Elijah Parish Lovejoy

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tumultuously done." Gilman moved to be tried separately; his counsel said he needed to be able to show his lack of criminal intent. The court agreed on the condition that the other eleven defendants would be tried together. Although the proceedings lasted until 10 p.m. that night, in the case of Gilman, the jury returned after ten minutes to declare him "Not Guilty." The next morning the "City Attorney entered a 'Nolle Prosequi' as to the other eleven defendants", effectively dismissing the charges against them.

1200: 44: 1313: 871: 1256:"reclaimed from oblivion" Lovejoy's grave. Dimmock had "succeeded in establishing the location of the grave... in a roadway where vehicles were passing over it... Mr. Dimmock had the bones disinterred and... laid in a new grave where they would be free from trespass." He also arranged for a gravestone and helped found a committee to create a monument to the editor. Dimmock was principal orator at the dedication of a later 1264: 3128: 1078:, located on the Missouri River west of St. Louis, now a suburb of the city. She was the daughter of Thomas French, a lawyer who came to St. Charles in the 1820s. The couple were married on March 4, 1835. Their son Edward P. Lovejoy was born in 1836. Their second child was born after Elijah's death and died as an infant. In a letter to his mother, Elijah had written about Celia: 1856: 1023:

They said that when he returned, he would follow a more rigorous editorial policy. Lovejoy responded by expressing disagreement with the publishers' policy. As tensions over slavery escalated in St. Louis, Lovejoy would not back down from his convictions; he sensed that he would become a martyr for the cause. He was asked to resign as editor of

992:. Lovejoy urged antislavery groups in Missouri to push for the issue to be addressed during a proposed state constitutional convention. To their dismay, the editors of both newspapers soon found that their "moderate" proposal to end slavery gradually could not be discussed without igniting a polarizing political debate. 1699:

in January 1838. About Lovejoy, Lincoln said, "Let every man remember that to violate the law, is to trample on the blood of his father, and to tear the charter of his own, and his children’s liberty… Let reverence for the laws be breathed by every American mother…in short let it become the political

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A new jury was called to hear the case against the assailants of the warehouse. The attackers allegedly responsible for destruction of the warehouse and Lovejoy's death were tried beginning January 19, 1838. Concluding it was not possible to assign responsibility among the several suspects and others

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A group of prominent St. Louisans, including many of Lovejoy's friends, wrote a letter pleading with him to cease discussion of slavery in the newspaper. Lovejoy was away from the city at this time, and the publishers declared that no further articles on slavery would be published during his absence.

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Over time, Lovejoy became bolder and more outspoken about his antislavery views, advocating the outright emancipation of all slaves on religious and moral grounds. Lovejoy condemned slavery and "implored all Christians who owned slaves to recognize that slaves were human beings who possessed a soul,"

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Alton trials : of Winthrop S. Gilman, who was indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, George H. Walworth, William Harned, John S. Noble, James Morss, Jr., Henry Tanner Royal Weller, Reuben Gerry, and Taddeus B. Hurlbut; for the crime of riot, Committed on the night of the 7th of November, 1837,

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became the leader of the Illinois abolitionists. Owen and his brother Joseph wrote a memoir about Elijah, which was published in 1838 by the Anti-Slavery Society in New York and distributed widely among abolitionists in the nation. With his killing symbolic of the rising tensions within the country,

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After Lovejoy was killed, there was a dramatic increase in the number of people in the North and the West who joined anti-slavery societies, which formed beginning in the 1830s. Partly because he was a clergyman, there was outrage about his death. It became a catalyst for other pro- and anti-slavery

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For many years Lovejoy's grave was unmarked and in danger of utter oblivion, until one who had known him in life, Thomas Dimmock of St. Louis, . . . marked the grave with the simple stone bearing he inscription: "Hic jacet Lovejoy. Jam parce depulto." "Here lies Lovejoy: now spare his grave." It was

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and boatman, was arrested by two policemen. En route to the jail, McIntosh grabbed a knife and stabbed both men. One was killed and the other seriously injured. McIntosh attempted to escape, but was caught by a white mob, who tied him up and burned him to death. Some of the mob were brought before a

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My dear wife is a perfect heroine... never has she by a single word attempted to turn me from the scene of warfare and danger – never has she whispered a feeling of discontent at the hardships to which she has been subjected in consequence of her marriage to me, and those have been neither few nor

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not indicted, the jury gave a verdict of "not guilty". The jury foreman had been identified as a member of the mob and was wounded in the attack. The presiding judge doubled as a witness to the proceedings. These conflicts of interest are believed to have contributed to the "not guilty" verdict.

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Slavery, as it exists among us . . . is demonstrably an evil. In every community where it exists, it presses like a nightmare on the body politic. Or, like the vampire, it slowly and imperceptibly sucks away the life-blood of society, leaving it faint and disheartened to stagger along the road of

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Murdoch (with Linder) first prosecuted Gilman, owner of the warehouse, and eleven other defenders of the new press and building. They were indicted on two charges related to the riot at a trial opening January 16, 1838, for "unlawful defence", so defined and charged because it was "violently and

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On July 21, 1836, Lovejoy published a scathing editorial criticizing the way that Judge Luke Lawless had handled the murder trial of Francis McIntosh. Arguing that the judge's actions appeared to condone the murder, he wrote that Lawless was "a Papist; and in his charge we see the cloven foot of

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began to increase its coverage of slavery, the most controversial issue of the day. At first, Lovejoy resisted calling himself an abolitionist, because he disliked the negative connotations associating abolitionism with social unrest. Even as he expressed antislavery views, he claimed to be an

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was inspired by Lovejoy's death. At a church meeting the Sunday after Lovejoy's murder, he vowed to commit his life to abolition. Two neighbors recalled that he announced: "I pledge myself, with God's help, that I devote my life to increasing hostility to slavery." A later recollection by his

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Lovejoy struggled with his interest in religion, often writing to his parents about his sinfulness and rebellion against God. He attended revival meetings in 1831 led by William S. Potts, pastor of First Presbyterian Church, that rekindled his interest in religion for a time. However, Lovejoy

1227:, the mob fired shots into the warehouse. When Lovejoy and his men returned fire, they hit several people in the crowd, killing a man named Bishop. After the attacking party had apparently withdrawn, Lovejoy opened the door and was instantly struck by five bullets, dying in a few minutes. 910:. While he was at Princeton, Lovejoy debated the question of slavery with an abolitionist named Bradford. Although Lovejoy had opposed abolitionism during the debate, after returning to St. Louis he would write to Bradford repeatedly asking him to write articles for his newspaper. 3097:

Alton trials: of Winthrop S. Gilman, who was indicted with Enoch Long, Amos B. Roff, George H. Walworth ... for the crime of riot, committed on the night of the 7th of November, 1837, while engaged in defending a printing press, from an attack made on it at that time, by an armed

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attempted to stop the crime, and no policemen or city officials intervened. Lovejoy packed what remained of the office for shipment to Alton. The printing press sat on the riverbank, unguarded, overnight; vandals destroyed it and threw the remains into the Mississippi River.

