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2057:(LANs)—computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometres—remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet does not provide assured protection from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN.
1197:(ITU) revealed that roughly a third of countries have fewer than one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and
763:(EB) in 2000 to 65 EB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $ 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $ 1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP).
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40:
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in advance (i.e., audio and video) without detriment. That prioritization is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritization, i.e., a private corporate-style network, but the
Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VoIP calls over a private network and over the public Internet.
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perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes and received with signal amplitudes it would still decode to the binary message 1011— a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using
977:. Coaxial cable types are classified by RG type or "radio guide", terminology derived from World War II. The various RG designations are used to classify the specific signal transmission applications. This last channel is called the "free space channel". The sending of radio waves from one place to another has nothing to do with the presence or absence of an atmosphere between the two. Radio waves travel through a perfect
6248:
2139:
1906:
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1084:") before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this . An example of this process is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM"). In addition, modulation has the advantage that it may use frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
1654:
1692:
Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North
America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as
1983:(UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered nor retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry
851:). The transmission electronics and the receiver electronics within a transceiver are quite independent of one another. This can be explained by the fact that radio transmitters contain power amplifiers that operate with electrical powers measured in watts or kilowatts, but radio receivers deal with radio powers measured in microwatts or
1961:
network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.
1947:
that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized
1687:
As of 2015, the landline telephones in most residential homes are analogue—that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the
1468:
Many countries have enacted legislation which conforms to the
International Telecommunication Regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues". In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the
1924:
that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the
Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange
1079:
Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be impressed into
471:
also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone.
393:
were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during
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voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice-type packets and can be prioritized by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e., file transfer or email) or buffered
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dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends.
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has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to order and arrange a variety of home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to
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Whereas
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler, e.g., they
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However, despite the pending switch to digital, analog television remains being transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analog television transmission (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya
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in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optical fibres. The benefit of communicating with optical fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and
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Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m),
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brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda. Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the
262:
was first used as an
English word in the late 14th century. It comes from Old French comunicacion (14c., Modern French communication), from Latin communicationem (nominative communication), noun of action from past participle stem of communicare, "to share, divide out; communicate, impart, inform;
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In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the
Internet, people can listen to music they
1221:
Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless, devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social
1960:
For the
Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local
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with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can
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has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in
1805:
and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small
2063:(WANs) are private computer networks that may extend for thousands of kilometres. Once again, some of their advantages include privacy and security. Prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information secure and secret.
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within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar,
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signals to digital signals for transmission. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side by side with data from the
Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long-distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).
897:
systems. Analogue signals vary continuously with respect to the information, while digital signals encode information as a set of discrete values (e.g., a set of ones and zeroes). During propagation and reception, information contained in analogue signals is degraded by undesirable
1319:
Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A 2006 survey (right table) of slightly more than 3,000 Americans by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project in the United States the majority specified television or radio over newspapers.
425:
and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
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networks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibres. When optic fibres are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibres and single-mode fibres.
873:. The sharing of physical channels using multiplexing often results in significant cost reduction. Multiplexed systems are laid out in telecommunication networks and multiplexed signals are switched at nodes through to the correct destination terminal receiver.
1712:
today's optical fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optical fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from
1118:
that can render the signal indistinguishable from the noise. Another advantage of digital systems over analogue is that their output is easier to store in memory, i.e., two voltage states (high and low) are easier to store than a continuous range of states.
913:
Unless the additive noise disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Their resistance to noise represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals. However, digital systems
988:, which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously. For example, one radio station can broadcast radio waves into free space at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 94.5
1785:
is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).
1956:
connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.
1493:
mid-1930s. In 1936, the BBC broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa. Modern political debates in telecommunication include the reclassification of
1936:). As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of
1995:, network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning
509:, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.
1004:. Each station in this example is separated from its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system.
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8355:
1072:" system, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between various devices. In addition, there are combinations of phase-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying which is called (in the jargon of the field) "
3157:
The electronics age may be said to have been ushered in with the invention of the vacuum diode valve in 1902 by the Briton John Fleming (himself coining the word 'electronics'), the immediate application being in the field of
831:
is the interface between the power amplifier and the free space channel. The free space channel is the transmission medium and the receiver's antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver. Next, the
918:
when noise exceeds the system's ability to autocorrect. On the other hand, analogue systems fail gracefully: as noise increases, the signal becomes progressively more degraded but still usable. Also, digital transmission of
2010:(TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential. Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as
1188:
Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the world—this is known as the
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289:
as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."
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requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear". The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of
1877:(French-designed). For analogue radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude (
2093:
As the Internet grew in popularity and its traffic was required to be routed into private networks, the TCP/IP protocols replaced existing local area network technologies. Additional technologies, such as
2113:
Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernet facilities. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use
1184:
suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth. Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.
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negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as
992:(megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves over a frequency
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2127:
can be thought of as thicker optical fibres that are cheaper to manufacture devices for, but that suffer from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation—implying poorer long-distance performance.
1797:. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as
1716:
which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.
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is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable
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also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analogue television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting colour TV (see a map on adoption
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Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the
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ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation". According to the ITU's
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The term "channel" has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Examples of this include the
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It is estimated that 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the
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invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the
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1011:, and each channel is assigned a separate frequency bandwidth in which to broadcast radio waves. This system of dividing the medium into channels according to frequency is called "
8090:
8022:
7612:
3314:
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219:, a technology independent of any given medium, has provided global access to services for individual users and further reduced location and time limitations on communications.
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and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.
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615:, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more
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a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.
1034:), and is used in optical fibre communication. Some radio communication systems use TDM within an allocated FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM.
855:. Hence, transceivers have to be carefully designed and built to isolate their high-power circuitry and their low-power circuitry from each other to avoid interference.
651:
devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the
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out of each second), and to allow each sender to send messages only within its own time slot. This method of dividing the medium into communication channels is called "
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to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then
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mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a
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Modern telecommunication is founded on a series of key concepts that experienced progressive development and refinement in a period of well over a century:
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discusses some debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of
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again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo
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for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an
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Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the
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Telecommunications in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers have been designed to cooperate and share the same physical channel are called
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of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1940s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard in the 1970s.
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Another way of dividing a communications medium into channels is to allocate each sender a recurring segment of time (a "time slot", for example, 20
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for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of
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communications have gradually been supplemented by data. The physical limitations of metallic media prompted the development of optical fibre. The
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1668:. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller
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According to data collected by Gartner and Ars Technica sales of main consumer's telecommunication equipment worldwide in millions of units was:
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From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The
1245:
reported that 81% of 15- to 24-year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt.
1225:
Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of
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In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the
69:, is the transmission of information with an immediacy comparable to face-to-face communication. As such, slow communications technologies like
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1932:). By 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through
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and wireless methods. Overall, a basic telecommunication system consists of three main parts that are always present in some form or another:
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2098:, allowed TCP/IP-based computers to self-configure in the network. Such functions also existed in the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets.
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1680:. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small
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scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer
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Röller, Lars-Hendrik; Leonard Waverman (2001). "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach".
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reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on media that depend upon telecommunication.
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1976:). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.
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In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the
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254:. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its written use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer and novelist
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to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or
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to the output. This can be reduced, but not eliminated, only at the expense of increasing the channel bandwidth requirement.
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that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analogue communications network consists of one or more
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Riaz, Ali (1997). "The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis".
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Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the
1056:—a term derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications—and several keying techniques exist (these include
902:. Commonly, the noise in a communication system can be expressed as adding or subtracting from the desirable signal via a
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1164:, isolated villagers use cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In
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independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837.
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may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat
148:
Early telecommunication networks used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for
129:. Long-distance technologies invented during the 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the
4171:"Affordable Broadband: FCC Could Improve Performance Goals and Measures, Consumer Outreach, and Fraud Risk Management"
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1019:", which is more commonly used in optical communications when multiple transmitters share the same physical medium.
719:. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the
446:. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.
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3718:"World Telecommunication Development Report 2003: Access Indicators for the Information Society: Executive Summary"
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There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of
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The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that communicate with each other using the
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The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281
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the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small
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4141:"Robocallers are preying on the elderly with fake Medicare calls. It's a no-brainer to stop it, but nobody has"
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standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use
1664:
In a telephone network, the caller is connected to the person to whom they wish to talk by switches at various
302:
278:
4140:
4044:
1168:, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price.
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6577:
5997:
3501:
ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance and Signal Processing (approved by the American National Standards Institute)
3075:
2453:
1733:
1241:(SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group
993:
862:
because it occurs between a transmitter and a receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called
457:
168:. Other early pioneers in electrical and electronic telecommunications include co-inventors of the telegraph
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1701:
886:
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366:
to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in
272:
8877:
1007:
In the example above, the "free space channel" has been divided into communications channels according to
501:, demonstrating, by 1901, that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of
460:
was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
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1135:(official exchange rate). Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society.
1053:
1052:. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is commonly called
840:
6512:
2419:
1979:
At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the
843:(two-way systems) with a single box of electronics working as both the transmitter and a receiver, or a
506:
8701:
8570:
8527:
8449:
8190:
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7173:
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6121:
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5689:
5171:
4617:
4300:
Hacker, Michael; Burghardt, David; Fletcher, Linnea; Gordon, Anthony; Peruzzi, William (3 April 2015).
3496:
2707:
1857:
transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analog transmissions.
1842:
1818:
1720:
1128:
1093:
1027:
866:
because it occurs between a powerful transmitter and numerous low-power but sensitive radio receivers.
