Electricity in Britain

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consistent with the CEGB's policy of preservation of amenities, a further solution was sought. Consideration was given to both a 400 kV and a 500 kV scheme as the alternatives, either of which gave a sufficient margin for future expansion. A 400 kV system was chosen, for two main reasons. First, the majority of the 275 kV lines could be uprated to 400 kV, and secondly it was envisaged that operation at 400 kV could commence in 1965, compared with 1968 for a 500 kV scheme. Design work was started, and to meet the 1965 timescale, the contract engineering for the first projects had to run concurrently with the design. This included the

537:, linking the 122 most efficient power stations. The first "grid tower" was erected near Edinburgh on 14 July 1928, and work was completed in September 1933, ahead of schedule and on budget. It began operating in 1933 as a series of regional grids with auxiliary interconnections for emergency use. Following the unauthorised but successful short term parallelling of all regional grids by the night-time engineers on 29 October 1937, by 1938 the grid was operating as a national system. By then, the growth in the number of electricity users was the fastest in the world, rising from three quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938. It proved its worth during 665: 1467: 573: 166: 1091: 179: 783: 1739: 1676: 1767: 837:, 35% of the population expected that by 2020 the majority of electricity generation would come from renewable energy (more than double the government's target, and far larger than the 5.5% generated as of 2008), 23% expected that the majority will come from nuclear power, and only 18% that the majority will come from fossil fuels. 92% thought the Government should do more to explore alternative power generation technologies to reduce carbon emissions. 427: 1753: 5904: 1027: 1391: 1376: 1361: 1108: 305:, which also oversaw increased dedication towards net-zero targets by 2050. This is further emphasised via GB Energy through heavy investment in renewable energy sources, such as tidal power and offshore windfarms. The future body also intends to operate and manage clean power projects at a state level, in contrast with private entities having done so for several years. 1280:

power during daylight hours, but total energy provided is still small. Biofuels are also used as a significant sources of power. Geothermal is not highly accessible and is not a significant source. Tidal resources are present and experimental projects are being tested, but are likely to be expensive.

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It also has significant grid battery storage which can supply several gigawatts for a few hours. As of May 2021, 1.3 GW of battery storage was operating in the United Kingdom, with 16 GW of projects in the pipeline potentially deployable over the next few years. In 2022, UK capacity grew by 800

580:

Considered in the study, together with the increased demand, was the effect on the transmission system of the rapid advances in generator design, resulting in projected power stations of 2,000–3,000 MW installed capacity. These new stations were mostly to be sited where advantage could be taken

1199:

On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since 1882. Due to lower gas prices, economy of coal plants is strained, and 3 coal plants closed in 2016. On 21 April 2017, the mainland grid burnt no coal to make electricity for the first complete 24 hour

892:

removing any medium term gap, and high gas prices, in 2011 and 2012 over 2 GW of older, less efficient, gas generation plant was mothballed. In 2011 electricity demand dropped 4%, and about 6.5 GW of additional gas-fired capacity is being added over 2011 and 2012. Early in 2012 the reserve margin

1279:

Currently, the biggest renewable source of energy in the UK is wind power, and the UK has some of the best wind resources in Europe. The UK has relatively small hydroelectricity deployment and resources, although some pumped storage exists. Solar power is rapidly growing and provides significant

754:

By 2004, coal use in power stations had fallen to 50.5 million tonnes, representing 82.4% of all coal used in 2004 (a fall of 43.6% compared to 1980 levels), though up slightly from its low in 1999. On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since

402:

In 2008 nuclear electricity production was 53.2 TW·h, equivalent to 860 kWh per person. In 2014, 28.1 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, which contributed 9.3% of the UK's electricity requirement. In 2015, 40.4 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, and the quarterly

604:

Continued reinforcement and extension of the existing 275 kV systems were examined as possible solutions. However, in addition to the technical problem of very high fault levels, many more lines would have been required to obtain the estimated transfers at 275 kV. As this was not

879:

might provide a way of doing this; however the technology is relatively untried and costs are relatively high. As of 2006 there were no power plants in operation with a full carbon capture and storage system, and as of 2018 the situation is that there are no viable CCS systems worldwide.

1303:. Polling of public opinion consistently shows strong support for wind power in the UK, with nearly three quarters of the population agreeing with its use, even for people living near onshore wind turbines. Wind power is expected to continue growing in the UK for the foreseeable future, 2736: 2504:

Low carbon electricity's share of generation accounted for a record high 50.0 percent in the third quarter of 2016, up from 45.3 per cent in the same period of 2015, with increased generation from renewables (wind and solar) and nuclear. Coal's share fell to

593:, is a typical example. These developments shifted the emphasis on the transmission system, from interconnection to the primary function of bulk power transfers from the generation areas to the load centres, such as the anticipated transfer in 1970 of some 6,000 MW from 825:

attracted considerable press coverage – in particular in relation to the prospect of constructing a new generation of nuclear power stations, in order to prevent the rise in carbon dioxide emissions that would arise if other conventional power stations were to be built.

915:

warned that the UK's energy sector faced "unprecedented challenges" and that "spare electricity power production capacity could fall to 2% by 2015, increasing the risk of blackouts". Proposed solutions "could include negotiating with major power users for them to

908:. Research by the University of Oxford has shown that the average annual electrical consumption for lighting in a UK home fell from 720 kWh in 1997 to 508 kWh in 2012. Between 2007 and 2015, the UK's peak electrical demand fell from 61.5 GW to 52.7.GW. 560:

At its inception in 1950, the 275 kV Transmission System was designed to form part of a national supply system, with an anticipated total demand of 30,000 MW by 1970. This predicted demand was already exceeded by 1960. The rapid load growth led the

923:

The use of electricity declined 9% from 2010 to 2017, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances. By 2018 per capita electrical generation had fallen to the same level as in 1984.

806:

nuclear power station has had its life extended by ten years, and it was likely many of the others could be life-extended, reducing the potential gap suggested by the current accounting closure dates of between 2014 and 2023 for the AGR power stations.

403:

generation record was set in the three-month period from October to December 2015, with 13% of the nation's electricity demand met by wind. Wind power contributed 15% of UK electricity generation in 2017 and 18.5% in the final quarter of 2017. In 2019,

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had targeted a total contribution from renewables to achieve 10% by 2010, but it was not until 2012 that this figure was exceeded; renewable energy sources supplied 11.3% (41.3 TWh) of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2012. The

312:

has claimed it will have an environmental impact in forwarding sustainability, as well as predicting that it will reduce average electricity thresholds by £1,400 universally. The entity will remain in preliminary stages before implementation of the

644:. In Scotland the grid was already split into two separate entities, one for southern and central Scotland and the other for northern Scotland, connected by interconnectors. The first is owned and maintained by SP Energy Networks, a subsidiary of 1275:

generating capacity. Renewable energy sources provided for 11.3% of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2012, reaching 41.3 TWh of electricity generated. As of 2nd quarter 2017, renewables generated 29.8% of the UK's electricity.

