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740:, was suffering from chronic ill-health. Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, "I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded." Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed "forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life." His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". After his father's assassination, he reflected that his father's marriage to Catherine had caused the tragedy: "All the scum burst out and swallowed all that was holy. The guardian angel flew away and everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March."
2008:
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1420:, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. In Denmark, he was able to enjoy joining his children, nephews and nieces, in muddy ponds looking for tadpoles, sneaking into his father-in-law's orchard to steal apples, and playing pranks, such as turning a water hose on the visiting
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1365:(b. 1882). He told Dagmar that "only with can I relax mentally, enjoy them and rejoice, looking at them." He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby" when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children." General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga.
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struck me like a blow. The Tsar's gaze! The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. In later years I came into contact with the
Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely.
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490:, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. His straightforward, abrupt manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his direct style of expression matched his rough-hewn, immobile features and somewhat sluggish movements. His education was not such as to soften these peculiarities.
1546:, who had come from her native Darmstadt to receive the Tsar's blessing. Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician,
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with the parents of
Princess Dagmar of Denmark, who had been Nicholas' fiancée. Initially, the tsesarevich refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. Enraged, the tsar ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. The young Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka."
1240:, it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with
1341:
for her, and she was so delighted that
Alexander gave her an egg every Easter. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas doubled the tradition, every Easter commissioning an egg for his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother Dagmar. When Dagmar nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told
728:
Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. In 1870, Alexander II supported
Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War, which angered the younger Alexander. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian
669:
upon
Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. He had been very close to his older brother, and he was devastated. When he became tsar, he reflected that "no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa " and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas
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After an unpleasant childhood experience on a bad-tempered mount, he developed a lifelong fear of horses. His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her, but as he reluctantly entered the carriage, the ponies reared back. He immediately left the carriage and no amount of pleading from
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depicts
Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders,
1328:
had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". In 1866 after tsesarevich
Nicholas's death, tsar Alexander II informed the new tsesarevich Alexander that Russia had come to a marriage agreement
1057:
with the addition of Great
Britain. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernisation. Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that
1040:
It is very difficult to come to any satisfactory conclusion as to the real objects of
Russian policy. I am more inclined to believe there are none; that the Emperor is really his own Minister, and so bad a Minister that no consequent or coherent policy is pursued; but that each influential person,
775:
Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. It was also expensive for the Crown to pay so many grand dukes each year. Each one received an annual salary of 250,000 rubles, and grand duchesses received a dowry of a million when they married. He limited the title of grand duke
1368:
Alexander was concerned that his heir-apparent, Nicholas, was too gentle and naive to become an effective
Emperor. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, "Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the
1332:
Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar, by the end of his life they loved each other deeply. A few weeks after their wedding, he wrote in his diary: "God grant that... I may love my darling wife more and more... I often feel that I am not worthy of her, but even if this was
1171:
Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. These ideas conflicted with
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about him. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it
1260:
Alexander III took initiatives to stimulate the development of trade and industry, as his father did before him. Russia's economy was still challenged by the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, which created a deficit, so he imposed customs duties on imported goods. To further alleviate the budget
1251:
The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval
1066:
with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. With a deep
708:
On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiancée, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. Alexander's parents encouraged the match. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas,
1467:
Despite the antipathy that Alexander had towards his stepmother, Catherine Dolgorukov, he nevertheless allowed her to remain in the Winter Palace for some time after his father's assassination and to retain keepsakes such Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform and his reading glasses.
1494:. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. The onset of Alexander's kidney failure was later attributed to the blunt trauma suffered in this incident.
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unexpectedly liked the monument. Following the Revolution of 1917, the statue remained in place as a symbol of tsarist autocracy until 1937 when it was placed in storage. In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place – in front of the
1369:
Grand Duke? Don't tell me you never noticed the Grand Duke is ... an absolute child. His opinions are utterly childish. How could he preside over such a committee?" He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina
1217:
where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached
921:
of 1882. These laws encouraged open anti-Jewish sentiment and dozens of pogroms across the western part of the empire. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. The laws banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and
860:, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel
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725:. The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property".
1448:
in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive!" This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife Marie Pavlovna.
1333:
true, I will do my best to be." When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you." In 1885, he commissioned
1633:, jesting that he wished "to portray an animal atop another animal", and it was quite controversial at the time, with many, including the members of the Imperial Family, opposed to the design, but it was approved because the
505:, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. At palace balls, he was impatient for the events to end. He would order each musician of the orchestra to leave and turn off the lights until the guests left.
1443:
needed to escort Vladimir out of the restaurant. Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia. When Alexander and his family survived the
1309:. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the
1041:
military or civil, snatches from him as opportunity offers the decisions which such person at the moment wants and that the mutual effect of these decisions on each other is determined almost exclusively by chance.
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1105:
Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. The efforts of
811:
setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. On ascending to the throne, however, Alexander III took Pobedonostsev's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication. He made it clear that his
497:
would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. He said, "That is what I am going to do to your two or three army corps."
1098:(for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. In response Alexander III then began cordial relations with France, eventually entering into an
1261:
deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. Industrial development increased during his reign. Also during his reign, construction of the Trans Siberian Railway was started.
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4942:
1049:, scion of a rich and powerful family, served as his Foreign Minister from 1882 to 1895 and established the peaceful policies for which Alexander has been given credit. Girs was an architect of the
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insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors.
705:
from 1865 to 1881 Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.
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577:
Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother,
917:
Alexander was hostile to Jews, and his reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in their economic, social, and political condition. His policy was eagerly implemented by tsarist officials in the
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581:, who seemed of robust constitution. Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to
6959:
852:(elective local administrative bodies) and placed the administration of peasant communes under the supervision of land-owning proprietors appointed by his government, "land captains" (
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featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. The most
482:
In disposition, Alexander bore little resemblance to his soft-hearted, liberal father, and still less to his refined, philosophic, sentimental, chivalrous, yet cunning great-uncle
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530:, I first caught sight of the Emperor. I was struck by the size of the man, and although cumbersome and heavy, he was still a mighty figure. There was indeed something of the
906:
Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. He implemented changes such as teaching only the
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her, "Even before my death, I have known an angel." He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga wrote that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.
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those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the
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1538:, as Alexander was too weak to travel any farther. Recognizing that the Tsar's days were numbered, various imperial relatives began to descend on Livadia. Clergyman
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to become his son's mistress. Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fiancé – how strange and unusual!"
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In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. Diplomat
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epidemic, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and some liberal activity was tolerated, and the zemstvos were recruited to help with relief. Among others,
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Fedyashin, Anton (2023). "Book Review: Istoriia rossiiskogo gosudarstva. Tsar'-osvoboditel' i tsar'-mirotvorets. Lekarstvo dlia imperii by Boris Akunin".
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Alexander was extremely strong. He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. When the Austrian ambassador threatened that
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All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization from his father's reign. The new Emperor believed that the principles of
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unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor
856:). This weakened the nobility and peasantry and strengthed the Emperor's personal control. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of
834:
Photograph about arriving of Alexander III at the Fontell House (also known as "The House of Emperor") for the first time on August 4, 1885, in
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1562:, with his funeral being attended by numerous foreign relatives, including King Christian IX of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
1129:), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of
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1629:. Both the horse and rider were sculpted in massive form, leading to the nickname of "hippopotamus". Troubetzkoy envisioned the statue as a
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remembered when he would play with her and her siblings: "The Emperor... seemed a playful and kind Goliath among all the romping children."
