491:(i.e., the federal cabinet) may declare that an emergency exists. The emergency must be a "national emergency", which means an "urgent and critical situation of a temporary nature" that either "(a) seriously endangers the lives, health or safety of Canadians and is of such proportions or nature as to exceed the capacity or authority of a province to deal with it, or (b) seriously threatens the ability of the Government of Canada to preserve the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of Canada and that cannot be effectively dealt with under any other law of Canada".
467:
and critical situation of a temporary nature that imperils the well-being of Canada as a whole or that is of such proportions or nature as to exceed the capacity or authority of a province to deal with it" and replaced with two possible conditions, one which "seriously endangers the lives, health or safety of
Canadians and is of such proportions or nature as to exceed the capacity or authority of a province to deal with it" or a condition which threatens the
41:
808:
where these rallies were occurring was restricted, and foreigners were barred from coming to Canada to attend them. The regulations also specifically outlawed the bringing of children under the age of 18 to these assembles. Additionally the use, provision, collection, and solicitation of property and funds to support the prohibited assemblies or the people participating in them was banned.
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August 2023, a government spokesperson said an update would be coming in "the coming days". A year after the report was released, no government response had been provided. In March 2024, Public Safety
Minister Dominic LeBlanc said the government would need more time to respond, citing its appeal of a Federal Court ruling, and indicating steps could be taken at some point in the future.
1035:. The inquiry is independent of the parliamentary review committee. By law, the inquiry was required to complete its report and submit it to Parliament by February 20, 2023. The inquiry was scheduled initially to start on September 19 and run until October 28. Due to Justice Rouleau undergoing surgery, the inquiry was delayed, and the public hearings ran from October 13 to December 2.
949:, with 75 per cent, 72 per cent, and 72 per cent of the populations in those regions supporting the invocation respectively, and with a majority in every province backing the use of the act. A poll by Mainstreet Research, conducted slightly later, on February 16 and 17, measured overall support and opposition at 51 per cent and 44 per cent respectively.
547:, its members must be recalled. If both chambers adopt the motion, the declared emergency remains in place for its original duration, subject to renewal (also subject to parliamentary scrutiny). Either chamber may end the emergency declaration by voting against it. Additionally, a Parliamentary Review Committee with representation from each
1054:
Rouleau also made various recommendations to the government to improve policing, information sharing, and amend the Act, asking the government to provide its response within a year of his report. Following the announcement, Trudeau said the government would respond within six months of the report. In
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after failures by police and politicians to address the protests. Rouleau wrote that he reached his conclusion “with reluctance,” and that reasonable and informed people could come to a different conclusion. Rouleau found that the freezing of bank accounts should have included a "delisting mechanism"
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Despite its revocation, the
Canadian Civil Liberties Association and the province of Alberta said they would proceed with challenges to the use of the law. In April, in response to disclosure requests in the legal challenge, the Canadian government declined to disclose documents related to the use of
318:
Trudeau responded to the calls for reform during the
October Crisis, stating on November 3, 1970, and January 11, 1971, that Parliament would consider creating new emergency legislation; however, new emergency legislation was not introduced while Trudeau was in office. Parliament considered forming a
871:
filed a motion to revoke the declaration of emergency under section 59. Debate in the Senate began on
February 22, with members required to take an oath of secrecy. A vote was expected as early as that evening but debate proved more contentious than anticipated with several senators challenging
344:
legislation. The commission also recommended that the role of
Parliament be increased during emergencies, including the requirement that Parliament confirm the state of emergency, renew the state of emergency, and, if not sitting, that it be summoned within seven days to make such a declaration. The
958:
on
February 23 and 24, after the declaration of emergency had been revoked, found support for the liberals' decision to invoke the act was at 63 per cent, and opposition at 36 per cent. Retrospective polling conducted by Angus Reid in May showed that 46 per cent of Canadians thought that the use of
912:
criticized the declaration of emergency, saying that the "high and clear" threshold for invocation – that the situation cannot be resolved through the regular application of existing laws – had not been met, and that normalization of emergency legislation would erode
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contemplates four distinct types of emergencies: a public welfare emergency, a public order emergency, an international emergency, and a war emergency. It uses a "finely graded set of provisions" to respond to each type. The four categories of emergency are triggered in separate circumstances and a
413:
on reforming Canada's defence policy. It called for the creation of comprehensive emergency legislation, and the government commissioned a series of studies on emergency and defence topics. The studies considered four options for emergency legislation and recommended that a single comprehensive law
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of the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The court found that orders made under the act were "overbroad" infringing on the freedom of expression of protesters who did not intend to breach the peace, and that collecting of financial information from banks and freezing of bank accounts had amounted to
466:
A number of amendments were made to Bill C-77 between the second and third readings. The definition of "national emergency" and the situations under which the bill could be invoked was defined more restrictively to limit broad use. The definition which passed second reading was removed, "an urgent
807:
issued after the declaration of emergency, participation in public assemblies that could result in a breach of peace by disrupting the movements of goods and people, interfering with the operation of critical infrastructure, or by supporting violence, were prohibited. Travel to and within places
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describes a "war emergency" which results from war or armed conflict involving Canada or an allied nation. While a "war emergency" provides the government with significant authority to make orders or regulation beyond the categorical limits of other emergencies, however, a war emergency does not
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and that it was unjust for individuals with no connection to the protests to be affected, but called that "unavoidable". Rouleau criticized
Trudeau for labelling the protesters a "fringe minority" during the protest, writing that the comments likely hardened their resolve and embittered them.
