375:
527:
source of electrical energy will be the next unit connected to meet rising demand. Electrical generators have automatic controls to regulate the power fed into the electrical transmission system, adjusting generator output moment by moment to balance with electrical demand. For a large grid with scores or hundreds of generators connected and thousands of loads, management of stable generator supply is a problem with significant challenges, to meet economic, environmental and reliability requirements. For example, low-incremental-cost generation sources such as nuclear power plants may be run continually to meet the average "
109:
566:
101:
678:
239:
523:", which move conductors through a magnetic field to produce electric current. The generator is rotated by some other prime mover machine; in typical grid-connected generators this is a steam turbine, a gas turbine, or a hydraulic turbine. Primary energy sources for these machine are often fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear fission, geothermal steam, or falling water. Renewable sources such as wind and solar energy are increasingly of commercial importance.
1871:
6088:
2450:
6112:
31:
970:
6100:
809:(FERC) made a series of decisions which were intended to open the U.S. wholesale power market to new players, with the hope that spurring competition would save consumers $ 4 to $ 5 billion per year and encourage technical innovation in the industry. Steps were taken to give all market participants open access to existing interstate transmission lines.
73:. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies.
909:
for $ 3.2 billion. Between 1995 and 1997, seven of the 12 Regional
Electric Companies (RECs) in England and Wales were bought by U.S. energy companies. Domestically, local electric and gas firms have merged operations as they saw the advantages of joint affiliation, especially with the reduced cost
436:
often determines whether electric companies are able to be involved in just some of these processes without having to own the entire infrastructure, or citizens choose which components of infrastructure to patronise. In countries where electricity provision is deregulated, end-users of electricity
206:
thickness. Furthermore, some load types were difficult or impossible to make work with higher voltages. The overall effect was that Edison's system required power stations to be within a mile of the consumers. While this could work in city centres, it would be unable to economically supply suburbs
769:
The organization of the electrical sector of a country or region varies depending on the economic system of the country. In some places, all electric power generation, transmission and distribution is provided by a government controlled organization. Other regions have private or investor-owned
526:
Since electrical generation must be closely matched with electrical consumption, enough generation capacity must be installed to meet peak demands. At the same time, primary energy sources must be selected to minimize the cost of produced electrical energy. Generally the lowest-incremental-cost
796:
behind the electric utility has changed over the years playing a vital role in shaping the electricity industry into what it is today; from generation, transmission, distribution, to the final local retailing. This has occurred prominently since the reform of the electricity supply industry in
825:
The FERC also endorsed the concept of appointing independent system operators (ISOs) to manage the electric power grid – a function that was traditionally the responsibility of vertically integrated electric utility companies. The concept of an independent system operator evolved into that of
539:
strategies may encourage more even demand for electrical power and reduce costly peaks. Designated generator units for a particular electrical grid may be run at partial output only, to provide "spinning reserve" for sudden increases in demand or faults with other generating units.
189:
and again it was a DC supply. It was for this reason that the generation was close to or on the consumer's premises as Edison had no means of voltage conversion. The voltage chosen for any electrical system is a compromise. For a given amount of power transmitted, increasing the
174:, where he had entered into an agreement with the City Corporation for a period of three months to provide street lighting. In time he had supplied a number of local consumers with electric light. The method of supply was direct current (DC). Whilst the Godalming and the 1882
226:
could reduce voltage to supply loads. Increasing the voltage reduced the current in the transmission and distribution lines and hence the size of conductors and distribution losses. This made it more economical to distribute power over long distances. Generators (such as
162:
in the UK for a trial period. The ensuing success of this installation enabled
Hammond to put this venture on both a commercial and legal footing, as a number of shop owners wanted to use the new electric light. Thus the Hammond Electricity Supply Co. was launched.
80:", only efficient if a restricted number of organizations participated in the market; in some areas, vertically-integrated companies provide all stages from generation to retail, and only governmental supervision regulated the rate of return and cost structure.
87:
with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since
841:
These decisions, which were intended to create a fully interconnected grid and an integrated national power market, resulted in the restructuring of the U.S. electricity industry. That process was soon dealt two setbacks: the
593:. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as
774:
companies owned by their own customers, or combinations. Generation, transmission and distribution may be offered by a single company, or different organizations may provide each of these portions of the system.
235:. The DC system was able to claim slightly greater safety, but this difference was not great enough to overwhelm the enormous technical and economic advantages of alternating current which eventually won out.
518:
Generation is the conversion of some primary energy source into electric power suitable for commercial use on an electrical grid. Most commercial electric power is produced by rotating electrical machines,
5766:
1096:
339:(metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) in 1959. Generations of MOSFETs enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors. In 1969,
413:. In many countries, electric power companies own the whole infrastructure from generating stations to transmission and distribution infrastructure. For this reason, electric power is viewed as a
5781:
551:
of a collapsed power grid. These ancillary services may be commercially valuable when the generation, transmission, and distribution electrical companies are separate commercial entities.
850:. Although industry restructuring proceeded, these events made clear that competitive markets could be manipulated and thus must be properly designed and monitored. Furthermore,
813:
577:; four circuits are shown; two additional circuits are obscured by trees on the right; the entire 7079 MW generation capacity of the dam is accommodated by these six circuits.
5752:
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910:
of joint-metering. Technological advances will take place in the competitive wholesale electric markets, such examples already being utilized include fuel cells used in
926:
systems; off-shore wind farms; and the communication advances spawned by the digital world, particularly with microprocessing which aids in monitoring and dispatching.