700:
177:
114:
105:
and empty space made to carry electromagnetic signals. These paths of transmission may be divided into
3927:
2286:
6693:
6562:
6527:
5893:
5854:
5699:
5599:
5528:
5461:
5288:
4903:
3100:
2144:
1937:
899:
815:
that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information for the recipient
4109:
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281:
and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations merged to form the
8653:
7344:
7322:
6455:
6385:
6340:
6252:
5494:
5429:
5382:
5342:
3869:
3518:
Lenert, Edward (December 1998). "A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunications Policy".
2124:
2090:
existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities.
2007:
1964:
At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for
1807:
1790:
985:
558:
beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the
439:
33:
5040:
3753:
Fischer, Claude S. (January 1988). "Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability".
2861:
2390:"The Case for Fiber to the Home, Today: Why Fiber is a Superior Medium for 21st Century Broadband"
1968:. For the World Wide Web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human-readable form using the
6627:
6612:
6450:
6440:
6091:
6076:
5920:
5871:
5794:
5694:
5372:
5258:
5253:
1944:
1862:
1713:
1485:
648:
516:
6703:
4828:
4501:
8404:
6798:
6013:
5799:
5614:
5559:
5554:
5367:
5332:
4427:
3586:
2839:
2193:
2163:
2019:
1980:
1770:
1324:
1226:
1099:
1065:
1061:
950:
890:
165:
153:
47:
3372:
2302:
Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)
7720:
6893:
6622:
6552:
6425:
6324:
5915:
5719:
5684:
5604:
5584:
5506:
5394:
5315:
5149:
Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet
4938:
4343:
Mbarika, V.W.A.; Mbarika, I. (2006). "Africa calling [African wireless connection]".
4329:
3115:
2629:
2276:
2107:
2027:
1834:
1238:
936:
894:
728:
644:
629:
551:
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363:
305:
or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by
294:
255:
185:
106:
5248:
4534:
3621:
3405:
3398:
1102:
that send messages to one another. Some digital communications networks contain one or more
910:, with the understanding that the noise can be negative or positive at different instances.
6833:
6632:
6582:
6547:
6537:
6532:
5829:
5789:
5759:
5516:
5451:
5273:
5198: (archived 13 April 2004) (Ericsson removed the book from their site in September 2005)
3243:
2082:
with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with
2003:
1774:
1758:
724:
612:
563:
477:
435:
197:
157:
130:
118:
8843:
2880:
8:
8727:
7642:
7315:
6778:
6753:
5839:
5779:
5538:
5500:
5298:
5283:
3295:
3012:
2685:
2243:
2223:
2067:
1988:
1910:
1719:
Assisting communication across many modern optical fibre networks is a protocol known as
1665:
1132:
836:
is the destination of the radio signal, where it is converted from electricity to sound.
798:
780:
633:
589:
502:
152:
and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in
90:
4478:
4270:
3247:
497:
began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of
117:. Several methods of long-distance communication before the modern era used sounds like
6617:
6592:
6567:
6435:
6066:
6023:
5954:
5824:
5754:
5729:
5664:
5511:
4641:
4494:
4360:
4326:"Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21% Growth in 2005"
4239:
3965:
3778:
3770:
3673:
3531:
3269:
2168:
2103:
2054:
1969:
1929:
1886:
1854:
1794:
1762:
1161:
1103:
1057:
924:
732:
680:
655:. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.
443:
375:
169:
78:
8616:
8117:
6718:
3852:
7697:
6648:
6106:
6028:
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5925:
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5734:
5564:
5533:
5399:
5293:
5137:
5117:
5012:
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4505:
4305:
4209:
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3782:
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3604:
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3205:
3146:
3047:
2992:
2762:
2619:
2592:
2356:
2153:
2060:
1917:
1724:
1502:
970:
920:
716:
672:
494:
386:, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.
161:
122:
5774:
4364:
1736:(MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.
984:
The other meaning of the term "channel" in telecommunications is seen in the phrase
6773:
6465:
6111:
6071:
6051:
6018:
5947:
5905:
5819:
5674:
5659:
5634:
5609:
5569:
5419:
5278:
5263:
4352:
3957:
3846:"Online News: For many home broadband users, the internet is a primary news source"
3762:
3665:
3596:
3527:
3251:
3230:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
2817:
2740:
2348:
1996:
1984:
1949:
1728:
1181:
1110:
that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of networks,
1107:
812:
708:
696:
567:
559:
535:
523:
began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news.
205:
201:
6698:
5136:, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991.
4579:
3948:
Codding, George A. (1955). "Jamming and the Protection of Frequency Assignments".
3429:
2989:
Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II
1940:, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world.
981:
just as easily as they travel through air, fog, clouds, or any other kind of gas.
6808:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6683:
6673:
6663:
6658:
6485:
5739:
5594:
5362:
5337:
5325:
5195:
3935:
3474:
2173:
1991:
the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use
1965:
1837:(MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses
1494:
882:
828:
824:
580:
528:
520:
329:
310:
189:
102:
8396:
538:
demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store
7712:
6885:
6872:
6843:
6838:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6763:
6738:
6723:
6713:
6708:
6653:
5937:
5809:
5784:
5744:
5714:
5589:
5424:
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5352:
5310:
4866:
4356:
4081:
4049:
3669:
1814:
1498:
1190:
1177:
1144:
907:
903:
833:
684:
664:
473:
418:
395:
181:
74:
4386:
3961:
2920:
2312:
1481:"shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference".
8924:
7691:
7307:
6793:
6788:
6728:
6688:
6668:
6597:
6542:
6430:
6370:
6086:
5859:
5849:
5764:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5624:
5446:
5305:
5109:
4681:
4408:
4213:
4170:
3608:
3170:
3095:
1933:
1830:
1798:
1778:
1669:
1657:
1098:
A telecommunications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and
962:
957:
for communications by way of the voltages and electric currents in them, and
954:
946:
820:
692:
676:
410:
367:
351:
335:
326:
193:
43:
3256:
3229:
2943:
1853:. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as
1076:" (QAM) that are used in high-capacity digital radio communication systems.
1000:(kilohertz), centred at frequencies such as the above, which are called the
6803:
6743:
6733:
6678:
6380:
6365:
5964:
5804:
5749:
5679:
5644:
5579:
5478:
5468:
5320:
3265:
2342:
2115:
1753:
1489:
1206:
1081:
1023:
1001:
915:
870:
863:
848:
744:
667:
transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a
616:
524:
449:
263:
join, unite, participate in," literally, "to make common", from communis".
173:
110:
82:
39:
3913:
759:(PB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 PB in 1993 to 2.2
211:
Since the 1960s, the proliferation of digital technologies has meant that
32:"Telecommunication" redirects here. For the A Flock of Seagulls song, see
7701:
6783:
6390:
6164:
5814:
5724:
5709:
5669:
5629:
5488:
3600:
2615:
Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird
2198:
2041:
1782:
1681:
1165:
1151:
but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer
1115:
788:
668:
637:
593:
566:. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by
547:
543:
512:
468:
339:
212:
94:
70:
6293:
1849:
standard). The exception is the United States which has chosen to adopt
1323:
Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising.
1131:'s revenue at US$ 4.7 trillion or just under three per cent of the
6460:
6415:
6410:
6169:
5876:
5574:
5483:
5439:
5409:
5387:
4781:
4728:
3969:
3774:
1973:
1921:
1846:
1749:
1673:
1242:
1157:
1148:
1043:
974:
942:
740:
688:
652:
539:
498:
456:
was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first
453:
414:
138:
98:
5076:
293:
The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the
6445:
6154:
5619:
5434:
5201:
4965:
T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, 1999.
2228:
2203:
2158:
2071:
1890:
1231:
1069:
1008:
756:
704:
625:
601:
597:
482:
347:
149:
134:
3766:
3691:
628:. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the
321:
6149:
6139:
6056:
5881:
5704:
4077:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation"
3143:
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the present day
2352:
2119:
1850:
1316:
have not heard before without having to travel to the music store.
1111:
966:
852:
760:
736:
699:, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination
624:, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital
399:
383:
216:
51:
3622:
Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang and Carlo M. Rossotto with Kaoru Kimura.
6502:
6470:
6144:
6129:
5347:
4977:"VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol and Internet telephone calls"
4271:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures"
2079:
1677:
1198:
1152:
712:
371:
126:
55:
8911:
4609:
4032:
from the original on 2 March 2009 – via Middle East Forum.
2759:
Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph
596:
for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal
6480:
6475:
6174:
6134:
5456:
2110:. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems.
2087:
2083:
1905:
1894:
1893:, and quadrature amplitude modulation is used for stereo AM or
1838:
1826:
1700:
with many markets choosing to deprecate analog systems such as
1697:
978:
711:
emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the
403:
390:
379:
359:
343:
86:
81:
have been used for telecommunications throughout history, from
5133:
Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications
346:
roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military.
113:, allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent
8768:
6159:
6096:
5404:
5161:
4299:
2048:
1953:
1874:
1745:
1708:
1653:
1202:
779:
Telecommunication technologies may primarily be divided into
608:
554:. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the
422:
142:
3504:
3141:
Macksey, Kenneth; Woodhouse, William (1991). "Electronics".
2715:
1473:
adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the
6101:
5186:
4676:
3548:
The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration
3044:
Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound
2095:
2053:
Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of
2037:
2031:
2015:
2011:
1870:
1822:
1660:
provides cheaper bandwidth for long-distance communication.
1210:
355:
306:
4328:(Press release). Gartner. 28 February 2006. Archived from
1048:
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as
5181:
2313:"How does a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) work?"
