:Career and research
5894:G. Brent Dalrymple
5712:Arthur L. Schawlow
5619:James A. Van Allen
5510:Philip W. Anderson
5466:Richard P. Feynman
5392:Linus Carl Pauling
5027:Dennis P. Sullivan
4584:John B. Goodenough
4517:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4485:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4466:Kenneth N. Stevens
4234:Raymond D. Mindlin
4157:Harold E. Edgerton
4002:A. Paul Alivisatos
3881:Stephen J. Lippard
3860:Ernest R. Davidson
3797:Harold S. Johnston
3631:William S. Johnson
3595:George C. Pimentel
3430:Susan L. Lindquist
3412:Francis S. Collins
3306:Victor A. McKusick
3281:Francisco J. Ayala
3263:Nancy C. Andreasen
3213:Robert A. Weinberg
2987:Har Gobind Khorana
2972:Michael E. DeBakey
2959:George Emil Palade
2931:Wendell L. Roelofs
2921:Howard L. Bachrach
2751:Barbara McClintock
2653:Edward F. Knipling
2165:Paraskevas Sphicas
2145:Gregory D. Scholes
2095:Gareth H. McKinley
2080:Jonathan C. Knight
2045:Martin Head-Gordon
2000:George Davey Smith
1950:Salim Abdool Karim
1873:Peter N. Devreotes
1857:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
1653:S. Jonathan Singer
931:Developmental Cell
685:10.1083/jcb.1877pi
530:in Medicine (2004)
188:. Fuchs pioneered
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
5967:Esther M. Conwell
5907:Robert N. Clayton
5899:Riccardo Giacconi
5863:Raymond Davis Jr.
5751:Albert Overhauser
5694:Edwin M. McMillan
5655:Arnold O. Beckman
5632:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5609:Paul C. Lauterbur
5586:Robert Hofstadter
5538:Maurice Goldhaber
5525:Charles H. Townes
5476:Edward M. Purcell
5443:Frederick Rossini
5297:Wolfgang Panofsky
5228:John H. Van Vleck
5144:Physical sciences
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5096:Solomon W. Golomb
5056:Andrew J. Viterbi
5051:Leonard Kleinrock
4998:Calyampudi R. Rao
4966:Ronald R. Coifman
4874:George F. Carrier
4855:Donald C. Spencer
4850:Saunders Mac Lane
4785:Marshall H. Stone
4735:Shiing-Shen Chern
4642:Solomon Lefschetz
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4541:David J. Wineland
4509:John M. Prausnitz
4450:C. Kumar N. Patel
4445:James L. Flanagan
4413:John Roy Whinnery
4400:H. Guyford Stever
4382:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4345:George W. Housner
4340:Willis M. Hawkins
4335:Daniel C. Drucker
4317:Robert Byron Bird
4309:Bernard M. Oliver
4216:Peter C. Goldmark
4203:Wernher von Braun
4149:George E. Mueller
4122:Nathan M. Newmark
4117:J. Presper Eckert
4096:Claude E. Shannon
4065:Charles S. Draper
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
3981:Judith P. Klinman
3865:Gábor A. Somorjai
3776:Isabella L. Karle
3763:George S. Hammond
3724:Gertrude B. Elion
3677:Rudolph A. Marcus
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3454:Ralph L. Brinster
3373:Torsten N. Wiesel
3350:Norman E. Borlaug
3337:Solomon H. Snyder
3332:J. Michael Bishop
3291:Mario R. Capecchi
3171:Salome G. Waelsch
3102:E. Donnall Thomas
2977:Theodor O. Diener
2876:Paul Alfred Weiss
2704:Bernard B. Brodie
2640:George G. Simpson
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2529:Michael I. Posner
2430:Eleanor J. Gibson
2382:George J. Stigler
2350:Neal Elgar Miller
2281:
2280:
2190:Douglass Turnbull
2180:Robert Tibshirani
2135:Matthew Rushworth
2100:David G. Nicholls
2085:Marta Kwiatkowska
2025:Christopher Hacon
1975:Benjamin Blencowe
1894:
1893:
1885:Pietro De Camilli
1747:Thomas D. Pollard
1641:Christian de Duve
1623:David D. Sabatini
1554:E.B. Wilson Medal
1521:
1520:
1512:Succeeded by
1247:Stem Cell Reports
1130:(17): 9079–9084.
582:E.B. Wilson Medal
502:The Royal Society
433:Awards and honors
389:how they divide.