136:
devised a machine that generated electricity from rotary motion, but it took almost 50 years for the technology to reach a commercially viable stage. In 1878, in the
830:(RTOs). FERC's intention was that all U.S. companies owning interstate electric transmission lines would place those facilities under the control of an RTO. In its
4739:
816:
ordered vertically integrated electric utilities to functionally separate their transmission, power generation and marketing businesses to prevent self-dealing.
994:
1085:
827:
1438:
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is highly reliant on electric power. Other growth areas include emerging new electricity-exclusive technologies, developments in space conditioning,
5759:
1542:
1475:
1286:
1010:
1722:
778:
Not everyone has access to grid electricity. About 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.
5771:
1640:
Borberly, A. and
Kreider, J. F. (2001). Distributed Generation: The Power Paradigm for the New Millennium. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 400 pp.
2395:
3761:
628:, also known as an "interconnection" in North America, directly connects many generators delivering AC power with the same relative
83:
Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power. While such markets can be abusively
69:
to the general public and industry. The commercial distribution of electric power started in 1882 when electricity was produced for
366:
power systems, the bulk of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and retailing takes place using alternating current.
2603:
1686:
721:
used by lighting, industrial equipment or household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through
697:
to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium
5791:
3701:
1049:
655:
Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but starting in the 1990s, many countries have
3756:
822:
set up a system to provide all participants with timely access to information about available transmission capacity and prices.
649:
5801:
3696:
1399:
645:
362:
While HVDC is increasingly being used to transmit large quantities of electricity over long distances or to connect adjacent
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1870:
806:
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developed and sold a commercially viable replacement for gas lighting and heating using locally generated and distributed
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2292:
544:
453:
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2400:
1715:
1344:
729:. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary distribution level or the
178:
closed after a few years the
Brighton Scheme continued on, and supply was in 1887 made available for 24 hours per day.
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2020:
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1347:
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17:
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distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through
1180:
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1979:
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in ways that have led to the separation of the electricity transmission business from the distribution business.
355:
in the world, due to its low gate drive power, fast switching speed, easy advanced paralleling capability, wide
4779:
1626:
1005:
120:
Although electricity had been known to be produced as a result of the chemical reactions that take place in an
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329:
1627:"Electricity companies in the United Kingdom – a brief chronology," Electricity Association, 30 June 2003
535:
such as natural gas turbines may be run for brief times during the day to meet peak loads. Alternatively,
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and grid-controlled mercury arc valves to power transmission. Grading electrodes made them suitable for
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1815:
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656:
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to the control and conversion of electric power. Power electronics started with the development of the
259:
231:
sites) could be located far from the loads. AC and DC competed for a while, during a period called the
182:
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429:. However, the modern trend has been growing deregulation in at least the latter two processes.
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INNOVATION LANDSCAPE FOR A RENEWABLE-POWERED FUTURE: SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE VARIABLE RENEWABLES
989:
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highlighted the need for a dual focus on competitive pricing and strong reliability standards.
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located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the
641:
509:
394:
166:
In early 1882, Edison opened the world's first steam-powered electricity generating station at
50:
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1338:"A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Electricity Markets"
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numerous consumers. For example, there are four major interconnections in North
America (the
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410:
379:
297:
223:
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62:
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Closing Sub-Saharan Africa’s
Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution
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1969:
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905:, the largest private electric utility in the world, bought several electric utilities in
543:
In addition to electrical power production, electrical generation units may provide other
8:
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in 1902, used to convert AC into DC. From the 1920s on, research continued on applying
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and therefore reduces the required wire thickness. Unfortunately it also increases the
39:
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837:, issued in 1999, FERC specified the minimum capabilities that an RTO should possess.
582:
438:
289:
121:
70:
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363:
222:, could be used to raise the voltage from the generators, and transformers at local
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1959:
1954:
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359:, ruggedness, easy drive, simple biasing, ease of application, and ease of repair.
263:
254:
The AC power system used today developed rapidly, backed by industrialists such as
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100:
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1653:
P. Strange, "Early
Electricity Supply in Britain: Chesterfield and Godalming",
677:
393:
The electric power industry is commonly split up into four processes. These are
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332:(SCR) was introduced, increasing the range of power electronic applications.
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in 1800, its production by this means was, and still is, expensive. In 1831,
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283:
129:
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1585:"U.S. Energy Law: Electricity (About Regional Transmission Organizations)"
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with foreign purchases are taking place. One such purchase was when the
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2006:
1989:
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as the energy market follows in line with the gas market in use of the
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to the electrical grid, such as frequency control, reactive power, and
418:
309:
308:(HVDC) power transmission. In 1933, selenium rectifiers were invented.