2075:
2023:
1866:
1693:
1201:
received the highest ranking while the African countries
997:
989:
876:
338:
have been used throughout history by different cultures.
3906:"International Telecommunication Union : About ITU"
2644:"Chronology: Reuters, from pigeons to multimedia merger"
2618:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
8646:
8147:
5044:
4904:"The TCP/IP Guide - History of the OSI Reference Model"
4045:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules"
3202:
Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet
2783:"Who made the first electric telegraph communications?"
1248:
505:
by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the
5176:
3576:
3041:
5166:
5002:
Martin, Michael (2000). "Understanding the Network".
4500:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.
4110:"FCC takes long-delayed step against spam text surge"
3851:. Pew Internet Project. 22 March 2006. Archived from
3309:
3307:
3305:
727:
documents, other networking advancements occurred in
658:
378:
started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between
5005:
The Networker's Guide to AppleTalk, IPX, and NetBIOS
4801:
Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)
4202:"Why falling PC sales means Windows 7 is on the way"
3430:"Coax Cable FAQ Series: What is RG Cable? – Conwire"
2134:
1723:(ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side
1237:
Prior to social networking sites, technologies like
687:
remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s,
5077:"Fiber Optic Cable single-mode multi-mode Tutorial"
3798:"How do you know your love is real? Check Facebook"
3319:
Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2010
3223:
3221:
2562:"International Telegraph Conference (Madrid, 1932)"
4640:
4493:
4240:"Mobile Phone Sales To Exceed One Billion in 2009"
3551:(Honors thesis). Boston University. Archived from
3397:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3329:
3302:
750:
413:, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual
65:, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as
8426:
3337:"Introduction to the Telecommunications Industry"
2485:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1230:everything from organising social engagements to
507:Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
156:began with breakthroughs including those made in
8922:
7742:
6915:
6877:
4744:"Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start"
3371:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp.
3315:"Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenues"
3218:
3140:
2860:. Electronic Oberlin Group. 2006. Archived from
2714:. l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon. 2003. Archived from
1920:(IP). Any computer on the Internet has a unique
1889:, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for
1769:In a broadcast system, the central high-powered
679:. This configuration of a centralized computer (
4797:"What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work)"
4795:Kahn, Robert; Cerf, Vinton G. (December 1999).
4036:
3544:
3351:
1781:so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a
27:Transmission of information electromagnetically
7337:
4342:
4108:McGill, Margaret Harding (26 September 2022).
3042:Théberge, P.; Devine, K.; Everrett, T (2015).
1477:, examined by the board and registered on the
362:also conveyed the names of the victors at the
354:used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of
8931:Economics of transport and utility industries
8632:
8412:
8133:
7728:
7323:
6901:
6309:
5217:
4741:
4018:"The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq"
2477:"From tele-communicare to Telecommunications"
2179:Institute of Telecommunications Professionals
1505:, and expanding affordable broadband access.
1497:as a telecommunications service (also called
1254:News source preference of Americans in 2006.
1156:use telecommunication to their advantage. In
1087:
858:Telecommunication over fixed lines is called
8751:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4647:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
4069:
3227:
1513:
1464:List of telecommunications regulatory bodies
791:that takes information and converts it to a
398:, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from
6232:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
5192:Ericsson's Understanding Telecommunications
5167:International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
4859:"World Internet Users and Population Stats"
3725:International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
2189:List of telecommunications encryption terms
839:Telecommunication systems are occasionally
463:The conventional telephone was patented by
8639:
8625:
8419:
8405:
8140:
8126:
7735:
7721:
7330:
7316:
6908:
6894:
6316:
6302:
6268:
5224:
5210:
5116:(New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176.
4974:
4881:"OECD Broadband Statistics, December 2005"
4826:
2838:. Burndy Library Inc. 1959. Archived from
2756:
2049:Local area networks and wide area networks
2040:(VoIP) allows data packets to be used for
1475:International Frequency Registration Board
1015:". Another term for the same concept is "
671:and received the computed results back at
429:
196:, as well as inventors of television like
6323:
4638:
4491:
3590:
3468:Bluetooth Specification Version 2.0 + EDR
3255:
3228:Hilbert, Martin; LĂłpez, Priscila (2011).
2452:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2344:Renewing U.S. Telecommunications Research
1987:with them to specify what application or
1739:
1080:a higher-frequency signal (known as the "
930:
703:without passing it through a centralized
515:accelerated the development of radio for
438:was demonstrated by English inventor Sir
178:inventors and developers of the telephone
4901:
4794:
4383:Australia Telecommunications Association
4015:
4009:
3489:
3395:
3389:
2986:
2611:
1904:
1757:
1652:
827:is the transmitter and the broadcasting
320:
46:at the satellite communication facility
38:
4550:"The WAN Road Ahead: Ethernet or Bust?"
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3947:
3752:
3746:
3088:
3013:"Report 1946-04 – Frequency Modulation"
3005:
2933:
2811:
2591:. Sumter, SC: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
2387:
2219:Telecommunications Industry Association
1331:Advertising expenditures in US in 2007
488:
434:On July 25, 1837, the first commercial
230:is a compound noun of the Greek prefix
77:are excluded from the definition. Many
14:
8923:
5231:
5001:
4527:"MPLS is the future, but ATM hangs on"
4468:
4421:
4268:
4199:
4107:
3517:
3362:
3199:
2958:"TR Center - Talking Across the Ocean"
2542:from the original on 14 September 2016
2474:
1943:The Internet works in part because of
1833:AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses
1765:standards and their adoption worldwide
877:Analogue versus digital communications
316:
8620:
8400:
8148:Telecommunications in North America
8121:
7716:
7311:
6889:
6876:
6297:
5205:
5187:International Telecommunication Union
5038:
4914:from the original on 4 September 2017
4754:from the original on 14 December 2017
4547:
4042:
3993:History of international broadcasting
3950:American Journal of International Law
2757:Brockedone, William (11 March 2013).
2737:International Telecommunication Union
2438:
2426:from the original on 25 December 2016
2283:International Telecommunication Union
1195:International Telecommunication Union
766:
283:International Telecommunication Union
8775:
8647:Telecommunications in South America
6278:
5087:from the original on 23 October 2018
4983:from the original on 24 January 2018
4181:from the original on 8 February 2023
4151:from the original on 7 February 2023
4120:from the original on 8 February 2023
3990:
3977:
3804:from the original on 6 November 2017
3655:
3400:Analog and Digital Signal Processing
3113:
2586:
2580:
2388:Cyphers, Bennett (16 October 2019).
1972:(e.g., 72.14.207.99 is derived from
1249:Entertainment, news, and advertising
573:
279:Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference
4975:Multimedia, Crucible (7 May 2011).
4829:"How Internet Infrastructure Works"
4590:from the original on 2 January 2016
4524:
4269:Reimer, Jeremy (15 December 2005).
3698:from the original on 2 January 2019
3637:from the original on 12 August 2020
3181:from the original on 15 August 2017
3046:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
3023:from the original on 3 January 2020
2730:"CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence"
2568:from the original on 8 January 2023
805:that carries the signal (e.g., the
24:
5162:International Teletraffic Congress
4839:from the original on 10 April 2010
4703:Digital Video Broadcasting Project
4620:from the original on 12 March 2018
4057:from the original on 27 April 2019
4043:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014).
3870:"100 Leading National Advertisers"
3532:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x
3503:. 28 February 2001. Archived from
3440:from the original on 8 August 2017
3122:from the original on 15 April 2012
2968:from the original on 17 April 2021
2940:Tesla Memorial Society of New York
2793:from the original on 8 August 2017
2657:from the original on 26 March 2008
2305:
2184:International Teletraffic Congress
1122:
889:, which may in turn be carried by
659:Computer networks and the Internet
519:. After the war, commercial radio
25:
8952:
5177:Federal Communications Commission
5155:
4807:from the original on 15 July 2017
4614:Digital Television News Australia
4610:"Digital Television in Australia"
4548:Lazar, Irwin (22 February 2011).
4471:"Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet"
4442:"Fundamentals of DWDM Technology"
4304:. Cengage Learning. p. 433.
4250:from the original on 8 March 2018
3886:from the original on 27 July 2011
3404:(2nd ed.). Brooks. pp.
2369:from the original on 23 June 2021
2234:Underwater acoustic communication
1829:for video compression. ATSC uses
1308:Survey permitted multiple answers
1171:
1138:
881:Communications can be encoded as
774:
723:(IETF) who published a series of
715:, which by 1981 had grown to 213
542:. Baird's device relied upon the
8903:
8886:
8869:
8852:
8835:
8818:
8801:
8784:
8261:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7696:
7687:
7686:
7214:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6984:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6857:
6856:
6511:
6277:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6246:
5867:Free-space optical communication
5069:
5060:
5051:
5032:
4995:
4643:Data and Computer Communications
4496:Data and Computer Communications
4401:"Milestones in AT&T History"
4281:from the original on 12 May 2015
4220:from the original on 19 May 2017
4200:Arthur, Charles (4 March 2009).
4138:
4089:from the original on 9 July 2018
3830:. September 2005. Archived from
3734:from the original on 6 June 2023
2895:"Connected Earth: The telephone"
2874:
2675:
2400:from the original on 3 June 2021
2323:from the original on 7 June 2021
2239:Wavelength-division multiplexing
2137:
1216:
1017:wavelength-division multiplexing
945:for sound communications, glass
622:sound recording and reproduction
556:British Broadcasting Corporation
6376:Computer-mediated communication
5103:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4942:. February 2006. Archived from
4926:
4895:
4873:
4851:
4820:
4788:
4766:
4735:
4713:
4691:
4661:
4632:
4602:
4572:
4541:
4518:
4485:
4462:
4434:
4415:
4393:
4379:"Ten Years of GSM in Australia"
4371:
4336:
4318:
4293:
4262:
4232:
4193:
4163:
4132:
4101:
3941:
3898:
3862:
3838:
3824:"I Just Text To Say I Love You"
3816:
3790:
3710:
3684:
3649:
3624:"Economic Impacts of Broadband"
3615:
3570:
3538:
3511:
3480:
3461:
3452:
3422:
3280:
3193:
3163:
3134:
3107:
3089:Postman, Neil (29 March 1999).
