203:
188:
2583:
1366:
3320:
3101:
2504:
2493:
1701:
169:
1720:
1682:
2721:
2749:
1607:
548:
1794:
629:
1207:
3179:
3152:
153:
1535:
1661:
1098:
3414:
1778:
2641:
2842:
2707:
576:
562:
2594:
2559:
1855:
39:
3140:
1809:
1827:
1755:
990:
2609:
146:
601:
3128:
187:
2655:
3164:
2735:
1459:
3041:
1735:
2620:
2679:
893:
615:
1980:
3051:
2545:
2531:
2693:
1473:. The French were forced to withdraw in 1689 but before doing so, destroyed much of Heidelberg, another 20 substantial towns and numerous villages. This destruction was systematically applied across a large section of the Rhineland but especially the Palatinate, which was raided again in 1693; the devastation shocked much of Europe. France later renounced its claim to the region in the 1697
1362:, one of the most destructive conflicts in human history; it caused over eight million fatalities from military action, violence, famine, and plague in the vast majority in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire. In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction, it was surpassed only by the period January to May 1945 and remains the single greatest war trauma in German memory.
932:. Consequently, the Count Palatine of Lotharingia became the most important of the Counts Palatine. Marital alliances meant that, by the Middle Ages, most Count Palatine positions had been inherited by the duke of the associated province, but the importance of the Count Palatine of Lotharingia enabled it to remain as an independent position.
1008:) to a mere feudal magnate over his own territories – along the Upper Rhine in south-western Franconia. From this time on, his territory became known as the County Palatine of the Rhine (not because Palatine authority existed there, but as an acknowledgement that the Count still held the title, if not the authority, of Count Palatine).
1495:
meant the
Protestant majority in the Palatinate was theoretically obliged to convert to Catholicism. The 1705 'Palatine Church Division' compromised by allocating five-sevenths of public church property to the Reformed or Calvinist church and the remainder to Catholicism, while excluding the Lutheran
194:
1: Frankenthal, 2: Mannheim, 3, 17: Heidelberg, 4: Alzey, 5: Bacharach, 6: Germersheim, 7: Kreuznach, 8: Neustadt, 9: Lautern, 10: Lauterecken, 11: Oppenheim, 12: Simmern, 13: Stromberg, 14: Veldenz, 15: Boxberg, 16: Bretten, 18: Ladenburg, 19: Lindenfels, 20: Mosbach, 21: Otzberg, 22:
1638:
By marriage, the
Palatinate's arms also became quartered with those of Welf and later Wittelsbach. The arms of Bavaria were used with reference to the elector's holdings in Bavaria. This was extended to quartering of the lion and the Bavarian Arms upon the ascension of
1519:
in 1777. The title and authority of the two electorates were combined, Charles and his heirs retaining only the vote and precedence of the
Bavarian elector, although continuing to use the title 'Count Palatine of the Rhine'.
904:
was already mentioned about 535. The Counts
Palatine were the permanent representatives of the king in particular geographic areas, in contrast to the semi-independent authority of the dukes (and their successors). Under the
4076:
2459:
1450:, a Catholic who was the closest male heir in the direct line. Leopold installed his father-in-law as Elector Palatine, ensuring that his electoral vote and this strategic region remained in Imperial control.
202:
3067:
1247:
1220:
1173:
672:
3286:
4192:
2481:
1308:
in the Upper
Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s; when the senior branch of the family died out in 1559, the electorate passed to
4052:
3277:
2489:
4083:
1004:, Palatinate authority ceased to have any military significance in Lotharingia. In practice, the Count Palatinate's Palatine authority had collapsed, reducing his successor (
1777:
3097:
1469:
When France invaded the
Palatinate in September 1688 to enforce its claim, these wider connections meant the conflict rapidly escalated, leading to the outbreak of the
1288:
Due to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the
Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in
2474:
534:
520:
3359:
3316:
712:
4177:
716:
3655:
1419:
ended the war in 1648, he regained the Lower
Palatinate and the title 'Elector Palatine' but now ranked lower in precedence than the others. He was succeeded by
3178:
4207:
4172:
1082:. These backgrounds explain the composition of Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the inheritance centuries onwards. About 1182, Conrad moved his residence from
2467:
1700:
1245:) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany. From that time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (
4202:
3413:
3089:
2205:
264:
1681:
1808:
1660:
168:
3308:
4069:
4182:
1719:
2079:
3798:
3776:
3803:
4197:
1285:, but he was never crowned as Holy Roman Emperor because he was defeated in Italy while attempting to travel to Rome for a coronation.
951:, the feudal territories of his family were instead scattered around south-western Franconia, including parts of the Rhineland around
2793:
1925:, which Bavaria returned to Austria. Most of the area remained a part of Bavaria until after the Second World War (after 1918 the
1888:
that was principally known as "the
Palatinate". The right-bank Palatinate remained with Baden while northern parts became part of
2228:
1200:
936:
2023:
4167:
3082:
2399:. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 25. Edited and translated by Sean Ward. Toronto: Iter Inc. &
1872:
in 1814 and 1815, southern parts of the left-bank
Palatinate were restored and enlarged by mediatisation (consuming the former
1159:, in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in the
2408:
2375:
2356:
2329:
2310:
2264:
2255:
Dosquet, Emilie (2016). "The Desolation of the Palatinate as a European News Event in News Networks in Early Modern Europe".