3197:
3160:
2702:
597:. The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "
214:(AC) systems in Europe and the U.S. AC power had an advantage in that
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1914:
1909:
1795:
1755:
1156:
1015:
528:
383:
351:(V-groove MOSFET). The power MOSFET has since become the most common
301:
181:
It was later on in the year in
September 1882 that Edison opened the
27:
Industry that provides the production and delivery of electric energy
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30:
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702:
614:
335:
A breakthrough in power electronics came with the invention of the
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2722:
1949:
1939:
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969:
698:
340:
191:
113:
1660:
D. G. Tucker, "Hydro-Electricity for Public Supply in
Britain",
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5047:
4856:
4799:
4709:
4149:
3778:
3437:
3427:
3390:
3380:
3360:
3172:
3023:
1944:
862:
In some countries, wholesale electricity markets operate, with
336:
247:
171:
155:
154:, in December 1881, demonstrated the new electric light in the
76:
By the middle of the 20th century, electricity was seen as a "
5863:
5836:
5390:
5156:
5019:
4883:
4791:
4397:
4014:
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2633:
2598:
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883:
610:
321:
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1899:
348:
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4018:
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2788:
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1634:
312:
technology dates back to 1947, with the invention of the
770:
utility companies, city or municipally owned companies,
320:(BJT) in 1948. By the 1950s, higher power semiconductor
995:
Emissions & Generation
Resource Integrated Database
1631:
1394:. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 1–33.
882:
continues further, utilities are driven to sell their
713:
distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to
685:
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the
965:
581:
Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of
681:
A 50 kVA pole-mounted distribution transformer
116:
of which the nearest is a Phase Transposition Tower
650:one large grid connects most of continental Europe
6131:
1173:
1011:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
758:
531:" of the connected system, whereas more costly
1181:"Advances in Discrete Semiconductors March On"
666:
554:
210:The mid to late 1880s saw the introduction of
2480:
1716:
621:, the network is known as the National Grid.
432:The nature and state of market reform of the
1541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1474:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1517:Tomain, Joseph and Cudahy, Richard (2004).
1450:Tomain, Joseph and Cudahy, Richard (2004).
1246:
1244:
870:trading electricity in a similar manner to
747:Electricity retailing is the final sale of
2487:
2473:
1723:
1709:
1730:
1589:George Washington University Law Library
1241:
1077:
676:
564:
373:
286:, and others contributed to this field.
237:
107:
99:
29:
1669:A History of Electric Light & Power
1289:. EnPowered. 2016-03-28. Archived from
1287:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation"
1254:High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers
1215:
1213:
1055:
1050:Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity
1045:
1043:
934:Electricity is expected to see growing
894:and other financial arrangements. Even
324:became available and started replacing
14:
6132:
5513:
1330:
1250:
1102:from the original on 20 September 2008
5727:
5512:
4777:
3241:
3240:
2507:
2468:
1704:
1389:
1304:
1148:
1083:
835:(Regional Transmission Organizations)
736:
646:Electric Reliability Council of Texas
6099:
2494:
1678:, Johns Hopkins Press London (1983).
1564:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1392:Electric Power Distribution Handbook
1210:
1061:
1040:
807:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
417:. The industry is generally heavily
347:, which would later be known as the
104:Bolsward Substation, the Netherlands
38:like these, and also on underground
1454:. Thomson-West Group. p. 277.
1408:
1023:, a U.S. electricity corporate logo
828:regional transmission organizations
456:by source. Total generation was 28
24:
4778:
2508:
2401:Renewable energy commercialization
1647:
1383:
1345:United States Department of Energy
1198:from the original on 22 March 2006
857:
693:; it carries electricity from the
585:from a generating site, such as a
25:
6161:
1348:Federal Energy Management Program
1071:Introduction to Power Electronics
1000:Meter Point Administration Number
34:Electric power is transmitted on
6110:
6098:
6087:
6086:
2449:
2448:
1869:
1122:"Rethink Power Density with GaN"
968:
844:California energy crisis of 2000
800:
787:
6111:
3641:Outdoors & sports equipment
1620:
1616:SEC filing dated March 15, 2000
1609:
1595:
1577:
1549:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1443:
1432:
1228:Alpha & Omega Semiconductor
705:and 35 kV with the use of
369:
1279:
1152:Fet Technology and Application
1142:
1114:
1006:National Grid (disambiguation)
852:the Northeast blackout of 2003
343:introduced the first vertical
13:
1:
3645:Personal protective equipment
2396:Renewable Energy Certificates
2356:Cost of electricity by source
2278:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2154:High-voltage shore connection
1662:Industrial Archaeology Review
1086:"Power Semiconductor Devices"
1033:
605:, or just "the grid". In the
444:
427:government-owned and operated
2411:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2209:Transmission system operator
2169:Mains electricity by country
1746:Automatic generation control
1185:Power Electronics Technology
759:World electricity industries
454:world electricity generation
330:silicon controlled rectifier
316:, which was followed by the
7:
5728:
2436:List of electricity sectors
2431:Electric energy consumption
2149:High-voltage direct current
2124:Electric power transmission
2114:Electric power distribution
1791:Energy return on investment
1073:. Thompson Consulting, Inc.
1002:, a unique UK supply number
961:
797:England and Wales in 1990.
765:List of electricity sectors
673:Electric power distribution
667:Electric power distribution
595:electric power distribution
561:Electric power transmission
555:Electric power transmission
403:electric power transmission
318:bipolar junction transistor
306:high voltage direct current
268:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
202:and increases the required
10:
6166:
2351:Carbon offsets and credits
2069:Three-phase electric power
929:
848:Enron scandal and collapse
780:
762:
740:
670:
626:wide area synchronous grid
571:Three-phase electric power
558:
507:
260:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
200:danger from direct contact
183:Pearl Street Power Station
95:
6081:
5929:
5812:
5738:
5734:
5723:
5682:
5632:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5375:
5310:
5267:
5137:
5028:
4968:
4872:
4790:
4786:
4773:
4638:
4529:
4435:
4092:
3860:
3660:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3236:
3043:
2864:
2750:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2444:
2419:
2406:Renewable Energy Payments
2329:
2266:
2228:
2082:
2019:
1930:
1895:Fossil fuel power station
1885:
1878:
1867:
1738:
1312:"Yearly electricity data"
1052:– 2. The Age of Invention
755:to the end-use consumer.