3082:
3060:
3035:
2980:
2962:www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org
2950:
2927:
2905:
2887:
2877:"Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci"
2868:
2846:
2824:
2814:"The Electromagnetic Telegraph"
2805:
2775:
2750:
2722:
2700:
2669:
2636:
2605:
2554:
2524:
1925:of messages between computers.
1508:
1180:scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and
1074:quadrature amplitude modulation
1013:frequency-division multiplexing
906:. This form of noise is called
751:Growth of transmission capacity
721:Internet Engineering Task Force
643:In the 1940s, the invention of
8445:Federated States of Micronesia
8427:Telecommunications in Oceania
7744:Telecommunications in Europe
7654:British Indian Ocean Territory
5039:Droms, Ralph (November 2003).
4865:. 30 June 2008. Archived from
4742:Brian Stelter (13 June 2009).
4469:Jander, Mary (15 April 2003).
4016:Garfield, Andrew (Fall 2007).
3545:Mireille Samaan (April 2003).
3017:BBC Research & Development
2812:Calvert, J. B. (19 May 2004).
2519:New Oxford American Dictionary
2500:
2468:
2412:
2394:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2381:
2335:
2296:
2262:
2214:Telecommunications engineering
607:The simplest vacuum tube, the
578:The type of device known as a
389:In the Middle Ages, chains of
13:
1:
6916:Telecommunications in Africa
4902:Kozierok, Charles M. (2005).
4817:Specifically see footnote xv.
3727:. December 2003. p. 22.
3321:. 1 June 2010. Archived from
2420:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2250:
1734:Multiprotocol Label Switching
1457:
1037:
550:and thus became known as the
458:transatlantic telegraph cable
18:Electronics and Communication
8386:United States Virgin Islands
6878:Telecommunications by region
6498:Text and conversation theory
6253:Telecommunication portal
6034:Telecommunications equipment
4727:. March 2005. Archived from
3692:"Digital Access Index (DAI)"
3658:Media, Culture & Society
3497:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000"
3171:"George Stibitz (1904–1995)"
2255:
2209:Outline of telecommunication
2038:Voice over Internet Protocol
1845:standard (also known as the
1648:
1479:International Frequency List
860:point-to-point communication
647:made it possible to produce
273:History of telecommunication
222:
7:
7338:Telecommunications in Asia
5770:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
5182:IEEE Communications Society
4639:Stallings, William (2004).
4492:Stallings, William (2004).
4405:AT&T Knowledge Ventures
3631:siteresources.worldbank.org
2987:Thompson, R.J. Jr. (2011).
2536:Online Etymology Dictionary
2475:Dilhac, Jean-Marie (2004).
2130:
1900:
1881:) or frequency modulation (
1773:transmits a high-frequency
309:, radio, optical, or other
297:, which defined it as "Any
10:
8957:
5474:Telecommunications history
4833:Computer.HowStuffWorks.com
4357:10.1109/MSPEC.2006.1628825
4302:Engineering and Technology
3670:10.1177/016344397019004004
2897:. BT. 2006. Archived from
2116:copper twisted-pair cables
1843:Digital Audio Broadcasting
1743:
1721:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
1684:in that person's handset.
1495:broadband Internet service
1461:
1129:telecommunication industry
1094:Telecommunications network
1091:
1088:Telecommunication networks
1041:
1028:time-division multiplexing
934:
821:radio broadcasting station
493:In 1894, Italian inventor
442:and English scientist Sir
270:
266:
31:
8725:
8652:
8536:
8513:
8432:
8361:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8279:
8153:
8099:
8051:
8013:
7750:
7682:
7641:
7601:
7343:
7227:
7202:
6921:
6883:
6852:
6641:
6520:
6509:
6349:
6331:
6241:
6183:
6120:
6082:Public Switched Telephone
6042:
6006:
5963:
5904:
5894:telecommunication circuit
5855:Fiber-optic communication
5838:
5600:Francis Blake (telephone)
5547:
5395:Optical telecommunication
5239:
4669:"HDV Technology Handbook"
4424:"Optical fibre waveguide"
3962:10.1017/S0002930000170046
3477:(p. 27), Bluetooth, 2004.
3072:MZTV Museum of Television
2612:Blechman, Andrew (2007).
2145:Telecommunications portal
1873:(American designed), and
1514:Worldwide equipment sales
1306:
961:for communications using
8591:Northern Mariana Islands
8381:Turks and Caicos Islands
7403:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6969:Central African Republic
6456:Nonviolent communication
6386:History of communication
5993:Orbital angular-momentum
5430:Satellite communications
5269:Communications satellite
4554:Telecom Industry Updates
3579:American Economic Review
3520:Journal of Communication
3396:Ambardar, Ashok (1999).
3204:. Simon & Schuster.
2858:Oberlin College Archives
2708:"Les Télégraphes Chappe"
2317:European Investment Bank
2008:Transport Layer Security
1808:forward error correction
1791:broadcast media industry
440:William Fothergill Cooke
34:Telecommunication (song)
8556:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7664:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6451:Nonverbal communication
6441:Models of communication
5872:Molecular communication
5695:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5524:Undersea telegraph line
5259:Cable protection system
4956:Stallings, pp. 683–702.
4422:Bhatti, Saleem (1995).
3257:10.1126/science.1200970
3145:. Viking. p. 110.
2934:Vujovic, Ljubo (1998).
1486:history of broadcasting
1227:social networking sites
1193:. A 2003 survey by the
1100:communications channels
864:broadcast communication
729:industrial laboratories
695:started to investigate
517:military communications
430:Telegraph and telephone
8311:British Virgin Islands
7793:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6014:Communication protocol
5800:Charles Sumner Tainter
5615:Walter Houser Brattain
5560:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5368:Information revolution
5066:Stallings, pp. 514–16.
5057:Stallings, pp. 500–26.
4934:"Introduction to IPv6"
4780:. 2006. Archived from
4705:. 2003. Archived from
4680:. 2004. Archived from
4451:. 2006. Archived from
4407:. 2006. Archived from
4385:. 2003. Archived from
3755:Technology and Culture
3473:14 August 2014 at the
3363:Haykin, Simon (2001).
3200:Hafner, Katie (1998).
3074:. 2006. Archived from
2991:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
2739:. 2006. Archived from
2587:Levi, Wendell (1977).
2285:, 2012, archived from
2194:Military communication
2164:Control communications
2118:(including the common
2106:guarantees, and offer
2102:omit features such as
1981:User Datagram Protocol
1913:
1865:). These are known as
1766:
1661:
1325:TNS Media Intelligence
1066:amplitude-shift keying
1062:frequency-shift keying
986:communications channel
951:optical communications
931:Communication channels
823:, the station's large
735:(LAN) developments of
663:On 11 September 1940,
332:
166:Nobel Prize in Physics
154:wireless communication
115:communication sessions
107:communication channels
59:
48:Raisting Earth Station
8936:Mass media technology
8539:and other territories
8251:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7129:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6989:Republic of the Congo
6603:Mediated cross-border
6325:Communication studies
5988:Polarization-division
5720:Narinder Singh Kapany
5685:Erna Schneider Hoover
5605:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5585:Alexander Graham Bell
5316:online video platform
5172:ATIS Telecom Glossary
4939:Microsoft Corporation
4709:on 27 September 2006.
4022:Middle East Quarterly
3800:. CNN. 4 April 2008.
3367:Communication Systems
3103:on 30 September 2009.
2913:"History of AT&T"
2278:ITU Radio Regulations
2108:medium access control
2034:(instant messaging).
1908:
1835:Advanced Audio Coding
1761:
1656:
1429:$ 30.33 billion
1418:$ 28.22 billion
1407:$ 25.42 billion
1396:$ 16.82 billion
1374:$ 18.02 billion
1363:$ 10.69 billion
1352:$ 11.31 billion
1239:short message service
1213:received the lowest.
1002:"carrier frequencies"
937:Communication channel
916:fail catastrophically
895:digital communication
807:"free space channel")
645:semiconductor devices
630:spark gap transmitter
552:mechanical television
324:
295:ITU Radio Regulations
271:Further information:
246:, and the Latin verb
188:, inventors of radio
186:Alexander Graham Bell
42:
7578:United Arab Emirates
6538:Communication theory
6533:Communication design
5830:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5790:Almon Brown Strowger
5760:Charles Grafton Page
5415:Prepaid mobile phone
5343:Electrical telegraph
5041:"Resources for DHCP"
4863:Internet World Stats
4721:"Status of DAB (US)"
4411:on 6 September 2008.
4085:. 14 November 2014.
3991:Wood, James (1992).
3834:on 27 December 2016.
3601:10.1257/aer.91.4.909
3458:Haykin, pp. 344–403.
2832:"The Atlantic Cable"
2746:on 12 February 2020.
2678:"The Spanish Armada"
2653:. 19 February 2008.
2521:(2nd edition), 2005.
