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from the
Wisconsin Historical Society described her as "Mrs. Graham." The same source stated that Armstrong was "cursing & swearing like a pirate" throughout the battle; so angry that even Black Hawk's band purported to hear her. The same collection described such action as "profane" and "a great drawback upon her credit." A newspaper report in Galena, Illinois described Armstrong's actions at the Battle of Apple River Fort. "Elizabeth Armstrong took charge of the women's activities and set a coolheaded, courageous example." Since the 1930s it was mistakenly suggested that Armstrong was the namesake for the village of
102:. The fighting raged for about an hour with heavy gunfire from both sides. At the battle's onset most of the settlement's women had huddled in small panic-stricken groups, but Armstrong and other married women rallied the young women, boys, and girls to provide support to the soldiers. She assigned them to such tasks as molding new
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the impression that Apple River Fort was too heavily defended. It was some time before the settlers learned that Black Hawk, himself had led the attack. In the past, there was some confusion regarding the name of the woman who assumed a lead organizational role at Apple River Fort; a 1900 collection
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On the afternoon of June 24, 1832 the Black Hawk War came to Apple River Fort. There were 28–30 armed militia and civilians inside Apple River Fort at the time of the attack. Another 40 women, children, and infants sought protection at the stockade. Captain Clack Stone command the militia
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Elizabeth
Armstrong was praised as a heroine for her actions during the battle, displaying the kind of courage under fire the Illinois militia had so badly lacked during the first month of the Black Hawk War. Her actions, in part, helped give
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As Black Hawk's 200-strong war-party closed in on the Fort, the locals ran for shelter inside the fort while the 28–30 men and boys took up positions at the
57:. In 1817, Elizabeth, 19, was married to John Armstrong. The couple had two children, David and Catherine. Around 1827, the Armstrong family moved to
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and settled south of the Falls of Apple River in present-day
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June 24, Elizabeth, Ill.: Women Save the Apple River Fort
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231:Harmet, A. Richard. "
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128:: Elizabeth Winters.
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983:Black Hawk Purchase
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301:Henry Holt
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96:firefight
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