715:distribution transformers
648:(ERCOT) grid). In Europe
92:are not as easy to find.
5959:Mergers and acquisitions
5700:Research and development
4060:Chemical & hormonal
3715:Communications equipment
2189:Single-wire earth return
2129:Electrical busbar system
1786:Energy demand management
1603:Tomain and Cudahy op cit
1521:. Thomson – West Group.
1519:Energy Law in a Nutshell
1504:Tomain and Cudahy op cit
1490:Tomain and Cudahy op cit
1452:Energy Law in a Nutshell
1191:: 52–6. September 2005.
922:; solar engineering and
437:may opt for more costly
407:electricity distribution
314:point-contact transistor
4745:Painting and decorating
3769:Medical imaging systems
3702:Parts & peripherals
2320:Residual-current device
2310:Power system protection
2300:Generator interlock kit
701:ranging between 2
638:Eastern Interconnection
634:Western Interconnection
472: Natural gas (23%)
294:solid-state electronics
47:electric power industry
6150:Industries (economics)
6063:State-owned enterprise
6043:Nonprofit organization
5954:Horizontal integration
3762:Scientific instruments
3725:Network infrastructure
2104:Distributed generation
1776:Electric power quality
1416:"How Power Grids Work"
1371:Cite journal requires
990:Distributed generation
940:Information Revolution
682:
659:the regulation of the
642:Quebec Interconnection
578:
573:Transmission Lines at
510:Electricity generation
395:electricity generation
390:
292:is the application of
251:
176:Holborn Viaduct Scheme
117:
112:Transmission lines in
105:
42:
5406:Private investigation
2376:Fossil fuel phase-out
2144:Electricity retailing
2139:Electrical substation
2119:Electric power system
1221:"Power MOSFET Basics"
1149:Oxner, E. S. (1988).
781:Further information:
743:electricity retailing
680:
591:electrical substation
568:
411:electricity retailing
380:Athlone Power Station
377:
298:mercury arc rectifier
242:High tension line in
241:
111:
103:
90:returns on investment
33:
5974:Vertical integration
3975:Speciality chemicals
3815:Electrical equipment
3732:Consumer electronics
1732:Electricity delivery
1671:, Peregrinus (1982).
1390:Short, T.A. (2014).
1251:Duncan, Ben (1996).
944:industrial processes
533:peaking power plants
276:Carl Wilhelm Siemens
274:, John Dixon Gibbs,
6058:Sole proprietorship
6033:Joint-stock company
5302:Veterinary medicine
5127:Property management
4921:Passenger transport
3948:Commodity chemicals
3774:Optical instruments
3742:Video game consoles
3635:Musical instruments
3476:Media reproduction
2341:Availability factor
2293:Sulfur hexafluoride
2174:Overhead power line
2074:Virtual power plant
2049:Induction generator
2002:Sustainable biofuel
1811:Home energy storage
1801:Grid energy storage
1766:Droop speed control
1605:. pp. 285–297.
1492:. pp. 276–277.
938:in the future. The
805:In 1996 – 1999 the
719:utilization voltage
695:transmission system
484: Nuclear (10%)
280:William Stanley Jr.
256:George Westinghouse
233:war of the currents
212:alternating current
40:high-voltage cables
6006:Putting-out system
5515:Information sector
5436:Personal services
5038:Financial services
4510:offshore platforms
4359:advanced materials
4340:Ready-mix concrete
3793:Laser construction
3753:Clocks and watches
3587:Injection moulding
3558:Other fabrication
3511:household hardware
2215:Transmission tower
1826:Nameplate capacity
1692:2021-01-24 at the
737:Electric retailing
683:
661:electricity market
579:
545:ancillary services
514:Energy development
434:electricity market
425:and is frequently
391:
252:
118:
106:
43:
6127:
6126:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
5904:Natural resources
5749:Production-based
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5657:Vocational school
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4730:Electrical wiring
4716:Specialty trades
4670:Civil engineering
4525:
4524:
4199:Vulcanized rubber
3995:Cleaning products
3835:Electric lighting
3552:Surface finishing
3542:Powder metallurgy
3497:Metal fabrication
3243:Industrial sector
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3131:Rare-earth metals
3039:
3038:
2462:
2461:
2366:Environmental tax
2246:Cascading failure
2015:
2014:
1851:Utility frequency
1676:Networks of Power
1401:978-1-4665-9865-2
1316:ember-climate.org
1127:Electronic Design
914:; aeroderivative
583:electrical energy
478: Hydro (15%)
439:green electricity
290:Power electronics
122:electrolytic cell
71:electric lighting
18:Electric industry
16:(Redirected from
6157:
6114:
6113:
6102:
6101:
6090:
6089:
5986:Enforced breakup
5981:Decentralization
5909:Physical capital
5736:
5735:
5725:
5724:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5509:
5386:Customer service
5297:Residential care
5245:Public relations
5053:Financial advice
5030:Asset management
4825:Department store
4788:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4755:Site preparation
4603:Telecom networks
4571:Waste management
4547:Gas distribution
4231:Synthetic fibers
3958:Industrial gases
3697:Computer systems
3631:Medical supplies
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
2668:Animal husbandry
2639:Medicinal plants
2525:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2361:Energy subsidies
2315:Protective relay
2256:Rolling blackout
1883:
1882:
1873:
1841:Power-flow study
1781:Electrical fault
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1655:IEEE Proceedings
1641:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1557:"Order No. 2000"
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:(FEMP). May 2002
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
978:
973:
972:
575:Grand Coulee Dam
502: Other (5%)
501:
496: Solar (4%)
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
466: Coal (36%)
465:
415:natural monopoly
264:Galileo Ferraris
126:Alessandro Volta
78:natural monopoly
21:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6145:Energy industry
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6069:
6038:Nationalization
5925:
5895:Primary inputs
5816:
5808:
5741:
5740:Classification
5730:
5711:
5678:
5628:
5612:Social networks
5529:
5517:
5496:
5480:Business travel
5382:Administrative
5371:
5350:Amusement parks
5314:
5306:
5280:Dentist offices
5263:
5133:
5100:Pension funding
5073:Risk management
5058:Holding company
5024:
4964:
4876:
4868:
4840:Specialty store
4835:Online shopping
4782:
4761:
4634:
4521:
4431:
4088:
4046:Pharmaceuticals
3990:Aroma compounds
3926:Petroleum jelly
3856:
3845:Home appliances
3840:Electric motors
3788:spotting scopes
3749:Instrumentation
3662:
3656:
3638:Office supplies
3245:
3224:
3208:Dimension stone
3142:Other minerals
3087:Mining of ores
3035:
2860:
2746:
2693:Other livestock
2579:Permanent crops
2512:
2499:
2493:
2463:
2458:
2440:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2346:Capacity factor
2334:
2332:
2325:
2305:Numerical relay
2283:Circuit breaker
2271:
2269:
2262:
2224:
2164:Load management
2134:Electrical grid
2099:Demand response
2092:
2087:
2078:
2059:Microgeneration
2011:
1926:
1874:
1865:
1861:Vehicle-to-grid
1734:
1729:
1694:Wayback Machine
1650:
1648:Further reading
1645:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1130:. 21 April 2017
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:Thompson, M.T.
1060:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1031:
974:
967:
964:
952:hybrid vehicles
932:
860:
858:Other countries
803:
790:
785:
783:Electrification
767:
761:
745:
739:
731:subtransmission
675:
669:
563:
557:
537:load management
516:
508:Main articles:
506:
505:
504:
503:
499:
497:
493:
491:
490: Wind (7%)
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
447:
372:
328:. In 1956, the
218:, installed at
168:Holborn Viaduct
134:Michael Faraday
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Electric power
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6016:Temporary work
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5939:Centralization
5935:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5823:
5821:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5744:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5705:Basic research
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5536:
5534:
5519:
5518:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5367:Tabletop games
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5321:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5232:
5230:Legal services
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5201:system testing
5190:
5185:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Money transfer
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Passenger rail
4933:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Moving company
4901:
4896:
4891:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4810:Consumer goods
4807:
4805:Car dealership
4796:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4780:Service sector
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4498:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4441:
4439:
4437:Heavy industry
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4376:Metal refining
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:Synthetic gems
4366:
4361:
4352:
4346:Other mineral
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4236:Thermoplastics
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4116:
4111:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:contraceptives
4058:
4056:Blood products
4053:
4043:
4041:Fine chemicals
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Petrochemicals
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3685:Semiconductors
3682:
3680:Circuit boards
3677:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:Prefabrication
3544:
3539:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Cassette tapes
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:Vegetable oils
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:Dairy products
3287:
3282:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3262:Light industry
3255:
3247:
3246:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2844:Wild mushrooms
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2821:
2819:Natural rubber
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Tropical fruit
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2537:Arable farming
2533:
2531:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2510:Natural sector
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:Statistics and
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Feed-in tariff
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Interconnector
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Dynamic demand
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Combined cycle
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Load-following
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Electric power
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1679:
1674:T. P. Hughes,
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1594:
1576:
1548:
1527:
1509:
1506:. p. 277.
1495:
1481:
1460:
1442:
1431:
1407:
1400:
1382:
1373:|journal=
1329:
1303:
1278:
1271:
1240:
1209:
1172:
1165:
1159:. p. 18.
1141:
1113:
1076:
1054:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:Reddy Kilowatt
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
979:
963:
960:
950:(for example
948:transportation
931:
928:
859:
856:
839:
838:
832:Order No. 2000
823:
817:
802:
799:
794:business model
789:
786:
760:
757:
741:Main article:
738:
735:
691:electric power
671:Main article:
668:
665:
607:United Kingdom
559:Main article:
556:
553:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
458:petawatt-hours
450:
449:
448:
446:
443:
423:price controls
371:
368:
272:Lucien Gaulard
220:power stations
152:Robert Hammond
146:direct current
128:developed the
97:
94:
67:electric power
36:overhead lines
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6162:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6119:
6118:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Privatization
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5827:Externalities
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:Market-based
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:Audio-visual
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:Entertainment
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Payment cards
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Food delivery
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Drink service
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:& Storage
4875:
4871:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Grocery store
4818:
4816:
4815:General store
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Rail vehicles
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4474:wind turbines
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Machine tools
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:Carbon fibers
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Illegal drugs
4070:
4068:
4067:Generic drugs
4065:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Agrochemicals
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:Pure elements
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Synthetic oil
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
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3859:
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3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Lens grinding
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
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3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Mobile phones
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3708:storage media
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
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3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:& optical
3659:
3651:
3648:
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3640:
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3634:
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3629:
3626:
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3618:
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3608:
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3568:
3565:
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3529:
3527:
3524:
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3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:Optical discs
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
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3458:
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3451:
3448:
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3426:
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3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Bottled water
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:Manufacturing
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Sea cucumbers
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2900:
2898:
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2875:
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2870:
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2835:
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2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
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2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
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2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
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2749:
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2738:
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2733:
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2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Dairy farming
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Apples et al.