1172:

Electricity produced with gas was 160 TWh in 2004 and 177 TWh in 2008. In both years the United Kingdom was the fourth highest producer of electricity from gas. In 2005 the UK produced 3.2% of the world total natural gas; ranking fifth after

2734: 271:

The use of electricity declined in the 2010s and early 2020s, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances. However demand is projected to increase considerably due to

2303: 1470:

Left: a typical moulded BS 1363 plug, showing the fuse access from the underside of the plug. Right: a typical rewireable plug; the large central screw releases the cover, allowing access to the terminals and also the

810:

A report from the industry in 2005 forecast that, without action to fill the gap, there would be a 20% shortfall in electricity generation capacity by 2015. Similar concerns were raised by a report published in 2000 by the

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technology. It started operation in July 2021. In 2020 Penso Power decided to expand the project by 50 MWh, which is expected to start operation later in 2021. It is the biggest storage battery facility in Europe.

937:, wrote: "costs of all forms of energy (apart from nuclear) have fallen dramatically and there is no shortage of supply", partly based on the reserve capacity auction for 2021–2022 achieving extremely low prices. 2148: 1322:

in sunny days by 2020 in 10 million homes compared to a half a million homes in start of 2014. If a third of households would generate solar energy it could equal 6% of British total electricity consumption.

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400 kV Indoor Substation, the first section of which was commissioned in June 1965. From 1965, the grid was partly upgraded to 400 kV, beginning with a 150-mile (241 km) line from

6281: 6233: 1442: 1397: 790:

In the early years of the 2000s, concerns grew over the prospect of an 'energy gap' in United Kingdom generating capacity. This was forecast to arise because it was expected that a number of

640:

On the breakup of the CEGB in 1990, the ownership and operation of the National Grid in England and Wales passed to National Grid Company plc, later to become National Grid Transco, and now

507:. This opened in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. The rest of the country, however, continued to use a patchwork of small supply networks. 6238: 6090: 3792: 6243: 2192: 721:. After the 2000s, renewables like solar and wind added significant capacity. In Q3 2016, nuclear and renewables each supplied a quarter of British electricity, with coal supplying 3.6%. 3312: 3202: 3439: 6160: 6120: 1300: 2663:"Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants" 2311: 6271: 5581: 1666: 1157: 1307:

estimates that more than 2 GW of capacity will be deployed per year for the next five years. Within the UK, wind power was the second largest source of renewable energy after

6291: 6276: 6223: 2307: 6261: 5968: 5270: 6286: 6115: 3358: 3248: 1979: 1807: 191: 710: 5388: 3610: 314: 2964: 2152: 1885: 1853: 2761: 2708: 5245: 1505: 3090: 308:

Under the most recent estimates, the plan will amount to £8bn. for the government, a figure criticised by the opposition and media alike, although Energy Secretary

6333: 5370: 4987: 1892: 1860: 17: 5300: 5295: 4526: 4099: 3446: 4184: 2517: 5337: 5192: 261: 1616: 4278: 3566: 1203:

In August and September 2021, the UK had to restart coal plants, amidst a lack of wind, as power imports from Europe were insufficient to satisfy demand.

6338: 4132: 3043: 5516: 4997: 2640: 5848: 5438: 5265: 1394: 731:, during which the use of coal was scaled back in favour of gas-fuelled generation. This was sparked by political concerns, the privatisation of the 518:

industrialist, to solve the problem of Britain's inefficient and fragmented electricity supply industry. Weir consulted Merz, and the result was the

2059: 5443: 1367: 2488: 2166: 1835: 1382: 5380: 4206: 3800: 2855: 3476: 2799: 5875: 5764: 5566: 5250: 5144: 5017: 5007: 3973: 3319: 3209: 2245: 2196: 1802: 334: 2880: 6328: 6068: 5305: 5139: 4218: 1797: 3947: 3529: 2585: 822: 751:(CCGT) generation. In 1990 just 1.09% of all gas consumed in the country was used in electricity generation; by 2004 the figure was 30.25%. 5728: 4051: 3087:"Department of Energy and Climate Change: Annual tables: 'Digest of UK energy statistics' (DUKES) – Chapter 6: Renewable Sources of energy" 1953: 565:(CEGB) to carry out a study of future transmission needs, completed in September 1960. The study is described in a paper presented to the 192:

https://www.theccc.org.uk/2023/03/09/a-reliable-secure-and-decarbonised-power-system-by-2035-is-possible-but-not-at-this-pace-of-delivery/

5511: 1600: 812: 581:

of a surplus of cheap low-grade fuel and adequate supplies of cooling water, but these locations did not coincide with the load centres.

5828: 5217: 5029: 4177: 3390: 3344: 3280: 3234: 3144: 1917: 3832: 3585:"National Grid can confirm that for the past 24 hours, it has supplied GB's electricity demand without the need for #coal generation." 3112: 2545: 407:

announced that low-carbon generation technologies had produced more electricity than fossil generators for the first time in Britain.

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U.K. wind farms produced less than one gigawatt on certain days, according to Mr. Konstantinov. Full capacity stands at 24 gigawatts

867:

Beyond these new plants, there were a number of options that might be used to provide the new generating capacity, while minimising

6307: 6205: 6018: 5880: 5039: 3849: 3766: 3718: 3655: 3365: 3255: 3158: 2828: 2676: 6266: 6043: 5631: 5082: 2745: 2636: 1558: 897: 724:

Despite the flow of North Sea oil from the mid-1970s, oil fuelled generation remained relatively small and continued to decline.

444: 2277: 5942: 5626: 5362: 5320: 5207: 4940:

Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in

4241: 3643: 3019: 1258: 4152: 4077: 2008: 1271:

From the mid-1990s renewable energy began to contribute to the electricity generated in the United Kingdom, adding to a small

6130: 6125: 5907: 5531: 5102: 5012: 4170: 3930: 2968: 1527: 1485: 137: 3871: 1425: 5858: 5833: 5748: 5718: 5129: 5047: 3742: 1615:

The electricity market is deregulated in the UK, and the cost per MWh for much of the generated electricity is paid at the

740: 706:, other civil stations followed, and 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power at its peak in 1997. 562: 5541: 5352: 5240: 5154: 5077: 3890: 1787: 1299:

of onshore capacity and 6,361 megawatts of offshore capacity. This placed the United Kingdom at this time as the world's

1212: 1075: 566: 287: 257: 1122:

The gross production of electricity was 393 TWh in 2004 which gave the 9th position in the world top producers in 2004.