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1558:. After leaving Livadia on 6 November and traveling to St. Petersburg by way of Moscow, his remains were interred on 18 November at the
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nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in
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with the Germans. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor,
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failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the
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to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms.
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remembered hearing the tsar say, "To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks."
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Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892–1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession".
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20 October] 1894 at the age of 49, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as
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Margaret Maxwell, "A Re-examination of the Role of N. K. Giers as Russian Foreign Minister under Alexander III" pp. 352–353.
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and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of
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4738:. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 6.
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Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the
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affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the
609:, whereas Alexander received only the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. This included acquaintance with
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was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.
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made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. These sentiments would resurface during 1875–1879, when the
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The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister
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I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration."
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excited Russian society. At first, the Tsesarevich was more Slavophile than the Russian government. However, his
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Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"
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of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for
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reorganization. In accordance with this conviction, he suggested that certain reforms should be introduced.
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Polunov, A. Iu. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government."
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paid a visit and administered Communion to the Tsar. On 21 October, Alexander received Nicholas's fiancée,
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Even though he disliked their mother, Alexander was kind to his half-siblings. His youngest half-sister
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4916:(in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p.
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Alexander was known for his striking appearance, a tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength.
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Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54
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The Borki Cathedral was one of many churches built to commemorate the Tsar's miraculous survival in
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was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the
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443:. His political legacy represented a direct challenge to the European cultural order set forth by
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Alexander III & the State Council: bureaucracy & counter-reform in late imperial Russia
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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne
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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne
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I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s."
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4989:[Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia].
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Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers
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coast, where their children were immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty.
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Alexander III had six children (five of whom survived to adulthood) of his marriage with
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As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under
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enduring into 21st century historiography. His major foreign policy achievement was the
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Kelly, Luke (November 2016). "British humanitarianism and the Russian famine, 1891–2".
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1401:
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927:
633:
Grand painting by artist Georges Becker of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III and
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5756:
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1991:
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of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his daughter-in-law to be, Alix of Hesse, and her brother,
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1405:
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1130:
1095:
1083:
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210:
77:
6990:
Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
6809:
6619:
2479:
1586:
1140:
Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna in the family circle on the porch of his home in
732:
Alexander resented his father for having a long-standing relationship with Princess
6687:
6215:
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6006:
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5920:
5898:
5776:
5715:
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5604:
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4169:
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
3933:
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2132:
2055:
2018:
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1892:
1876:
1669:
1523:
1206:
1126:
1111:
1059:
911:
797:
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768:
on 27 May 1883. Alexander's ascension to the throne was followed by an outbreak of
760:. As a result, Alexander ascended to the Russian imperial throne in the village of
686:
551:
513:
423:
314:
5365:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)
4832:
4806:
Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "
4672:
4435:
The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II
2764:
Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark § Children of Dagmar and Alexander III
1962:
Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise,
1408:, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. His sister-in-law, the
6829:
6768:
6702:
6164:
6108:
5736:
5711:
5569:
5072:
4814:
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4621:
3489:
3467:
2901:
2170:
1778:
1678:
1409:
1310:
1302:
1241:
934:
777:
757:
721:, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name
614:
610:
360:
6738:
6575:
policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries
6763:
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5751:
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5662:
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5579:
5574:
5282:
4754:
3578:
3453:
2358:
1986:
1665:
1626:
1535:
1440:
1313:, not the Winter Palace. Alexander resented having to take refuge at Gatchina.
1306:
1245:
1219:
1063:
1054:
946:
914:
and dissolved German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions.
873:
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555:
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1674:
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1432:
1298:
1237:
907:
900:
702:
547:
141:
66:
5241:
Dorpalen, Andreas. "Tsar Alexander III and the Boulanger Crisis in France."
5224:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–563.
3937:
3619:
3601:
1345:
Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood:
899:
helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press, and
830:
6758:
6753:
6733:
5443:
5294:
Polunov, A. Iu. "Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev – Man and Politician".
4533:
4183:
2861:
2115:
1677:. On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of
1647:
1118:
1046:
869:
835:
158:
6101:'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the
4987:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"
1086:
towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany—even reviving the
396:
During his reign, Russia fought no major wars, and he came to be known as
6682:
5801:
3883:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-rule-of-alexander-iii-of-russia.html
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2302:
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1555:
1202:
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368:
226:
118:
6123:
4945:[Military William Order: Romanov, Alexander III Alexandrovich].
4884:
3461:
1320:
In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting,
1070:
5246:
4597:
4141:
4053:
4007:
2841:
2434:
1630:
1483:
1456:(who he made rear admiral and then grand admiral of the Russian Navy),
1385:
1210:
1157:
987: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
801:
736:(with whom he had several illegitimate children) while his mother, the
698:
690:
618:
372:
37:
5320:
5062:
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
1193:
Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the
764:. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the
6819:
6517:
of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar
6102:
4971:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73
4913:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878
2784:
1550:, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November [
1515:
813:
390:
4986:
1594:, shows the Emperor sitting heavily on the back of a ponderous horse
962:
872:(D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Journalists such as
546:
Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the
6799:
4535:
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich
1563:
1274:
1214:
1179:
1082:
Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor
918:
908:
Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland
5201:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4633:
1376:
1133:; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress.
1015:
6814:
5858:
4614:
4513:"Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea"
4512:
1929:
1855:
1661:. It was opened by his son, Nicholas II, and exists to this day.
1657:, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour,
1643:
1603:
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444:
279:
50:
45:
1514:
In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (
933:
Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the
6980:
Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
6940:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4699:(in French), 1866, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles
2667:
2660:
2260:
2029:
1642:. Another pre-revolutionary memorial is located in the city of
1198:
923:
761:
605:. Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as
531:
487:
4943:"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj"
4808:
The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London
1431:. At a restaurant, Vladimir had brawled with the French actor
1427:
Alexander had an extremely poor relationship with his brother
486:. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the
6514:
1527:
1161:
930:) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.
701:
to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. While he was
7050:
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
4772:(1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46
4769:
Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
4078:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
2622:
1452:
Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers
1273:
Left to Right: Emperor Alexander III, Prince George (later
941:
uncovered the plot and five of the conspirators, including
868:(minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and
808:
650:
6960:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
5290:
Alexander III His Life and Reign'm (2014), Gilbert's Books
5181:
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1866
367:
from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly
4834:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3634:
937:
movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. The
796:
Alexander receiving rural district elders in the yard of
6795:
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
4985:
Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).
4732:
State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1894
4568:"The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia"
4344:
4342:
4106:
Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885",
1152:
Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at
807:
On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an
5251:
Etty, John. "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881–1889."
4615:
Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Alexander III of Russia
2342:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
1176:
and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance.
903:
directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages.
827:, would quell revolutionary agitation and save Russia.
7015:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
6965:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
5358:
Romanovs. The eighth film. Alexander III; Nicholas II.