838:
were also included in the expanded financial regulations. Banks were ordered to freeze personal and corporate bank accounts suspected of being used by people violating the regulations, and were protected from civil liability in enforcing the order. Insurance coverage for trucks being used in
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describes "international emergency", which results from acts of intimidation, coercion, or the real or imminent use of force from one or more other countries against Canada. An international emergency would fall short of an armed conflict which would permit a "war emergency", instead the
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found support at 57 per cent and opposition at 30 per cent in poll conducted between
February 17 and 22. A poll conducted by Research Co between February 18 and the 20 found that 66 per cent believed the use of the act was justified, against 28 per cent who did not. A poll conducted by
319:
joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons to deliberate new emergency legislation in 1971 and 1977; however, both efforts were unsuccessful as agreement could not be reached on whether the mandate of such a committee would include an evaluation of the government's use of the
598:, sabotage, detrimental foreign influences, activities which support the threat or use of violence for a political, religious or ideological objective; or those activities which threaten to undermine or otherwise destroy, or overthrow the Government of Canada. The
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of Canada. Before declaring a national emergency, the federal cabinet must consult with provincial cabinets. In the case of a public welfare or public order emergency where the effects of the emergency are confined to, or occur principally in, one province, the
819:. The federal government was also given the authority to compel the towing and removal of vehicles, structures, and other objects used in blockades. Violations of the regulations was punishable by up to five years' imprisonment, a fine up to $ 5,000, or both.
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A government press release said it is hoped investigations would "prevent these events from happening again". Conservatives said the investigations were too focused on the actions of protesters and their fundraising, and not on justifying the use of the
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967:
On February 23, Prime Minister Trudeau announced that the federal government would revoke the emergency declaration. Debate in the Senate was halted after the announcement. Later that day, the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it.
626:. Under an international emergency, additional powers are provided to the government as it relates to supplies for national defence, including search and seizure as it relates to scarce commodities, hoarding, black market operations and fraud.
680:. Legal scholar Robert Martin argues that the act's requirement that the Governor in Council have "reasonable grounds" to believe that an emergency exists "leaves open the possibility of judicial review of the invocation of emergency powers".
839:
blockades was suspended. Furthermore, financial institutions had to determine on a continuing basis whether any persons violating the regulations were using their services and were required to promptly report findings to the RCMP or the
850:
the government introduced a motion for the confirmation of the declaration of emergency on February 17, and debate was planned to continue through the weekend with a vote scheduled for February 21 at 8:00 pm. Though interrupted by
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said there was no present plan to invoke it and that doing so remained a last resort. On a conference call between Trudeau and the premiers later that day, the premiers communicated their unanimous opposition to invoking the act.
988:
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commission further called for the information used by the government to declare an emergency be presented to Parliament publicly, with sensitive or classified materials being provided to an appropriate committee or during an
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the act was necessary to clear out the protesters, 34 per cent thought that the police had sufficient powers to clear it without invoking the act, and 15 per cent opposed any government action to clear out the protesters.
366:
Despite the McDonald Commission report being completed and released publicly in 1981, it was never tabled in Parliament or fully debated. The Task Force on Canadian Unity, established by the Government of Canada after the
3178:
1953:
979:'s submissions on the factual and legal basis for the invocation, records of the alternatives considered and rejected, and a record of the cabinet's decisions (possibly including a tally of the final cabinet vote).
314:
for the first time during peacetime. During the October Crisis, concerns were raised in Parliament about instances of possible abuse of civil rights, and ineffective flow of information from Cabinet to Parliament.
235:
can declare a national emergency in response to an urgent and critical situation that cannot be dealt with by any existing law, and either is beyond the capability of a province to deal with it or threatens the
1986:
334:(McDonald Commission) was formed in 1977. Among the McDonald Commission's recommendations in its 1981 final report were several changes to Canada's emergency powers. The McDonald Commission recommended the
245:
cannot be used if the provincial cabinet does not indicate that the situation is beyond the capacity of the province to deal with it. Once an emergency is declared, it is subject to confirmation by the
3960:
Holthuis, Annemieke (1993). "Maxwell Cohen's Perspective on Human Rights in Canada: The Entrenchment of the Charter and the Enactment of the Emergencies Act". In Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald (eds.).
567:
describes "public welfare emergencies" which result, or may result, in danger to life or property, services or resources, so serious as to be a national emergency. Public welfare emergencies include
2299:
4005:
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compared the freezing of bank accounts to similar actions by the Chinese and Russian governments, and commended the Canadian Civil Liberties Association for its challenge to the use of the law.
1136:
279:
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describes "public order emergency" results from serious threats to the security of Canada. When defining "threats to the security of Canada", the act references the definition provided in the
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session of Parliament (private session). The McDonald Commission also called for: the power to create a new court to hear complaints from individuals whose rights had been infringed; the
918:
475:. Another amendment made after second reading allowed government decisions under a declared emergency to be reviewed by the courts based on whether the actions taken were reasonable.