291: 5002: 4923: 1577: 1410: 3044:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/728465/DUKES_5.1.3.xls

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Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985

845:

The first move to plug the United Kingdom's projected energy gap was the construction of the conventionally gas-fired

743:; the introduction of laws facilitating competition within the energy markets; the availability of cheap gas from the 6190: 5687: 5413: 5182: 4974: 4944:

Ultimate parent company is not UK-based Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK

2438:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began" 2381:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began" 2033: 1646: 1406: 1266: 692: 466: 864:, Kent. If built, they would have been the first coal-fired stations to be built in the United Kingdom in 20 years. 6100: 6080: 5983: 5551: 5425: 2758: 1657:, meter operation, data collection, tax etc. The supplier then adds in energy costs and the supplier's own charge. 1619:, which is occasionally negative during low consumption and high winds, starting in 2019. The price is traded on a 1262: 795: 302: 253: 147: 2714: 2126: 817: 6095: 5868: 5682: 1931: 1414: 626:

and the switch to using electricity, United Kingdom electricity consumption increased by around 150% between the

3639: 2109: 290:

includes capping some residential energy price rates, and wholesale prices for some new low-carbon power can be

6175: 6170: 6145: 6003: 5596: 5280: 3294: 2417: 2333: 1196:

and high gas prices, in 2011 and 2012 over 2 GW of older, less efficient, gas generation plant was mothballed.

448: 3553: 6200: 6150: 6110: 6063: 6058: 6048: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6008: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5973: 5963: 5784: 5769: 5606: 5561: 5448: 5329: 5197: 5122: 5112: 5072: 4833: 4736: 1792: 1687: 1654: 1636: 1562: 1126: 917: 760: 713:. During the 1970s and 80s some nuclear sites were built. From the 1990s gas power plants benefited from the 554: 519: 416: 404: 221: 214: 3996: 1557:

the UK was the sixth highest electricity importer, importing 11 TWh, after Brazil (42 TWh), Italy (40 TWh),

875:

might provide a solution if there was a satisfactory and economical way of reducing their carbon emissions.

6228: 6195: 6185: 6165: 6155: 6140: 6135: 6085: 6053: 6038: 6013: 5576: 5260: 5167: 5117: 5057: 4861: 4703: 4193: 1782: 1547: 1284: 2219: 6180: 6105: 6075: 5885: 5177: 5162: 5087: 4824: 4727: 3833:"An investigation into the potential barriers facing the development of offshore wind energy in Scotland" 2462: 1980:"A reliable, secure and decarbonised power system by 2035 is possible – but not at this pace of delivery" 1812: 1554: 1226: 1178: 803: 488: 1364: 1200:

period. And in spring/summer 2020 from 10 April, the UK grid ran for 68 days, without burning any coal.

5935: 5843: 5611: 5586: 4769: 4598: 2357: 969: 876: 748: 664: 606: 582: 557:. In 1949, the British Electricity Authority decided to upgrade the grid by adding 275 kV links. 500: 484: 755:

1882. On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power for the first time since the

5794: 5733: 4810: 1230: 1164:(CfD) subsidised purchase to encourage the building of new more environmentally friendly generation. 527: 322: 2252: 1501: 1492:

were banned in 2018. A few specialised bulb types such as for use in ovens are exempt from the ban.

1466: 530:, which set up the UK's first synchronised, nationwide AC grid, running at 132 kV, 50 Hz. 5774: 5621: 5506: 5187: 3503: 3056: 2559: 2992: 1343:

may happen to have low output. Many of the diesel generators run for fewer than 200 hours a year.

1335:

for supplying high demand hours of the day, normally in the winter, when other generators such as

1287:

and by the beginning of February 2018, it consisted of 8,655 wind turbines with a total installed

572: 5838: 5789: 5556: 5235: 5092: 4556: 4262: 4114: 3615: 3462: 1772: 1161: 872: 850: 791: 542: 437: 3656:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/647388/Electricity.pdf

856:

In 2007, proposals for the construction of two new coal-fired power stations were announced, in

727:

Starting in 1993, and continuing through the 1990s, a combination of factors led to a so-called

5692: 5453: 5347: 4744: 4424: 1918:"Record-breaking 2020 becomes greenest year for Britain's electricity | National Grid ESO" 1453:

is responsible for construction and operation. The designed capacity was 100 MWh and uses

1434:

which can provide 1.7 GW for over 5 hours, having a storage capacity of about 9 GWh.

1431: 673: 633:

of the industry in 1948 and the mid-1960s. During the 1960s growth slowed as the market became

3583: 1718:

found in Norway and Sweden. Coal plants had to be fitted with scrubbers which added to costs.

5928: 5310: 4851: 4795: 4754: 4603: 1744: 1642: 1596: 1588: 846: 756: 3857: 5285: 5255: 5107: 3119: 1511: 1449:, Wiltshire and developed by Penso Power. Chinese investment provided the finance and the 1234: 1193: 889: 550: 546: 511: 298: 157: 3693: 3414: 2938: 2781: 8: 5863: 5571: 5521: 5022: 4800: 4693: 4477: 4024: 1481: 1450: 1080: 901: 861: 732: 504: 237: 165: 3770: 3162: 2832: 1189:(3.2%). In 2009 the UK’s own gas production was less and natural gas was also imported. 896:

Another important factor in reduced electrical demand in recent years has come from the

196:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5697: 5526: 5097: 4749: 4227: 2686: 2351: 2060:"UK Electricity Demand to Double by 2050, Urgent Action Needed for Net Zero Transition" 1650: 1515: 1288: 946: 623: 496: 265: 1553:

The export of electricity was 1–3% of consumption between 2004 and 2009. According to

1090: 5738: 5616: 4869: 4841: 4764: 4713: 4683: 4619: 4391: 4377: 4137: 3926: 3384: 3338: 3274: 3228: 3138: 2413: 2339: 2329: 2281: 1186: 653: 641: 634: 949:

supplies power to consumers at 230 volts (-6%, +10%) AC with a frequency of 50 Hz.