2238:
2051:
1754:
1427:
1121:
3054:
4212:
4130:
4017:
3242:
2003:
1858:
1619:
1508:
1500:
1145:
1117:
343:
4099:
1365:
2046:]. Regionalgeschichte-fundiert und kompakt (in German) (First ed.). Karlsruhe: G. Braun Buchverlag. p. 17.
1443:
1316:, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the
1039:
2841:
1438:; on this basis, Louis claimed the Rhineland territories of the Palatinate for France. However, he was outmaneuvered by
1388:. Over the period 1621–1622, the Palatinate was occupied by Spanish and Bavarian troops and Frederick was exiled to the
3301:
2291:
1408:
3596:
3075:
1826:
82:
60:
3571:
1643:
to the position of elector of the Palatinate in 1623, used concurrently with the arms shown. From 1356 onwards, the
1218:, the Palatinate was recognized as one of the secular electorates, and given the hereditary offices of archsteward (
53:
1640:
1480:
1447:
1393:
1381:
1125:
824:
3450:
1504:
1412:
1309:
1050:. The territories attached to this hereditary office in 1156 started from those held by the Hohenstaufens in the
1047:
3507:
3935:
3748:
3383:
1577:
dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; the remaining Wittelsbach territories were united by Maximilian Joseph as the
1562:
1538:
1325:
375:
4125:
1793:
1431:
4162:
3986:
3294:
2936:
1960:) and Rhenish Hesse. The former Territory of the Saar Basin was reinstated and expanded to create the French
1439:
1369:
1347:
836:
3638:
3203:
2209:
1868:
was raised to a grand duchy and parts of the former Palatinate including Mannheim became part of it. At the
328:
Elector: Catholic (to 1530s, from 1685), Lutheran (1530s–1559, 1575–1583), Calvinist (1559–1575, 1583–1685).
3460:
2966:
2786:
2400:
2038:
Kohnle, Armin (2005). "Mittelalterliche Grundlagen; Pfalzgraftenamt, Territorialentwicklung und KurwĂĽrde".
1561:, uniting all the Wittelsbach lands. The loss of the left bank territories was accepted by the new Elector
1420:
1397:
1385:
1192:
909:, the position had been a purely appointed one, but by the Middle Ages had evolved into an hereditary one.
828:
2724:
1507:
become the first non-Habsburg emperor in over 300 years. He died in December and the Palatinate passed to
3743:
3546:
3435:
1934:
1734:
1725:
1706:
1404:
20:
3561:
3393:
3378:
2682:
1949:
1873:
1278:
1196:
1001:
539:
2710:
145:
4187:
3403:
3344:
3006:
2623:
1574:
1156:
1032:
840:
1152:, in 1222. The Bavarian House of Wittelsbach eventually held the Palatinate territories until 1918.
4042:
3517:
3105:
2876:
1985:
1137:
1133:
303:
126:
47:
3791:
3026:
4061:
3388:
3213:
3044:
2891:
2831:
2779:
1953:
1557:
department. In 1799 Elector Charles Theodore died and the territory was inherited by the Duke of
1321:
1184:) became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine.
1141:
3645:
1558:
1297:
3915:
2696:
1628:
1606:
1566:
1546:
1534:
1188:
943:, is mentioned as count palatine of Lotharingia (which by then had been divided into Upper and
64:
2941:
2881:
1631:, brother of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, became Count Palatine. The old coat of arms of the
1392:. His territories and electoral rights were transferred to the distantly related but Catholic
982:
dynasty governed several counties on both banks of the river. The southernmost point was near
466:
4120:
4115:
3998:
3662:
3445:
3132:
2986:
2921:
2658:
2644:
2562:
2348:
2341:
2167:
1945:
1926:
1841:
1632:
1550:
1516:
1267:
1149:
1113:
1043:
1024:
971:
864:
622:
453:
1206:
727:
provided the Counts Palatine or Electors. These counts palatine of the Rhine would serve as
3682:
3677:
3324:
3238:
3193:
2866:
2612:
1941:
1897:
1865:
1784:
1687:
1529:
1359:
1317:
1129:
868:
844:
761:
724:
208:
3633:
781:
776:
from 1418 to 1766) to the opposite territory on the east bank of the Rhine in present-day
152:
8:
3766:
3168:
3144:
2996:
2951:
2906:
2752:
2738:
2548:
2534:
1918:
1885:
1671:
1512:
1423:, in 1680, but the Simmern branch became extinct in the male line after he died in 1685.