1093:
defended her government's actions, saying it was the correct decision at the time, and announced their intention to appeal. In February 2024, the government appealed the ruling.
331:
206:
to take extraordinary temporary measures to respond to public welfare emergencies, public order emergencies, international emergencies and war emergencies. The law replaces the
2076:
3715:
1943:
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Section 7 of the act states a public welfare emergency declaration persists for 90 days, subject to being extended through another proclamation, or ended earlier.
2052:
605:
Section 18 of the act states a public order emergency declaration persists for 30 days, subject to being extended through another proclamation, or ended earlier.
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of Canada. The reasoning for the change was the understanding that many emergencies were "urgent", "critical" or "temporary", but not sufficient in gravity for use of the
629:
Section 29 of the act states an international emergency declaration persists for 60 days, subject to being extended through another proclamation, or ended earlier.
2348:
2625:
382:, including a declaration of use providing the rationale, greater parliamentary oversight, safeguards for provincial powers, and safeguards for individual liberties.
68:
An Act to authorize the taking of special temporary measures to ensure safety and security during national emergencies and to amend other Acts in consequence thereof
2795:
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Section 39 of the act states a war emergency declaration persists for 120 days, subject to being extended through another proclamation, or ended earlier.
1976:
1693:
1082:
1078:
1899:, p. 60: "As established, it derives from the federal government's rather sweeping emergency powers under the emergency branch of the POGG power in the 1867 Act".
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On February 17, 2023, Justice Rouleau released his 2,000-page final report, finding that the Trudeau government met the "very high threshold" for invoking the
2511:
2473:
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2019:
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does not delineate what role the courts may play during an emergency. Forcese and Aaron Freeman suggest that this leaves intact courts' ordinary powers of
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360:
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1920:
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On February 14, 2022, during the Canada convoy protest, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government declared a public order emergency, invoking the
499:
declaration of an emergency under each category gives the government a separate set of powers. Once Cabinet has declared an emergency, it can make
2441:
2422:
1172:
4245:
3973:
3876:
3179:"Members of first-ever Emergencies Act review committee get down to work, split on Trudeau's invocation of order as work on witness list begins"
1623:
2774:"Governments claiming the authority to *freeze people's bank accounts* because they want to crush a protest movement is tyrannical and obscene"
2537:
1596:
4164:
3940:
The Emergencies Act, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and International Law: The Protection of Human Rights in States of Emergency
3007:
925:
also said that the province would file a court challenge to the federal government's use of the law. A few days later, Saskatchewan Premier
618:
international emergency was proposed for times of "heightened international tensions" and "rapid deterioration of relations among nations".
2224:
941:
Opinion polling conducted by Maru Public Opinion showed that 66 per cent of Canadians supported the use of the act. Support was highest in
1490:
872:
the government to disclose the basis for invoking and continuing the state of emergency, even as blockades and protests had been cleared.
3636:
1469:
514:, a declaration of an emergency by the Cabinet must be reviewed by Parliament. Any temporary laws made under the act are subject to the
3664:
2198:
338:
be amended to focus on powers necessary during times of war, invasion or insurrection, while other emergencies would be dealt with by
815:
and the parliamentary precinct, official government residences and buildings, war monuments, and any other places designated by the
3521:
3150:
855:, debate otherwise proceeded as planned and the House of Commons voted to confirm use of the act 185 to 151, with the Liberals and
394:
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2042:
214:
3969:
2325:
2149:
1766:
995:
840:
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3025:
778:
427:
128:
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991:(DEDC) began investigating the use of the act. The committee is composed of seven members of Parliament and four senators.
909:
2589:
3302:
2728:
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913:
democracy and civil liberties. On February 18, it filed for judicial review of the government's decision to invoke the
291:
3550:"Delayed government response to Emergencies Act inquiry recommendations coming next week, public safety minister says"
3884:
3808:
1631:
1498:
1022:
691:
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must be formed. Within 60 days of the expiration of the emergency, the law requires the government to convene a
531:
Once a national emergency is declared, a motion for confirmation of a declaration of emergency must be tabled in the
504:
3938:
4314:
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4199:
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2145:
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The announcement had varied reactions. Several provincial premiers expressed concerns, including the premiers of
539:
within seven days after a declaration of emergency is made by the Governor in Council. If either chamber is
3742:
2009:
406:
4266:
3846:
4299:
3493:
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1910:
709:
327:
2928:"Nearly half of Canadians say their impressions of Trudeau have worsened over convoy protest response: poll"
777:. While consultation with the provinces is a required step before a national emergency can be declared, the
575:
including disease affecting humans, animals or plants; and man-made hazards such as accidents or pollution.
145:
4239:
3608:
1007:
860:
375:
203:
135:
3122:
2677:
4160:
3609:"Ottawa's use of Emergencies Act against convoy protests was unreasonable, violated Charter, court rules"
3391:
3361:"The Emergencies Act's 'very high threshold' was met, commissioner rules in major report | Globalnews.ca"
1944:"In wake of letter sent by feds, Sask. premier doesn't 'see the need' to invoke Canada's Emergencies Act"
868:
774:
753:
673:
368:
602:
notes that "lawful advocacy, protest or dissent" do not constitute "threats to the security of Canada".