4935:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4147:
3681:
2598:
Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War,
1400:, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of
1289:). Probably taken on the imperial yacht near Denmark,
709:
Alexander proposed to Dagmar. On 9 November [
355:; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) was
4371:
Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 128
4339:
3816:"Die Judenverfolgung in Rußland in der Krönungswoche"
3674:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3658:
451:, intermingling Russian influences with the shifting
413:
350:
7000:
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
4674:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1867
4362:
John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 121
4293:
John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54
4239:
Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 29
4221:
Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19
3678:
John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 133
3666:
John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 132
3652:
John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 101
3443:
1244:
for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in
6945:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
4727:
Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1894
4351:
3779:
John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 86
887:The government was overwhelmed in dealing with the
784:, as well as those outside of the Orthodox Church.
570:). He was born during the reign of his grandfather
6955:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
5085:"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro"
4724:Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1894) .
4717:
4075:
3799:"Alexander III., Alexandrovich, Emperor of Russia"
3669:
3655:
3646:
1590:The equestrian statue of Alexander III, by Prince
7025:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
7020:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
4858:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen"
4856:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen
4723:
3555:13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894.
2924:(1868–1924); div. 16 October 1916; had no issue.
1602:Memorial dedicated to Alexander III in Pullapää,
6856:
6509:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by
5269:The Romanovs : autocrats of all the Russias
4652:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
4593:"Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III"
4230:Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65
2698:
1183:Alexander III and Nicholas II on French stamps,
7005:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
6995:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
5842:
5050:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867)
4984:
4967:
6975:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
6950:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
4830:
4786:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 516.
4073:
2772:Alexander III with his wife and their children
2156:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion,
864:.) Other conservative advisors included Count
379:, a policy of "counter-reforms" (Russian:
161:, Livadia, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire
6970:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class
6557:
6139:
5828:
5459:
4961:
2244:Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar
1945:Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
1482:17 October] 1888 the Imperial train
1197:, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of
1090:for a period of time and in 1887, signed the
401:
380:
371:in domestic affairs and reversed some of the
338:
5473:
5052:(in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
4824:
4248:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459
3788:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451
3770:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445
3761:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442
3752:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441
3730:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415
3721:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409
3712:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407
2830:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia
876:supported the emperor's autocracy policies.
748:On 13 March 1881 (N.S.) Alexander's father,
509:his wife could convince him to get back in.
7040:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
5236:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
5177:
2882:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia
1473:Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya
1053:of 1891, which was later expanded into the
697:thought was an essential factor of Russian
6564:
6550:
6146:
6132:
5835:
5821:
5466:
5452:
5317:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4910:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen".
4664:
4457:The Flight of the Romanovs: a Family Saga
3239:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
2890:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
2870:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
2783:(Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the
657:, and behind Nicholas can be seen a young
512:An account from the memoirs of the artist
173:Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
65:
6153:
5327:Romanovs: Europe's Most Obsessive Dynasty
4693:"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold"
3975:
3564:
3333:Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
3213:Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
2910:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia
2850:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia
2753:Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire
1003:Learn how and when to remove this message
562:(Future Alexander II) and his first wife
4892:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
4565:
4407:
4184:"The Economical Policy of Alexander III"
3603:The Decline of Bismarck's European Order
2767:
2748:
2004:
1597:
1585:
1501:
1375:
1268:
1178:
1135:
1069:
1014:
949:, were captured and hanged in May 1887.
878:
829:
791:
628:
465:
5206:
5064:(1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p.
4610:
4608:
4455:John Perry & Constantine Pleshakov
4153:
3700:
3640:
2713:Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter
2635:
1522:, offered to let him stay at her villa
637:, which took place on 27 May [
516:gives one impression of Alexander III:
199:
14:
6857:
6329:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich
4931:Sovereign Ordonnance of 14 August 1883
4873:, Vincenzo Bona, Torino, 1886, p. 136.
4670:
4165:
3976:Florinsky, Michael T. (6 March 2019).
3599:
3312:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3149:Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3070:
3029:Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg
2960:
2956:
1285:, Tsesarevich Nicholas (later Emperor
389:(1827–1907), he acted to maximize his
7035:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
7030:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
6790:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
6545:
6339:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich
6127:
5816:
5447:
4486:
4410:"Diaries and Letters – Alexander III"
4328:
4326:
4020:"This day, May 15, in Jewish history"
3923:
3388:
3378:
3374:
3362:
3356:
3346:
3330:
3320:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3268:
3258:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3210:
3200:
3196:
3172:
3162:
3146:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3114:
3104:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2922:Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg
2469:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal
1781:: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian
1460:(who he made governor of Moscow) and
1437:Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1322:Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya
1301:, and he relocated his family to the
1255:
821:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
599:Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom
422:
6890:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
5009:
4899:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4882:
4781:
4605:
4543:. Illustrated Russia. Archived from
4437:(John Wiley & Sons, 2006) p. 325
3297:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
2946:Ancestors of Alexander III of Russia
2734:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
1653:For Alexander's role in forging the
1534:, they stayed at the Maly Palace in
1506:Alexander III in the uniform of the
1497:
1305:30 kilometres (20 mi) south of
1028:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
985:adding citations to reliable sources
956:
846:Alexander weakened the power of the
787:
653:can be seen his young son and heir,
558:, the second son and third child of
439:that eventually embroiled Russia in
352:Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov
6985:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
6324:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich
5151:
5017:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste"
4745:from the original on 9 October 2022
2309:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
1324:. Dismayed to learn that Prince zu
1074:Alexander III and French President
883:5-ruble coin of Alexander III, 1888
340:Александр III Александрович Романов
27:Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894
24:
7010:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
6930:Children of Alexander II of Russia
6400:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich
6268:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich
6163:The generations are numbered from
4566:Torbakov, Igor (12 January 2018).
4527:
4323:
3391:Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
3271:Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
2780:, also known as Marie Feodorovna.
2627:Order of the Royal House of Chakri
2590:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo
2505:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
2399:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
520:After a performance of the ballet
144:, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
25:
7061:
6900:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
6369:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich
6334:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich
6304:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
5378:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
5347:Alexander III. Historical photos.
5340:
5139:(in Norwegian), 1890, p. 595
5112:Sveriges och Norges Statskalender
4711:"Knights of the Order of Bravery"
4336:(Sutton Publishing, 2003), p. 151
4050:Slavonic and East European Review
3546:10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894
2154:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1883:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
1816:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion
1435:when the latter kissed his wife,
1315:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich
952:
715:Grand Church of the Winter Palace
713:28 October] 1866 in the
6841:
6840:
6410:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich
6354:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich
6294:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
6237:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich
5857:
5194:
4871:Calendario reale per l'anno 1887
4654:(1876), "Großherzogliche Orden"
4123:(Sutton Publishing; 2003) p. 162
3834:"Rioting and Politics in Russia"
3474:
3460:
3446:
3091:Frederick William III of Prussia
2884:(1866–1933); had seven children
2722:
2700:
2666:
2659:
2637:
2616:
2576:
2555:
2534:
2491:
2444:
2437:: Order of the August Portrait,
2428:
2385:
2351:
2330:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2233:
2212:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown
2198:
2163:
2146:
2125:
2104:
2069:
2048:
2028:
2006:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1954:Grand Commander of the Dannebrog
1922:
1904:
1869:
1848:
1827:
1792:
1771:
1576:Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse
1544:Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt
1392:Each summer his parents-in-law,
961:
823:, introduced by his grandfather
324:
6459:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich
6436:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich
6425:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich
6415:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich
6405:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
6359:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich
6344:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
6314:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
6309:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
6273:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
5263:Late Imperial Russia: 1890–1917
5229:
5171:
5127:
5115:(in Swedish), 1866, p. 435
5103:
5091:(in Spanish). 1887. p. 146
5077:
5055:
5043:
4978:
4924:
4903:
4876:
4864:
4849:
4800:
4775:
4761:
4703:
4685:
4645:
4627:
4585:
4559:
4505:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4449:
4440:
4427:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4197:
4176:
4166:Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1902).