1416:
1341:
1305:
1215:
1097:
925:
906:
876:
872:
852:
848:
757:
742:
594:
567:
553:
483:
440:
427:
336:
3650:
3616:
3011:
1880:, and others) up to the new border with France, and given (temporarily) to the Habsburg
1063:
4038:
4025:
3874:
3832:
3781:
3672:
3667:
3623:
3556:
3263:
3250:
2586:
2274:
2270:
1957:
1908:
1889:
1869:
1854:
1578:
1470:
1351:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1028:
1012:
860:
720:
581:
398:
3726:
2991:
4034:
4021:
3818:
3813:
3786:
3738:
3628:
3611:
3477:
3328:
3319:
3259:
3246:
3109:
3100:
2422:
2414:
2404:
2392:
2371:
2352:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2260:
2234:
2047:
1961:
1492:
1474:
1462:
948:
944:
708:
525:
223:
27:
2926:
3971:
3920:
3711:
3487:
2871:
1998:
1648:
1570:
1329:
1168:
1160:
1016:
1071:
4135:
4030:
4005:
3808:
3566:
3551:
3470:
3349:
3255:
3230:
3218:
3208:
2821:
2430:
1930:
1922:
1881:
1644:
1380:
Frederick was evicted from Bohemia in 1620 following his defeat by the forces of
1373:
1251:
1224:
1177:
1083:
1067:
1066:
and Kraichgau regions (other branches of the Hohenstaufens received lands in the
676:
299:
219:
112:
4009:
3955:
3541:
3512:
3492:
3482:
3440:
3354:
3234:
3117:
3016:
2826:
2802:
2497:
1993:
1893:
1389:
1259:
1241:
1232:
1167:. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name
1075:
1005:
989:
912:
Up to the tenth century, the Frankish empire was centered at the royal palace (
804:
728:
704:
362:
314:
2896:
1079:
4156:
3716:
3699:
3694:
3465:
3455:
3336:
2426:
1901:
1768:
1590:
1554:
1355:
1109:
1020:
993:
608:
279:
266:
3373:
3001:
2961:
2901:
2446:
2434:
1484:
1011:
Various noble dynasties competed to be enfeoffed with the Palatinate by the
244:
3689:
3529:
3524:
3430:
2084:
1666:
964:
901:
738:
192:
Map of the districts of the western part of Palatinate-Bavaria around 1789:
3364:
2230:
Immigrant and Entrepreneur: The Atlantic World of Caspar Wistar, 1650–1750
875:
on 27 April 1803 and the rest eventually to the Kingdom of Bavaria as the
3899:
3859:
3398:
3021:
2971:
2816:
1051:
929:
915:
832:
749:
414:
393:
3889:
3841:
2080:"Der Dreißigjährige Krieg – die Urkatastrophe der deutschen Geschichte?"
1503:
succeeded his brother as elector and in January 1742, helped his cousin
1458:
1000:
From about 1085/86, after the death of the last Ezzonian count palatine
753:
3721:
3198:
2981:
2976:
2931:
1496:
Church, whose membership exceeded 40% of the population in some areas.
1163:(Bavaria north of the Danube river) with the centre around the town of
1091:
793:
479:
236:
1940:
In September 1946 the territory was made part of the federal state of
719:
in 1085. From 1214 until the Electoral Palatinate was merged into the
4110:
3894:
3534:
3502:
2956:
2916:
2886:
2303:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763
1435:
1313:
1087:
1074:, and so forth). Much of this was from their imperial ancestors, the
856:
835:. Their climax and decline is marked by the rule of Elector Palatine
820:
812:
808:
789:
322:
3869:
3854:
3771:
3733:
3368:
2861:
1965:
1488:
1078:
emperors, and apart from Conrad's maternal ancestry, the Counts of
940:
900:
The comital office of Count Palatine at the Frankish court of King
797:
785:
769:
318:
252:
4091:
3422:
2418:
1491:
in 1720. Like his father, he was a Catholic, which under the 1555
3950:
3884:
3879:
3497:
2911:
2771:
1614:
1271:
1055:
979:
960:
952:
892:
650:
1907:
In 1816, the Palatinate became a formal part of the Wittelsbach
3978:
3945:
3930:
3864:
3849:
2946:
1877:
1411:, worked tirelessly to have the Palatinate restored to her son
1164:
1059:
921:
816:
765:
655:
4193:
Countries and territories where German is an official language
1483:
succeeded as elector in 1690, changing his residence first to
867:
from 1777, the Palatinate was finally disestablished with the
19:
This article is about the former country. For other uses, see
3706:
3606:
2856:
1155:
During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke
1102:
983:
975:
777:
773:
1195:, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews
711:. The electorate had its origins under the rulership of the
207:
Territory of the Electoral Palatinate in 1618, prior to the
3940:
3925:
3585:
3581:
2233:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 60–61.
1964:, which returned to Germany in 1956 as the modern state of
1948:(southern part of the Rhine Province, including the former
1836:
1832:
1799:
1764:
1760:
1741:
956:
947:). While his Palatine authority operated over the whole of
1635:, the single lion, became coat of arms of the Palatinate.