672:

The mode of generation has changed over the years. During the 1940s some 90% of the

297:

Nationalisation plans are currently underway following the proposed introduction of

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Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generates around a quarter of the country's

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During the 1960s and 70s, coal plants were built to supply consumption despite

645: 534: 229: 101: 6322: 5275: 4805: 4790: 4663: 4630: 4613: 4561: 4410: 4248: 3974:"800MWh of utility-scale energy storage capacity added in the UK during 2022" 1954:"Analysis: UK electricity from fossil fuels drops to lowest level since 1957" 1706:

The UK historically had a coal-driven grid that generated large amounts of CO

1489: 1023:(down from a peak of 385 TWh in 2005), generated from the following sources: 974: 718: 703: 696: 688: 598: 236:

and to other European countries. Power is supplied to consumers at 230 volts

225: 79: 34: 4846: 4759: 3668: 2518:"UK hits clean energy milestone: 50% of electricity from low carbon sources" 2343: 2084: 1221:

as of 2016, projected to rise to a third by 2035. The UK has 15 operational

770:

sources began to contribute to the electricity generated, adding to a small

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The 6 major companies which dominate the British electricity market ("The

794:

would close due to being unable to meet the clean air requirements of the

244:. In 2023 about a third of electricity used in Britain was generated from 5743: 5677: 4678: 4668: 4512: 4487: 4472: 4430: 2610: 1620: 1581: 1340: 1332: 1319: 1304: 1218: 928: 590: 309: 245: 4100:"World's longest undersea power cable linking Norway and UK switched on" 3872:"UK should have 10 million homes with solar panels by 2020, experts say" 1675: 695:

being connected to the grid on 27 August 1956. Though the production of

5202: 5067: 4918: 4785: 4688: 4653: 4593: 4585: 4551: 4507: 4435: 2635: 1523: 1486:

low efficiency general-purpose, non-directional incandescent lightbulbs

1336: 1246: 1238: 1142: 1130: 451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3640:

The Department of Energy & Climate Change: Nuclear power in the UK

3504:"Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power" 2993:"After Wylfa – the case for an independent review of UK energy policy" 2560:"Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power" 2167:"New records set in best ever year for British wind energy generation" 1111: 5062: 4898: 4658: 4451: 4300: 3916: 1715: 1624: 1535: 1296: 1292: 744: 699: 681: 615: 538: 277: 3891:"Diesel farms make fresh bids to supply National Grid back-up power" 2193:"Record year for wind energy – Government releases official figures" 1766: 1721:

In 2019 the electricity sector of the UK emitted 0.256 kg of CO

1587:

The longest cable, North Sea Link, is 720-kilometre long to connect

798:(directive 2001/80/EC). In addition, the United Kingdom's remaining 426: 260:

some of which is imported from France. The government is aiming for

5853: 4638: 4608: 4541: 4497: 4337: 4255: 4133:"Acid rain: An environmental crisis that disappeared off the radar" 2769: 1568:

There are also future plans to lay cables to link the GB grid with

1134: 1114: 1084: 834: 4052:"A 50MW expansion to 100MW Minety battery storage project planned" 3948:"Top ten UK battery storage projects forecast for 2021 completion" 2220:"Zero-carbon sources overtake fossil fuel for UK power generation" 5582:

Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform

5052: 4928: 4908: 4893: 4566: 4546: 4404: 4361: 4268: 2856:"Centrica May Mothball More Gas Plants as Capacity Trims Profits" 1752: 1667:

Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform

1573: 1569: 1531: 1308: 1150: 857: 829:

Among the public, according to a November 2005 poll conducted by

747:

and elsewhere and the high efficiency and reduced pollution from

649: 515: 4025:"Biggest storage battery in Europe built near Wiltshire village" 2916:"BBC News – Ofgem warns danger of power shortages has increased" 1026: 5172: 1604: 1539: 1446: 1242: 830: 799: 610: 3611:"Energy Prices in Europe Hit Records After Wind Stops Blowing" 3185:"International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 3046:

Electricity generated and supplied, 1970 to 2017 (DUKES 5.1.3)

2956: 5779: 5501: 5342: 4502: 4482: 4319: 2463:"Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity – Carbon Brief" 1808:

List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom

1519: 912: 241: 190:. The reason given is: more on path to net zero in 2035 from 3567:"British power generation achieves first ever coal-free day" 3530:"Britain gets no power from coal for 'first time on record'" 2939:"Climate change: LED lights making dent in UK energy demand" 2611:"First coal-free day in Britain since Industrial Revolution" 2586:"Britain gets no power from coal for 'first time on record'" 1087:

electricity from renewables by 2010, rising to 40% by 2020.

541:

when South Wales provided power to replace lost output from

2678:

10-year life extension at Dungeness B nuclear power station

1138: 677: 1318:

predicted that Britain could have 40% of electricity from

4325: 4234: 4043: 3939: 2785: 2034:"Heating Could Add 5% to U.K. Electricity Demand in 2030" 1932:"Digest of UK energy statistics: 60th Anniversary Report" 1893:

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

1861:

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

1506:

List of electricity interconnectors in the United Kingdom

1020: 802:

nuclear stations were to have closed by 2015. The oldest

4078:"EU halogen light bulb ban: everything you need to know" 656:

remains the System Operator for the whole British Grid.

533:

The grid was created with 4,000 miles of cables: mostly

4295: 3447:

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

3020:"Lessons Learned From the UK's Latest Capacity Auction" 3011: 2829:"Centrica idles gas-fired plant amid low spark spreads" 2370:

The Secret Life of the National Grid: Wiring the Nation

1430:

The UK has some large pumped storage systems, notably

228:

and several of the surrounding islands, and there are

3850:"RenewableUK – The Voice of Wind & Marine Energy" 1836:"Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES): electricity" 526:" supply system be created. The 1926 Act created the 1734: 1241:

and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by

262:

greenhouse gas emissions from electricity in Britain

4153:"Greenhouse gas reporting: Conversion factors 2019" 3465:

pages electricity 27 gas 13,25 fossil 25 nuclear 17

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Nuclear stations may stay on line to bridge the gap

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Battery storage power station § United Kingdom