2004:Secure Sockets Layer
1775:electromagnetic wave
1740:Radio and television
1440:$ 4.02 billion
1385:$ 4.17 billion
725:Request for Comments
691:and, independently,
634:mechanical computers
613:John Ambrose Fleming
611:invented in 1904 by
592:of electrons from a
564:Karl Ferdinand Braun
489:Radio and television
478:electrophonic effect
436:electrical telegraph
325:A replica of one of
285:(ITU). They defined
198:Vladimir K. Zworykin
158:radio communications
91:semaphore telegraphs
8266:Trinidad and Tobago
8161:Antigua and Barbuda
8014:States with limited
7605:limited recognition
7204:States with limited
5780:Johann Philipp Reis
5539:Wireless revolution
5501:The Telephone Cases
5358:Hydraulic telegraph
5114:Global Mobile Media
5011:. SAMS Publishing.
4946:on 13 October 2008.
4869:on 2 February 2009.
4827:Jeff Tyson (2007).
4586:. 7 December 2000.
3934:7 June 2011 at the
3858:on 21 October 2013.
3558:on 14 February 2007
3486:Haykin, pp. 88–126.
3436:. 12 January 2016.
3347:on 22 October 2012.
3298:on 18 January 2012.
3248:2011Sci...332...60H
2946:on 14 January 2016.
2923:on 14 January 2003.
2496:on 2 December 2010.
2450:Oxford Dictionaries
2446:"Telecommunication"
2244:Wired communication
2224:Telecoms resilience
2068:OSI reference model
2055:local area networks
2030:(file sharing) and
1911:OSI reference model
1869:(German designed),
1795:integrated circuits
1666:telephone exchanges
1451:$ 149 billion
1332:
1255:
1133:gross world product
799:transmission medium
590:thermionic emission
534:On March 25, 1925,
503:wireless telegraphy
317:Beacons and pigeons
164:, who won the 1909
8941:Telecommunications
8771:Telecommunications
8201:Dominican Republic
6568:Discourse analysis
6493:Telecommunications
6436:Meta-communication
5978:Frequency-division
5955:Telephone exchange
5825:Charles Wheatstone
5755:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5730:Innocenzo Manzetti
5665:Reginald Fessenden
5400:Optical telegraphy
5233:Telecommunications
4891:on 6 January 2009.
4525:Dix, John (2002).
3091:"Philo Farnsworth"
2901:on 22 August 2006.
2169:Digital Revolution
2104:quality of service
2061:Wide area networks
1970:Domain Name System
1966:logical addressing
1930:landline telephone
1914:
1855:in-band on-channel
1767:
1763:Digital television
1662:
1330:
1253:
1162:Narsingdi District
1058:phase-shift keying
996:of about 180
949:for some kinds of
925:quantization noise
801:, also called the
767:Technical concepts
733:local area network
444:Charles Wheatstone
376:Paul Julius Reuter
333:
170:Charles Wheatstone
79:transmission media
60:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8759:
8732:other territories
8614:
8613:
8606:Wallis and Futuna
8514:Associated states
8394:
8393:
8283:other territories
8115:
8114:
7710:
7709:
7647:other territories
7305:
7304:
7231:other territories
7004:Equatorial Guinea
6870:
6869:
6291:
6290:
6029:Store and forward
6024:Data transmission
5938:Network switching
5889:Transmission line
5735:Guglielmo Marconi
5700:Internet pioneers
5565:Mohamed M. Atalla
5534:Whistled language
5151:(Springer, 2011).
5122:978-0-415-46918-0
5028:on 29 March 2009.
4654:978-0-13-183311-1
4580:"How Radio Works"
4511:978-0-13-183311-1
4458:on 9 August 2012.
4177:. February 2023.
3415:978-0-534-95409-3
3382:978-0-471-17869-9
3341:Plunkett Research
3325:on 28 March 2010.
3288:"video animation"
3211:978-0-684-83267-8
3177:. Kerry Redshaw.
3152:978-0-670-82698-8
3116:"The Vacuum Tube"
2936:"Tesla Biography"
2883:on 24 April 2006.
2688:on 4 January 2020
2625:978-0-7022-3641-9
2598:978-0-85390-013-9
2507:Telecommunication
2362:978-0-309-10265-0
2154:Active networking
2070:. These included
2026:(Internet chat),
2022:(file transfer),
1918:Internet Protocol
1725:data transmission
1646:
1645:
1501:), regulation of
1471:Radio Regulations
1455:
1454:
1313:
1312:
1309:
971:ultraviolet light
923:unavoidably adds
871:multiplex systems
803:physical channel,
673:Dartmouth College
574:Thermionic valves
495:Guglielmo Marconi
287:telecommunication
228:Telecommunication
162:Guglielmo Marconi
121:, the blowing of
63:Telecommunication
16:(Redirected from
8948:
8916:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8899:
8898:from Wikiversity
8891:
8890:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8865:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8848:
8840:
8839:
8838:
8831:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8814:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8797:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8752:
8740:Falkland Islands
8654:Sovereign states
8641:
8634:
8627:
8618:
8617:
8596:Pitcairn Islands
8566:French Polynesia
8551:Christmas Island
8480:Papua New Guinea
8460:Marshall Islands
8433:Sovereign states
8421:
8414:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8351:Saint Barthélemy
8281:Dependencies and
8154:Sovereign states
8142:
8135:
8128:
8119:
8118:
8052:Dependencies and
7751:Sovereign states
7737:
7730:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7700:
7690:
7689:
7659:Christmas Island
7345:Sovereign states
7332:
7325:
7318:
7309:
7308:
7292:
7291:(United Kingdom)
7287:Tristan da Cunha
7283:Ascension Island
7275:
7262:
7253:
7229:Dependencies and
6922:Sovereign states
6910:
6903:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6874:
6873:
6860:
6859:
6515:
6466:Public relations
6361:Biocommunication
6318:
6311:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6281:
6280:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6122:Notable networks
6112:Wireless network
6052:Cellular network
6044:Types of network
6019:Computer network
5906:Network topology
5820:Thomas A. Watson
5675:Oliver Heaviside
5660:Philo Farnsworth
5635:Daniel Davis Jr.
5610:Charles Bourseul
5570:John Logie Baird
5279:Data compression
5274:Computer network
5226:
5219:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5043:. Archived from
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5021:. Archived from
5010:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4908:The TCP/IP Guide
4899:
4893:
4892:
4887:. Archived from
4877:
4871:
4870:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4784:on 21 June 2006.
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4731:on 21 July 2006.
4717:
4711:
4710:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:on 23 June 2006.
4686:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4556:. Archived from
4545:
4539:
4538:
4533:. Archived from
4522:
4516:
4515:
4499:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4481:on 24 July 2012.
4477:. Archived from
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4446:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4426:. Archived from
4419:
4413:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4389:on 20 July 2008.
4375:
4369:
4368:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4246:. 21 July 2005.
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4145:Business Insider
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3988:
3975:
3973:
3945:
3939:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3912:. Archived from
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3879:. 23 June 2008.
3874:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3722:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3507:on 2 March 2008.
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3403:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3343:. Archived from
3333:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3294:. Archived from
3284:
3278:
3277:
3259:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3099:. Archived from
3086:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:. January 1946.
3009:
3003:
3002:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2942:. Archived from
2931:
2925:
2924:
2919:. Archived from
2909:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2879:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:on 28 June 2017.
2850:
2844:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:on 16 June 2001.
2816:. Archived from
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2718:on 9 April 2004.
2712:CĂ©drick Chatenet
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2684:. Archived from
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2628:. Archived from
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2489:. Archived from
2481:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:on 30 April 2013
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2292:on 19 March 2015
2291:
2274:
2266:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2125:Multimode fibres
2014:(web browsing),
1950:Internet browser
1938:broadband access
1729:traffic contract
1676:in the caller's
1524:Equipment / year
1521:
1520:
1333:
1329:
1307:
1256:
1252:
1182:Leonard Waverman
697:packet switching
586:thermionic valve
568:Philo Farnsworth
560:cathode ray tube
536:John Logie Baird
330:semaphore towers
256:Édouard Estaunié
234:(τῆλε), meaning
206:Philo Farnsworth
202:John Logie Baird
21:
8956:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8909:
8904:
8902:
8892:
8887:
8885:
8875:
8870:
8868:
8864:from Wikisource
8858:
8853:
8851:
8841:
8836:
8834:
8824:
8819:
8817:
8807:
8802:
8800:
8796:from Wiktionary
8790:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8776:sister projects
8773:at Knowledge's
8767:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8733:
8731:
8721:
8648:
8645:
8615:
8610:
8538:
8532:
8515:
8509:
8490:Solomon Islands
8428:
8425:
8395:
8390:
8284:
8282:
8275:
8149:
8146:
8116:
8111:
8095:
8053:
8047:
8033:Northern Cyprus
8015:
8009:
7925:North Macedonia
7746:
7741:
7711:
7706:
7678:
7646:
7637:
7618:Northern Cyprus
7604:
7597:
7339:
7336:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7273:
7260:
7251:
7232:
7230:
7223:
7207:
7205:
7198:
6917:
6914:
6879:
6871:
6866:
6848:
6637:
6516:
6507:
6354:
6352:
6345:
6327:
6322:
6292:
6287:
6247:
6245:
6237:
6179:
6116:
6038:
6002:
5959:
5908:
5900:
5841:
5834:
5740:Robert Metcalfe
5595:Tim Berners-Lee
5543:
5363:Information Age
5235:
5230:
5196:Wayback Machine
5158:
5147:Wheen, Andrew.
5106:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5081:ARC Electronics
5075:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5047:on 4 July 2007.