1108:
Upon Conrad's death in 1195, the Palatinate passed to the
2124:
2305:. Cambridge University Press; New edition. p. 420.
2185:
2136:
974:, he changed the emphasis of his rule to the southern
737:) from "time immemorial", and were noted as such in a
2148:
2100:
1038:
The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was
118:
2060:
1975:
1787:
who inherited the Palatinate in the mid-14th century
803:
The counts palatine of the Rhine held the office of
26:"Kurpfalz" redirects here. For the modern area, see
2368:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
2170:[Dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate].
1465:, destroyed by the French in 1689 and never rebuilt
2340:
2112:
1124:died without heirs in 1214, the Hohenstaufen king
851:, the ravaged lands were further afflicted by the
748:The territory stretched from the left bank of the
2391:
978:region and further to the Upper Rhine, where the
4154:
823:) and ranked among the most significant secular
764:and the adjacent parts of the French regions of
741:of 1261; they were confirmed as electors by the
4178:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2197:
4092:Constituent coats of arms of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2401:Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies
1403:After his death in 1632, Frederick's daughter
1112:through the (secret) marriage of his daughter
4208:States and territories disestablished in 1803
4173:1080s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4077:
3302:
3083:
2787:
2475:
2451:
2208:[The Palatinate Lion]. Archived from
1944:, along with former left bank territories of
1101:Territory of the Palatinate (1329) along the
1912:
1815:
913:
863:(1688–97). Ruled in personal union with the
732:
698:
688:
104:
2500:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
2284:Devil Land; England under Siege 1588 - 1688
2044:A short history of the Electoral Palatinate
1350:, Elector Palatine, accepted the throne of
715:in 915; it was then restructured under the
4203:States and territories established in 1085
4084:
4070:
3309:
3295:
3090:
3076:
2794:
2780:
2482:
2468:
1266:). In 1386, Rupert I helped establish the
970:In continual conflicts with the rivalling
201:
186:
174:
158:
16:State of the Holy Roman Empire (1085–1803)
792:region, containing the capital cities of
413:• Demotion of the Count Palatine of
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
2338:
2191:
1853:
1584:
1533:
1457:
1364:
1205:
1096:
988:
891:
46:This article includes a list of general
2300:
2281:
2254:
2154:
2130:
2106:
1569:. Those on the right were taken by the
4155:
2365:
2226:
2203:
2142:
2066:
2037:
1487:, then back to Heidelberg and finally
760:region in the German federal state of
4065:
3290:
3071:
2775:
2463:
2450:
2031:
2028:, p. 231. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
1956:until 1937, and western parts of the
1553:in 1795, mainly becoming part of the
1428:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
4183:Electorates of the Holy Roman Empire
3050:
2319:
2257:News Networks in Early Modern Europe
2118:
2004:List of Counts Palatine of the Rhine
1859:Coat of arms of Rhineland-Palatinate
1335:
1239:) of the Empire and imperial vicar (
1046:and younger half-brother of Emperor
756:mountain range in what is today the
32:
1647:represented their position as Arch-
1444:Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg
1415:and the Protestant cause. When the
13:
4198:History of the Palatinate (region)
2801:
2385:
2343:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion
1453:
1409:Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia
52:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4224:
4100:Coat of arms of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2442:
1921:) in a pre-arranged exchange for
1191:in 1329, the Wittelsbach Emperor
3412:
3318:
3177:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3099:
3049:
3040:
3039:
2840:
2747:
2733:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2677:
2653:
2639:
2618:
2607:
2592:
2581:
2557:
2543:
2529:
2502:
2491:
2322:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714
1978:
1825:
1807:
1792:
1776:
1753:
1733:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1659:
1605:
1545:The Palatine territories on the
1541:, Elector of Bavaria (1799–1806)
1523:
1382:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1300:in the Lower Palatinate, and in
825:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
627:
613:
599:
574:
560:
546:
532:
518:
167:
151:
144:
37:
2160:
1358:. This initiated the 1618–1648
1277:In 1400, the Elector Palatine,
1157:Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria
896:Arms of the Duke of Lotharingia
2072:
2040:Kleine Geschichte der Kurpfalz
2016:
959:, and areas around the rivers
859:of France, culminating in the
713:Counts Palatine of Lotharingia
1:
4168:1085 establishments in Europe
2009:
1952:which had been an exclave of
1440:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1426:In 1670, Charles II's sister
887:
2168:"Die Auflösung der Kurpfalz"
2088:(in German). 21 October 2014
1876:, the Free Imperial City of
1421:Charles II, Elector Palatine
1386:Battle of the White Mountain
996:, arms of the Count Palatine
717:Counts Palatine of the Rhine
695:Electorate of the Palatinate
101:Electorate of the Palatinate
7:
4213:Former monarchies of Europe
1971:
1935:Territory of the Saar Basin
1814:The colors of the country (
1726:House of Palatinate-Simmern
1707:House of Palatinate-Simmern
1270:, the oldest University in
161:Bottom: Flag design of 1604
10:
4229:
2220:
1950:Principality of Birkenfeld
1884:; after this time, it was
1874:Prince-Bishopric of Speyer
1740:Greater Coat of arms from
1672:confirmation as Electorate
1651:of the Holy Roman Empire.