156:
155:
115:Academic advisors
74:Scientific career
6158:
5850:Gilbert F. White
5795:George Wetherill
5689:Allan M. Cormack
5647:Jack Steinberger
5627:D. Allan Bromley
5576:H. Richard Crane
5553:Frederick Reines
5543:Helmut Landsberg
5458:George Uhlenbeck
5359:Vladimir Haensel
5321:Allan R. Sandage
5292:Herbert C. Brown
5274:Herbert Friedman
5200:Leon M. Lederman
5172:Julian Schwinger
5151:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5109:Alexandre Chorin
5083:Richard A. Tapia
5064:David B. Mumford
4892:Alberto CalderĂłn
4837:Joseph B. Keller
4824:Michael Freedman
4793:Herman Goldstine
4647:H. Marston Morse
4621:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4549:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4533:Robert S. Langer
4525:Jan D. Achenbach
4358:Herbert E. Grier
4109:Igor I. Sikorsky
4070:Othmar H. Ammann
4031:
4030:
4020:
4019:
3986:Jerrold Meinwald
3755:Norman Hackerman
3734:Glenn T. Seaborg
3649:William O. Baker
3577:F. Albert Cotton
3545:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3511:Mary-Claire King
3404:Bert W. O'Malley
3360:Thomas E. Starzl
3355:Phillip A. Sharp
3342:Charles Yanofsky
3324:Evelyn M. Witkin
3319:James E. Darnell
3145:Paul C. Zamecnik
3110:Mary Ellen Avery
3082:Herbert W. Boyer
3077:Baruj Benacerraf
3048:Joshua Lederberg
3038:Viktor Hamburger
3000:Michael S. Brown
2846:Robert H. Burris
2601:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2537:Mortimer Mishkin
2462:William K. Estes
2446:Roger N. Shepard
2438:Robert K. Merton
2422:George A. Miller
2369:Herbert A. Simon
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2273:Brian Staskawicz
2195:Akshay Venkatesh
2175:Andrew D. Taylor
2105:Christine Orengo
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1867:Barbara J. Meyer
1765:Richard O. Hynes
1719:Gottfried Schatz
1699:James E. Darnell
1647:Morris Karnovsky
1629:Marilyn Farquhar
1587:Alex B. Novikoff
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1494:Preceded by
1491:
1490:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1253:(5): 1432–1438.
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1147:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
971:
965:
964:
954:
922:
916:
915:
905:
873:
867:
866:
818:
812:
811:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
738:
732:
731:
721:
715:
714:
704:
664:
655:
654:
652:
650:
645:. March 28, 2010
643:Voice of America
635:
622:
619:
500:Foreign Member,
480:Foreign Member,
358:forward genetics
349:reverse genetics
343:Reverse genetics
333:E.B Wilson Medal
190:reverse genetics
152:
149:
147:
145:
143:
35:
21:
20:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6026:
6014:Sean C. Solomon
5976:
5928:Daniel Kleppner
5920:Lonnie Thompson
5915:Ralph A. Alpher
5881:W. Jason Morgan
5868:Charles Keeling
5858:Marvin L. Cohen
5825:
5808:John N. Bahcall
5803:Don L. Anderson
5769:Peter Goldreich
5722:Steven Weinberg
5674:
5604:Walter Elsasser
5581:Herman Feshbach
5495:
5433:Samuel Goudsmit
5425:Chien-Shiung Wu
5364:Frederick Seitz
5331:John A. Wheeler
5316:Robert H. Dicke
5301:
5164:Luis W. Alvarez
5145:
5126:
5114:David Blackwell
5068:
5019:Carl R. de Boor
4990:Karen Uhlenbeck
4970:
4924:Louis Nirenberg
4859:
4832:Ralph E. Gomory
4770:
4766:Donald E. Knuth
4753:Hassler Whitney
4691:
4615:
4596:
4561:
4493:Andreas Acrivos
4470:
4458:Eli Ruckenstein
4437:Hermann A. Haus
4408:Calvin F. Quate
4395:Luna B. Leopold
4362:
4253:
4239:Robert N. Noyce
4229:Emmett N. Leith
4188:Manson Benedict
4170:Rudolf Kompfner
4134:
4088:Warren K. Lewis
4025:
4006:
3940:
3902:Peter B. Dervan
3873:John I. Brauman
3832:
3784:Norman Davidson
3711:John D. Roberts
3686:
3654:Konrad E. Bloch
3600:Richard N. Zare
3562:
3539:
3520:
3477:Sallie Chisholm
3459:Rudolf Jaenisch
3439:
3422:J. Craig Venter
3381:Rita R. Colwell
3248:
3234:David Baltimore
3125:Robert W. Kates
3097:David G. Nathan
3092:Edward B. Lewis
3062:
3058:Harland G. Wood
3053:Roger W. Sperry
2908:Glenn W. Burton
2880:
2856:Arthur Kornberg
2823:Roger Guillemin
2800:Hallowell Davis
2764:Daniel I. Arnon
2756:Albert B. Sabin
2736:
2709:Detlev W. Bronk
2681:Harry F. Harlow
2676:Kenneth S. Cole
2663:William C. Rose
2635:Francis P. Rous
2595:
2576:
2541:
2521:Gordon H. Bower
2482:
2478:Robert M. Solow
2394:
2390:Milton Friedman
2354:
2331:
2320:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2216:
2204:
2170:Jack W. Szostak
2040:Peter H. Haynes
2035:Richard Harland
2010:Bernie Fanaroff
1985:Peter A. Butler
1965:Manjul Bhargava
1955:Charles Bangham
1938:
1925:
1895:
1890:
1845:Elaine V. Fuchs
1825:John R. Pringle
1819:Susan Lindquist
1791:Stuart Kornfeld
1693:John C. Gerhart
1687:Donald D. Brown
1671:Barbara Gibbons
1583:Charles Leblond
1557:
1551:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1300:"Hansen, David"
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1188:
1179:
1116:
1112:
1080:10.1038/nrg3252
1059:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
973:
972:
968:
923:
919:
874:
870:
819:
815:
764:
760:
750:
748:
740:
739:
735:
722:
718:
665:
658:
648:
646:
637:
636:
625:
620:
611:
606:
511:
440:
435:
411:
395:
370:
345:
324:, by President
303:laboratory mice
291:Susan Lindquist
272:
225:
161:is an American
159:Elaine V. Fuchs
140:
127:Susan Lindquist
38:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6009:Burton Richter
6006:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Yakir Aharonov
5959:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5909:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5876:Richard Garwin
5873:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Willis E. Lamb
5837:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Philip Abelson
5596:
5593:
5591:Chen-Ning Yang
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5560:
5558:Bruno B. Rossi
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5515:Yoichiro Nambu
5512:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:John C. Slater