4143:
Weinrib, Lorraine E. (2001). "Terrorism's Challenge to the Constitutional Order". In Macklem, Patrick;
2953:"Emergencies Act Review: Canadians divided whether Freedom Convoy could have been dispersed without it"
2172:
852:
536:
247:
2647:
2559:"'What emergency exists today?' Senators ask for more details on government's need for special powers"
1162:
1591:
973:
816:
669:
2875:
1013:. Both Mendicino and Lametti invoked cabinet confidentiality in refusing to answer some questions.
759:
434:
3062:"Ottawa cites cabinet confidentiality over decision to invoke Emergencies Act, court filing shows"
4309:
4000:
3672:
2979:
1486:
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be provided with four unique types of emergencies with unique powers, procedures and safeguards.
220:
2403:
1586:
2256:"Prime Minister Justin Trudeau invokes Emergencies Act to try to bring an end to the blockades"
2173:"Protesters who come to Ottawa risk being tied to 'dangerous criminal activity,' minister says"
1068:
696:
3929:
3772:"Ottawa appeals court decision calling use of Emergencies Act on convoy protests unreasonable"
3090:"Ottawa can't get away with a 'trust us, we had to' defence of its use of the Emergencies Act"
2349:"Feds crack down on trucker protest financing, from crowdfund rules to freezing bank accounts"
908:
supported the measure, but said that its invocation was "proof of failure of leadership". The
4030:
2952:
811:
The regulations further empowered the federal government to protect critical infrastructure,
791:
719:
548:
540:
438:
262:
4065:
3214:"Ottawa Police Service's control of convoy protest zone created 'challenges,' minister says"
2901:
555:
and table a report in Parliament within 360 days following the emergency's expiration.
2777:
2120:
856:
623:
371:
199:
91:
48:
3421:
3270:"Decision to invoke Emergencies Act based on law enforcement advice, says Marco Mendicino"
3242:"Decision to invoke Emergencies Act based on law enforcement advice, says Marco Mendicino"
8:
864:
488:
3578:"Federal government delays decision on Emergencies Act changes, plans more consultation"
2876:"Emergency measures: Government approval holds as Liberals and Conservatives deadlocked"
1163:"Federal government invokes Emergencies Act for first time ever in response to protests"
661:
provides for "the stiffest government emergency powers of any emergency law in Canada".
359:
would be notwithstanding during a declaration; and that Article 4 rights under the
4153:
4097:
4070:
3962:
3869:
3833:
3582:
3554:
3274:
3094:
3066:
3035:
2750:"Legal action against use of Emergencies Act 'under consideration' by Sask. government"
2260:
80:
4217:
2678:"Civil liberties group files suit over use of Emergencies Act against convoy protests"
2493:"Canada's Justin Trudeau wins parliamentary approval for emergency powers declaration"
280:
Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP § Recommendations
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4014:
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3948:
3944:
3925:
3917:
3907:
3890:
3880:
3855:
3825:
3429:
3333:"Emergencies Act inquiry will be delayed until October due to commissioner's illness"
2705:
2512:"MPs, senators on Emergencies Act committee will take secrecy oath: gov't Senate rep"
2292:"Emergencies Act will expand powers of Canadian banks to freeze accounts, halt funds"
2087:
1637:
1627:
1504:
1494:
1090:
572:
232:
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passed in 1914. It asserts that any government action continues to be subject to the
3151:"The committee reviewing Trudeau's use of the Emergencies Act faces a daunting task"
1911:"As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never-used Emergencies Act"
1756:
441:
was on June 26, 1987, and second reading was on November 2, 1987. The bill received
4079:
3817:
3026:"Alberta to proceed with Emergencies Act challenge despite it being lifted: Kenney"
2773:
2612:"CCLA warns normalizing emergency legislation threatens democracy, civil liberties"
994:
Various government officials testified before the committee on April 26, including
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voting against the motion. Immediately after the vote, interim Conservative leader
835:
766:
737:
724:
532:
500:
447:
286:
251:
208:
163:
4233:
3848:
Bill C-77: An Act to Provide for Safety and Security in Emergencies: Working Paper
2706:"CCF announces legal challenge to Trudeau's invocation of federal Emergencies Act"
921:(CCF) announced intent to sue on similar grounds. On February 19, Alberta Premier
4026:
3303:"Trudeau calls public inquiry into use of Emergencies Act during convoy protests"
2980:"Trudeau ends use of Emergencies Act, says 'situation is no longer an emergency'"
2322:"Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 156, Number 1: Emergency Economic Measures Order"
999:
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733:
619:
187:
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3246:
3183:
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2376:"Emergencies Act debate: Freeland says banks now freezing protesters' accounts"
1684:"So the PM is going to invoke the Emergencies Act. What's next for Parliament?"