867:, who later recounted his experience in a memoir. Brown described Lovejoy as "a very good man, and decidedly the best master that I had ever had. I am chiefly indebted to him, and to my employment in the printing office, for what little learning I obtained while in slavery." 1749:

in his honor. It is awarded annually to a member of the press who "has contributed to the nation's journalistic achievement." A major classroom building at Colby is also named for Lovejoy. An inscribed memorial rock from his birthplace was installed in a grassy square at

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From the fall of 1833 to the summer 1836, Lovejoy regularly published articles criticizing the Catholic Church and church doctrine. Some were written by Lovejoy, while others were contributed by other authors. Initially, he criticized Catholic beliefs such as

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Lovejoy's views on slavery began to incite complaints and threats. Pro-slavery proponents condemned anti-slavery coverage which appeared in newspapers, stating that it was against "the vital interests of the slaveholding states." Lovejoy was threatened to be

1171:, Alton citizens wondered if Lovejoy's views were contributing to hard times. They felt Southern states, or even the city of St. Louis, might not want to do business with their town if they continued to harbor such an outspoken abolitionist. 1100:. At the assembly, Lovejoy was frustrated by the church's hesitation to fully support petitions for abolition and drafted a protest submitted to church leadership. By this time, he had fully embraced the label of "abolitionist." 816:

Lovejoy initially ran a private school in St. Louis with a friend, which they modeled after academies in the East. Lovejoy's interest in teaching waned, however, when local editors began publishing his poems in their newspapers.

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said publicly: "Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery." Lovejoy is often seen as a martyr to the abolitionist cause and to a free press. The

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As long as I am an American citizen, and as long as American blood runs in these veins, I shall hold myself at liberty to speak, to write and to publish whatever I please, being amenable to the laws of my country for the

766:, president of Waterville College, explaining his situation. Chaplin sent the money that his former student needed. Before embarking on his journey westward, Lovejoy wrote a poem which later seemed to prophesy his death: 1292:, the district attorney of Alton, prosecuted charges of riot related to both assailants and defenders of the warehouse in January 1838, on Wednesday and Friday of the same week. He called the Illinois Attorney General, 3307: 931:

In 1833, a group of Protestants in St. Louis offered to finance a religious newspaper if Lovejoy would agree to return and edit it. Lovejoy accepted and on November 22, 1833, he published the first issue of the

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noted most African Americans had been native-born for generations and considered their future to be in the U.S. Among Lovejoy's new acquaintances were prominent St. Louis attorneys and slaveholders such as

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to continue his studies there. Based on faculty recommendations, from 1824 until his graduation in 1826, he also served as headmaster of Colby's associated high school, the Latin School (later known as the

3253: 2855:, head of the banking house of Gilman, Son Co., of No. 62 Cedar-street, this city, died at his Summer home in Palisades, Rockland County, N.Y., on Friday, age 76. Mr. Gilman was known as a business ... 1062:, refused to convict anyone; he said the crime was a spontaneous mob action without any specific people to prosecute. The judge made remarks suggesting that abolitionists, including Lovejoy and 2771: 598:, in which he became increasingly more critical of slavery and the powerful interests protecting slavery. Facing threats and violent attacks, Lovejoy decided to move across the river to 3487:

American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which have taken place in the United States, from the beginning of our Government to the Present Day

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Elijah and Celia Lovejoy's second child, who died as an infant, was identified as a son by the Alton Evening Telegraph in 1937, but as a daughter in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1987.

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Lovejoy held the Illinois Antislavery Congress at the Presbyterian church in Upper Alton on October 26, 1837. Supporters were surprised to see two pro-slavery advocates in the crowd,

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half-brother Edward Brown had a different formulation: "Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery."

1160:, also an abolitionist, Presbyterian paper. Lovejoy's views on slavery became more extreme, and he called for a convention to discuss forming an Illinois state chapter of the 3297: 966:" undermined the fundamental principles of American democracy. Local Catholics and clergy were offended by these attacks and regularly responded in articles of their own in 6263: 5774: 2839: 1111:. At the time, Alton was large and prosperous, many times larger than the frontier city of Chicago. Although Illinois was a free state, Alton was also a center for 5991: 3807: 6198: 6048: 6042: 1648: 511: 2636: 6253: 3170: 3022: 2723: 1769:

was erected at Alton's City Cemetery; $ 25,000 had been appropriated by the state legislature, and $ 5,000 raised by residents of Alton and other supporters.

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On November 7, 1837, Elijah Parish Lovejoy was killed by a pro-slavery mob while defending the site of his anti-slavery newspaper, The Saint Louis Observer.

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A plaque honoring Elijah Parish Lovejoy was installed on an external wall at the Mackay Campus Center at his alma mater, Princeton Theological Seminary.

6343: 3382: 5623: 1641: 504: 3772: 3541: 6298: 6243: 676:, a minister who was also involved in politics. Due to his own lack of education, the father encouraged his sons – Elijah, Daniel, Joseph Cammett, 639:

wrote that "these events called forth from every part of the land 'a burst of indignation which has not had its parallel in this country since the

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preacher and farmer, and his mother was a homemaker and a devout Christian. Daniel Lovejoy named his son in honor of his close friend and mentor,

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building at 12th and D Street NE in 1872, and closed in 1988. It was adapted and converted to the Lovejoy Lofts condominiums in 2004.

2902:""The Peculiar Climate of this Region" The 1854 Cairo Lynching and the Historiography of Racist Violence Against Blacks in Illinois" 1182:. The Lovejoy supporters were not happy to have his enemies at the convention, but relented as the meeting was open to all parties. 5605: 4168: 1627: 1453: 959: 888:

admitted to his parents that "gradually these feelings all left me, and I returned to the world a more hardened sinner than ever."