4159:
4126:
4113:
4100:
4067:
4058:
4042:
4012:
3996:
3969:
3944:
3917:
3872:
3863:
3845:
3827:
3809:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3743:(Sutton Publishing, 2003) p. 94
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
2824:(1872–1918); had five children
2567:Grand Cross of the White Falcon
972:needs additional citations for
756:by members of the organization
624:
427:), with the laudatory title of
270:Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov
195:
87:13 March 1881 –
6810:Russification in modern Russia
6495:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
6453:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
6420:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich
6379:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich
6374:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich
6364:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
6278:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
3984:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc
3606:. Princeton University Press.
3593:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3522:
2930:(1881–1958); had two children
2791:
2605:Grand Cross of the White Eagle
2220:Cross for Distinction in War (
2177:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun
1705:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
1275:George V of the United Kingdom
1264:
766:Assumption Cathedral in Moscow
593:, and whose siblings included
461:
13:
1:
6905:19th-century Russian monarchs
6885:Royalty from Saint Petersburg
6825:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
6319:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
5319:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–179
4414:Alexander Palace Time Machine
4172:. Little, Brown. p. 260.
3952:"Czar Aleksandr III - Trivia"
3515:
3510:President of the Soviet Union
3117:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
2844:, aged 10 months and 26 days
2808:Emperor Nicholas II of Russia
1613:of Alexander III sculpted by
1290:
1184:
1060:dramatic success came in 1885
641:15 May] 1883 at the
595:King Frederik VIII of Denmark
541:
34:Eastern Slavic naming customs
6910:19th-century Polish monarchs
6722:Anti-Russification activists
6477:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
6349:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich
6247:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
4782:M. & B. Wattel. (2009).
4634:"A Szent István Rend tagjai"
4205:"The Trans-Siberian Railway"
3359:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
2937:
2523:Crossing of the Danube Cross
1581:
587:King Christian IX of Denmark
7:
6651:Organizers of Russification
6613:Great Russification program
6430:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
4819:Hawaiian Journal of History
3495:Tsars of Russia family tree
3439:
2904:(1880–1952); had one child
2789:
2650:Knight of the Golden Fleece
2471:House Order of Hohenzollern
2039:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
414:
351:
305:Marie of Hesse and by Rhine
10:
7066:
6179:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich
5535:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir
5307:Russian Studies in History
5296:Russian Studies in History
5233:
3803:www.JewishEncyclopedia.com
3600:Kennan, George F. (1979).
3579:10.1177/02656914231199945a
3567:European History Quarterly
3505:Emperor of all the Russias
3306:
3190:
3064:
2958:
2928:Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky
2926:married 16 November 1916,
2902:Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert
2820:married 26 November 1894,
2778:Princess Dagmar of Denmark
2761:
2282:Principality of Montenegro
2265:Grand Cross of St. Charles
2187:Order of the Chrysanthemum
2137:Knight of the Annunciation
1996:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
1684:
1076:Marie François Sadi Carnot
1025:
583:Princess Dagmar of Denmark
385:). Under the influence of
216:
32:In this name that follows
31:
6915:Heads of state of Finland
6838:
6782:
6721:
6668:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
6650:
6580:
6504:
6486:
6468:
6445:
6387:
6286:
6255:
6224:
6208:
6187:
6171:
6161:
6087:
5998:
5971:
5870:
5851:
5727:
5643:
5483:Grand princes of Vladimir
5481:
5432:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5371:
5285:full-length old biography
5243:Journal of Modern History
5208:Wallace, Donald Mackenzie
4949:(in Dutch). 17 March 1881
4459:(Basic Books, 1999) p. 62
4134:Journal of Modern History
4110:(1969) 119#3 pp. 176–183.
3376:
3368:
3340:
3318:
3314:
3278:
3256:
3248:
3220:
3198:
3194:
3156:
3134:
3126:
3098:
3076:
3072:
3036:
3014:
3006:
2978:
2962:
2900:married 16 October 1912,
2457:Knight of the Black Eagle
1723:Knight of the White Eagle
1102:with the French in 1892.
889:Russian famine of 1891–92
424:[mʲɪrɐˈtvorʲɪt͡s]
402:
381:
339:
320:
310:
300:
290:
278:
269:
264:
260:
209:
180:
165:
148:
128:
124:
114:
104:
94:
83:
76:
71:Portrait photograph, 1885
64:
59:
6935:Sons of Russian emperors
5580:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes
5475:List of Russian monarchs
5373:Alexander III of Russia
5147:– via runeberg.org
5123:– via runeberg.org
5021:Preussische Ordens-Liste
4968:Staat Oldenburg (1873).
4639:22 December 2010 at the
4620:17 December 2018 at the
4515:. TASS. 18 November 2017
4334:The Romanovs: 1818–1959
4121:The Romanovs: 1818–1959
3869:Sebag Montefiore, p. 668
3857:www.yivoencyclopedia.org
3741:The Romanovs: 1818–1959
3500:List of Russian monarchs
2864:, aged 28; had no issue
2757:
2286:Order of Prince Danilo I
1912:Principality of Bulgaria
1745:Knight of St. Stanislaus
1508:Danish Royal Life Guards
1478:On 29 October [
1382:Empress Maria Fyodorovna
1088:League of Three Emperors
858:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
743:
675:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
635:Empress Maria Fyodorovna
387:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
285:Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp
6895:Alexander III of Russia
5530:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
5279:Alexander III of Russia
5221:Encyclopædia Britannica
4947:Ministerie van Defensie
4831:Staat Hannover (1865).
4813:19 October 2019 at the
4697:Almanach Royal Officiel
4491:. Pimlico. p. 15.
4487:Figes, Orlando (1997).
4082:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
4074:S. C. M. Paine (1996).