1019:In 2020, total electricity production stood at 312 953:Electricity production in the United Kingdom (TWh) 5849:Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme 5653: 5517:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 3991: 3989: 3987: 2991: 1488:from 2012, and similarly shaped higher-efficiency 121:Transmission & Distribution losses (2017) 3882: 3646:, published 2016-07-13, accessed 10 November 2017 3596:"UK fires up coal power plant as gas prices soar" 3554:Countdown to 2025: Tracking the UK coal phase out 3477:"UK power plants mothballed on higher gas prices" 2823: 2821: 2800:"UK power plants mothballed on higher gas prices" 2706: 668:Electricity generation by type of fuel, 1998–2020 585:with 4 × 500 MW machines, sited at the 549:power stations. The grid was nationalised by the 256:generates the most low-carbon power, followed by 105:emissions from electricity generation (2020) 6320: 5950: 4192: 3161:. Scotland.gov.uk. 25 March 2003. Archived from 3159:"Ministers confirm 40 percent renewables target" 2009:"UK electricity use falls – as rest of EU rises" 1997: 1283:Wind power delivers a growing percentage of the 6334:Electric power generation in the United Kingdom 4115:"Negative electricity prices hit the GB market" 4019: 4017: 3984: 3474: 2797: 2788:, published 2007-03-14, accessed 17 March 2007. 2772:, published 2005-12-02, retrieved 17 March 2007 2749:, published 2009-07-30, accessed 28 August 2009 2541: 2539: 2185: 1160:. It has introduced a capacity mechanism and a 871:and producing less residues and contamination. 569:by Booth, Clark, Egginton and Forrest in 1962. 5765:Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology 5567:Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 4069: 3769:. Eon-uk.com. 28 February 2008. Archived from 2965:"An Introduction to Britain's Capacity Market" 2818: 2435: 2127:"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2023 Review" 1803:High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom 335:Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry 5936: 5479: 4178: 3633: 2853: 2280:. North Northumberland Online. Archived from 1798:Lists of power stations in the United Kingdom 1649:the supplier has to pay the various costs of 1094:UK electricity production by source 1980–2018 27:Overview of the electricity sector in Britain 4014: 3971: 3945: 3743:"A Summary of Opinion Surveys on Wind Power" 2930: 2831:. Argus Media. 12 March 2012. Archived from 2536: 2251:. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from 5512:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero 5145:Timeline of the electricity supply industry 3842: 3661: 3608: 3440:Modelling 2050: Electricity System Analysis 2983: 2899:"UK Electricity production and demand 2015" 2782:Plans for two coal power stations announced 2431: 2429: 1880: 1878: 813:Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 6339:Tidal power stations in the United Kingdom 5943: 5929: 5829:Association for the Conservation of Energy 4185: 4171: 3694:"Wind power production for main countries" 3458: 3456: 3402: 3400: 2328:. Electricity Council. The Council. 1987. 2211: 1912: 1910: 840: 317:, whereupon it shall be established after 3825: 2713:, London: Daily Telegraph, archived from 2243: 1518:), a second 1 GW connection with France ( 1514:between the GB grid and northern France ( 1083:has a target of generating 17% to 18% of 796:European Large Combustion Plant Directive 467:Learn how and when to remove this message 3972:McCorkindale, Mollie (1 February 2023). 3918:Sustainable Energy – without the hot air 3785: 3735: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2936: 2759:Support for nuclear and renewable energy 2629: 2426: 2407: 2401: 1875: 1641:In the UK, an electricity supplier is a 1465: 1089: 1025: 883: 781: 687:The United Kingdom started to develop a 663: 571: 164: 18:Electricity sector in the United Kingdom 5816: 5632:United Kingdom Climate Change Programme 3807: 3453: 3397: 2746:Department of Energy and Climate Change 2637:Department of Energy and Climate Change 2246:"Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005" 2119: 2006: 1907: 1830: 1828: 898:phasing out of incandescent light bulbs 888:However, due to reducing demand in the 169:Electricity supplied (net) 1948 to 2008 14: 6321: 5208:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 4112: 4075: 4049: 3914: 3908: 3888: 3793:"The Social Acceptance of Wind Energy" 3527: 3501: 3389:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3343:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3279:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3233:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3143:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2989: 2962: 2875: 2873: 2583: 2557: 1630: 1259:Renewable energy in the United Kingdom 1014: 510:In 1925, the British government asked 100: 5924: 5815: 5652: 5532:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 5478: 5103:Isle of Man to England Interconnector 4962: 4204: 4166: 3074: 3017: 2217: 1977: 1951: 1714:and nitrogen oxides, leading to some 1528:Isle of Man to England Interconnector 1443:Minety Battery Energy Storage Project 911:In June 2013, the industry regulator 522:, which recommended that a "national 138:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 6329:Electric power in the United Kingdom 5859:Energy efficiency in British housing 5834:British Energy Efficiency Federation 5749:Utilities Intermediaries Association 5719:Association for Decentralised Energy 5130:New Electricity Trading Arrangements 5048:Association of Electricity Producers 4847:Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission 3946:McCorkindale, Mollie (19 May 2021). 3177: 1825: 1670: 1301:sixth largest producer of wind power 741:Central Electricity Generating Board 563:Central Electricity Generating Board 449:adding citations to reliable sources 420: 172: 5353:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 4113:Porter, Kathryn (10 January 2020). 3759: 3711: 2967:. Grey Cells Energy. Archived from 2870: 2685:, 15 September 2005, archived from 2129:. National Grid ESO. 9 January 2024 1788:Energy policy of the United Kingdom 1561:(33 TWh), Netherlands (16 TWh) and 1502:List of HVDC projects § Europe 1445:started construction, located near 1252: 1213:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom 1041:Wind: 24.2% (0% in 1990), of which: 1030:A typical offshore oil/gas platform 567:Institution of Electrical Engineers 113:Average electricity use (2009) 24: 5003:Confederation of UK Coal Producers 4963: 4924:United Downs Deep Geothermal Power 4076:Carson, Jessica (20 August 2018). 2937:Harrabin, Roger (3 January 2019). 2854:Kari Lundgren (23 February 2012). 2707:Stephen Seawright (13 June 2006), 2436:Gerard Gilbert (22 October 2010). 2149:"RenewableUK News website article" 1411:List of power stations in Scotland 1067:Hydroelectric: 2.2% (2.6% in 1990) 853:which became operational in 2010. 