490: 316: 843:. They supported sending freed American blacks to Africa, considering it a kind of "repatriation." Opponents of the ACS including 6288: 5986: 4707: 1252:

Elijah Lovejoy was buried in Alton Cemetery; his grave was unmarked to prevent vandalism. The ceremony was kept small. In 1864,

813:, St. Louis identified itself less with the plantation South and more as the "gateway to the West" and the American "frontier." 728:

During the winter and spring, he taught at China Academy in Maine. Dissatisfied with teaching, Lovejoy considered moving to the

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He is the first person listed in the "Journalists Memorial" located at the Newseum, 555 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC.

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Lovejoy also served as an evangelist preacher. He traveled a circuit across the state, during which he met Celia Ann French of

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Memoir of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy: Who was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press at Alton, Illinois, Nov. 7, 1837

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What's In A Name: Profiles of the Trailblazers: History and Heritage of District of Columbia Public and Public Charter Schools

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Lovejoy served as pastor at Upper Alton Presbyterian Church (now College Avenue Presbyterian Church). In 1837, he started the

680:, and John – to become educated. Elijah was taught to read the Bible and other religious texts by his mother at an early age. 617:

In Alton, Lovejoy was fatally shot during an attack by a pro-slavery mob. The mob was seeking to destroy a warehouse owned by

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Many residents of Alton began to question whether they should continue to allow Lovejoy to print in their town. After an

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approached Gilman's warehouse, where Lovejoy had hidden his printing press. The conflict continued. According to the

896: 736:. His former teachers at Waterville College advised him that he would best serve God in the West (now considered the 546: 389: 231: 4563: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4451: 4419: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4363: 5726: 5429: 3685:

The Freedom Speech of Wendell Phillips. Faneuil Hall, December 8, 1837. With descriptive letters from eye witnesses

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largely through the efforts of Mr. Dimmock that ten years ago the Lovejoy Monument Association was formed . . . .

4675: 4160: 572:. Unsatisfied with a teaching career, he was drawn to journalism and decided to 'go west'. In 1827, he reached 6378: 6368: 5482: 5293: 5190: 4395: 4315: 4251: 4096: 907: 863:

Lovejoy occasionally hired slaves who were leased out by owners, to work with him at the paper. Among them was

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to be composed mostly of Missourians, attacked the building on the evening of November 6, 1837. Pro-slavery

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property to the moneylender who held the mortgage, the new owners asked Lovejoy to stay on as editor.

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advocated the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri, and Lovejoy voiced his support through the

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Douglass, Frederick (2015). Kaufman-McKivigan, John R.; Levine, Robert S.; Stauffer, John (eds.).

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In the face of all the negative publicity and two break-ins in May 1836, Lovejoy decided to move

946:. By 1830, sixty percent of the population of St. Louis was Catholic, and the proprietors of the 751:

as his destination. Unsuccessful at finding work, he started for Illinois by foot. He stopped in

618: 538: 296: 4627: 4064: 3765: 3534: 3329: 2802: 1957: 6163: 5915: 5746: 5558: 5529: 5517: 5094: 5030: 4499: 4323: 4192: 4072: 3743: 3586: 3360: 2034:"The Free Speech League, the ACLU, and Changing Conceptions of Free Speech in American History" 1820: 1779: 1596: 1589: 1388: 1238: 1012: 729: 459: 452: 251: 174: 3664: 3409: 6134: 6081: 6035: 5976: 5905: 5681: 5471: 5447: 5417: 5363: 5287: 5275: 5232: 5086: 4819: 4763: 4731: 4659: 3508:

The Martyrdom of Lovejoy: An Account of the Life, Trials, and Perils of Rev Elijah P. Lovejoy

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A year later, Lovejoy found the call to God he had been yearning for. In 1832, influenced by

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as a newspaper subscription peddler. For nearly five weeks, he worked to sell subscriptions.

703:(now Colby College) as a sophomore in 1823. Lovejoy received financial support from minister 607: 485: 440: 321: 3755:, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2010, via ProQuest subscription (Preview online) 3620: 3001:

St. Louis Marriage Index, 1804–76. St. Louis, Missouri: St. Louis Genealogical Society, 1999

1941: 1717:. This thesis was adapted and published in 1958 as the first biography of Lovejoy, entitled 6228: 6223: 6169: 6151: 5789: 5523: 4216: 3641: 3095: 1835: 1830: 1561: 1514: 1418: 1378: 1097: 1092:

In the summer of 1836, Lovejoy attended the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in

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Slavery and Freedom in the American Confluence, from the Northwest Ordinance to Dred Scott

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economy, easily reachable by anti-Lovejoy Missourians, and badly split over abolitionism.

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that shared its longest border with the free state of Illinois. Although it had a large

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established the Elijah Parish and Owen Lovejoy Scholarship, which it awards annually.

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Elijah Parish Lovejoy was born at his paternal grandparents' frontier farmhouse near

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Lovejoy; the issues involved in the death of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton, 1837

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and pro-slavery forces active in the southern area. Many refugee slaves crossed the

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First to Fall: Elijah Lovejoy and the Fight for a Free Press in the Age of Slavery

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Narrative of Riots at Alton, in Connection with the Death of Rev. Elijah P Lovejoy

3298:"Angry mobs, deadly duels, presses set on fire: A history of attacks on the press" 839:

introduced him to like-minded community leaders, many of whom were members of the

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After completing early studies in public schools, Lovejoy attended the private

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The Issues Involved in the Death of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton, 1837

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in mid-June to try to find work. He eventually landed a position with the

5935: 5800: 5240: 5078: 5046: 5006: 3896: 3239: 1230: 696: 633:, the murder " a shock as of an earthquake throughout this country." The 585: 565: 3758: 2801:(Rev. ed.). Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois Press. p. 2686: 2662: 2466:"The Abolition Aspects of Missouri's Anti-Slavery Controversy 1819–1865" 950:

tasked Lovejoy with countering the increasing influence of Catholicism.

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Lovejoy had acquired a fourth press and hid it in a warehouse owned by

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On November 2, 1837, Lovejoy responded to threats in a speech, saying:

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Jesuitism." He also announced that his next issue would be printed in

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Winthrop Sargent Gilman; John Solomon; William Sever Lincoln (1838).

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notes that Lovejoy was murdered on November 7, 1837, after he helped

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St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764–1865

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Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia

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Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave, written by himself

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In 1827, Lovejoy arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, a major port in a

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to earn money for his journey, having settled on the free state of

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2770:. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Historical Society. April 29, 2014. 542: 3475:

Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press

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Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press

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Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press

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The 110-foot tall Elijah P. Lovejoy monument, in Alton, Illinois

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And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle

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said of the grave marking and association to fund a monument:

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found an Illinois chapter of Garrison's Anti-Slavery Society.