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Pigouvian tax
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Earth-leakage
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:Failure modes
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Power station
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Rankine cycle
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Cooling tower
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1887:Non-renewable
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Grid strength
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Demand factor
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1528:9780314150585
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1461:9780314150585
1457:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1421:
1420:HowStuffWorks
1417:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1293:on 2017-04-07
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:9780080508047
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:9780824780500
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1028:
1027:Samuel Insull
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
977:
976:Energy portal
971:
966:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
903:National Grid
901:
897:
896:globalization
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
855:
853:
849:
845:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
820:Order No. 889
818:
815:
814:Order No. 888
812:
811:
810:
808:
801:United States
798:
795:
788:Market reform
784:
779:
776:
773:
766:
756:
754:
750:
744:
734:
732:
728:
727:service drops
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
679:
674:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:North America
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
567:
562:
552:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
524:
522:
515:
511:
461:
459:
455:
442:
440:
435:
430:
428:
424:
421:, often with
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:power station
396:
389:
385:
381:
376:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
245:
240:
236:
234:
230:
229:hydroelectric
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
187:New York City
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:electricity.
147:
143:
142:Thomas Edison
139:
138:United States
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
110:
102:
93:
91:
86:
81:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
6116:
6104:
6092:
6011:Spinning-off
5996:Homesteading
5949:Conglomerate
5931:Organization
5884:Raw material
5879:Intermediate
5758:
5757:
5580:Broadcasting
5485:Cruise lines
5455:Maid service
5445:Dry cleaning
5416:Maintenance
5174:Architecture
5139:Professional
4958:Self storage
4862:Distribution
4640:Construction
4541:
4485:Other heavy
4410:Formed metal
4364:Mineral wool
4286:Safety glass
4257:Fused quartz
4252:Borosilicate
3916:Paraffin wax
3871:oil refining
3850:Transformers
3616:Other goods
3602:Stonemasonry
3582:Glassblowing
3567:Blow molding
3526:Locksmithing
3502:Boilermaking
3051:Fossil fuels
2849:Fungiculture
2804:Gutta-percha
2794:Frankincense
2789:Tree tapping
2760:Silviculture
2740:Fur trapping
2651:Horticulture
2599:Stone fruits
2386:Net metering
2333:and policies
2251:Power outage
2220:Utility pole
2184:Pumped hydro
2090:distribution
2085:Transmission
2034:Cogeneration
1836:Power factor
1685:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1622:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1551:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1391:
1385:
1364:cite journal
1352:. Retrieved
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1318:. 6 Dec 2023
1315:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1281:
1253:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1200:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1151:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1092:
1079:
1070:
1057:
933:
924:photovoltaic
920:jet aircraft
916:gas turbines
912:space flight
892:spot markets
880:deregulation
861:
840:
834:
804:
791:
777:
768:
746:
722:
710:
707:transformers
684:
654:
629:
623:
580:
542:
525:
517:
451:
431:
392:
388:South Africa
370:Organization
364:asynchronous
361:
353:power device
345:power MOSFET
334:
326:vacuum tubes
288:
284:Nikola Tesla
253:
216:transformers
209:
207:with power.
194:reduces the
180:
165:
150:
130:voltaic pile
119:
82:
75:
59:distribution
55:transmission
46:
44:
6048:Partnership
6028:Cooperative
6001:Outsourcing
5991:Freelancing
5869:Commodities
5573:Video games
5548:Periodicals
5425:Landscaping
5355:Fairgrounds
5257:Advertising
5178:engineering
5162:Bookkeeping
5117:Real estate
5110:Reinsurance
5008:Restaurants
4978:Foodservice
4970:Hospitality
4953:Warehousing
4941:Ridesharing
4931:Car rentals
4663:Residential
4598:Remediation
4481:Automobiles
4303:Earthenware
4272:Glass fiber
4267:Float glass
4077:Supplements
4051:Antibiotics
3953:Fertilizers
3911:Mineral oil
3886:Diesel fuel
3869:Coal &
3829:fiber optic
3803:Microscopes
3757:GPS devices
3737:Televisions
3670:Electronics
3661:Electrical
3607:Woodworking
3562:3D printing
3521:Gunsmithing
3485:Phonographs
3470:Typesetting
3450:Bookbinding
3413:Dressmaking
3408:Accessories
3340:Soft drinks
3275:Animal feed
3066:Natural gas
2954:Aquaculture
2937:Sea urchins
2809:Maple syrup
2683:Fur farming
2673:Beef cattle
2609:Viticulture
2557:Fiber crops
2529:Agriculture
2381:Load factor
2236:Black start
2204:Transformer
1905:Natural gas
1856:Variability
1831:Peak demand
1821:Merit order
1751:Backfeeding
1667:B. Bowers,
1354:October 30,
1261:. pp.