5323:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Jacob Bjerknes
5210:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5011:James G. Glimm
5008:
5005:
5003:Elias M. Stein
5000:
4995:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4945:Shing-Tung Yau
4942:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
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2015:Jonathan Flint
2012:
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1063:"Elaine Fuchs"
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1000:"Elaine Fuchs"
991:
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937:(4): 387–401.
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888:(5): 811–819.
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746:Our Scientists
742:"Elaine Fuchs"
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4429:Ray W. Clough
4427:
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4421:Alfred Y. Cho
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4291:John G. Trump
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4107:
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4104:Edwin H. Land
4102:
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4079:
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4052:Vannevar Bush
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4021:
4017:
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3992:
3989:
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3979:
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3968:Allen J. Bard
3966:
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3923:JoAnne Stubbe
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3918:Joanna Fowler
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3828:Susan Solomon
3826:
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3808:
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3672:Melvin Calvin
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3613:Yuan Tseh Lee
3611:
3609:
3608:Harry B. Gray
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3582:Gilbert Stork
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3490:Bruce Alberts
3488:
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3485:May Berenbaum
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3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Lubert Stryer
3389:
3387:
3386:Nina Fedoroff
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Anthony Fauci
3366:
3363:
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3338:
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3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
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3314:
3312:
3311:Harold Varmus
3309:
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3299:
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3258:
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3244:Lynn Margulis
3242:
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3239:Jared Diamond
3237:
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3209:
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3198:
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3182:
3180:
3179:Thomas Eisner
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
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3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Maxine Singer
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Paul A. Marks
3133:
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3128:
3126:
3123:
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3118:
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3018:
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3008:
3006:
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2970:
2967:
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2947:
2945:
2944:Stanley Cohen
2942:
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2833:Efraim Racker
2831:
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2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
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2803:
2801:
2798:
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2790:
2788:
2787:James V. Neel
2785:
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2702:
2700:
2699:Horace Barker
2697:
2694:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Sewall Wright
2666:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
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2638:
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2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Anne Treisman
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Kenneth Arrow
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2407:
2404:
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2397:
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2388:
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2380:
2378:
2377:Anne Anastasi
2375:
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2364:
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2357:
2351:
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2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:James Rothman
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Jack Dongarra
2241:
2239:
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2234:
2231:
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2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Ian Tomlinson
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
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2148:
2146:
2143:
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2128:
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2123:
2121:
2118:
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2111:
2108:
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2098:
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2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