1563:
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said that his province was also considering a court challenge. On February 20,
762:
741:
568:
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544:
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398:
307:
303:
295:
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3921:
3522:"No response from Ottawa as deadline set by Emergencies Act commission passes"
3494:"Ottawa says it needs more time before updating controversial Emergencies Act"
2821:"Two-thirds support Trudeau's use of Emergencies Act against protesters: poll"
2146:"Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 156, Number 1: Emergency Measures Regulations"
1127:"Trudeau makes history, invokes Emergencies Act to deal with trucker protests"
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1981:
1977:"Saskatchewan premier doesn't see need for Emergencies Act in COVID-19 fight"
1089:
When asked about the ruling on the day of its release, Deputy Prime Minister
1010:
905:
430:
124:
3894:
3716:"Court rules Liberals' use of Emergencies Act was unjustified, unreasonable"
3463:"Update on Emergencies Act inquiry recommendations coming soon, says Ottawa"
2423:"Speaker cancels Emergencies Act debate on Friday due to 'police operation'"
1641:
1585:
Smith, Denis; Foot, Richard; Yarhi, Eli; McIntosh, Andrew (March 18, 2020).
1508:
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has been invoked only once since it was enacted in 1988, in response to the
4250:
4109:
2563:
2082:
1851:
1808:
1028:
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922:
904:, the centre of the protest, expressed support for the measure. NDP leader
885:
827:
683:
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likened the purpose of an international emergency to events similar to the
442:
98:
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platforms and their payment processors were required to register with the
3392:"Federal government met the threshold to invoke Emergencies Act: Rouleau"
2616:
2047:
1073:
950:
468:
452:
410:
402:
299:
237:
3964:
Law, Policy and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen
3008:"Trudeau says Emergencies Act powers can now be revoked as crisis calms"
2581:
Use of Emergencies Act 'proof of failure of leadership,' says NDP leader
2008:
Tunney, Catharine; Cullen, Catherine; Cochrane, David (April 10, 2020).
1757:"Canada trucker protest: What powers will Emergencies Act give Trudeau?"
4144:
2538:"Senate growing frustrated by pressure to rubber stamp Emergencies Act"
2442:"House of Commons passes Emergencies Act motion after fractious debate"
2404:"Vote Detail - 32 - Members of Parliament - House of Commons of Canada"
2117:
to end disruptions, blockades and the occupation of the city of Ottawa"
1334:
1043:
or determining whether it was appropriate for it to have been invoked.
59:
3837:
3637:"Freedom Convoy: Which Charter rights did the Emergencies Act breach?"
2729:"Kenney says province will challenge federal Emergencies Act in court"
1363:
4114:
The Strategic Constitution: Understanding Canadian Power in the World
4084:
3803:
2852:
1688:
926:
897:
595:
347:
1375:
917:, claiming the invocation was unjustified and unconstitutional. The
747:
40:
3871:
The Laws of Government: The Legal Foundations of Canadian Democracy
3821:
3806:(1991). "Reconciling Freedom of Expression and National Security".
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3467:
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3307:
3218:
3155:
3127:
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2984:
2754:
2733:
2682:
2474:"Motion to extend Emergencies Act approved in the House of Commons"
2446:
2353:
2254:
Walsh, Marieke; Fife, Robert; Dickson, Janice (February 14, 2022).
2229:
2014:
1948:
1915:
1761:
1167:
1131:
889:
3422:
Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency
2848:"More Canadians strongly oppose Emergencies Act: Mainstreet poll"
2781:
2225:"Emergencies Act: 5 notable new powers enacted by the government"
2199:"Trudeau defends Emergencies Act use as a measure of last resort"
901:
881:
657:
According to the legal scholars Craig Forcese and Leah West, the
195:
2703:
2113:"Federal Government declares a public order emergency under the
2077:"Justin Trudeau invokes Emergencies Act to stop convoy protests"
1868:
1866:
1653:
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the act, citing cabinet confidentiality. The documents included
4222:. Canada. Library of Parliament. Parliamentary Research Branch.
4155:
The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill
3697:
2285:
2283:
2010:"Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM"
1483:
In from the Cold: National Security and Parliamentary Democracy
893:
340:
332:
Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP
155:
3844:
2902:"Canadians Back Reliance on Emergencies Act By 2-to-1 Margin"
1863:
1814:
1708:
1648:
1450:
4246:"Full text of Justin Trudeau's Emergencies Act announcement"
3701:
2280:
1438:
1071:
ruled that the use of the Emergencies Act was unreasonable,
832:
Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada
389:
following the October Crisis, there was no change until the
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1349:
326:
As new information came to light on the activities of the
2074:
MacCharles, Tonda; Ballingall, Alex (February 14, 2022).
1298:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1031:
as commissioner of an inquiry into the invocation of the
1820:
1793:
1781:
1737:
1720:
1426:
1411:
1346:
1322:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
826:, also issued pursuant to the declaration of emergency,
3662:
2249:
2247:
1527:
1387:
989:
Special Joint Committee on the Declaration of Emergency
853:
police operations against the protesters on February 18
732:
replaced, was used on three occasions: during both the
3694:
Canadian Frontline Nurses v. Canada (Attorney General)
2704:
Canadian Constitution Foundation (February 17, 2022).