5037:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4900:
4896:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4825:
4821:
4810:
4808:
4793:
4789:
4778:World DAB Forum
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4740:
4736:
4725:World DAB Forum
4719:
4718:
4714:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4560:on 2 April 2015
4546:
4542:
4537:on 6 July 2007.
4523:
4519:
4512:
4490:
4486:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4430:on 24 May 2006.
4420:
4416:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4341:
4337:
4332:on 10 May 2012.
4324:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4244:Palm Infocenter
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4139:Hall, Madison.
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4041:
4037:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3989:
3978:
3946:
3942:
3936:Wayback Machine
3919:
3917:
3916:on 15 July 2009
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:Advertising Age
3872:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3767:10.2307/3105226
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3592:10.1.1.202.9393
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3516:
3512:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3475:Wayback Machine
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3361:
3352:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3242:(6025): 60–65.
3226:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3087:
3083:
3078:on 14 May 2013.
3066:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2932:
2928:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2875:Katz, Eugenii.
2873:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2842:on 1 July 2017.
2830:
2829:
2825:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2682:Britain Express
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2632:on 14 May 2008.
2626:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2532:"communication"
2530:
2529:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2174:Information Age
2143:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2051:
1903:
1887:stereo playback
1771:broadcast tower
1756:
1744:Main articles:
1742:
1651:
1516:
1511:
1466:
1460:
1251:
1219:
1174:
1141:
1125:
1123:Societal impact
1096:
1090:
1046:
1040:
939:
933:
921:continuous data
887:digital signals
879:
825:power amplifier
777:
769:
753:
661:
581:thermionic tube
576:
529:FM broadcasting
521:AM broadcasting
491:
432:
374:. And in 1849,
319:
311:electromagnetic
275:
269:
225:
190:Edwin Armstrong
119:coded drumbeats
75:pneumatic tubes
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8954:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8918:
8917:
8900:
8883:
8881:from Wikibooks
8866:
8849:
8847:from Wikiquote
8832:
8815:
8798:
8769:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8658:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8643:
8636:
8629:
8621:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8586:Norfolk Island
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8546:American Samoa
8542:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8519:
8517:
8516:of New Zealand
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8401:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8371:Sint Eustatius
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8316:Cayman Islands
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8107:European Union
8103:
8101:
8100:Other entities
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8054:other entities
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8002:
8000:United Kingdom
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7813:Czech Republic
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7694:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7650:
7648:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7349:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:Western Sahara
7293:
7276:
7263:
7254:
7240:Canary Islands
7236:
7235:
7233:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6608:Organizational
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6558:Cross-cultural
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Intrapersonal
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6193:
6187:
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6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
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6118:
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6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
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6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5973:Space-division
5969:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5912:
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5902:
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5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Camille Tissot
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:Claude Shannon
5782:
5777:
5775:Tivadar Puskás
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Antonio Meucci
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Charles K. Kao
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5690:Harold Hopkins
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Emile Berliner
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Videotelephony
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5427:
5425:Radiotelephone
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5311:Internet video
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5156:External links
5154:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5110:Goggin, Gerard
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5031:
5017:
4994:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4925:
4894:
4872:
4850:
4819:
4787:
4774:"DAB Products"
4765:
4748:New York Times
4734:
4712:
4690:
4660:
4653:
4631:
4601:
4571:
4540:
4517:
4510:
4484:
4461:
4433:
4414:
4392:
4370:
4335:
4317:
4311:978-1305855779
4310:
4292:
4261:
4231:
4192:
4162:
4131:
4100:
4082:New York Times
4068:
4050:New York Times
4035:
4008:
4001:
3976:
3956:(3): 384–388.
3940:
3938:of regulation)
3897:
3861:
3837:
3815:
3789:
3745:
3709:
3683:
3648:
3614:
3569:
3537:
3510:
3488:
3479:
3460:
3451:
3421:
3414:
3388:
3381:
3350:
3328:
3301:
3279:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3175:www.kerryr.net
3162:
3151:
3133:
3106:
3081:
3068:"The Pioneers"
3059:
3052:
3034:
3004:
2997:
2979:
2949:
2926:
2904:
2886:
2867:
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2823:
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2668:
2635:
2624:
2604:
2597:
2579:
2553:
2523:
2499:
2467:
2437:
2411:
2380:
2361:
2353:10.17226/11711
2334:
2304:
2295:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
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2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
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2216:
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2206:
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2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2129:
2050:
2047:
1902:
1899:
1885:). To achieve
1799:snowy pictures
1741:
1738:
1650:
1647:
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1634:
1631:
1628:
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1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1499:net neutrality
1459:
1456:
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1452:
1449:
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1438:
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1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:National paper
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1218:
1215:
1191:digital divide
1173:
1172:Macroeconomics
1170:
1140:
1139:Microeconomics
1137:
1124:
1121:
1092:Main article:
1089:
1086:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
955:coaxial cables
947:optical fibres
935:Main article:
932:
929:
908:additive noise
904:random process
878:
875:
834:radio receiver
817:
816:
809:
795:
776:
775:Basic elements
773:
768:
765:
752:
749:
731:, such as the
707:. A four-node
701:asynchronously
685:dumb terminals
683:) with remote
665:George Stibitz
660:
657:
594:heated cathode
575:
572:
490:
487:
474:Antonio Meucci
465:Alexander Bell
431:
428:
419:semaphore line
396:Spanish Armada
336:Homing pigeons
318:
315:
268:
265:
224:
221:
182:Antonio Meucci
97:, and optical
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8953:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8915:from Wikidata
8914:
8913:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8867:
8863:
8862:
8850:
8846:
8845:
8833:
8830:from Wikinews
8829:
8828:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8799:
8795:
8794:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8772:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8745:French Guiana
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8642:
8637:
8635:
8630:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8581:New Caledonia
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8561:Easter Island
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
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8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8422:
8417:
8415:
8410:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8387:
8384:
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8379:
8377:
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8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
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8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8278:
8272:
8271:United States
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
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8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8131:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8066:Faroe Islands
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8038:South Ossetia
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
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7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
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7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:Liechtenstein
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
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7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
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7755:
7753:
7749:
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7703:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7628:South Ossetia
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
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7569:
7566:
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7554:
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7511:
7509:
7506:
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7501:
7499:
7496:
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7491:
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7486:
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7481:
7479:
7476:
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7471:
7469:
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7461:
7459:
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7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
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7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7297:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7258:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
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7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
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7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
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7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:Guinea-Bissau
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
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6970:
6967:
6965:
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6960:
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6937:
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6920:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6882:
6875:
6863:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
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6827:
6825:
6822:
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6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
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6757:
6755:
6752:
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6707:
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6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
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6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
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6647:
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6644:
6640:
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6626:
6624:
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6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Media studies
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6588:International
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Environmental
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Developmental
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:Communicology
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
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6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Media ecology
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Interpersonal
6399:
6397:
6396:Intercultural
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:Communication
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6284:
6276:
6274:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5998:Code-division
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Time-division
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:and switching
5907:
5903:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5860:optical fiber
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Coaxial cable
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:Radia Perlman
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Lee de Forest
5653:
5651:
5650:Thomas Edison
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Donald Davies
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Claude Chappe
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Smoke signals
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:Semiconductor
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:Digital media
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5142:92-64-13497-2
5139:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5024:
5020:
5018:0-7357-0977-7
5014:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4584:HowStuffWorks
4581:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4531:Network World
4528:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4475:Light Reading
4472:
4465:
4454:
4450:
4449:Cisco Systems
4443:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:IEEE Spectrum
4339:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4002:9780863413025
3998:
3995:. p. 2.
3994:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3713:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:(4): 557–83.
3663:
3659:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3585:(4): 909–23.
3584:
3580:
3573:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3292:The Economist
3289:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3114:Hoddeson, L.
3110:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:TIME Magazine
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3053:9781623566654
3049:
3045:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2998:9781118104644
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:"Elisha Gray"
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2787:The Telegraph
2784:
2778:
2770:
2768:9780415846783
2764:
2761:. Routledge.
2760:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:Ross, David.
2672:
2656:
2652:
2647:(Web article)
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2515:communication
2512:
2508:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:"Article 1.3"
2265:
2261:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:certain ports
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:mobile phones
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Dolby Digital
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1658:Optical fibre
1655:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:Syndicated TV
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:Social impact
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:macroeconomic
1169:
1167:
1166:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:microeconomic
1136:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:visible light
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
928:
926:
922:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:
784:
782:
772:
764:
762:
758:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Donald Davies
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:New Hampshire
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
632:for radio or
631:
627:
623:
618:
617:control grids
614:
610:
605:
603:
602:rectification
599:
598:amplification
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
479:
475:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Claude Chappe
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Olympic Games
361:
357:
353:
352:Julius Caesar
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
328:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
288:
284:
280:
274:
264:
261:
260:Communication
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Lee de Forest
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:smoke signals
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Earth station
41:
35:
30:
19:
8910:
8893:
8876:
8859:
8842:
8825:
8813:from Commons
8808:
8791:
8770:
8728:Dependencies
8537:Dependencies
8523:Cook Islands
8376:Sint Maarten
8356:Saint Martin
8043:Transnistria
8005:Vatican City
7643:Dependencies
7573:Turkmenistan
7538:Saudi Arabia
7279:Saint Helena
7250:
7154:South Africa
7144:Sierra Leone
6949:Burkina Faso
6492:
6381:Conversation
6366:Broadcasting
5965:Multiplexing
5840:Transmission
5805:Nikola Tesla
5795:Henry Sutton
5750:Samuel Morse
5680:Robert Hooke
5645:Amos Dolbear
5580:John Bardeen
5499:
5479:Telautograph
5383:Mobile phone
5338:Edholm's law
5321:social media
5254:Broadcasting
5232:
5148:
5132:
5113:
5104:Bibliography
5089:. Retrieved
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5045:the original
5034:
5023:the original
5004:
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4970:
4961:
4952:
4944:the original
4937:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4907:
4897:
4889:the original
4884:
4875:
4867:the original
4862:
4853:
4841:. Retrieved
4832:
4822:
4809:. Retrieved
4800:
4790:
4782:the original
4777:
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4747:
4737:
4729:the original
4724:
4715:
4707:the original
4702:
4693:
4682:the original
4675:
4663:
4642:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4613:
4604:
4592:. Retrieved
4583:
4574:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:the original
4553:
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4535:the original
4530:
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4479:the original
4474:
4464:
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4448:
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4428:the original
4417:
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4404:
4395:
4387:the original
4382:
4373:
4351:(5): 56–60.