1084:Kharagpur.
956:locomotives
907:New England
772:cooperative
749:electricity
657:liberalized
619:New Zealand
587:power plant
549:black start
224:substations
85:manipulated
49:covers the
6134:Categories
5921:Technology
5891:Innovation
5852:Well-being
5662:University
5595:Television
5532:Mass media
5527:Publishing
5360:Nightclubs
5269:Healthcare
5240:Consulting
5235:Management
5183:Inspection
5167:Tax advice
5147:Accounting
5078:Securities
4894:Intermodal
4830:Mail order
4725:Demolition
4658:Industrial
4653:Commercial
4576:Collection
4427:Cast metal
4313:Refractory
4281:fiberglass
4277:Glass wool
4240:thermosets
4216:Engineered
4145:Engineered
4140:Sawmilling
4034:Toiletries
4005:Explosives
3825:Electrical
3808:Telescopes
3675:Components
3433:Shoemaking
3151:Phosphorus
3044:Geological
2994:Microalgae
2837:Pine resin
2824:Palm sugar
2799:Gum arabic
2713:Beekeeping
2552:Vegetables
2497:industries
2423:production
2268:Protective
2199:Super grid
2194:Smart grid
2021:Generation
1955:Geothermal
1846:Repowering
1425:2016-03-18
1297:2017-05-01
1064:"Notes 01"
1034:References
864:generators
846:, and the
763:See also:
753:generation
599:power grid
521:generators
445:Generation
397:such as a
310:Transistor
302:thyratrons
204:insulation
51:generation
6023:Ownership
5969:Monopsony
5847:Pollution
5832:Community
5742:standards
5647:Secondary
5634:Education
5617:Streaming
5285:Hospitals
5276:Medicine
5252:Marketing
5188:Surveying
5152:Assurance
5122:Brokerage
5085:Insurance
5013:Teahouses
4998:Fast food
4889:Air cargo
4874:Transport
4857:Brokerage
4847:Wholesale
4735:Elevators
4720:Cabinetry
4648:Buildings
4628:Telephone
4623:Satellite
4591:Recycling
4586:Hazardous
4552:Renewable
4531:Utilities
4492:Aerospace
4460:Hydraulic
4450:Conveyors
4445:Machinery
4350:Abrasives
4308:Porcelain
4262:Soda-lime
4221:Specialty
4211:Commodity
4172:Cardboard
4155:Composite
4093:Materials
4010:Fireworks
4000:Cosmetics
3980:Adhesives
3862:Chemicals
3820:Batteries
3692:Computers
3627:Jewellery
3613:Furniture
3597:Sintering
3577:Extrusion
3531:Machining
3507:Builders'
3460:Engraving
3455:Embossing
3438:Tailoring
3423:Hatmaking
3323:Beverages
3306:Preserved
3203:Limestone
3173:Quarrying
3146:Gemstones
3116:Palladium
3081:Tar sands
3076:Petroleum
3071:Oil shale
2917:Swordfish
2877:Anchovies
2718:Cochineal
2331:Economics
2054:Micro CHP
1932:Renewable
1915:Petroleum
1910:Oil shale
1796:Grid code
1756:Base load
1697:, (2019).
1664:, (1977).
1537:cite book
1470:cite book
1157:CRC Press
1016:Rate Case
868:retailers
723:secondary
630:frequency
529:base load
419:regulated
384:Cape Town
357:bandwidth
6093:Category
5964:Monopoly
5916:Services
5695:Language
5690:Creative
5674:Tutoring
5652:Tertiary
5622:Websites
5602:Internet
5553:Software
5539:Written
5460:Pet care
5420:Janitors
5410:security
5401:Staffing
5325:Gambling
5218:Interior
5199:, &
5193:Physical
5105:Property
4993:Catering
4926:Airlines
4914:Trucking
4750:Plumbing
4705:Dredging
4680:Railways
4613:Internet
4608:Cable TV
4542:Electric
4487:vehicles
4386:Aluminum
4293:Ceramics
4206:Plastics
4119:Currying
4109:deliming
4082:Vaccines
4024:Perfumes
3963:Pigments
3906:Kerosene
3901:Jet fuel
3896:Gasoline
3891:Fuel oil
3623:Bicycles
3537:smithing
3445:Printing
3403:Clothing
3371:Spinning
3351:Textiles
3301:Prepared
3121:Platinum
3091:Aluminum
3019:Scallops
2932:Lobsters
2907:Mackerel
2887:Sardines
2854:Truffles
2830:, &
2777:Firewood
2752:Forestry
2562:Oilseeds
2454:Category
2241:Brownout
2029:AC power
1739:Concepts
1690:Archived
1259:Elsevier
1193:Archived
1106:25 March
1097:Archived
985:AC power
962:See also
918:used in
876:currency
687:delivery
644:and the
615:Malaysia
589:, to an
250:, Canada
244:Montreal
160:Brighton
158:town of
6117:Outline
6105:Commons
5859:Funding
5842:Culture
5819:outputs
5729:Related
5669:Testing
5642:Primary
5607:Hosting
5490:Tourism
5476:Travel
5472:Poverty
5450:Funeral
5432:Repairs
5396:Renting
5391:Leasing
5345:Arcades
5341:Venues
5317:leisure
5290:Nursing
5223:Product
5213:Fashion
5197:product
5043:Banking
4852:Auction
4710:Harbors
4690:Tunnels
4675:Bridges
4581:Dumping
4517:Weapons
4335:Plaster
4226:Pellets
4114:Tanning
4100:Leather
3931:Propane
3876:Bitumen
3779:Cameras
3619:Baggage
3592:Pottery
3572:Drawing
3516:Cutlery
3381:Carpets
3376:Weaving
3356:Carding
3285:Canning
3213:Granite
3136:Uranium
3126:Lithium
2999:Seaweed
2984:Oysters
2979:Mussels
2974:Abalone
2969:Tilapia
2964:Catfish
2947:Whaling
2902:Pollock
2897:Haddock
2882:Herring
2872:Fishing
2865:Aquatic
2772:Logging
2735:Hunting
2723:Shellac
2708:Poultry
2656:Flowers
2589:Berries
2572:Tobacco
2547:Legumes
2542:Cereals
2270:devices
1980:Thermal
1975:Osmotic
1970:Current
1950:Biomass
1940:Biofuel
1922:Nuclear
1879:Sources
1657:(1979).