777: 25: 6350: 5688:Centre for Alternative Technology 5183:Nuclear Decommissioning Authority 3815:"Rise in Scots wind farm support" 3719:"Wind Energy and the Environment" 3669:"UK Wind Energy Database (UKWED)" 3609:Joe Wallace (13 September 2021). 3475:Andreas Walstad (2 August 2011). 3018:Deign, Jason (27 February 2018). 2798:Andreas Walstad (2 August 2011). 2007:Vaughan, Adam (30 January 2018). 1710:and other pollutants including SO 1438:MWh, ending at 2.4 GW / 2.6 GWh. 1407:List of power stations in England 1346: 1267:Solar power in the United Kingdom 1070:Oil and other: 3.3% (12% in 1990) 684:providing most of the remainder. 342:British grid electricity in 2023 144:Responsibility for policy-setting 5902: 5552:Carbon Emission Reduction Target 5271:Natural gas-fired power stations 3997:"Minety Battery Storage Project" 3767:"Public attitudes to wind farms" 3408:"IEA Key energy statistics 2006" 2990:Butler, Nick (13 January 2019). 1765: 1751: 1737: 1674: 1495: 1389: 1380:Archive of British Grid map 2012 1374: 1359: 1263:Wind power in the United Kingdom 1206: 1106: 893:stood at the high level of 32%. 702:was the main reason behind this 425: 410: 177: 148:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5869:Energy Saving Trust Recommended 5683:Campaign against Climate Change 4145: 4125: 4106: 4092: 4050:Grundy, Alice (19 March 2020). 3965: 3889:Davies, Rob (6 December 2016). 3864: 3686: 3649: 3602: 3588: 3577: 3559: 3547: 3521: 3495: 3468: 3432: 3351: 3305: 3295:"Energy Trends: UK electricity" 3287: 3241: 3195: 3151: 3105: 3049: 3037: 2908: 2891: 2847: 2791: 2775: 2752: 2728: 2700: 2669: 2655: 2603: 2577: 2551: 2510: 2489:"UK Energy Statistics, Q3 2016" 2481: 2455: 2373: 2364: 2318: 2296: 2270: 2244:Alan Shaw (29 September 2005). 2237: 2195:. 29 March 2018. Archived from 2159: 2141: 2102: 2077: 2052: 1952:Evans, Simon (3 January 2024). 1546:) and the Republic of Ireland ( 1415:List of power stations in Wales 1167: 966:Conventional thermal and other 918:reduce demand during peak times 499:consulting partnership, at his 436:needs additional citations for 5654:Non-governmental organisations 5597:Energy performance certificate 5281:North Sea Transition Authority 3463:IEA Key energy statistics 2010 2963:Massey, John (February 2018). 2641:"Energy consumption in the UK" 2026: 1971: 1945: 1924: 1846: 1578:Scotland–Norway interconnector 1530:), 1 GW with the Netherlands ( 1461: 1365:Map of UK power stations, 2006 1192:Due to reducing demand in the 1151:Southern & Scottish Energy 1061:Bio-Energy: 12.6% (0% in 1990) 786:UK Electricity Capacity Margin 613:to West Burton, to become the 13: 1: 5785:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre 5770:Energy Technologies Institute 5607:Low Carbon Building Programme 5449:North Seas Energy Cooperation 5198:Office for Nuclear Regulation 4704:TotalEnergies Gas & Power 4205: 3528:Gosden, Emily (10 May 2016). 3502:Stacey, Kiran (16 May 2016). 2584:Gosden, Emily (10 May 2016). 2558:Stacey, Kiran (16 May 2016). 1818: 1793:National Grid (Great Britain) 1637:Electricity billing in the UK 1158:reform its Electricity Market 940: 818:Energy – The Changing Climate 659: 576:400 kV power line in Cheshire 555:British Electricity Authority 520:Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 417:National Grid (Great Britain) 321:given in accordance with the 215:Electricity sector in Ireland 134:Responsibility for regulation 5951:Electricity sector in Europe 5577:CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme 5389:Hydroelectric power stations 5261:National Transmission System 5168:Franco-British Nuclear Forum 4194:Energy in the United Kingdom 2887:. 4 January 2014. p. 4. 2546:UK Energy in Brief July 2005 2218:Unwin, Jack (24 June 2019). 1783:Energy in the United Kingdom 1660: 1285:energy of the United Kingdom 1227:advanced gas-cooled reactors 1038:Nuclear: 16.1% (19% in 1990) 691:capacity in the 1950s, with 622:With the development of the 7: 5886:National Home Energy Rating 5729:Energy Networks Association 5439:List of offshore wind farms 5178:National Nuclear Laboratory 5163:Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor 5088:Grid Trade Master Agreement 1978:Dooks, Tom (9 March 2023). 1895:. 31 March 2022. p. 15 1863:. 31 March 2022. p. 14 1813:Electric or Electricity Act 1728: 1623:(APX Power UK owned by the 1475: 1076:UK Government energy policy 489:electric power distribution 10: 6355: 5844:Code for Sustainable Homes 5612:Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 5587:Display Energy Certificate 5444:List of onshore wind farms 4811:Wales & West Utilities 4770:Western Power Distribution 4599:Engie Energy International 3921:. Cambridge: UIT. p. 2110:"Contracts for Difference" 2085:"Energy price cap | Ofgem" 1886:"Energy Trends March 2022" 1854:"Energy Trends March 2022" 1664: 1634: 1610: 1499: 1423: 1419: 1404: 1256: 1210: 1035:Gas: 35.7% (0.05% in 1990) 749:combined cycle gas turbine 501:Neptune Bank Power Station 491:in the United Kingdom was 414: 332: 328: 213:For Northern Ireland, see 212: 6300: 6252: 6214: 5956: 5898: 5824: 5811: 5795:UK Energy Research Centre 5757: 5734:Energy Retail Association 5711: 5663: 5659: 5648: 5540: 5489: 5485: 5480:Government and regulation 5474: 5424: 5412: 5379: 5371:Geothermal power stations 5361: 5328: 5319: 5216: 5153: 5078:Energy switching services 5038: 4988:Coal-fired power stations 4973: 4969: 4958: 4937: 4886: 4860: 4832: 4823: 4778: 4735: 4726: 4629: 4584: 4575: 4534: 4525: 4465: 4444: 4309: 4288: 4277: 4217: 4213: 4200: 3915:MacKay, David JC (2009). 3057:"UK energy in brief 2021" 2918:. Bbc.co.uk. 27 June 2013 2304:"Lighting by electricity" 1617:locational marginal price 1512:undersea interconnections 1388: 1373: 1358: 1353: 1326: 1231:pressurised water reactor 1105: 1100: 792:coal fired power stations 553:, which also created the 528:Central Electricity Board 323:law of the United Kingdom 315:Great British Energy Bill 186:This article needs to be 153: 143: 133: 128: 120: 112: 99: 88: 77: 69: 61: 53: 45: 40: 5876:Greenhouse gas emissions 5775:Met Office Hadley Centre 5622:Renewable Heat Incentive 5562:Climate Change Agreement 5507:Climate Change Committee 5296:Oil-fired power stations 5251:Greenhouse gas emissions 5188:Nuclear Liabilities Fund 5058:East–West Interconnector 5008:Greenhouse gas emissions 2278:"Survey of Belford 1995" 1984:Climate Change Committee 1725:per kWh of electricity. 1331:Britain has a number of 1064:Solar: 4.2% (0% in 1990) 1058:Coal: 1.8% (67% in 1990) 920:in return for payment". 873:Fossil fuel power plants 224:covers most of mainland 5839:Close the Door campaign 5790:Sunbury Research Centre 5557:Climate Change Act 2008 5236:Forties pipeline system 5093:Gridlink Interconnector 3616:The Wall Street Journal 2764:19 October 2006 at the 1773:Renewable energy portal 1643:retailer of electricity 1162:Contract for Difference 979:Non thermal renewables 851:Marchwood Power Station 841:Plugging the energy gap 766:From the mid-1990s new 348: Natural gas (32%) 240:with a frequency of 50 5999:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5693:National Energy Action 5454:Wind power in Scotland 5348:Renewable Fuels Agency 5338:Biofuel power stations 5193:Nuclear power stations 4760:SSE Power Distribution 4745:Electricity North West 4425:Rockhopper Exploration 2408:Cochrane, Rob (1985). 