1588:
1527:
1339:
882:
540:Margraviate of the Nordgau
25:
18:
4106:
4097:
4018:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
3968:
3908:
3840:
3831:
3759:
3593:
3580:
3421:
3410:
3335:
3243:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
3227:
3186:
3175:
3116:
3035:
2849:
2838:
2809:
2673:Added in the 19th century
2635:Added in the 17th century
2512:
2457:
2452:Links to related articles
2366:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
2227:Beiler, Rosalind (2008).
2025:Palatine & Palatinate
1849:
1820:) ensign (alternate flag)
1620:Elector of the Palatinate
1613:
1604:
1597:
1515:, who also inherited the
1328:became the leader of the
924:, in what had become the
807:in the territories under
643:
497:
493:
476:
463:
450:
437:
424:
411:
407:
386:
382:
369:
356:
352:
342:
332:
309:
295:
229:
215:
200:
185:
140:
135:
99:
3106:Electoral Rhenish Circle
2339:Nicholls, David (1999).
2172:Kurpfalz Regional Archiv
1986:Holy Roman Empire portal
1346:In 1619, the Protestant
1268:University of Heidelberg
446:15 May – 24 October 1648
4053:Unencircled territories
3278:Unencircled territories
2301:Lindsay, J. O. (1957).
2282:Jackson, Clare (2021).
2275:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1ng.35
1442:, whose third wife was
1394:Maximilian I of Bavaria
1142:Agnes of the Palatinate
788:range and the southern
428:Confirmed as Electorate
119:
67:more precise citations.
2204:Diemer, Klaus (2007).
1913:
1861:
1816:
1711:(Electoral Palatinate)
1692:(Electoral Palatinate)
1629:Conrad of Hohenstaufen
1547:left bank of the Rhine
1542:
1466:
1377:
1312:of Simmern, a staunch
1263:
1256:KurfĂĽrst von der Pfalz
1255:
1236:
1228:
1211:
1181:
1105:
1090:up the Rhine river to
997:
972:Archbishops of Cologne
914:
897:
839:, whose coronation as
733:
699:
689:
680:
105:
2022:Ralph Dornfeld Owen,
1933:becoming part of the
1927:Free State of Bavaria
1857:
1667:House of Hohenstaufen
1633:House of Hohenstaufen
1585:Coat of arms and flag
1537:
1517:Electorate of Bavaria
1461:
1446:, eldest daughter of
1434:, younger brother of
1368:
1210:The Palatinate (1505)
1209:
1150:Agnes of Hohenstaufen
1100:
1044:House of Hohenstaufen
992:
895:
865:Electorate of Bavaria
623:Electorate of Bavaria
296:Common languages
4163:Electoral Palatinate
3325:Upper Rhenish Circle
2347:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1942:Rhineland-Palatinate
1783:The variant used by
1688:House of Wittelsbach
1600:Electoral Palatinate
1559:Palatine ZweibrĂĽcken
1530:German mediatisation
1048:Frederick Barbarossa
869:German mediatization
843:in 1619 sparked the
762:Rhineland-Palatinate
725:House of Wittelsbach
668:Electoral Palatinate
159:Top: Flag until 1776
120:Kurferschdendom Palz
4029:Circles est. 1512:
4004:Circles est. 1500:
3327:(1500–1806) of the
3254:Circles est. 1512:
3229:Circles est. 1500:
3108:(1512–1806) of the
2892:Brandenburg-Ansbach
2397:Memoirs (1630–1680)
2320:Lynn, John (1999).
2133:, pp. 643–644.
1937:after World War I.
1919:Circle of the Rhine
1598:Coat of arms of the
1432:Philippe of Orléans
1417:Peace of Westphalia
1342:Palatinate campaign
1216:Golden Bull of 1356
1120:. When Henry's son
907:Merovingian dynasty
877:Circle of the Rhine
849:Peace of Westphalia
743:Golden Bull of 1356
700:KurfĂĽrstentum Pfalz
595:Electorate of Baden
568:Palatinate-Sulzbach
554:Bohemian Palatinate
467:Treaty of Lunéville
452:• Subsumed by
441:Peace of Westphalia
337:Hereditary monarchy
276: /
106:KurfĂĽrstentum Pfalz
4050:
4046:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3976:
3275:
3271:
2518:
2259:. Brill: 643–644.