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And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle

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In 1829, Lovejoy became a co-editor with T. J. Miller of the

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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

3224:"Fire From the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown 2743: 2741: 2256: 1027:, to which he agreed. After the newspaper's owners released 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 27:

American minister, journalist, and abolitionist (1802–1837)

3761:, Frontenac, MO, where Lovejoy preached in its early years 2738: 1689:

Lovejoy is called the "first casualty of the Civil War."

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office and vandalized it. Only Alderman and future mayor

1049:

continued to be embroiled in controversy. In April 1836,

1018:

By October 1835, there were rumors of mob action against

3522:(first published in Chicago, 1881; reprint edition 1971) 2076: 1248:

Mid-19th century memorial card with Lovejoy's silhouette

5992:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

2868:"Elijah Parish Lovejoy Was Killed By a Pro-slavery Mob" 2309: 2307: 1946: 1812:

Lovejoy Health Center in Albion, Maine, his birthplace.

1787:

Numerous places and institutions were named after him:

1215:

and Gilford, major grocers in the area. A mob, said by

1058:

grand jury to face charges. The presiding judge, Judge

3550: 2716:"Love and Devotion Marked Home Life of Elijah Lovejoy" 2710: 2708: 1203:

Wood engraving of the pro-slavery mob setting fire to

534:(November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837) was an American 2367:

Redemption Songs: Suing for Freedom Before Dred Scott

2240:. Missouri History Museum. pp. 276–277, 279–280. 2099: 3058:. Madison County/Illinois GenWeb. January 24, 1838. 2304: 2135: 1851: 1684:

by the abolition movement. In his name, his brother

6264:

American anti-abolitionist riots and civil disorder

2705: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2244: 2123: 835:for president of the United States. Working at the 3472: 3451: 3354: 2794: 2393:The Heroic Slave – A Cultural and Critical Edition 2147: 2111: 1945: 1819:was named in his honor in 1870. It moved to a new 1066:had incited McIntosh into stabbing the policemen. 3815: 1870:List of lynchings and other homicides in Illinois 1015:if he continued to publish anti-slavery content. 6215: 5436:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 3484:Lawson, John D. (1916). Robert L. Howard (ed.). 2906:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 2518:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 3408:Brown, Justus Newton (September–October 1916). 3221: 2514:"Elijah P. Lovejoy: Anti-Catholic Abolitionist" 2332:"Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy: A biographical sketch" 2326: 2324: 2322: 1893:who worked for Lovejoy and witnessed his murder 1880:List of journalists killed in the United States 1798:, is popularly known as 'Lovejoy' in his honor. 1258:monument erected in 1897 to commemorate Lovejoy 1034: 3494: 3416:. Vol. 23, no. 3–4. pp. 97–102. 2965: 2629:"Wife of Lovejoy Commemorated after 150 Years" 2262: 2235: 2168: 1778:Elijah Lovejoy is recognized by a star on the 917:, where he became an ordained minister of the 784:Shall haply, soon be enwreathed upon my bier; 3830:List of lynching victims in the United States 3801: 3206: 1826:Lovejoy Elementary School in Alton, Illinois. 1649: 852:(later U.S. Attorney General under President 779:The Western vales, whose gloomy cypress tree 592:. On his return to St. Louis, he founded the 512: 6254:19th-century American Presbyterian ministers 3688:. Boston: Wendell Phillips Hall Association. 2319: 1267:Elijah Lovejoy grave as it appeared in 2009. 5866:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 3773:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 3667:while engaged in defending a printing press 3542:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 3525: 3009: 3007: 2363: 2093: 655: 5837: 5682:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 5412:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 3808: 3794: 3759:"Old Des Peres Presbyterian Church" (1834) 3556: 3495:Lovejoy, Joseph C.; Lovejoy, Owen (1838). 3414:Magazine of History with Notes and Queries 3167:National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2824: 2822: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 1713:completed his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1946 on 1656: 1642: 1096:and met several followers of abolitionist 789:Land of my birth! My natal soil, Farewell 762:Struggling with his finances, he wrote to 519: 505: 42: 6344:Presbyterian Church (USA) teaching elders 6158:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 5618:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 4396:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 3295: 1958:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500423 1840:Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 1790:The majority African-American village of 691:Academy. When sufficiently proficient in 629:and abolitionist materials. According to 3678: 3618: 3545:. New York: D. Appleton. pp. 34–35. 3004: 2390: 1311: 1262: 1243: 1198: 970:, a Catholic newspaper funded by Bishop 869: 712:). In September 1826, Lovejoy graduated 6299:Journalists killed in the United States 6244:19th-century American newspaper editors 5987:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 3662: 3398: 3359:. stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from 3296:Rosenwald, Michael S. (June 29, 2018). 3211:. Harvard University Press. p. 33. 3037: 2899: 2819: 2762: 2760: 2663:"Elijah P. Lovejoy As An Anti-Catholic" 2588:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 2581: 2568: 2370:. Oxford University Press. p. 12. 1982: 1307: 1194: 1164:, established in Philadelphia in 1833. 882: 14: 6216: 3700:Biography from the Alton, Illinois web 3579: 3505: 3490:. St. Louis: F. H. Thomas Law Book Co. 3483: 3454:Elijah P. Lovejoy, Abolitionist Editor 3449: 3420: 3256:from the original on November 18, 2018 3122: 3120: 3087: 2774:from the original on November 26, 2020 2544:from the original on February 13, 2022 2507: 2463: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2250: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2153: 2141: 2031: 1939: 1069: 1005: 878:influenced Lovejoy's antislavery views 610:. However, Alton was also tied to the 553:. He was also hailed as a defender of 6364:Unsolved murders in the United States 6334:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni 5624:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 5530:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 5221: 3827: 3789: 3630: 3627:(Biography for middle-grade readers.) 3407: 3336:from the original on October 29, 2019 3191: 2878:from the original on December 5, 2009 2792: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432:from the original on October 19, 2019 2421: 2359: 2357: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2129: 2117: 2105: 1628:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 1131:. Before he could move the press, an 938:. His editorials criticized both the 924: 800: 491:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 6354:Riots and civil disorder in Missouri 6349:Riots and civil disorder in Illinois 6199:Lynching deaths in the United States 5329:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 5222: 3781:Biography from Spartacus Educational 3470: 3237: 3142:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 2951:. New York, NY: Random House. 2022. 2757: 2655: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1829:LoveJoy United Presbyterian Church, 1730:Rankin was a 2013 Inductee into the 1724: 1695:referred to Lovejoy's murder in his 643:.'" When informed about the murder, 5860:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 5636:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 5418:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 3551:Further reading (most recent first) 3410:"Lovejoy's Influence on John Brown" 3117: 2934:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.107.2.0143 2918:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.107.2.0143 2842:from the original on April 20, 2016 2639:from the original on March 27, 2022 2538:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0103 2530:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0103 2064:from the original on March 27, 2022 1993:from the original on March 27, 2022 1983:Merriam, Allen H. (November 1987). 1964:from the original on March 30, 2022 1940:Dillon, Merton L. (February 2000). 1284: 1087: 723: 24: 3682:(1890) . "The Murder of Lovejoy". 3646:Southern Illinois University Press 3637:Freedom's Champion: Elijah Lovejoy 3622:Elijah Lovejoy's Fight for Freedom 3357:"St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees" 3310:from the original on June 29, 2018 3173:from the original on July 23, 2023 3105:from the original on June 10, 2021 3062:from the original on June 10, 2021 2797:Freedom's Champion: Elijah Lovejoy 2614: 2602:from the original on July 10, 2021 2484: 2464:Merkel, Benjamin G. (April 1950). 2444: 2354: 2174: 2032:Rabban, David M. (November 1992). 1671:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1538:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1394:End of slavery in British colonies 831:, which promoted the candidacy of 820: 401:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 257:End of slavery in British colonies 25: 6390: 6314:Origins of the American Civil War 6274:Assassinated American journalists 6234:1837 murders in the United States 5760:American Crusade Against Lynching 5406:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 3742:, captured and held in prison at 3693: 3194:Freedom's Champion–Elijah Lovejoy 3025:from the original on June 7, 2021 2983:from the original on June 7, 2021 2726:from the original on June 7, 2021 2693:from the original on June 7, 2021 2635:. November 12, 1987. p. 72. 2342:from the original on June 7, 2021 1928: 1527:The Impending Crisis of the South 1369:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1147: 568:and graduated from what is today 390:The Impending Crisis of the South 232:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 5972:America's Black Holocaust Museum 5755:American anti-lynching activists 5727:Nadir of American race relations 5317:Steve Long and two half-brothers 5253:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 3126: 3021:. November 7, 1897. p. 12. 