1663:
1584:
1551:
1515:
1310:
1283:
1259:
298:(the provincial labour minister) and British diplomat
4268:
Special Temporary Measures for Public Order Emergency
4066:"Vulnerability, Canadian Disaster Law, and the Beast"
3416:
3414:
2874:
Anderson, Bruce; Coletto, David (February 24, 2022).
2140:
2138:
1878:
1539:
1247:
1232:
1208:
1191:
571:
such as fire, flood, drought, storm, or earthquakes;
3268:
Kirkup, Kristy; Marhnouj, Safiyah (April 26, 2022).
2244:
2073:
2007:
1103:
987:
In March, a joint parliamentary committee named the
525:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
361:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4209:
Canada's Emergencies Act: Beyond the Rouleau Report
4206:Lazar, Nomi Claire; Stacey, Jocelyn, eds. (2023).
4152:
3961:
3902:Forcese, Craig; West, Leah (2021). "Emergencies".
3868:
3411:
3327:
3325:
2290:Bradshaw, James; Curry, Bill (February 14, 2022).
2135:
2075:
385:Despite the calls and proposals for reform of the
2708:(Press release). Canadian Constitution Foundation
1611:
1006:, Minister of Public Safety Marco Mendicino, and
982:
748:Proposed use in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
409:, and in 1987 the Mulroney government released a
330:'s (RCMP) actions during the October Crisis, the
4291:
4272:, text of 2022 order in council invoking the act
3123:"Inquiry into Emergencies Act set to start soon"
2253:
1909:Tunney, Catharine; Hall, Chris (April 9, 2020).
1156:
1154:
1120:
1118:
834:, and report large and suspicious transactions.
686:traces the federal government's power under the
4277:Proclamation Declaring a Public Order Emergency
3656:
3322:
2873:
2440:Rabson, Mia; Woolf, Marie (February 21, 2022).
2043:"Premiers say no to Trudeau on Emergencies Act"
1480:
273:
3866:
3267:
1872:
1714:
1657:
1617:
4215:
3355:
3353:
2289:
1749:
1151:
1115:
1027:On April 25, 2022, Trudeau appointed Justice
3663:Federal Court of Canada (January 23, 2024).
1681:
1468:Emergencies Act, RSC 1985, c 22 (4th Supp),
29:
3901:
3602:
3600:
3487:
3485:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3296:
3294:
3292:
2439:
1857:
1569:
846:In accordance with the requirements of the
558:
4200:States of Emergency in Liberal Democracies
3350:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3116:
3114:
3112:
1908:
1580:
1578:
608:
600:Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act
592:Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act
39:
4083:
4025:
3743:"Freeland: Feds will appeal court ruling"
2536:LĂ©vesque, Catherine (February 22, 2022).
2472:Levesque, Catherine (February 22, 2022).
1902:
1845:
1833:
1802:
1787:
1743:
1731:
1481:Lustgarten, Laurence; Leigh, Ian (1994).
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1405:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1328:
1109:
581:
451:. Parliament intended it to provide more
290:came in October 1970 when members of the
3959:
3936:
3769:
3597:
3513:
3482:
3449:
3426:Public Order Emergency Commission (POEC)
3378:
3289:
3176:
3055:
3053:
2977:
2845:
2801:. Maru Public Opinion. February 17, 2022
2726:
2675:
2535:
2471:
2421:Nardi, Christopher (February 18, 2022).
2346:
1669:
1533:
1393:
1340:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1185:
785:
16:1988 Canadian law about emergency powers
4216:Niemczak, Peter; Rosen, Philip (2001).
4142:
4006:University of New Brunswick Law Journal
3867:Forcese, Craig; Freeman, Aaron (2005).
3714:Nardi, Christopher (January 23, 2024).
3665:"News Bulletin: Public Order Emergency"
3634:
3520:Tunney, Catharine (February 18, 2024).
3198:
3109:
2926:Carbert, Michelle (February 25, 2022).
2925:
2899:
2768:
2556:
2171:Tunney, Catharine (February 16, 2022).
1989:from the original on September 24, 2020
1575:
1557:
1175:from the original on February 14, 2022.
1161:Tunney, Catharine (February 14, 2022).
1058:
718:has been used once, in response to the
516:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
215:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4292:
4108:
4063:
3998:
3845:Emergency Preparedness Canada (1987).
3607:Tunney, Catharine (January 23, 2024).
3606:
3519:
3491:
3460:
3300:
3239:
3211:
3148:
3120:
3087:
2846:Emmanuel, Rachel (February 20, 2022).
2648:"Notice of Application, CCLA v Canada"
2628:from the original on February 15, 2022
2592:from the original on February 14, 2022
2557:Gallant, Jacques (February 22, 2022).
2326:Public Services and Procurement Canada
2302:from the original on February 15, 2022
2268:from the original on February 14, 2022
2222:
2196:
2170:
2150:Public Services and Procurement Canada
2040:
1974:
1896:
1884:
1769:from the original on February 15, 2022
1696:from the original on February 15, 2022
1545:
1160:
1139:from the original on February 15, 2022
1124:
996:Canadian Security Intelligence Service
841:Canadian Security Intelligence Service
417:
401:defeated the Liberal government under
393:was passed by Parliament in 1988. The
4001:"Notes on Emergency Powers in Canada"
3802:
3713:
3575:
3547:
3461:Tunney, Catharine (August 15, 2023).