3982:Encyclopædia Britannica
3938:10.1111/1468-2281.12140
3175:Alexander III of Russia
2920:married 9 August 1901,
2880:married 6 August 1894,
2744:
2688:Grand Cross of St. Olav
2546:Knight of the Rue Crown
1807:House Order of Fidelity
1655:Franco-Russian Alliance
1560:Peter and Paul Fortress
1548:Ernst Viktor von Leyden
1422:King Oscar II of Sweden
1414:King George I of Greece
1380:Alexander and his wife
1371:Mathilde Kschessinskaya
1051:Franco-Russian Alliance
945:, the older brother of
800:in Moscow; painting by
683:Moscow State University
603:King George I of Greece
591:Queen Louise of Denmark
566:(née Princess Marie of
501:Unlike his extroverted
476:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
437:international relations
433:Franco-Russian Alliance
361:King of Congress Poland
6925:Tsesarevichs of Russia
6581:By annexed territories
5729:Emperors of all Russia
5302:, by a leading scholar
5245:23.2 (1951): 122–136.
5159:The Knights of England
5089:Guía Oficial de España
4974:. Schulze. p. 29.
4837:. Berenberg. pp.
4136:24.4 (1952): 341–351.
3821:Das interessante Blatt
3055:Alexander II of Russia
2822:Princess Alix of Hesse
2773:
2754:
2679:Knight of the Seraphim
2584:Principality of Serbia
2409:Sash of the Two Orders
2319:Military William Order
1936:Knight of the Elephant
1858:: Grand Cordon of the
1732:Knight of St. Vladimir
1606:
1595:
1511:
1389:
1326:Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn
1294:
1190:
1149:
1079:
1064:long-standing tensions
1023:
884:
843:
816:would not be limited.
804:
685:and later (from 1880)
677:, then a professor of
662:
655:the Tsarevich Nicholas
539:
479:
295:Alexander II of Russia
7045:Deaths from nephritis
6920:Grand dukes of Russia
6744:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
6155:Grand Dukes of Russia
5972:Without special title
5540:Andrey II of Vladimir
5510:Vsevolod the Big Nest
5426:Grand Duke of Finland
5273:online free to borrow
4677:. Landesamt. p.
4398:Van Der Kiste, p. 119
4389:Van Der Kiste, p. 118
4380:Van Der Kiste, p. 141
4348:Van Der Kiste, p. 152
4024:Cleveland Jewish News
2771:
2762:Further information:
2752:
2514:Military Virtue Medal
2344:, with Golden Crown,
2284:: Grand Cross of the
2214:, with Crown in Ore,
2114:: Grand Cross of the
2060:Order of Kamehameha I
2058:: Grand Cross of the
2017:: Grand Cross of the
1994:: Grand Cross of the
1664:On 18 November 2017,
1601:
1589:
1518:). His first cousin,
1505:
1379:
1337:to produce the first
1287:Nicholas II of Russia
1272:
1224:Treaty of San Stefano
1182:
1139:
1073:
1018:
910:. He also patronized
882:
833:
795:
734:Catherine Dolgorukova
649:. On the left of the
632:
560:Tsesarevich Alexander
518:
469:
365:Grand Duke of Finland
18:Emperor Alexander III
6805:Lithuanian press ban
6708:Alexander Lukashenko
5653:Ivan IV the Terrible
5520:Konstantin of Rostov
5500:Andrei I Bogolyubsky
5383:Cadet branch of the
5309:39.4 (2001): 66–76.
5261:Hutchinson, John F.
5178:Württemberg (1866).
5157:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
5136:Norges Statskalender
4332:Van Der Kiste, John
4320:The Romanovs, p. 479
4311:The Romanovs, p. 477
4302:The Romanovs, p. 475
4275:The Romanovs, p. 460
4266:The Romanovs, p. 484
4257:The Romanovs, p. 483
4119:Van Der Kiste, John
3739:Van Der Kiste, John
3612:10.2307/j.ctv141649s
2997:Nicholas I of Russia
2563:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2374:Order of Distinction
2185:Grand Cordon of the
2112:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2093:Royal Guelphic Order
2083:Knight of St. George
1839:Knight of St. Hubert
1783:Order of St. Stephen
1754:Knight of St. George
1696:Knight of St. Andrew
1623:Moscow Rail Terminal
1520:Queen Olga of Greece
1446:Borki train disaster
1021:the 1888 train crash
981:improve this article
782:morganatic marriages
232:Grand Duke Alexander
5645:Tsars of all Russia
5620:Vasily II the Blind
5560:Dmitry of Pereslavl
5525:Yuri II of Vladimir
5515:Yuri II of Vladimir
5505:Mikhail of Vladimir
5336:(Rutgers UP, 1982).
5298:39.4 (2001): 8–32.
5267:Lincoln, W. Bruce.
5071:8 June 2020 at the
4006:34.1 (1975): 1–18.
3926:Historical Research
3643:, pp. 561–562.
2407:Grand Cross of the
2393:Kingdom of Portugal
2317:Grand Cross of the
2091:Grand Cross of the
1891:Grand Cross of the
1526:, on the island of
1429:Grand Duke Vladimir
1339:jeweled Easter eggs
1195:Franco-Prussian War
854:zemskiye nachalniki
484:Emperor Alexander I
435:, a major shift in
242:Grand Duchess Xenia
6870:Emperors of Russia
6608:February Manifesto
6598:Bessarabia/Moldova
5625:Ivan III the Great
5565:Andrey of Gorodets
5555:Vasily of Kostroma
5386:House of Oldenburg
4547:on 17 January 2022
4489:A People's Tragedy
3940:– via EBSCO.
3839:The New York Times
2774:
2755:
2499:Kingdom of Romania
2451:Kingdom of Prussia
2077:Kingdom of Hanover
1835:Kingdom of Bavaria
1714:Knight of St. Anna
1659:Pont Alexandre III
1619:Znamenskaya Square
1609:In 1909, a bronze
1607:
1596:
1512:
1390:
1335:Peter Carl Fabergé
1295:
1256:Trade and Industry
1228:Congress of Berlin
1191:
1150:
1110:and afterwards of
1092:Reinsurance Treaty
1080:
1024:
928:Pale of Settlement
885:
844:
805:
780:. He also forbade
663:
568:Hesse and by Rhine
564:Maria Alexandrovna
480:
252:Grand Duchess Olga
247:Grand Duke Michael
6852:
6851:
6729:Kastus Kalinouski
6698:Nikita Khrushchev
6539:
6538:
6165:Peter I of Russia
6121:
6120:
5854:Tsardom of Russia
5810:
5809:
5610:Dmitry of the Don
5585:Alexander of Tver
5495:Yuri I Dolgorukiy
5442:
5441:
5433:Succeeded by
5422:Emperor of Russia
5352:A short biography
5332:Whelan, Heide W.
5325:Thomson, Oliver.
4993:(in Portuguese).
4793:978-2-35077-135-9
4052:(1977): 348–369.