2768:"Reverend Elijah Parish Lovejoy" 2338:. December 15, 1870. p. 4. 2236:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (1991). 1854: 1107:across the Mississippi River to 173: 6178:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5812:National Conference on Lynching 5370:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 5247:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 4588:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 3375: 3348: 3322: 3289: 3268: 3238:Gill, John G (March 22, 1946). 3231: 3215: 3200: 3185: 3155: 3138:"Today in History - November 7" 3074: 2995: 2940: 2893: 2860: 2786: 2556: 2415: 2384: 1904: 1875:Censorship in the United States 1732:National Abolition Hall of Fame 768: 716:from Waterville, and was class 584:entered the United States as a 126: 6289:American free speech activists 5294:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 3767:"Lovejoy, Elijah Parish" 3536:"Lovejoy, Elijah Parish" 3392: 2512:Duerk, John A. (Summer 2015). 2025: 1986:Elijah Lovejoy and Free Speech 1976: 1178:and Illinois Attorney General 908:Princeton Theological Seminary 906:and returned East to study at 652:was erected in Alton in 1897. 13: 1: 6284:Deaths by firearm in Illinois 6194:Lynching in the United States 5495:Springfield race riot of 1908 3913:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 3817:Lynching in the United States 3471:Gill, John Glanville (1959). 2900:Campney, Brent M. S. (2014). 2336:Bangor Daily Whig and Courier 1917: 1169:economic crisis in March 1837 1162:American Anti-Slavery Society 913:After graduation, he went to 841:American Colonization Society 6239:19th-century American clergy 6088:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 6019:And you are lynching Negroes 5871:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 5606:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 5512:Harris County, GA, lynchings 5454:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 5300:New Orleans massacre of 1866 3740:United States Colored Troops 3663:Lincoln, William S. (1838). 3464:University of Illinois Press 2722:. July 22, 1937. p. 7. 1922: 1502:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 1464:Secession of Southern states 1041:Lynching of Francis McIntosh 1035:Lynching of Francis McIntosh 551:slavery in the United States 365:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 327:Secession of Southern states 7: 6329:People murdered in Illinois 6319:People from Alton, Illinois 6304:Lynching deaths in Illinois 5997:Southern Poverty Law Center 5642:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 5270:? Lachenais and four others 4708:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 4025:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 3619:Phillips, Jennifer (2020). 3479:. Boston: Starr King Press. 3428:American National Biography 2582:Ritchie, Donald A. (2007). 1952:. Oxford University Press. 1948:American National Biography 1847: 1765:In 1897, the 110-foot tall 1743:Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award 1673:, that culminated with the 1497:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 1341:End of Atlantic slave trade 360:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 204:End of Atlantic slave trade 10: 6395: 6339:Presbyterian abolitionists 5478:1906 Atlanta race massacre 5448:Phoenix, SC, election riot 5424:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 5376:Benjamin and Mollie French 3450:Dillon, Merton L. (1961). 3425:and Mark C. Carnes (ed.). 3421:Dillon, Merton L. (1999). 3264:– via Open WorldCat. 2470:Missouri Historical Review 2422:Brown, William W. (1847). 2401:10.12987/9780300210569-019 2263:Lovejoy & Lovejoy 1838 2169:Lovejoy & Lovejoy 1838 1767:Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument 1584:Recapture of Anthony Burns 1454:1860 presidential election 1429:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1038: 710:Coburn Classical Institute 447:Recapture of Anthony Burns 317:1860 presidential election 292:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 6359:St. Louis Observer people 6324:People from Albion, Maine 6269:American male journalists 6249:19th-century male writers 6186: 6005: 5964: 5883: 5785:William O'Connell Bradley 5745: 5699: 5695: 5524:East St. Louis, IL, riots 5276:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 5259:New York City draft riots 5228: 5217: 4966: 4235: 3840: 3836: 3823: 3580:Dinius, Marcy J. (2018). 3501:. New York: J. S. Taylor. 3226:. NYU Press. p. 307. 2476:(3): 239–240 – via 2395:. Yale University Press. 2364:VanderVelde, Lea (2014). 1807:Presbyterian Church (USA) 1700:religion of the nation…" 1680:Lovejoy was considered a 1533:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 1508:American Slavery As It Is 968:The Shepherd of the Times 396:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 371:American Slavery As It Is 172: 167: 144: 136: 113: 103: 95: 76: 50: 41: 34: 6259:Abolitionists from Maine 6049:Deaths in police custody 5536:Jenkins County, GA, riot 5347:Chinese massacre of 1871 5265:Detroit race riot (1863) 4900:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 4692:Dick Rowland (attempted) 3750:Anne Silverwood Twitty, 3557:Ellingwood, Ken (2021). 3399:Beecher, Edward (1969). 3355:St. Louis Walk of Fame. 3222:Louis A. DeCaro (2005). 2977:St. Louis Globe-Democrat 2973:"Dimmock Funeral To-day" 1942:"Lovejoy, Elijah Parish" 1897: 1885:List of unsolved murders 1794:, located just north of 1556:Trial of Reuben Crandall 1469:Peace Conference of 1861 1444:Caning of Charles Sumner 757:Saturday Evening Gazette 743:In May 1827, he went to 656:Early life and education 419:Trial of Reuben Crandall 332:Peace Conference of 1861 307:Caning of Charles Sumner 67:, Massachusetts (now in 6030:Battle of Liberty Place 6025:Attack on John Shillady 6013:James Allen (collector) 5846:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 5630:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 5554:Omaha race riot of 1919 5542:Longview, TX, race riot 5518:Newberry, FL, lynchings 5460:Julia and Frazier Baker 5442:Porter and Spencer (MS) 5394:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 5352:Meridian, MS, race riot 5335:Opelousas, LA, massacre 4308:Paul Reed and Will Cato 3993:Big Nose George Parrott 3433:Oxford University Press 3276:"Elijah Parish Lovejoy" 3163:"Elijah Parish Lovejoy" 3101:. New York: J.F. Trow. 2853:Winthrop Sargent Gilman 2720:Alton Evening Telegraph 2633:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2094:Wilson & Fiske 1900 1449:Lincoln–Douglas debates 1213:Winthrop Sargent Gilman 625:, which held Lovejoy's 619:Winthrop Sargent Gilman 312:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6294:Journalists from Maine 6164:United States v. Shipp 5916:Rebecca Latimer Felton 5747:Anti-lynching movement 5664:Freedom Summer Murders 5594:Rosewood, FL, massacre 5559:Knoxville riot of 1919 4428:Laura and L. D. Nelson 3744:Andersonville, Georgia 3731:St. Louis Walk of Fame 3705:June 29, 2021, at the 3587:Early American Studies 3506:Tanner, Henry (1971). 3330:"Journalists Memorial" 3207:Brian McGinty (2009). 1815:The Lovejoy School in 1780:St. Louis Walk of Fame 1762:Memorials and plaques 1597:Virginia v. John Brown 1590:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1492:Nat Turner's Rebellion 1317: 1282: 1268: 1249: 1239:William Lloyd Garrison 1208: 1192: 1085: 1003: 879: 576:, Missouri. Under the 460:Virginia v. John Brown 453:Dred Scott v. Sandford 355:Nat Turner's Rebellion 6379:Writers from Missouri 6369:Writers from Illinois 6135:Summer in Mississippi 6082:Mississippi Cold Case 6036:The Birth of a Nation 5977:Civil Rights Memorial 5906:Sidney Johnston Catts 5884:Defenders of lynching 5570:Duluth, MN, lynchings 5548:Elaine, AR, race riot 5506:Laura and L.D. Nelson 5472:Watkinsville lynching 5430:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 5388:Hamburg, SC, massacre 5364:Election riot of 1874 5311:Camilla, GA, massacre 5233:Death of Joseph Smith 3857:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3717:May 11, 2008, at the 3600:10.1353/eam.2018.0045 2979:. November 20, 1909. 