2356:: CS1 maint: others ( 1472: 1441:In December 2019, the 1432:Dinorwig Power Station 1156:The UK is planning to 1095: 1031: 787: 669: 577: 170: 154:Electricity sector law 70:Production (2021) 49:100% (91.8% grid 2017) 33:Electricity sector of 5627:Renewables Obligation 5311:Petroleum Revenue Tax 4796:Northern Gas Networks 4604:Horizon Nuclear Power 3644:National Audit Office 1745:United Kingdom portal 1597:north-eastern England 1522:), Northern Ireland ( 1469: 1395:British Grid map 2016 1093: 1029: 884:Energy gap disappears 847:Langage Power Station 785: 774:generating capacity. 757:Industrial Revolution 667: 575: 396: Imports (10.7%) 360: Nuclear (14.2%) 168: 5286:Offshore Energies UK 5256:Hydrocarbon Oil Duty 5108:Moyle Interconnector 5030:Open-pit coal mining 4141:. 23 September 2015. 2739:31 July 2009 at the 1526:), the Isle of Man ( 1235:nuclear reprocessing 1233:(PWR)), as well as 1225:at seven plants (14 1194:late-2000s recession 890:late-2000s recession 551:Electricity Act 1947 445:improve this article 299:Great British Energy 294:by the government. 158:Electricity Act 1989 54:Continuity of supply 46:Electricity coverage 6215:States with limited 5864:Energy Saving Trust 5818:Energy conservation 5572:Climate Change Levy 5522:Energy Saving Trust 5434:Offshore wind power 5073:Electricity billing 5023:National Coal Board 4998:Coal mining regions 4801:Phoenix Natural Gas 4694:Phoenix Natural Gas 4478:Amec Foster Wheeler 3978:Energy Storage News 3860:on 21 October 2012. 3797:European Commission 3598:. 6 September 2021. 2665:. 27 November 2001. 2410:Power to the People 1631:Electricity billing 1482:European Commission 1451:China Huaneng Group 1112:Current grid status 1081:Scottish Government 1048:Onshore Wind: 11.1% 1015:Modes of production 954: 902:compact fluorescent 759:, according to the 733:National Coal Board 711:economic challenges 674:generating capacity 648:, and the other by 589:coalfield near the 505:Newcastle upon Tyne 497:Merz & McLellan 248:and two-thirds was 37: 5698:Stop Climate Chaos 5527:Environment Agency 5301:Oil infrastructure 5266:Natural gas fields 5246:Gas infrastructure 5098:HVDC Cross-Channel 4852:SP Energy Networks 4755:SP Energy Networks 4750:Northern Powergrid 4056:Solar Power Portal 3952:Solar Power Portal 3878:. 29 January 2014. 3821:. 19 October 2010. 3481:National Gas Daily 3420:on 12 October 2009 3301:. 26 October 2023. 3125:on 31 October 2013 3093:on 7 November 2013 2971:on 15 January 2019 2804:National Gas Daily 2524:. 22 December 2016 2494:. 22 December 2016 2308:The National Trust 2040:. 16 February 2021 1686:. You can help by 1516:HVDC Cross-Channel 1473: 1289:nameplate capacity 1096: 1051:Offshore Wind: 13% 1032: 952: 947:electricity sector 823:2006 Energy Review 788: 689:nuclear generating 670: 578: 390: Storage (1%) 384: Hydro (1.8%) 378: Solar (4.9%) 372: Biomass (5%) 366: Wind (29.4%) 303:2024 King's Speech 301:subsequent to the 171: 62:Installed capacity 32: 6316: 6315: 5918: 5917: 5894: 5893: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5739:Green Power Forum 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5617:Planning Act 2008 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5083:Green electricity 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4819: 4818: 4765:UK Power Networks 4722: 4721: 4714:Utility Warehouse 4684:Outfox the Market 4620:Vedanta Resources 4521: 4520: 4392:Melrose Resources 4385:JKX Oil & Gas 4378:Hardy Oil and Gas 4138:Independent.co.uk 3932:978-0-9544529-3-3 3803:on 28 March 2009. 3371:on 8 October 2016 3261:on 8 October 2016 3165:on 7 October 2013 2881:"Peak Light Bulb" 2469:. 12 October 2015 2389:. 23 October 2011 1704: 1703: 1534:), 1 GW Belgium ( 1510:There are 2GW of 1403: 1402: 1120: 1119: 1012: 1011: 654:National Grid plc 642:National Grid plc 479:The first to use 477: 476: 469: 282:electric vehicles 211: 210: 163: 162: 108:181 t CO2 per GWh 16:(Redirected from 6346: 6253:Dependencies and 5957:Sovereign states 5945: 5938: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5906: 5905: 5813: 5812: 5724:Energy Institute 5661: 5660: 5650: 5649: 5602:Fossil Fuel Levy 5487: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5381:Hydroelectricity 5326: 5325: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4939: 4904:Aquamarine Power 4830: 4829: 4733: 4732: 4582: 4581: 4532: 4531: 4349:Desire Petroleum 4332:Capricorn Energy 4286: 4285: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4201: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3856:. Archived from 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3799:. Archived from 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3773:on 14 March 2012 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698:thewindpower.net 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3573:. 22 April 2017. 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3419: 3413:. Archived from 3412: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3370: 3364:. Archived from 3363: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3318:. Archived from 3317: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3254:. Archived from 3253: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3208:. 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Archived from 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2089:www.ofgem.gov.uk 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2064:Dalcour Maclaren 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1890: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1699: 1696: 1678: 1671: 1603:, south-western 1393: 1392: 1378: 1377: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1350: 1316:Imperial College 1273:hydroelectricity 1253:Renewable energy 1223:nuclear reactors 1110: 1109: 1098: 1097: 955: 951: 927:In January 2019 900:and a switch to 869:carbon emissions 772:hydroelectricity 768:renewable energy 472: 465: 461: 458: 452: 429: 421: 395: 389: 383: 377: 371: 365: 359: 353: 347: 288:UK energy policy 250:low-carbon power 234:Northern Ireland 206: 203: 197: 181: 180: 173: 116:5,958 kWh/person 104: 91:renewable energy 38: 31: 21: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6296: 6254: 6248: 6234:Northern Cyprus 6216: 6210: 6131:North Macedonia 5952: 5949: 5919: 5914: 5903: 5890: 5820: 5799: 5753: 5712:Industry bodies 5707: 5666:pressure groups 5665: 5655: 5636: 5592:Energy Act 2013 5543: 5542:Legislation and 5536: 5481: 5458: 5420: 5408: 5375: 5357: 5315: 5212: 5149: 5123:Reserve Service 5034: 4965: 4946: 4933: 4874: 4856: 4815: 4774: 4718: 4625: 4577: 4571: 4517: 4493:John Wood Group 4461: 4457:Murco Petroleum 4440: 4418:Regal Petroleum 4311: 4305: 4280: 4273: 4209: 4196: 4191: 4161: 4160: 4155:. 28 July 2020. 