3905:Missing or empty
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
2935:
2934:
2542:Kingdom of Saxony
2475:25 September 1872
2365:Order of Osmanieh
2056:Kingdom of Hawaii
2035:Kingdom of Greece
1992:Ernestine duchies
1897:15 September 1868
1615:Paolo Troubetzkoy
1611:equestrian statue
1592:Paolo Troubetzkoy
1540:John of Kronstadt
1498:Illness and death
1439:. The prefect of
1410:Princess of Wales
1394:King Christian IX
1096:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1084:Otto von Bismarck
1078:forge an alliance
1013:
1012:
1005:
943:Aleksandr Ulyanov
926:(even within the
912:Eastern Orthodoxy
788:Domestic policies
770:anti-Jewish riots
665:Alexander became
659:Grand Duke George
528:Mariinsky Theatre
470:Alexander III as
453:balances of power
449:Otto von Bismarck
429:Tsar’-Mirotvorets
412:
391:autocratic powers
357:Emperor of Russia
349:
332:
331:
274:
273:
237:Grand Duke George
187:Dagmar of Denmark
78:Emperor of Russia
16:(Redirected from
7057:
6844:
6843:
6688:Nikolay Bobrikov
6566:
6559:
6552:
6543:
6542:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6113:tsarevich Dmitry
5861:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5720:
5605:Dmitry of Suzdal
5600:Ivan II the Fair
5595:Simeon the Proud
5550:Yaroslav of Tver
5545:Alexander Nevsky
5468:
5461:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5412:Preceded by
5402:
5395:
5369:
5368:
5359:
5277:Lowe, Charles.
5255:60 (2008): 1–5.
5225:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5169:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5081:
5075:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4891:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4828:
4822:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4779:
4773:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4668:
4662:
4649:
4643:
4631:
4625:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4540:Book of Memories
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4337:
4330:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4026:. Archived from
4016:
4010:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3932:(246): 824–845.
3921:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3853:"YIVO – Pogroms"
3849:
3843:
3831:
3825:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3679:
3676:
3667:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3532:
3530:Livadiya, Crimea
3526:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
2971:Paul I of Russia
2952:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2917:24 November 1960
2790:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2654:6 September 1865
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2625:: Knight of the
2621:
2620:
2619:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2509:15 November 1877
2497:
2495:
2494:
2484:27 December 1877
2449:
2448:
2447:
2439:15 December 1869
2433:
2432:
2431:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2133:Kingdom of Italy
2131:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2032:
2019:Legion of Honour
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1916:Order of Bravery
1910:
1908:
1907:
1893:Order of Pedro I
1877:Empire of Brazil
1875:
1873:
1872:
1860:Order of Leopold
1854:
1852:
1851:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1670:Andrey Kovalchuk
1621:in front of the
1292:
1279:Marie Feodorovna
1207:Eastern question
1189:
1186:
1156:manor along the
1127:Panjdeh incident
1108:Prince Alexander
1008:
1001:
997:
994:
988:
965:
957:
891:and the ensuing
798:Petrovsky Palace
723:Maria Feodorovna
695:Russian Orthodox
687:chief procurator
552:Saint Petersburg
514:Alexander Benois
426:
421:
417:
407:
405:
404:
384:
383:
354:
344:
342:
341:
328:
315:Russian Orthodox
262:
261:
220:
203:
201:
197:
175:, Russian Empire
169:18 November 1894
155:
138:
136:
90:
69:
57:
56:
21:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7054:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6834:
6830:Valuev Circular
6778:
6769:Atner Khuzangai
6717:
6703:Leonid Brezhnev
6646:
6576:
6570:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6508:
6500:
6487:10th generation
6482:
6464:
6441:
6383:
6282:
6251:
6220:
6204:
6183:
6167:
6157:
6152:
6122:
6117:
6083:
5994:
5967:
5866:
5847:
5841:
5811:
5806:
5723:
5718:
5639:
5570:Mikhail of Tver
5477:
5472:
5438:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5401:1 November 1894
5396:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5374:
5357:
5343:
5238:
5232:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5176:
5172:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5073:Wayback Machine
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4983:
4979:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4829:
4825:
4821:, vol. 5, p. 96
4815:Wayback Machine
4805:
4801:
4794:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4762:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4722:
4718:
4713:(in Bulgarian).
4709:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4671:Bayern (1867).
4669:
4665:
4650:
4646:
4641:Wayback Machine
4632:
4628:
4622:Wayback Machine
4613:
4606:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4114:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3978:"Alexander III"
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3922:
3918:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3598:
3594:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3490:Russian America
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:Politics portal
3466:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3437:
2940:
2894:4 December 1878
2766:
2760:
2747:
2742:
2723:
2721:
2701:
2699:
2665:
2658:
2638:
2636:
2617:
2615:
2577:
2575:
2556:
2554:
2535:
2533:
2518:17 January 1878
2492:
2490:
2463:; with Collar,
2445:
2443:
2429:
2427:
2386:
2384:
2378:3 December 1884
2352:
2350:
2331:
2329:
2296:
2294:
2275:
2273:
2254:
2252:
2234:
2232:
2226:3 December 1877
2199:
2197:
2171:Empire of Japan
2164:
2162:
2158:12 January 1876
2147:
2145:
2126:
2124:
2105:
2103:
2070:
2068:
2049:
2047:
2027:
2007:
2005:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1958:9 November 1891
1923:
1921:
1905:
1903:
1887:14 January 1866
1870:
1868:
1849:
1847:
1828:
1826:
1793:
1791:
1779:Austrian Empire
1772:
1770:
1687:
1679:Gatchina Palace
1635:Empress Dowager
1584:
1500:
1311:Anichkov Palace
1303:Gatchina Palace
1283:Maria of Greece
1267:
1258:
1242:Austria-Hungary
1187:
1148:in summer 1889.
1131:Russian history
1030:
1009:
998:
992:
989:
978:
966:
955:
935:Narodnaya Volya
790:
778:Serene Highness
758:Narodnaya Volya
746:
627:
544:
464:
419:
375:of his father,
373:liberal reforms
256:
214:
213:
205:
193:
189:
176:
170:
157:
153:
152:1 November 1894
140:
134:
132:
89:1 November 1894
88:
72:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6850:
6849:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6764:Zianon Pazniak
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6713:Vladimir Putin
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6569:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6470:
6469:9th generation
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6446:8th generation
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6388:7th generation
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6287:6th generation
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6256:5th generation
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6225:4th generation
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6209:3rd generation
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6188:2nd generation
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6172:1st generation
6169:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:claimed to be
6105:
6096:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6019:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5945:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5863:Russian Empire
5856:(1547–1721) /
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:Russian throne
5840:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5682:
5679:False Dmitry I
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Yuri of Moscow
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5431:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5407:Regnal titles
5404:
5403:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5341:External links
5339:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5313:
5303:
5292:
5286:
5275:
5265:
5259:
5253:History Review
5249:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5216:Chisholm, Hugh
5212:Alexander III.
5188:
5187:
5170:
5150:
5126:
5102:
5076:
5054:
5042:
5008:
4977:
4960:
4934:
4923:
4902:
4875:
4863:
4848:
4823:
4799:
4792:
4774:
4760:
4755:da:DIS Danmark
4716:
4702:
4684:
4663:
4644:
4626:
4604:
4601:. 5 June 2021.
4584:
4558:
4526:
4504:
4497:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4448:
4439:
4426:
4408:Scott Malsom.
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4350:
4338:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4196:
4175:
4158:
4156:, p. 563.
4146:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4092:
4066:
4057:
4041:
4030:on 19 May 2014
4011:
3995:
3968:
3943:
3916:
3871:
3862:
3844:
3842:, 1 June 1883.
3826:
3824:, 7 June 1883.
3808:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3703:, p. 562.