1805:of Giddings-Lovejoy, 1623:Battle of Fort Sumter 1578:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1459:Crittenden Compromise 1315: 1277: 1266: 1247: 1202: 1187: 1080: 998: 873: 532:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 486:Battle of Fort Sumter 441:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 322:Crittenden Compromise 36:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 6309:November 1838 events 6279:Colby College alumni 5853:Costigan-Wagner Bill 5790:Ella Barksdale Brown 5588:Perry, FL, race riot 5500:Slocum, TX, massacre 5400:Mart and Tom Horrell 5358:Colfax, LA, massacre 5341:Bear River City riot 5191:James Craig Anderson 4991:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 4596:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 3642:Carbondale, Illinois 3435:. Vol. 14, pp. 4–5. 3403:. Mnemosyne Pub. Co. 3192:Simon, Paul (1994). 2793:Simon, Paul (1994). 2673:(3): 172–180. 1951. 2585:American Journalists 1831:Wood River, Illinois 1562:Commonwealth v. Aves 1419:Nashville Convention 1409:Mexican–American War 1379:Nullification crisis 1308:Aftermath and legacy 1205:Gilman & Godfrey 1195:Mob attack and death 1013:tarred and feathered 893:Christian revivalist 883:Theological training 590:Princeton University 564:Lovejoy was born in 559:freedom of the press 425:Commonwealth v. Aves 282:Nashville Convention 272:Mexican–American War 242:Nullification crisis 6095:The Ox-Bow Incident 6075:Mississippi Burning 5926:John Trotwood Moore 5582:Tulsa race massacre 5576:Ocoee, FL, massacre 5071:Mack Charles Parker 4999:Willie James Howard 3303:The Washington Post 2872:Library of Congress 2838:. October 5, 1884. 2748:John Glanville Gill 2038:Stanford Law Review 1745:was established by 1736:Peterboro, New York 1711:John Glanville Gill 1434:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1374:Missouri Compromise 1364:Northwest Ordinance 1329: 1070:Marriage and family 1006:Threats of violence 996:and famously wrote: 985:Missouri Republican 921:on April 18, 1833. 919:Presbyterian Church 865:William Wells Brown 794:—Elijah P. Lovejoy 770: 734:Northwest Territory 732:or westward to the 685:Academy at Monmouth 641:Battle of Lexington 578:Missouri Compromise 297:Kansas–Nebraska Act 237:Missouri Compromise 227:Northwest Ordinance 192: 96:Cause of death 6374:Writers from Maine 6109:Reconstruction era 5921:John Temple Graves 5765:Jessie Daniel Ames 5712:Indiana White Caps 5382:Ellenton, SC, riot 5305:Reno Brothers Gang 5055:Judge Edward Aaron 4252:Ballie Crutchfield 3725:, November 7, 1837 3209:John Brown's Trial 3056:The Alton Observer 2835:The New York Times 2563:St. Louis Observer 2552:– via JSTOR. 1792:Brooklyn, Illinois 1675:American Civil War 1424:Compromise of 1850 1327:American Civil War 1320: 1318: 1290:Francis B. Murdoch 1269: 1250: 1209: 979:St. Louis Observer 956:transubstantiation 935:St. Louis Observer 926:St. Louis Observer 880: 858:Hamilton R. Gamble 845:Frederick Douglass 801:Career in Missouri 769: 701:Waterville College 595:St. Louis Observer 287:Compromise of 1850 190:American Civil War 183: 108:Waterville College 6211: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6152:They Won't Forget 6069:Lynching postcard 5982:The Legacy Museum 5951:James K. Vardaman 5891:Theodore G. Bilbo 5879: 5878: 5770:Martin C. Ansorge 5691: 5690: 5676:Michael Schwerner 5483:Kemper County, MS 5323:Pulaski, TN, riot 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 4916:Shedrick Thompson 4796:Bernice Raspberry 4516:Name unknown (MS) 4420:Name unknown (TX) 4041:Joseph Vermillion 4009:John Wesley Heath 3680:Phillips, Wendell 2595:978-0-19-532837-0 2565:, April 30, 1835. 2171:, pp. 18–19. 2108:, pp. 97–98. 1725:Honors and awards 1669:events, like the 1666: 1665: 1515:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1322:Events leading to 1296:, to assist him. 1117:Mississippi River 1055:free man of color 960:clerical celibacy 798: 797: 699:, he enrolled at 631:John Quincy Adams 612:Mississippi River 529: 528: 378:Uncle Tom's Cabin 185:Events leading to 181: 180: 158:Nathan A. Farwell 16:(Redirected from 6386: 6006:Related articles 5956:Thomas E. Watson 5946:Benjamin Tillman 5911:Thomas Dixon Jr. 5835: 5834: 5697: 5696: 5600:Jim and Mark Fox 5288:Memphis massacre 5223:Multiple victims 5219: 5218: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5119:Wharlest Jackson 5114: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5015:John Cecil Jones 5010: 5002: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4908:Matthew Williams 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4668:Berry Washington 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4532:Anthony Crawford 4527: 4524:Jesse Washington 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4444:Zachariah Walker 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4404:Grant Richardson 4399: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4348:Earnest Williams 4343: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4201:John Henry James 4196: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4153:Stephen Williams 4148: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4105:Ephraim Grizzard 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4065:Brown Washington 4060: 4052: 4044: 4036: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4004: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3969:Arthur St. Clair 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3929:John W. Stephens 3924: 3916: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3849:Francis McIntosh 3838: 3837: 3825: 3824: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3777: 3769: 3689: 3675: 3659: 3626: 3615: 3576: 3546: 3538: 3521: 3510:. A. M. Kelley. 3502: 3491: 3480: 3478: 3467: 3457: 3446: 3417: 3404: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052:"The Riot Trial" 3048: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3011: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2800: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2764: 2755: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2579: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2509: 2482: 2481: 2478:Internet Archive 2461: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2328: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1951: 1937: 1911: 1908: 1891:John R. Anderson 1864: 1862:Biography portal 1859: 1858: 1857: 1817:Washington, D.C. 1658: 1651: 1644: 1617:Star of the West 1474:Corwin Amendment 1439:Ostend Manifesto 1404:Texas annexation 1399:Texas Revolution 1330: 1319: 1285:Alton riot trial 1088:Move to Illinois 1051:Francis McIntosh 895:meetings led by 771: 764:Jeremiah Chaplin 738:American Midwest 724:Journey westward 650:Lovejoy Monument 623:Benjamin Godfrey 543:newspaper editor 521: 514: 507: 480:Star of the West 337:Corwin Amendment 302:Ostend Manifesto 267:Texas annexation 262:Texas Revolution 193: 182: 177: 130: 128: 119:Celia Ann French 83: 80:November 7, 1837 61:November 9, 1802 60: 58: 46: 32: 31: 21: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6182: 6119:Scottsboro Boys 6001: 5960: 5875: 5833: 5741: 5687: 5652:Harriette Moore 5612:Tate County, MS 5224: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5159:Arthur McDuffie 5157: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4973: 4962: 4956:Elbert Williams 4954: 4948:Austin Callaway 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4852:Thomas Williams 4850: 4842: 4836:Thomas Bradshaw 4834: 4828:Albert Williams 4826: 4818: 4812:Joseph Upchurch 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4468:George Saunders 4466: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4322: 4316:Bunk Richardson 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4242: 4231: 4225:Benjamin Thomas 4223: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4185:Joseph H. McCoy 4183: 4177:William Andrews 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4145:Richard Puryear 4143: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4007: 4001:Charles Thurber 3999: 3991: 3985:Joseph Standing 3983: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3905:Clubfoot George 3903: 3895: 3887: 3879: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3847: 3832: 3819: 3814: 3764: 3719:Wayback Machine 3707:Wayback Machine 3696: 3656: 3573: 3553: 3533:, eds. (1900). 