2206:"Der Pfälzer Löwe"
1958:Province of Nassau
1931:some western parts
1909:Kingdom of Bavaria
1870:Congress of Vienna
1862:
1579:Kingdom of Bavaria
1575:Peace of Pressburg
1543:
1467:
1405:Princess Elizabeth
1398:Elector of Bavaria
1378:
1283:King of the Romans
1212:
1146:Henry of Brunswick
1138:Otto II of Bavaria
1134:Louis I of Bavaria
1118:Henry of Brunswick
1106:
1042:, a member of the
1029:House of Babenberg
1013:Holy Roman Emperor
998:
898:
871:and annexation by
827:. In 1541 elector
721:Kingdom of Bavaria
693:), officially the
582:Palatinate-Neuburg
4150:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4059:
4058:
4043:Electoral Rhenish
3999:Swiss Confederacy
3964:
3963:
3827:
3826:
3639:BĂĽdingen-Birstein
3478:Isenburg-Birstein
3329:Holy Roman Empire
3284:
3283:
3268:Electoral Rhenish
3187:Other territories
3110:Holy Roman Empire
3065:
3064:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2603:(until 1777)
2410:978-0-7727-2148-8
2393:Sophia of Hanover
2377:978-0-7139-9592-3
2358:978-0-87436-957-1
2331:978-0-582-05629-9
2312:978-0-521-04545-2
2266:978-90-04-27717-5
2240:978-0-271-03595-6
2145:, pp. 60–61.
2053:978-3-7650-8329-7
1962:Saar Protectorate
1771:of the Palatinate
1625:
1624:
1573:, after the 1805
1563:Maximilian Joseph
1539:Maximilian Joseph
1493:Peace of Augsburg
1475:Treaty of Ryswick
1463:Heidelberg Castle
1396:, who now became
1360:Thirty Years' War
1336:Thirty Years' War
1281:, was elected as
1264:Palatinus elector
1122:Henry the Younger
1033:Henry Jasomirgott
1027:in 1040) and the
1015:– among them the
945:Lower Lotharingia
939:, a scion of the
855:launched by King
853:Reunion campaigns
847:. After the 1648
845:Thirty Years' War
782:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
709:Holy Roman Empire
705:constituent state
664:
663:
639:
638:
635:
634:
587:
586:
526:Rhenish Franconia
376:Maximilian Joseph
371:• 1799–1803
358:• 1085–1095
224:Holy Roman Empire
209:Thirty Years' War
93:
92:
85:
28:Kurpfalz (region)
4220:
4188:Former countries
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4051:
4047:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3977:
3972:Three Bishoprics
3875:MĂĽnster im ElsaĂź
3838:
3837:
3591:
3590:
3416:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3272:
3204:Nassau-Beilstein
3181:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3042:
2987:Schwäbisch Gmünd
2844:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2737:
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2715:
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2600:
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2595:
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2554:
2551:
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2507:
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2505:
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2097:
2095:
2093:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2035:
2029:
2020:
1999:German Palatines
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1916:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1796:
1780:
1757:
1737:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1663:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1571:Elector of Baden
1549:were annexed by
1509:Charles Theodore
1330:Protestant Union
1250:
1223:
1176:
1169:Upper Palatinate
1161:Bavarian Nordgau
1017:House of Ascania
919:
736:
702:
692:
675:
631:
630:
617:
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603:
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590:
578:
577:
564:
563:
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522:
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459:30 December 1777
321:(1556–1563) and
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63:this article by
54:inline citations
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4136:Further Austria
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3809:Reipoltskirchen
3755:
3599:
3595:
3576:
3552:Solms-Braunfels
3417:
3408:
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3219:Thurn and Taxis
3209:Nieder-Isenburg
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2992:Schwäbisch Hall
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2453:
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2411:
2388:
2386:Further reading
2378:
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2267:
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2217:
2202:
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2113:
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2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2012:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1886:this new region
1882:Austrian Empire
1852:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1767:
1758:
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1709:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1567:Treaty of Paris
1532:
1526:
1511:, then Duke of
1471:Nine Years' War
1456:
1454:Nine Years' War
1374:King of Bohemia
1344:
1338:
1246:
1219:
1189:Treaty of Pavia
1172:
1084:Stahleck Castle
1068:Duchy of Swabia
890:
885:
861:Nine Years' War
841:king of Bohemia
805:imperial vicars
729:prince-electors
671:
660:
628:
614:
600:
575:
561:
547:
533:
519:
486:
472:9 February 1801
469:
456:
443:
433:10 January 1356
430:
417:
403:
372:
359:
327:
326:
304:Palatine German
302:
284:
282:
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211:
196:
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163:
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127:Palatine German
124:
117:
110:
102:
89:
78:
72:
69:
59:Please help to
58:
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38:
31:
24:
17:
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3339:
3337:Ecclesiastical
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2829:
2827:Franconian War
2824:
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2813:
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2807:
2806:
2803:Swabian League
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2443:External links
2441:
2440:
2439:
2409:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2370:. Allen Lane.
2363:
2357:
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2298:
2293:978-0241285817
2292:
2286:. Allen Lane.
2279:
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2215:
2212:on 2 May 2008.
2196:
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2159:
2157:, p. 420.
2147:
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2121:, p. 198.
2111:
2109:, p. 463.
2099:
2071:
2069:, p. 787.