1233:29 July
1202:31 July
1189:Informa
1134:23 July
930:Outlook
888:futures
733:level.
711:Primary
699:voltage
569:500 kV
341:Hitachi
196:current
192:voltage
114:Romania
96:History
5944:Cartel
5817:&
5814:Inputs
5753:ANZSIC
5530:&
5440:Beauty
5408:&
5330:Online
5315:&
5208:Design
5176:&
5090:Health
5048:Credit
5020:Hotels
4800:Retail
4695:Canals
4618:Mobile
4564:Sewage
4538:Power
4508:&
4494:&
4472:&
4420:Forged
4415:Rolled
4398:Alloys
4391:Copper
4357:&
4330:Mortar
4325:Cement
4279:&
4238:&
4189:Rubber
4182:Tissue
4167:Sizing
4150:Lumber
4135:Drying
4123:oiling
4121:&
4107:&
4105:Liming
4017:&
4015:Paints
3831:cables
3827:&
3786:&
3706:Blank
3535:Other
3509:&
3465:Secure
3428:Sewing
3391:Linens
3366:Prints
3361:Dyeing
3337:Liquor
3311:Sweets
3280:Baking
3218:Marble
3198:Gypsum
3178:Gravel
3166:Sulfur
3156:Potash
3111:Silver
3096:Copper
3029:Shrimp
3024:Salmon
2989:Pearls
2814:Mastic
2784:Rattan
2765:Bamboo
2688:Horses
2644:Spices
2634:Olives
2619:Coffee
2594:Citrus
2521:Biotic
2495:Major
1965:Marine
1945:Biogas
1569:7 June
1525:
1458:
1398:
1322:23 Dec
1269:
1263:178–81
1163:
1093:EE IIT
946:, and
936:demand
884:assets
872:shares
640:, the
636:, the
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
337:MOSFET
322:diodes
248:Quebec
172:London
156:Sussex
124:since
5899:Labor
5874:Final
5864:Goods
5837:Crime
5782:UKSIC
5772:NAICS
5683:Other
5590:Radio
5568:Music
5543:Books
5376:Other
5337:Sport
5157:Audit
4988:Cafés
4946:Taxis
4884:Cargo
4792:Sales
4685:Roads
4559:Water
4506:Ships
4496:space
4470:Power
4455:Heavy
4403:Steel
4298:Brick
4247:Glass
4194:Tires
4162:Paper
3292:Flour
3188:Chalk
3009:Clams
3005:Both
2942:Squid
2927:Crabs
2912:Shark
2828:syrup
2661:Seeds
2614:Cocoa
2567:Sugar
2322:(GFI)
2211:(TSO)
1997:Solar
1985:Tidal
1960:Hydro
1682:IRENA
1560:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1100:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
878:. As
751:from
611:India
601:" in
452:2021
258:with
5802:TRBC
5792:GICS
5767:NACE
5760:ISIC
5585:News
5563:Film
5095:Life
4909:Rail
4899:Mail
4740:HVAC
4700:Dams
4381:Iron
4318:Tile
4177:Pulp
4130:Wood
4029:Soap
4019:inks
3881:Coke
3650:Toys
3418:Furs
3396:Rope
3386:Lace
3344:Wine
3328:Beer
3296:Meat
3270:Food
3193:Clay
3183:Sand
3161:Salt
3106:Gold
3101:Iron
3061:Peat
3056:Coal
2959:Carp
2922:Tuna
2832:wine
2728:Silk
2703:Wool
2629:Nuts
2088:and
2007:Wind
1990:Wave
1900:Coal
1571:2021
1543:link
1523:ISBN
1476:link
1456:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1377:help
1356:2018
1324:2023
1267:ISBN
1235:2019
1204:2019
1161:ISBN
1136:2019
1108:2012
900:UK's
890:and
874:and
866:and
792:The
617:and
512:and
409:and
378:The
349:VMOS
63:sale
61:and
45:The
5797:ICB
5777:SIC
5465:Sex
3941:Tar
3784:Gun
2892:Cod
2698:Pig
2624:Tea
958:).
689:of
624:A
382:in
185:in
170:in
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2826:,
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1095:.
1091:.
1069:.
1042:^
954:,
709:.
703:kV
652:.
613:,
609:,
460:.
441:.
405:,
401:,
386:,
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270:,
266:,
262:,
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1428:.
1404:.
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1138:.
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