3518: 3443: 3423:John A. Garraty 3395: 3390: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3363:on June 2, 2008 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3236: 3232: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3092: 3088: 3080:Gilman (1838), 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3019:Chicago Tribune 3013: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2898: 2894: 2881: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2845: 2843: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2580: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2510: 2485: 2462: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2420: 2416: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2330: 2329: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2050:10.2307/1228985 2030: 2026: 2014: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1836:Lovejoy Library 1727: 1693:Abraham Lincoln 1662: 1633: 1632: 1611: 1603: 1602: 1551: 1543: 1542: 1521:Bleeding Kansas 1487: 1479: 1478: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1336: 1324: 1310: 1294:Usher F. Linder 1287: 1273:Chicago Tribune 1197: 1180:Usher F. Linder 1152: 1141:Bryan Mullanphy 1109:Alton, Illinois 1090: 1072: 1043: 1037: 1008: 940:Catholic Church 929: 885: 854:Abraham Lincoln 829:St. Louis Times 825: 822:St. Louis Times 803: 726: 705:Benjamin Tappan 658: 636:Boston Recorder 525: 496: 495: 474: 466: 465: 414: 406: 405: 384:Bleeding Kansas 350: 342: 341: 222: 214: 213: 199: 187: 163: 132: 129: 1835) 124: 120: 91: 88:Alton, Illinois 85: 81: 72: 62: 56: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6392: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6138: 6131: 6129:Stone Mountain 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Goodloe Sutton 5938: 5933: 5931:John T. Morgan 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Julian S. Carr 5898: 5896:Cole L. Blease 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5780:Flossie Bailey 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5672:Andrew Goodman 5661: 5655: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5466:Pana, IL, riot 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5183:James Byrd Jr. 5179: 5171: 5167:Michael Donald 5163: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5063:Willie Edwards 5059: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4983:Johannes Kunze 4979: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4936: 4928: 4924:George Armwood 4920: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4844:Winston Pounds 4840: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4652:John Hartfield 4648: 4644:Wesley Everest 4640: 4632: 4628:Wallace Baynes 4624: 4620:Olli Kinkkonen 4616: 4612:Jim McIlherron 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4492:Charles Fisher 4488: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4300:Marie Thompson 4296: 4288: 4280: 4276:J. D. Mayfield 4272: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4141: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4113:Samuel J. Bush 4109: 4101: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4053: 4049:George Meadows 4045: 4037: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3941: 3937:Alexander Boyd 3933: 3925: 3917: 3909: 3901: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3869: 3865:Josefa Segovia 3861: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723:Alton Observer 3695: 3694:External links 3692: 3691: 3690: 3676: 3660: 3654: 3628: 3625:. IngramSpark. 3616: 3594:(4): 747–755. 3577: 3572:978-1643137025 3571: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3523: 3516: 3503: 3492: 3481: 3468: 3447: 3441: 3418: 3405: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3374: 3347: 3321: 3288: 3267: 3230: 3214: 3199: 3184: 3154: 3116: 3086: 3073: 3036: 3003: 2994: 2964: 2957: 2939: 2912:(2): 143–170. 2892: 2859: 2818: 2811: 2785: 2756: 2737: 2704: 2654: 2649:Newspapers.com 2613: 2594: 2567: 2555: 2524:(2): 103–121. 2483: 2443: 2414: 2383: 2376: 2353: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2173: 2158: 2146: 2144:, p. 528. 2134: 2132:, p. 101. 2122: 2110: 2098: 2075: 2024: 2015:|website= 1975: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1813: 1810: 1799: 1796:East St. Louis 1785: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1726: 1723: 1697:Lyceum address 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1609: 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Lee 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:James Cameron 4889: 4885: 4884:George Hughes 4881: 4877: 4876:J. C. Collins 4873: 4869: 4868:Leonard Woods 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804:Owen Flemming 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756:Fred N. Selak 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:George Taylor 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:Robert Prager 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4564:Charles Jones 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380:"Mose" Creole 4377: 4373: 4372:Matthew Chase 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340:William Burns 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:Fred Rochelle 4241: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4209:F. W. Stewart 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:John Anderson 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:Alfred Blount 4126: 4122: 4121:John Peterson 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977:Michael Green 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:Henry Plummer 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873:Pancho Daniel 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3655:0-8093-1940-3 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3563:Pegasus Press 3560: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3527:Wilson, J. 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Wells 5817:Paul Robeson 5722:Ku Klux Klan 5668:James Chaney 5658:Anniston, AL 5282:Plummer Gang 5237:Joseph Smith 5135:Henry Marrow 5095:Frank Morris 5023:Willie Earle 4932:Cordie Cheek 4860:Henry Choate 4780:Dan Anderson 4740:Raymond Byrd 4724:Samuel Smith 4676:Willie Baird 4556:Frank Little 4548:Paulo Boleta 4476:Robert Perry 4452:Mary Jackson 4412:King Johnson 4364:James Hodges 4284:George White 4268:Walker Davis 4169:Jacob Henson 4097:Robert Lewis 4057:Ellen Watson 3945:Jim Williams 3921:Wyatt Outlaw 3856: 3771: 3751: 3722: 3684: 3672:John F. Trow 3670:. New-York: 3665: 3636: 3621: 3612:Project MUSE 3610:– via 3591: 3585: 3558: 3540: 3507: 3497: 3486: 3474: 3453: 3431:. New York: 3427: 3413: 3400: 3381: 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3361:the original 3350: 3338:. Retrieved 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3301: 3291: 3279:. Retrieved 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3240: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3141: 3107:. 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Newseum. 3281:November 7, 2846:February 7, 2314:Dillon 1999 2299:Dillon 1999 2287:Dillon 1999 2275:Dillon 1999 2251:Dillon 1999 2154:Dillon 1999 2142:Lawson 1916 1231:Jon Meacham 1135:broke into 1076:St. Charles 807:slave state 697:mathematics 586:slave state 566:New England 555:free speech 6218:Categories 6187:Categories 6114:Red Summer 5807:N.A.A.C.P. 5732:Red Shirts 5564:Red Summer 5103:James Reeb 4975:Felix Hall 4967:After 1940 4716:Joe Pullen 4684:Roy Belton 4636:Will Brown 4540:Jeff Brown 4500:John Evans 4484:? Anderson 4388:"Pie" Hill 4356:Jim Miller 4332:Slab Pitts 4324:Ed Johnson 4161:Amos Hicks 4081:Dick Lundy 4073:Jim Taylor 2428:. Boston. 2130:Brown 1916 2118:Brown 1916 2106:Brown 1916 1918:References 1803:Presbytery 1704:John Brown 1217:Appleton's 1176:John Hogan 1094:Pittsburgh 833:Henry Clay 645:John Brown 608:free state 57:1802-11-09 6104:(musical) 4820:Joe Smith 4764:Tom Payne 4732:L. Q. Ivy 4660:Jay Lynch 4508:Leo Frank 4236:1900–1940 3608:246013692 3531:Fiske, J. 3367:April 25, 3340:March 22, 3260:March 22, 2926:1522-1067 2679:0002-7790 2643:March 27, 2409:246119905 2068:March 27, 2044:(1): 71. 2017:ignored ( 2007:cite book 1997:March 27, 1968:March 28, 1923:Citations 1889:The Rev. 1821:Victorian 1753:In 2003, 1358:Political 1221:partisans 1133:angry mob 874:Reverend 714:cum laude 580:of 1820, 574:St. Louis 221:Political 168:Signature 154:(brother) 145:Relatives 104:Education 6171:Vendetta 5707:Lynching 5678:) (1964) 5243:) (1844) 4217:Sam Hose 3715:Archived 3703:Archived 3634:(1994). 3334:Archived 3308:Archived 3254:Archived 3250:76984559 3177:July 23, 3171:Archived 3147:July 23, 3109:June 10, 3103:Archived 3066:June 10, 3060:Archived 3023:Archived 2981:Archived 2876:Archived 2840:Archived 2778:March 9, 2772:Archived 2724:Archived 2691:Archived 2687:44210176 2637:Archived 2600:Archived 2542:Archived 2430:Archived 2340:Archived 2062:Archived 1991:Archived 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