3680:
3668:
3654:
3645:
3633:
3592:
3573:(4): 698–700.
3557:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3471:
3457:
3454:History portal
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
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3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
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3244:
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3235:
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3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2759:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2719:
2708:United Kingdom
2696:
2695:
2694:
2692:25 August 1879
2685:
2656:
2633:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2573:
2571:3 October 1864
2552:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2480:Pour le Mérite
2477:
2467:
2441:
2435:Persian Empire
2425:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2359:Ottoman Empire
2348:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2292:
2290:4 January 1867
2271:
2269:14 August 1883
2250:
2240:Mexican Empire
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2181:28 August 1879
2160:
2143:
2122:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2066:
2045:
2025:
2002:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1919:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1866:
1845:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1805:Knight of the
1789:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1686:
1683:
1666:Vladimir Putin
1627:St. Petersburg
1617:was placed in
1583:
1580:
1499:
1496:
1441:St. Petersburg
1384:on holiday in
1361:(b. 1878) and
1307:St. Petersburg
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1246:Eastern Europe
1220:Constantinople
1123:United Kingdom
1055:Triple Entente
1043:
1042:
1034:Lord Salisbury
1026:Main article:
1011:
1010:
969:
967:
960:
954:
953:Foreign policy
951:
947:Vladimir Lenin
874:Mikhail Katkov
789:
786:
745:
742:
719:St. Petersburg
647:Moscow Kremlin
643:Uspensky Sobor
626:
623:
619:military drill
613:, English and
585:, daughter of
556:Russian Empire
543:
540:
463:
460:
400:(Russian:
398:The Peacemaker
337:(Russian:
330:
329:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
221:
207:
206:
191:
185:
184:
182:
178:
177:
171:
167:
163:
162:
156:(aged 49)
150:
146:
145:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7062:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
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6938:
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6933:
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6928:
6926:
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6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:Russification
6863:
6862:
6860:
6847:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
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6774:Romas Kalanta
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6749:Oleksa Hirnyk
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6693:Joseph Stalin
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6678:Alexander III
6676:
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6673:Pyotr Valuyev
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6299:Alexander III
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5203:public domain
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5184:. p. 31.
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4209:History Today
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4108:History Today
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4004:Slavic Review
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2367:, 1st Class,
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2323:17 March 1881
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1756:, 2nd Class,
1755:
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1747:, 1st Class,
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:; 3rd Class,
1737:
1734:, 4th Class,
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:10 March 1845
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:10 March 1845
1716:, 1st Class,
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:10 March 1845
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:10 March 1845
1697:
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1676:
1675:Joseph Stalin
1671:
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1433:Lucien Guitry
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1238:German Empire
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970:This section
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915:
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904:
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898:
894:
890:
881:
877:
875:
871:
870:I. N. Durnovo
867:
866:D. A. Tolstoy
863:
859:
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851:
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703:heir apparent
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548:Winter Palace
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347:
336:
335:Alexander III
327:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
281:
277:
268:
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219:
218:
212:
208:
188:
183:
179:
174:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
143:
142:Winter Palace
139:10 March 1845
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
86:
82:
79:
75:
68:
63:
60:Alexander III
58:
53:
52:
47:
44: and the
43:
42:Alexandrovich
39:
35:
30:
19:
6759:Albert Razin
6754:Vasyl Makukh
6739:Eduard Polón
6734:Leo Mechelin
6677:
6663:Alexander II
6510:
6493:
6475:
6457:
6434:
6298:
6263:Alexander II
6092:
6057:
6050:
6049:
6035:
6027:
6013:
6005:
5986:
5978:
5947:
5939:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5796:
5792:Alexander II
5772:Catherine II
5689:
5677:
5420:
5415:Alexander II
5398:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5333:
5329:(2008) ch 13
5326:
5316:
5306:
5295:
5289:
5288:Nelipa, M.,
5278:
5268:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5230:Bibliography
5219:
5180:
5173:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5141:, retrieved
5135:
5129:
5117:, retrieved
5111:
5105:
5093:. Retrieved
5088:
5079:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5024:
5020:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4994:
4991:Pro Phalaris
4990:
4980:
4970:
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4946:
4937:
4926:
4912:
4905:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4855:
4851:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4802:
4783:
4777:
4767:
4763:
4753:– via
4749:16 September
4747:. Retrieved
4731:
4726:
4719:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4673:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4629:
4624:(In Russian)
4596:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4545:the original
4539:
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4507:
4488:
4482:
4477:King, p. 327
4473:
4468:King, p. 326
4464:
4456:
4451:
4446:King, p. 325
4442:
4434:
4429:
4417:. Retrieved
4413:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4333:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4178:
4168:
4161:
4154:Wallace 1911
4149:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4077:
4069:
4060:
4049:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:the original
4023:
4014:
4003:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3981:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3907:|title=
3886:. Retrieved
3879:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3837:
3829:
3819:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3701:Wallace 1911
3648:
3641:Wallace 1911
3636:
3620:j.ctv141649s
3602:
3595:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3524:
3174:
2925:
2914:13 June 1882
2897:13 June 1918
2874:6 April 1875
2862:tuberculosis
2857:10 July 1899
2816:17 July 1918
2782:
2775:
2737:
2717:2 April 1881
2716:
2691:
2682:
2653:
2631:15 July 1891
2630:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2570:
2549:
2526:
2525:(military),
2517:
2508:
2483:
2482:(military),
2474:
2464:
2460:
2438:
2420:
2417:Three Orders
2412:
2403:22 June 1865
2402:
2377:
2369:1 April 1866
2368:
2346:28 July 1860
2345:
2322:
2312:
2289:
2268:
2247:
2225:
2215:
2190:
2180:
2157:
2140:
2119:
2116:Ludwig Order
2096:
2086:
2063:
2043:15 July 1866
2042:
2022:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1940:29 June 1865
1939:
1896:
1886:
1863:
1862:(military),
1842:
1819:
1810:
1786:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1663:
1652:
1650:embankment.