4348:
4344:
4338:
4330:the original
4320:
4301:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4275:Ars Technica
4274:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4243:
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4206:The Guardian
4205:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4174:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4144:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4048:
4038:
4028:(4): 23–32.
4025:
4021:
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3943:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:the original
3909:
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3876:
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3853:the original
3840:
3832:the original
3827:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3792:
3761:(1): 32–61.
3758:
3754:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3724:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3686:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3617:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3547:
3540:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3505:the original
3500:
3491:
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3463:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3433:
3424:
3399:
3391:
3366:
3345:the original
3340:
3331:
3323:the original
3318:
3296:the original
3291:
3282:
3239:
3233:
3201:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3156:
3142:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3109:
3101:the original
3094:
3084:
3076:the original
3071:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2944:the original
2939:
2929:
2921:the original
2916:
2907:
2899:the original
2889:
2881:the original
2870:
2862:the original
2857:
2848:
2840:the original
2835:
2826:
2818:the original
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2741:the original
2736:
2724:
2716:the original
2711:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2681:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:
2630:the original
2614:
2607:
2588:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2491:the original
2483:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:the original
2449:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2343:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2307:
2298:
2287:the original
2277:
2264:
2112:
2100:
2092:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2001:
1985:port numbers
1978:
1963:
1959:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1882:
1878:
1859:
1812:
1788:
1768:
1754:Broadcasting
1718:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1663:
1517:
1509:Modern media
1490:World War II
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1207:Burkina Faso
1187:
1175:
1142:
1126:
1097:
1082:carrier wave
1078:
1049:
1047:
1031:
1024:milliseconds
1021:
1006:
983:
940:
912:
880:
868:
857:
849:mobile phone
844:
838:
818:
802:
778:
770:
754:
745:Star network
662:
642:
606:
600:and current
585:
579:
577:
562:invented by
533:
525:World War II
511:
492:
485:and London.
462:
450:Samuel Morse
448:
433:
408:
388:
334:
299:transmission
292:
286:
277:At the 1932
276:
259:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
210:
174:Samuel Morse
147:
111:multiplexing
95:signal flags
66:
62:
61:
29:
8793:Definitions
8470:New Zealand
8346:Puerto Rico
8256:Saint Lucia
8206:El Salvador
8081:Isle of Man
8016:recognition
7985:Switzerland
7920:Netherlands
7702:Asia portal
7603:States with
7523:Philippines
7463:South Korea
7458:North Korea
7353:Afghanistan
7206:recognition
7159:South Sudan
7049:Ivory Coast
6528:Closed-loop
6391:Information
6353:terminology
6165:NPL network
5877:Radio waves
5815:Alfred Vail
5725:Hedy Lamarr
5710:Dawon Kahng
5670:Elisha Gray
5630:Yogen Dalal
5555:Nasir Ahmed
5489:Teleprinter
5353:Heliographs
4758:25 February
4594:12 February
4564:22 February
4175:www.gao.gov
4093:15 November
4061:15 November
3694:. itu.int.
3526:(4): 3–23.
2836:Bern Dibner
2661:21 February
2460:28 February
2199:Nanonetwork
2042:synchronous
1783:demodulator
1606:Cell phones
1283:Local paper
1267:National TV
1116:attenuation
1009:frequencies
975:radio waves
845:transceiver
789:transmitter
649:solid-state
638:electronics
548:Paul Nipkow
544:Nipkow disk
513:World War I
499:radio waves
469:Elisha Gray
417:system (or
340:Pigeon post
248:communicare
176:, numerous
99:heliographs
71:postal mail
8925:Categories
8844:Quotations
8341:Montserrat
8336:Martinique
8331:Guadeloupe
8186:Costa Rica
7955:San Marino
7915:Montenegro
7895:Luxembourg
7875:Kazakhstan
7778:Azerbaijan
7583:Uzbekistan
7558:Tajikistan
7473:Kyrgyzstan
7453:Kazakhstan
7373:Bangladesh
7363:Azerbaijan
7261:(Portugal)
7219:Somaliland
7139:Seychelles
7104:Mozambique
7089:Mauritania
7074:Madagascar
7029:The Gambia
6964:Cape Verde
6844:Wertheimer
6724:Horkheimer
6461:Propaganda
6416:Mass media
6411:Journalism
6351:Topics and
6211:Antarctica
6170:Toasternet
6092:Television
5575:Paul Baran
5507:Television
5491:(teletype)
5484:Telegraphy
5462:transistor
5440:Phryctoria
5410:Photophone
5388:Smartphone
5378:Mass media
4185:8 February
4155:8 February
4124:8 February
3828:Ipsos MORI
3808:8 February
2589:The Pigeon
2251:References
2028:BitTorrent
2018:(e-mail),
2006:(SSL) and
1974:Google.com
1922:IP address
1847:Eureka 147
1750:Television
1674:microphone
1503:phone spam
1462:See also:
1458:Regulation
1401:Network TV
1243:Ipsos MORI
1158:Bangladesh
1149:Amazon.com
1050:modulation
1044:Modulation
1038:Modulation
959:free space
943:atmosphere
747:topology.
743:(1984)and
741:Token Ring
689:Paul Baran
653:transistor
540:Selfridges
421:) between
415:telegraphy
313:systems".
250:, meaning
180:including
150:telegraphy
139:television
8895:Resources
8878:Textbooks
8717:Venezuela
8662:Argentina
8440:Australia
8326:Greenland
8241:Nicaragua
8216:Guatemala
8071:Gibraltar
7890:Lithuania
7669:Hong Kong
7623:Palestine
7548:Sri Lanka
7543:Singapore
7423:Indonesia
7094:Mauritius
6628:Technical
6613:Political
6521:Subfields
6446:New media
6195:Americas
6184:Locations
6155:Internet2
5916:Bandwidth
5620:Vint Cerf
5517:streaming
5495:Telephone
5435:Semaphore
5326:streaming
4214:0261-3077
3783:146820965
3678:154398428
3609:0002-8282
3587:CiteSeerX
3274:206531385
3027:3 January
2692:1 October
2572:8 January
2546:19 August
2430:19 August
2256:Citations
2229:Telemetry
2204:New media
2159:Cell site
2072:AppleTalk
1945:protocols
1891:stereo FM
1714:crosstalk
1649:Telephone
1565:Computers
1412:Newspaper
1341:Spending
1232:courtship
1112:repeaters
1070:Bluetooth
994:bandwidth
853:nanowatts
847:(e.g., a
757:petabytes
705:mainframe
681:mainframe
626:computers
483:New Haven
467:in 1876.
409:In 1792,
348:Frontinus
223:Etymology
135:telephone
131:telegraph
58:, Germany
8707:Suriname
8697:Paraguay
8682:Colombia
8455:Kiribati
8291:Anguilla
8226:Honduras
8196:Dominica
8171:Barbados
8091:Svalbard
8076:Guernsey
8023:Abkhazia
7970:Slovenia
7965:Slovakia
7940:Portugal
7798:Bulgaria
7692:Category
7613:Abkhazia
7563:Thailand
7518:Pakistan
7498:Mongolia
7493:Maldives
7488:Malaysia
7388:Cambodia
7285: /
7281: /
7274:(France)
7268: /
7246: /
7242: /
7194:Zimbabwe
7169:Tanzania
7019:Ethiopia
7014:Eswatini
6994:Djibouti
6959:Cameroon
6944:Botswana
6862:Category
6814:Richards
6739:Jakobson
6719:Habermas
6674:Castells
6664:Benjamin
6642:Scholars
6263:Category
6150:Internet
6140:CYCLADES
6057:Ethernet
6007:Concepts
5931:terminal
5882:wireless
5705:Bob Kahn
5548:Pioneers
5373:Internet
5264:Cable TV
5085:Archived
4981:Archived
4912:Archived
4837:Archived
4805:Archived
4752:Archived
4618:Archived
4588:Archived
4365:30385268
4279:Archived
4248:Archived
4218:Archived
4179:Archived
4149:Archived
4118:Archived
4087:Archived
4055:Archived
4030:Archived
3932:Archived
3881:Archived
3802:Archived
3729:Archived
3696:Archived
3641:31 March
3635:Archived
3471:Archived
3444:7 August
3438:Archived
3266:21310967
3179:Archived
3120:Archived
3021:Archived
2972:12 March
2966:Archived
2917:AT&T
2797:7 August
2791:Archived
2655:Archived
2566:Archived
2540:Archived
2424:Archived
2398:Archived
2367:Archived
2347:. 2006.