3050:
3005:
2747:
2727:Pedersen, Kylee (February 19, 2022).
2509:
2490:
2420:
2347:Turnbull, Sarah (February 14, 2022).
1521:
4118:University of British Columbia Press
3548:Walsh, Marieke (February 27, 2024).
3212:Tunney, Catherine (April 26, 2022).
3059:
2978:Boisvert, Nick (February 23, 2022).
2900:Canseco, Mario (February 24, 2022).
2748:Ellis, Brendan (February 21, 2022).
2676:Boisvert, Nick (February 17, 2022).
2655:Canadian Civil Liberties Association
2578:Singh, Jagmeet (February 14, 2022).
2223:Aiello, Rachel (February 16, 2022).
1956:from the original on August 22, 2020
1941:
1923:from the original on August 17, 2020
1682:O'Malley, Kady (February 14, 2022).
1618:Freeman, Mark; Van Ert, Gib (2004).
1125:Aiello, Rachel (February 14, 2022).
910:Canadian Civil Liberties Association
676:and constitutional review under the
455:protections and less likelihood for
355:to state which elements of Canada's
3492:Tunney, Catharine (March 6, 2024).
2055:from the original on April 24, 2020
1975:Taylor, Stephanie (April 9, 2020).
1599:from the original on April 11, 2020
767:provincial and territorial premiers
642:provide the authority to implement
13:
4191:
3854:. Ottawa: Emergency Preparedness.
3635:Raymond, Ted (February 17, 2024).
3389:
3006:Osman, Laura (February 23, 2022).
2510:Woolf, Marie (February 22, 2022).
2491:Weber, Peter (February 21, 2022).
2022:from the original on July 15, 2020
1815:Emergency Preparedness Canada 1987
1077:, and that the Crown had violated
1016:
936:
116:C-77, 33rd Parliament, 2nd session
14:
4326:
4227:
3809:University of Toronto Law Journal
3240:Kirkup, Kristy (April 26, 2022).
3177:Lapointe, Mike (March 28, 2022).
2197:Rabson, Mia (February 17, 2022).
1086:unreasonable search and seizure.
1023:Public Order Emergency Commission
824:Emergency Economic Measures Order
692:peace, order, and good government
3763:
3735:
3707:
3687:
3628:
3576:Walsh, Marieke (March 6, 2024).
3569:
3541:
3301:Fraser, David (April 25, 2022).
3261:
3121:Fraser, David (April 21, 2022).
3088:Urback, Robyn (April 27, 2022).
2041:Lilley, Brian (April 10, 2020).
919:Canadian Constitution Foundation
740:World Wars, and during the 1970
632:
445:on July 21, 1988, replacing the
3970:McGill–Queen's University Press
3937:Holthuis, Annemieke E. (1991).
3233:
3170:
3149:Wherry, Aaron (March 6, 2022).
3142:
3081:
3018:
2999:
2971:
2945:
2919:
2893:
2867:
2839:
2813:
2788:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2697:
2669:
2640:
2604:
2571:
2550:
2529:
2503:
2484:
2465:
2433:
2414:
2396:
2368:
2340:
2314:
2216:
2190:
2164:
2105:
2067:
2034:
2001:
1968:
1935:
1675:
1474:
1462:
3795:
3770:CBC News (February 23, 2024).
1620:International Human Rights Law
983:Parliamentary review committee
805:Emergency Measures Regulations
769:to consult about invoking the
522:, and must have regard to the
407:1984 Canadian federal election
395:Progressive Conservative Party
378:also called for reform of the
284:The impetus for reform of the
1:
4212:, Manitoba Law Journal 46(1).
4203:. Cambridge University Press.
3428:(Report). February 17, 2023.
3060:Fine, Sean (April 22, 2022).
1096:
962:
710:States of emergency in Canada
507:pursuant to the declaration.
478:
433:in the second session of the
328:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
306:, resulted in Prime Minister
292:Front de libération du Québec
202:in 1988 which authorizes the
192:Loi sur les mesures d'urgence
31:Loi sur les mesures d'urgence
4305:Canadian federal legislation
4240:Department of Justice Canada
1942:Lynn, Josh (April 9, 2020).
875:
428:Minister of National Defence
274:Impetus and reform proposals
129:Minister of National Defence
7:
4197:Lazar, Nomi Claire (2009).
4161:University of Toronto Press
3906:(2nd ed.). Irwin Law.
3696:, 2024 FC 42, available on
2827:. Ottawa. February 17, 2022
1572:, chapter 8, PDF pp. 21–22.
1063:On January 23, 2024, Judge
775:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
754:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
674:Canadian administrative law
652:
302:. These events, called the
10:
4331:
1873:Forcese & Freeman 2005
1715:Forcese & Freeman 2005
1658:Forcese & Freeman 2005
1020:
859:(NDP) in support, and the
789:
751:
707:
277:
268:
3702:https://canlii.ca/t/k2d9l
1592:The Canadian Encyclopedia
817:minister of public safety
170:
161:
154:
144:
134:
120:
112:
107:
97:
87:
76:
54:
47:
38:
23:
4064:Stacey, Jocelyn (2018).