2059:
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2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1994:Count palatine
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1894:Rhine Province
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1655:Coats of arms:
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1601:
1586:
1583:
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1505:Charles Albert
1501:Charles Philip
1481:Johann Wilhelm
1455:
1452:
1448:Philip William
1390:Dutch Republic
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1294:Kaiserslautern
1242:Reichsverweser
1144:, daughter of
1128:enfeoffed the
1025:Otto I of Salm
1006:Henry of Laach
949:Upper Lorraine
889:
886:
884:
881:
772:(bailiwick of
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511:
510:
505:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
477:
474:
473:
470:
464:
461:
460:
457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
435:
434:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
402:
401:
396:
390:
388:
387:Historical era
384:
383:
380:
379:
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:Henry of Laach
360:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
315:Roman Catholic
311:
307:
306:
297:
293:
292:
259:
258:
255:
250:
247:
242:
239:
233:
231:
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
206:
198:
197:
191:
183:
182:
175:Electoral arms
173:
166:
165:
157:
150:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
103:
100:
91:
90:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4225:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4026:(Lower) Saxon
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:Upper Rhenish
4011:
4007:
4000:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3251:(Lower) Saxon
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:Upper Rhenish
3236:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2832:Peasants' War
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2754:
2740:
2726:
2712:
2698:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2614:
2599:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2550:
2536:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2499:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2194:, p. 18.
2193:
2192:Nicholls 1999
2188:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1902:Rhenish Hesse
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1840:(merged with
1838:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1769:Heraldic flag
1766:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1591:Palatine Lion
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:Mont-Tonnerre
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1524:Mediatisation
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:Charles Louis
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:Bohemian Diet
1353:
1349:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Frederick III
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:, whose son,
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:House of Welf
1104:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Franche-Comté
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:in 1140/41).
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:House of Salm
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
995:
994:Palatine Lion
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
917:
910:
908:
903:
894:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:converted to
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
723:in 1805, the
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
646:
644:Today part of
642:
626:
624:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:Mont-Tonnerre
607:
606:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
583:
580:
573:
572:
569:
566:
559:
558:
555:
552:
545:
544:
541:
538:
531:
530:
527:
524:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
492:
489:27 April 1803
488:
485:
481:
475:
471:
468:
462:
458:
455:
449:
445:
442:
436:
432:
429:
423:
419:
416:
410:
406:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
368:
364:
361:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
289:
280:49.5°N 8.02°E
256:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
204:
199:
189:
184:
178:
170:
162:
154:
147:
139:
134:
128:
121:
114:
107:
98:
95:
87:
84:
76:
66:
62:
56:
55:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4116:Hohenzollern
4013:
3970:Part of the
3890:Schlettstadt
3792:Wächtersbach
3749:Wittgenstein
3739:Wittgenstein
3267:
3156:
3055:
2822:Knights' War
2672:
2634:
2597:
2576:
2567:(until 1803)
2553:(until 1803)
2539:(until 1803)
2524:
2396:
2367:
2342:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2229:
2210:the original
2199:
2187:
2177:11 September
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2155:Lindsay 1957
2150:
2138:
2131:Dosquet 2016
2126:
2114:
2107:Jackson 2021
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2085:Der Teckbote
2083:
2074:
2062:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
1939:
1906:
1863:
1817:Landesfarben
1785:Wittelsbachs
1641:Maximilian I
1637:
1626:
1544:
1498:
1479:
1468:
1425:
1402:
1379:
1345:
1326:Frederick IV
1287:
1276:
1240:
1237:Archidapifer
1213:
1186:
1154:
1126:Frederick II
1107:
1037:
1010:
999:
969:
934:
911:
902:Childebert I
899:
809:Frankish law
802:
747:
739:papal letter
694:
684:
667:
665:
508:Succeeded by
507:
502:
325:(from 1563).
313:Population:
94:
79:
70:
51:
4126:WĂĽrttemberg
4039:Upper Saxon
3993:until 1736.
3981:after 1737.
3880:Oberehnheim
3860:Kaisersberg
3777:Falkenstein
3767:Bretzenheim
3663:Kriechingen
3612:Lichtenberg
3572:ZweibrĂĽcken
3508:SaarbrĂĽcken
3436:Heitersheim
3264:Upper Saxon
3118:Electorates
3027:WĂĽrttemberg
2972:Pfullendorf
2897:DinkelsbĂĽhl
2817:Swabian War
2756:(1803–1806)
2742:(1803–1806)
2728:(1803–1806)
2725:WĂĽrttemberg
2714:(1805–1806)
2700:(1803–1805)
2687:(1803–1806)
2624:Brandenburg
2324:. Longman.