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2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Richard Jozsa
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Martin Embley
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:James Briscoe
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Gurdyal Besra
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:Royal Society
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
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1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:James Spudich
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:James Rothman
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:Avram Hershko
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:Bruce Nicklas
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:Elizabeth Hay
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:Gunter Blobel
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:Theodore Puck
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:George Palade
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1497:Richard Hynes
1492:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1364:
1363:HHMI Bulletin
1357:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Tumor Biology
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
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1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1001:
995:
980:
976:
970:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
747:
743:
737:
729:
728:
720:
712:
708:
703:
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694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
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640:
634:
632:
630:
628:
618:
616:
614:
609:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
584:, ASCB (2015)
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:Pasarow Award
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:Passano Award
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:Dickson Prize
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
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457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
430:
426:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
393:Personal life
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:model systems
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
267:
265:
264:keratinocytes
261:
257:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:skin diseases
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
16:
5996:Sandra Faber
5991:Sidney Drell
5821:Leo Kadanoff
5816:James Cronin
5764:Hans Dehmelt
5699:Robert Pound
5665:Robert Sharp
5481:John Sinfelt
5448:Verner Suomi
5415:Lewis Sarett
5279:Lars Onsager
5223:Henry Eyring
5190:John Bardeen
4932:Richard Karp
4900:Allen Newell
4679:Jerzy Neyman
4304:Tung-Yen Lin
4281:Bill Hewlett
4211:Morris Cohen
3805:John W. Cahn
3706:Karl Folkers
3467:Lucy Shapiro
3417:Elaine Fuchs
3416:
3296:Ann Graybiel
3226:Janet Rowley
3208:James Watson
3200:Ruth Patrick
3043:Philip Leder
2913:Mildred Cohn
2861:Severo Ochoa
2838:E. O. Wilson
2248:Elaine Fuchs
2247:
2233:Hans Clevers
2228:Barry Barish
2214:Yusuf Hamied
2115:Anant Parekh
2110:Anne Osbourn
2065:Steve A. Kay
2030:Mark Handley
1851:Mina Bissell
1844:
1785:Peter Walter
1709:Edwin Taylor
1659:Shinya Inoue
1613:Hewson Swift
1577:Keith Porter
1569:Daniel Mazia
1502:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1362:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1285:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1191:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
982:. Retrieved
979:www.hhmi.org
978:
969:
934:
930:
920:
885:
881:
871:
830:
826:
816:
775:
771:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
736:
726:
719:
676:
672:
647:. Retrieved
642:
427:
412:
399:David Hansen
396:
371:
346:
330:
326:Barack Obama
311:
287:Janet Rowley
273:
256:Howard Green
248:
241:
230:
226:
158:
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144:.rockefeller
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108:
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15:
5949:Berni Alder
5756:Frank Press
5637:Walter Kohn
5614:George Pake
5548:Walter Munk
5471:Herman Mark
5453:Henry Taube
5241:Jesse Beams
5195:Peter Debye
5177:Harold Urey
5101:Barry Mazur
4663:John Milnor
4557:Amnon Yariv
4501:Leo Beranek
4327:Ernst Weber
4180:Abel Wolman
3771:Thomas Cech
3701:Elkan Blout
3641:Max Tishler
3558:Roger Adams
3516:Simon Levin
2982:Harry Eagle
2805:Paul Gyorgy
2497:Gary Becker
2238:Sandra DĂaz
2160:Liz Sockett
2120:Julian Peto
1995:Sarah Darby
1839:Peter Satir
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6045:Categories
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4819:Raoul Bott
4722:Kurt Gödel
4714:John Tukey
4671:Paul Cohen
4286:George Low
4249:Simon Ramo
3472:Leroy Hood
3273:Carl Woese
3221:Bruce Ames
2732:Ernst Mayr
2090:Mark Mayer
1562:Recipients
1556:recipients
1073:(6): 381.
751:October 2,
604:References
438:Elected to
415:Fiona Watt
354:transgenes
201:stem cells
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5738:Val Fitch
4806:Peter Lax
4576:Shu Chien
3823:John Ross
3538:Chemistry
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1172:8799157
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702:2806278
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504:(2019)
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491:(2013)
484:(2010)
477:(2008)
470:(2005)
464:(1997)
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148:/fuchs
104:Thesis
80:Fields
65:Spouse
5981:2010s
5830:2000s
5679:1990s
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1359:(PDF)
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1101:S2CID
859:S2CID
804:S2CID
378:TGF-β
283:cDNAs
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