4151: 4150: 4146: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4102:. October 2021. 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3838:. 7 March 2012. 3835: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3638: 3634: 3621: 3619: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3508:Financial Times 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3359:"Archived copy" 3357: 3356: 3352: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3313:"Archived copy" 3311: 3310: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3249:"Archived copy" 3247: 3246: 3242: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3203:"Archived copy" 3201: 3200: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3113:"Archived copy" 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3024:Greentech Media 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2998:Financial Times 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2780: 2776: 2766:Wayback Machine 2757: 2753: 2741:Wayback Machine 2733: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2717:on 15 June 2006 2705: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2617:. 22 April 2017 2609: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2564:Financial Times 2556: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2442:The Independent 2434: 2427: 2420: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2386:The Independent 2379: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2349: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2258:on 4 March 2009 2255: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2171:renewableuk.com 2165: 2164: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2005: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1842:. 27 July 2023. 1834: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1684:needs expansion 1669: 1663: 1639: 1633: 1613: 1580:) and Denmark ( 1538:), 1.4 GW with 1508: 1498: 1478: 1464: 1455:LiFePo4 battery 1428: 1422: 1417: 1390: 1375: 1360: 1354:External images 1349: 1329: 1269: 1257:Main articles: 1255: 1215: 1209: 1170: 1137:(British Gas), 1107: 1017: 982:Pumped storage 943: 934:Financial Times 886: 860:, Essex and in 843: 780: 778:UK 'energy gap' 662: 631:nationalisation 587:Nottinghamshire 535:overhead cables 473: 462: 456: 453: 442: 430: 419: 413: 400: 399: 398: 397: 393: 391: 387: 385: 381: 379: 375: 373: 369: 367: 363: 361: 357: 355: 354: Coal (1%) 351: 349: 345: 337: 331: 274:electrification 230:interconnectors 218: 207: 201: 198: 195: 182: 178: 65:75.8 GW (2020) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6352: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6308:European Union 6304: 6302: 6301:Other entities 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6255:other entities 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6206:United Kingdom 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019:Czech Republic 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5703:Tyndall Centre 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5399:Severn Barrage 5396: 5394:Mersey Barrage 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5306:Oil refineries 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5140:Power stations 5137: 5135:North Sea Link 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5018:miners' strike 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4983:Coal Authority 4979: 4977: 4967: 4966: 4964:Energy sources 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4709:Utilita Energy 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4674:Octopus Energy 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:Bristol Energy 4641: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4372:Harbour Energy 4369: 4364: 4359: 4356:Emerald Energy 4352: 4345: 4343:Dana Petroleum 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4313: 4312:and production 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4228:Anglo American 4223: 4221: 4211: 4210: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4158: 4144: 4124: 4105: 4091: 4068: 4042: 4031:. 15 July 2021 4013: 3983: 3964: 3938: 3931: 3907: 3881: 3863: 3841: 3824: 3806: 3784: 3758: 3734: 3710: 3685: 3660: 3648: 3632: 3601: 3587: 3576: 3558: 3546: 3520: 3494: 3467: 3452: 3431: 3396: 3350: 3325:on 3 July 2016 3304: 3286: 3240: 3215:on 3 July 2016 3194: 3176: 3150: 3104: 3073: 3048: 3036: 3010: 2982: 2955: 2929: 2907: 2904:. p. 124. 2890: 2869: 2846: 2835:on 14 May 2014 2817: 2790: 2774: 2751: 2727: 2699: 2683:British Energy 2668: 2654: 2628: 2602: 2576: 2550: 2535: 2509: 2480: 2454: 2425: 2418: 2400: 2372: 2363: 2334: 2317: 2295: 2269: 2236: 2210: 2184: 2158: 2155:on 9 May 2015. 2140: 2118: 2101: 2076: 2051: 2025: 1996: 1970: 1944: 1923: 1906: 1874: 1845: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1762: 1748: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1681: 1679: 1662: 1659: 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1612: 1609: 1593:Northumberland 1544:North Sea Link 1497: 1494: 1477: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1421: 1418: 1401: 1400: 1386: 1385: 1371: 1370: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1347:Power stations 1345: 1328: 1325: 1254: 1251: 1229:(AGR) and one 1211:Main article: 1208: 1205: 1169: 1166: 1147:Scottish Power 1118: 1117: 1103: 1102: 1101:External image 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 984: 983: 980: 977: 972: 967: 964: 961: 958: 942: 939: 885: 882: 877:Carbon capture 842: 839: 779: 776: 661: 658: 646:Scottish Power 475: 474: 433: 431: 424: 415:Main article: 412: 409: 392: 386: 380: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 340: 339: 338: 330: 327: 209: 208: 194:already cited. 185: 183: 176: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 97: 96: 93: 86: 85: 82: 75: 74: 73:310 TWh (2021) 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6351: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Faroe Islands 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239:South Ossetia 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091:Liechtenstein 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5911: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664:Charities and 5662: 5658: 5651: 5647: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490:Organisations 5488: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:North Sea oil 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Fuel protests 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113:National Grid 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4871: 4870:National Grid 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4842:National Grid 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791:Firmus Energy 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Firmus Energy 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4614:Vattenfall UK 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 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