2143:Beiler 2008
2067:Wilson 2009
1376:(1619–1620)
1370:Frederick I
1348:Frederick V
1318:Netherlands
1298:ZweibrĂĽcken
1229:ErztruchseĂź
1130:Wittelsbach
1080:SaarbrĂĽcken
1052:Donnersberg
930:Lotharingia
928:kingdom of
926:Carolingian
837:Frederick V
833:Lutheranism
752:, from the
750:Upper Rhine
503:Preceded by
415:Lotharingia
399:Renaissance
394:Middle Ages
317:(to 1556),
283: /
257:(1720–1803)
249:(1690–1720)
241:(1085–1690)
177:(1356–1803)
73:August 2018
65:introducing
4157:Categories
4131:Palatinate
4035:Burgundian
4022:Franconian
3900:WeiĂźenburg
3819:Wartenberg
3814:Salm-Dhaun
3799:Mensfelden
3712:Hohensolms
3695:Grehweiler
3683:Westerburg
3678:Hardenburg
3646:Königstein
3617:MĂĽnzenberg
3399:WeiĂźenburg
3260:Burgundian
3247:Franconian
3199:Gelnhausen
3157:Palatinate
3002:Ăśberlingen
2982:Reutlingen
2977:Ravensburg
2967:Palatinate
2962:Nördlingen
2932:Kaufbeuren
2902:Donauwörth
2683:Regensburg
2598:Palatinate
2419:2013496220
2246:28 October
2010:References
1914:Rheinkreis
1589:See also:
1485:DĂĽsseldorf
1324:. Elector
1279:Rupert III
1140:, married
1092:Heidelberg
1064:BergstraĂźe
888:Background
829:Otto Henry
794:Heidelberg
784:up to the
758:Palatinate
734:KurfĂĽrsten
685:Palatinate
333:Government
285:49.5; 8.02
245:DĂĽsseldorf
237:Heidelberg
48:references
21:Palatinate
4111:Franconia
3987:Reichstag
3936:StraĂźburg
3921:Friedberg
3916:Frankfurt
3870:MĂĽlhausen
3744:Berleburg
3727:Rödelheim
3668:Leiningen
3597:Imp. Diet
3503:Ottweiler
3471:Rheinfels
3451:Darmstadt
3384:StraĂźburg
2957:Memmingen
2942:Leutkirch
2917:Heilbronn
2907:Esslingen
2887:Bopfingen
2525:Spiritual
2435:31002050M
2427:857794451
2119:Lynn 1999
1954:Oldenburg
1864:In 1806,
1728:(variant)
1499:In 1716,
1436:Louis XIV
1407:and wife
1384:, at the
1354:from the
1332:in 1608.
1314:Calvinist
1248:‹See Tfd›
1221:‹See Tfd›
1187:With the
1182:Oberpfalz
1174:‹See Tfd›
1088:Bacharach
1002:Herman II
857:Louis XIV
821:Rhineland
813:Franconia
790:Kraichgau
703:), was a
683:) or the
673:‹See Tfd›
323:Calvinist
310:Religion
136:1085–1803
4031:Austrian
4006:Bavarian
4001:in 1515.
3985:without
3895:TĂĽrkheim
3842:DĂ©capole
3787:Meerholz
3782:Isenburg
3772:Dagstuhl
3734:Wetterau
3700:Grumbach
3673:Dagsburg
3656:Stolberg
3634:BĂĽdingen
3629:Birstein
3624:Isenburg
3557:Sponheim
3518:Weilburg
3488:Lorraine
3441:Hersfeld
3369:Bruchsal
3365:Odenheim
3355:Hersfeld
3256:Austrian
3231:Bavarian
3214:Rheineck
3045:Category
2882:Biberach
2877:Bayreuth
2862:Augsburg
2711:WĂĽrzburg
2697:Salzburg
2498:Electors
2395:(2013).
1972:See also
1966:Saarland
1929:), with
1670:(before
1627:In 1156
1513:Sulzbach
1489:Mannheim
1430:married
1306:Sulzbach
1201:Rupert I
1193:Louis IV
941:Ezzonids
937:Herman I
935:In 985,
819:and the
798:Mannheim
786:Odenwald
770:Lorraine
754:HunsrĂĽck
681:Kurpfalz
319:Lutheran
253:Mannheim
4010:Swabian
3997:Joined
3951:Wetzlar
3885:Rosheim
3855:Hagenau
3804:OlbrĂĽck
3760:Without
3717:Laubach
3567:Waldeck
3562:Veldenz
3547:Simmern
3530:Kyrburg
3513:Usingen
3498:Idstein
3483:Lautern
3466:Marburg
3456:Homburg
3423:Secular
3235:Swabian
3194:Koblenz
3133:Cologne
3056:Commons
3022:Wimpfen
2937:Kempten
2912:Giengen
2872:Bavaria
2850:Members
2810:History
2659:Hanover
2645:Bavaria
2587:Bohemia
2577:Secular
2563:Cologne
2221:Sources
2092:23 July
1946:Prussia
1890:Prussia
1842:Bavaria
1649:Steward
1615:Armiger
1565:in the
1352:Bohemia
1302:Neuburg
1290:Simmern
1272:Germany
1214:In the
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1023:(Count
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953:Cologne
883:History
707:of the
651:Germany
480:Annexed
478:•
465:•
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365:(first)
344:Elector
268:49°30′N
230:Capital
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195:Umstadt
61:improve
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3931:Speyer
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2649:(1623)
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