2321:Archived
2131:See also
2120:10BASE-T
1997:priority
1901:Internet
1851:HD Radio
1803:ghosting
1423:Magazine
1368:Cable TV
1346:Internet
1291:Internet
1259:Local TV
1108:switches
1068:). The "
1054:"keying"
967:infrared
891:analogue
883:analogue
841:"duplex"
813:receiver
761:exabytes
739:(1983),
737:Ethernet
669:teletype
454:His code
400:Plymouth
384:Brussels
350:claimed
327:Chappe's
303:emission
252:to share
217:Internet
127:whistles
52:Raisting
8712:Uruguay
8687:Ecuador
8667:Bolivia
8601:Tokelau
8505:Vanuatu
8321:Curaçao
8306:Bonaire
8301:Bermuda
8231:Jamaica
8211:Grenada
8166:Bahamas
7995:Ukraine
7945:Romania
7905:Moldova
7863:Ireland
7858:Iceland
7853:Hungary
7843:Germany
7838:Georgia
7828:Finland
7823:Estonia
7818:Denmark
7803:Croatia
7788:Belgium
7783:Belarus
7773:Austria
7768:Armenia
7763:Andorra
7758:Albania
7588:Vietnam
7503:Myanmar
7483:Lebanon
7413:Georgia
7368:Bahrain
7358:Armenia
7270:RĂ©union
7266:Mayotte
7257:Madeira
7252:(Spain)
7248:Melilla
7179:Tunisia
7149:Somalia
7134:Senegal
7119:Nigeria
7109:Namibia
7099:Morocco
7064:Liberia
7059:Lesotho
7009:Eritrea
6979:Comoros
6954:Burundi
6929:Algeria
6834:Tankard
6829:Shannon
6824:Schramm
6809:Quebral
6804:Postman
6794:Packard
6774:McLuhan
6769:Marcuse
6764:Luhmann
6759:Lippman
6754:Kincaid
6749:Johnson
6714:Goffman
6709:Gerbner
6699:Flusser
6679:Chomsky
6659:Bateson
6654:Barthes
6623:Science
6553:Climate
6503:Writing
6471:Reading
6421:Meaning
6341:Outline
6336:History
6283:Commons
6273:Outline
6226:Oceania
6145:FidoNet
6130:ARPANET
5943:circuit
5512:digital
5241:History
5194:at the
4987:30 June
4699:"Audio"
3970:2194872
3920:21 July
3890:21 June
3775:3105226
3702:6 March
3434:Conwire
3244:Bibcode
3235:Science
3118:. PBS.
2651:Reuters
2564:. ITU.
2373:25 June
2086:users.
2080:NetBIOS
1989:process
1682:speaker
1678:handset
1434:Outdoor
1390:Spot TV
1199:Iceland
1176:On the
1153:Walmart
1143:On the
1104:routers
969:waves,
829:antenna
713:ARPANET
709:network
391:beacons
372:Sumatra
344:Persian
267:History
240:far off
236:distant
87:beacons
67:telecom
56:Bavaria
8692:Guyana
8672:Brazil
8576:Hawaii
8500:Tuvalu
8246:Panama
8236:Mexico
8181:Canada
8176:Belize
8086:Jersey
8028:Kosovo
7990:Turkey
7980:Sweden
7960:Serbia
7950:Russia
7935:Poland
7930:Norway
7910:Monaco
7880:Latvia
7848:Greece
7833:France
7808:Cyprus
7633:Taiwan
7568:Turkey
7533:Russia
7468:Kuwait
7448:Jordan
7438:Israel
7398:Cyprus
7383:Brunei
7378:Bhutan
7289:
7272:
7259:
7189:Zambia
7184:Uganda
7124:Rwanda
7079:Malawi
7039:Guinea
6934:Angola
6839:Tannen
6819:Rogers
6799:Peirce
6784:Morgan
6729:Huxley
6704:Gasset
6694:Fisher
6649:Adorno
6633:Visual
6583:Health
6578:Global
6548:Crisis
6481:Symbol
6476:Speech
6221:Europe
6191:Africa
6175:Usenet
6135:BITNET
6072:Mobile
5948:packet
5457:MOSFET
5452:device
5249:Beacon
5140:
5120:
5091:6 June
5015:
4918:6 June
4843:22 May
4811:6 June
4651:
4624:6 June
4508:
4502:337–66
4363:
4308:
4285:6 June
4254:6 June
4224:6 June
4212:
3999:
3968:
3781:
3773:
3738:6 June
3676:
3607:
3589:
3562:8 June
3412:
3379:
3272:
3264:
3208:
3185:6 June
3158:radio.
3149:
3050:
2995:
2765:
2622:
2595:
2487:(IEEE)
2404:7 June
2359:
2327:7 June
2088:TCP/IP
2084:MS-DOS
2078:, and
1895:C-QUAM
1839:MPEG-1
1827:MPEG-2
1752:, and
1698:W-CDMA
1336:Medium
1064:, and
979:vacuum
973:, and
793:signal
404:London
380:Aachen
360:Greeks
358:. The
141:, and
125:, and
8861:Texts
8810:Media
8677:Chile
8495:Tonga
8485:Samoa
8475:Palau
8465:Nauru
8296:Aruba
8221:Haiti
8061:Ă…land
7975:Spain
7900:Malta
7870:Italy
7674:Macau
7593:Yemen
7553:Syria
7528:Qatar
7508:Nepal
7443:Japan
7418:India
7408:Egypt
7393:China
7244:Ceuta
7164:Sudan
7114:Niger
7069:Libya
7054:Kenya
7034:Ghana
7024:Gabon
6999:Egypt
6939:Benin
6744:Janis
6734:Innis
6689:Ellul
6684:Craig
6669:Burke
6426:Media
6204:South
6199:North
6160:JANET
6097:Telex
6087:Radio
5926:Nodes
5921:Links
5842:media
5420:Radio
5405:Pager
5333:Drums
5299:video
5294:image
5284:audio
5026:(PDF)
5009:(PDF)
4685:(PDF)
4672:(PDF)
4456:(PDF)
4445:(PDF)
4361:S2CID
4114:Axios
3966:JSTOR
3884:(PDF)
3873:(PDF)
3856:(PDF)
3849:(PDF)
3779:S2CID
3771:JSTOR
3732:(PDF)
3721:(PDF)
3674:S2CID
3627:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3270:S2CID
3126:6 May
2744:(PDF)
2733:(PDF)
2511:tele-
2494:(PDF)
2480:(PDF)
2290:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
1954:Wi-Fi
1875:SECAM
1779:tuned
1746:Radio
1709:TAT-8
1670:dials
1642:1000
1560:2008
1445:Total
1426:20.4%
1415:18.9%
1404:17.1%
1393:11.3%
1371:12.1%
1357:Radio
1275:Radio
1203:Niger
900:noise
819:In a
781:wired
717:nodes
609:diode
588:uses
423:Lille
242:, or
232:tele-
213:voice
143:radio
123:horns
103:wires
8912:Data
8827:News
8702:Peru
8571:Guam
8528:Niue
8450:Fiji
8366:Saba
8191:Cuba
7513:Oman
7478:Laos
7433:Iraq
7428:Iran
7174:Togo
7084:Mali
6974:Chad
6779:Mead
6618:Risk
6593:Mass
6486:list
6216:Asia
6102:UUCP
6062:ISDN
5138:ISBN
5128:OECD
5118:ISBN
5093:2023
5013:ISBN
4989:2011
4920:2023
4885:OECD
4845:2007
4813:2023
4760:2017
4677:Sony
4649:ISBN
4626:2023
4596:2023
4566:2011
4506:ISBN
4306:ISBN
4287:2023
4256:2023
4226:2023
4210:ISSN
4187:2023
4157:2023
4126:2023
4095:2014
4063:2014
3997:ISBN
3922:2009
3892:2009
3810:2009
3740:2023
3704:2008
3643:2016
3605:ISSN
3564:2007
3446:2017
3410:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3375:–3.
3262:PMID
3206:ISBN
3187:2023
3147:ISBN
3128:2012
3048:ISBN
3029:2020
2993:ISBN
2974:2021
2799:2017
2763:ISBN
2694:2007
2663:2008
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2574:2023
2548:2016
2513:and
2462:2013
2432:2016
2406:2021
2375:2021
2357:ISBN
2329:2021
2096:DHCP
2032:XMPP
2016:POP3
2012:HTTP
1909:The
1871:NTSC
1863:here
1823:ISDB
1821:and
1815:ATSC
1789:The
1702:AMPS
1601:280
1557:2006
1554:2004
1551:2002
1548:2000
1545:1998
1542:1996
1539:1994
1536:1990
1533:1985
1530:1980
1527:1975
1448:100%
1437:2.7%
1382:2.8%
1360:7.2%
1349:7.6%
1302:12%
1294:23%
1286:38%
1278:44%
1270:47%
1262:59%
1211:Mali
1209:and
394:the
382:and
370:and
368:Java
356:Gaul
342:had
307:wire
244:afar
204:and
192:and
184:and
172:and
109:for
73:and
8730:and
7645:and
6789:Ong
6107:WAN
6077:NGN
6067:LAN
5348:Fax
5289:DCT
4353:doi
3958:doi
3928:PDF
3910:ITU
3763:doi
3666:doi
3597:doi
3528:doi
3406:1–2
3252:doi
3240:332
2349:doi
2076:IPX
2024:IRC
2020:FTP
1867:PAL
1819:DVB
1696:or
1694:GSM
1639:830
1636:660
1633:420
1630:400
1627:180
1624:N/A
1621:N/A
1618:N/A
1615:N/A
1612:N/A
1609:N/A
1598:230
1595:175
1592:130
1589:135
1586:100
1160:'s
1032:TDM
1030:" (
998:kHz
990:MHz
893:or
885:or
675:in
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