559:Public welfare emergency
437:as Bill C-77. Its first
435:33rd Canadian Parliament
363:never to be overridden.
4315:Legal history of Canada
3999:Martin, Robert (2005).
3673:Federal Court of Canada
1860:, chapter 8, PDF p. 16.
1858:Forcese & West 2021
1570:Forcese & West 2021
1487:Oxford University Press
779:Prime Minister's Office
703:
609:International emergency
323:in the October Crisis.
221:Canadian Bill of Rights
4059:. 1991 CanLIIDocs 129.
3875:. Irwin Law. pp.
1622:. Irwin Law. pp.
1343:, p. 220 and note 103.
974:Public Safety Minister
697:Constitution Act, 1867
582:Public order emergency
191:
30:
4254:. February 14, 2022.
4104:. 2018 CanLIIDocs 85.
3904:National Security Law
2796:"The Emergencies Act"
2772:(February 20, 2022).
2624:. February 15, 2022.
1765:. February 14, 2022.
792:Canada convoy protest
786:Canada convoy protest
765:sent a letter to the
752:Further information:
720:Canada convoy protest
613:Part III of the
263:Canada convoy protest
83:1985, c 22 (4th Supp)
4300:1988 in Canadian law
4044:Manitoba Law Journal
2121:Public Safety Canada
1459:, pp. 563, 573.
1372:, p. 565 and note 2.
1059:Federal Court ruling
1002:, RCMP Commissioner
857:New Democratic Party
800:for the first time.
637:Part IV of the
624:Cuban Missile Crisis
586:Part II of the
204:Government of Canada
200:Parliament of Canada
92:Parliament of Canada
49:Parliament of Canada
4281:, published in the
3390:Tunney, Catharine.
3038:. February 23, 2022
2657:. February 18, 2022
2384:. February 17, 2022
2328:. February 15, 2022
2152:. February 15, 2022
2123:. February 15, 2022
1447:, pp. 574–575.
1008:Minister of Justice
563:Part I of the
489:Governor in Council
418:Legislative history
174:Current legislation
108:Legislative history
4149:Daniels, Ronald J.
4071:Alberta Law Review
3751:. January 23, 2024
3583:The Globe and Mail
3555:The Globe and Mail
3275:The Globe and Mail
3095:The Globe and Mail
3067:The Globe and Mail
3036:The Canadian Press
2932:The Globe and Mail
2296:The Globe and Mail
2261:The Globe and Mail
1384:, p. 563, note 11.
758:On April 9, 2020,
573:biological hazards
426:was introduced by
4174:978-1-4426-8233-7
4127:978-0-7748-2716-4
4035:: Four Times the
3983:978-0-7735-6427-5
3945:McGill University
3913:978-1-55221-611-8
3435:978-0-660-46654-5
2408:www.ourcommons.ca
2119:(Press release).
1587:"Emergencies Act"
1524:, pp. 46–47.
1307:, pp. 76–77.
1280:, pp. 74–75.
1229:, pp. 68–69.
1188:, pp. 66–67.
1091:Chrystia Freeland
900:, the premier of
594:, which includes
501:orders in council
233:Cabinet of Canada
178:
177:
4322:
4263:
4223:
4186:
4158:
4139:
4105:
4087:
4085:10.29173/alr2480
4060:
4037:War Measures Act
4027:Rosenthal, Peter
4022:
3995:
3967:
3956:
3933:
3898:
3874:
3863:
3853:
3841:
3804:Atkey, Ronald G.
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3711:
3705:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3387:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2969:
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2966:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2770:Snowden, Edward
2766:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1122:
1113:
1107:
943:British Columbia
836:Cryptocurrencies
725:War Measures Act
549:recognized party
537:House of Commons
461:War Measures Act
448:War Measures Act
387:War Measures Act
380:War Measures Act
353:War Measures Act
336:War Measures Act
321:War Measures Act
312:War Measures Act
294:(FLQ) kidnapped
287:War Measures Act
248:House of Commons
209:War Measures Act
164:War Measures Act
150:November 2, 1987
43:
34:
33:
21:
20:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4290:
4289:
4244:
4235:Emergencies Act
4230:
4219:Emergencies Act
4194:
4192:Further reading
4189:
4175:
4128:
4033:Emergencies Act
3984:
3914:
3887:
3851:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3712:
3708:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3605:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3490:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3459:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3388:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3299:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
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1017:Rouleau inquiry
1000:David Vigneault
985:
977:Marco Mendicino
965:
947:Atlantic Canada
939:
937:Opinion polling
915:Emergencies Act
878:
848:Emergencies Act
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688:Emergencies Act
670:judicial review
666:Emergencies Act
659:Emergencies Act
655:
646:under the act.
639:Emergencies Act
635:
620:Peter Rosenthal
615:Emergencies Act
611:
588:Emergencies Act
584:
569:natural hazards
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561:
512:Emergencies Act
496:Emergencies Act
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473:Emergencies Act
424:Emergencies Act
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391:Emergencies Act
374:was elected in
372:Parti Québécois
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88:Enacted by
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25:Emergencies Act
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121:Introduced by
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3816:(1): 38–59.
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