1608:
1564:Duke of York
1513:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1426:
1416:, his wife,
1398:Queen Louise
1391:
1367:
1344:
1331:
1319:
1296:
1259:
1250:
1232:
1192:
1170:
1151:
1116:
1104:
1081:
1047:Nikolay Girs
1044:
1031:
999:
993:October 2020
990:
979:Please help
974:verification
971:
932:
916:
905:
886:
862:Resurrection
861:
853:
847:
845:
836:Lappeenranta
818:
806:
774:
754:assassinated
750:Alexander II
747:
731:
727:
707:
672:
664:
625:As Tsarevich
576:
545:
534:
523:Tsar Kandavl
521:
519:
511:
507:
500:
492:
481:
457:
428:
397:
395:
382:контрреформы
377:Alexander II
334:
333:
215:
159:Maley Palace
154:(1894-11-01)
109:Alexander II
49:
41:
29:
6880:1894 deaths
6875:1845 births
6683:Nicholas II
6395:Nicholas II
6232:Alexander I
6074:(1899–1904)
6018:(1796–1801)
5964:(1690–1718)
5909:(1598–1605)
5871:Tsareviches
5865:(1721–1917)
5802:Nicholas II
5782:Alexander I
5742:Catherine I
5719:(co-rulers)
5436:Nicholas II
5283:online free
5119:20 February
4886:明治時代の勲章外交儀礼
4519:19 November
4433:King, Greg
3988:5 September
3528:Modern-day
2834:7 June 1869
2812:18 May 1868
2730:Württemberg
2683:2 June 1865
2527:10 May 1879
2421:25 May 1881
2313:19 May 1865
2303:Netherlands
2216:4 July 1865
2206:Mecklenburg
2191:20 May 1880
2141:5 July 1865
2120:8 June 1857
2023:9 June 1878
1949:3 July 1866
1918:, 1st Class
1864:7 June 1865
1673:along with
1556:Nicholas II
1402:Fredensborg
1357:(b. 1875),
1353:(b. 1871),
1349:(b. 1868),
1265:Family life
1203:Tsesarevich
1188: 1896
1174:Slavophiles
1154:Langinkoski
1142:Langinkoski
1062:, settling
897:Leo Tolstoy
667:tsesarevich
607:tsesarevich
472:Tsesarevich
462:Personality
441:World War I
415:Mirotvorets
369:reactionary
227:Nicholas II
119:Nicholas II
105:Predecessor
100:27 May 1883
46:family name
6859:Categories
6658:Nicholas I
6588:Azerbaijan
6242:Nicholas I
6022:Konstantin
5787:Nicholas I
5707:Feodor III
5630:Vasily III
5430:1881–1894
5234:See also:
5165:, London,
5027:, Berlin:
4598:Kremlin.ru
4572:Eurasianet
4419:1 February
3516:References
2854:9 May 1871
2842:meningitis
2837:2 May 1870
2787:Calendar)
2413:1 May 1873
1631:caricature
1418:Queen Olga
1406:Bernstorff
1386:Copenhagen
1211:phlegmatic
1201:while the
1158:Kymi River
825:Nicholas I
802:Ilya Repin
699:patriotism
691:Holy Synod
572:Nicholas I
542:Early life
447:statesman
403:Миротворец
135:1845-03-10
96:Coronation
38:patronymic
6820:Trasianka
6625:Lithuania
6200:Peter III
6107:Son of a
6103:canon law
6093:Tsarevich
6091:Title of
6080:(1904–17)
6068:(1894–99)
6062:(1881–94)
6054:(1865–81)
6051:Alexander
6046:(1855–65)
6040:(1825–55)
6037:Alexander
6032:(1823–25)
6024:(1801–23)
6015:Alexander
6010:(1762–96)
5991:(1742–62)
5952:(1676–81)
5944:(1670–76)
5936:(1654–70)
5930:(1648–49)
5924:(1629–45)
5894:(1581–84)
5886:(1554–81)
5880:(1552–53)
5767:Peter III
5762:Elizabeth
5691:Vladislav
5685:Vasili IV
5673:Feodor II
5210:(1911). "
5143:6 January
4189:14 August
3880:study.com
3628:241648947
3587:263705950
2938:Ancestors
2785:Old Style
2338:Oldenburg
1582:Monuments
1524:Mon Repos
1516:nephritis
1112:Stambolov
1036:in 1885:
814:autocracy
679:civil law
409:romanized
346:romanized
321:Signature
115:Successor
6846:Category
6800:Ems Ukaz
6195:Peter II
6059:Nicholas
6044:Nicholas
6029:Nicholas
5747:Peter II
5658:Feodor I
5615:Vasily I
5095:21 March
5069:Archived
5001:19 March
4953:12 March
4894:Archived
4811:Archived
4740:Archived
4637:Archived
4618:Archived
4537:(1933).
3898:cite web
3440:See also
2860:died of
2840:died of
2222:Strelitz
1690:Domestic
1488:accident
1484:derailed
1388:in 1893.
1347:Nicholas
1234:Bismarck
1222:and the
1215:Bulgaria
1100:alliance
919:May Laws
579:Nicholas
311:Religion
6815:Surzhyk
6635:Ukraine
6603:Finland
6593:Belarus
6099:Ivan IV
6072:Michael
5757:Ivan VI
5737:Peter I
5712:Peter I
5697:Michael
5635:Ivan IV
5363:YouTube
5281:(1895)
5271:(1981)
5218:(ed.).
5205::
4577:9 April
4142:2936115
3888:13 July
1930:Denmark
1856:Belgium
1764:Foreign
1685:Honours
1646:at the
1644:Irkutsk
1604:Estonia
1572:Duchess
1536:Livadia
1359:Michael
1166:Finnish
1164:on the
1146:Finland
939:Okhrana
924:shtetls
901:Chekhov
893:cholera
849:zemstvo
840:Finland
738:Empress
729:pigs".
689:of the
645:of the
526:at the
495:Austria
204:
192:
51:Romanov
6640:Crimea
6630:Poland
6620:Latvia
6216:Paul I
6078:Alexei
6066:George
5983:(1740)
5962:Alexei
5958:(1681)
5941:Feodor
5934:Alexis
5928:Dmitry
5921:Alexis
5906:Feodor
5899:Dmitry
5891:Feodor
5878:Dmitry
5777:Paul I
5716:Ivan V
5702:Alexis
5590:Ivan I
5487:Moscow
5397:
5321:online
5311:online
5300:online
5257:online
5247:online
5214:". In
5199:
5039:, 1886
4790:
4734:]
4656:pp. 58
4551:12 May
4495:
4140:
4090:
4054:online
4034:18 May
4008:online
3961:4 June
3626:
3618:
3585:
2802:Notes
2727:
2705:
2642:
2581:
2560:
2539:
2496:
2390:
2356:
2335:
2300:
2279:
2261:Monaco
2258:
2203:
2168:
2151:
2130:
2109:
2074:
2053:
2014:France
2011:
1927:
1909:
1874:
1853:
1832:
1797:
1776:
1648:Angara
1566:, and
1532:Crimea
1510:, 1894
1486:in an
1458:Sergei
1454:Alexei
1351:George
1199:Berlin
762:Nennal
752:, was
670:died.
617:, and
615:German
611:French
532:muzhik
488:ballet
478:, 1865
445:German
301:Mother
291:Father
217:Detail
198:
181:Spouse
166:Burial
36:, the
6783:Other
6515:ukase
5988:Peter
5668:Boris
5663:Irina
5399:Died:
5392:Born:
5167:p. 66
4897:(PDF)
4890:(PDF)
4860:p. 11
4743:(PDF)
4736:(PDF)
4730:[
4138:JSTOR
3624:S2CID
3616:JSTOR
3583:S2CID
2799:Death
2796:Birth
2758:Issue
2645:Spain
1800:Baden
1528:Corfu
1492:Borki
1355:Xenia
1293:1893.
1162:Kotka
1160:near
1125:(see
744:Reign
474:, by
280:House
265:Names
211:Issue
202:)
194:(
190:
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6007:Paul
5980:Ivan
5956:Ilya
5949:Ivan
5914:Ivan
5884:Ivan
5752:Anna
5714:and
5485:and
5145:2018
5121:2019
5097:2019
5003:2020
4997:: 10
4955:2016
4788:ISBN
4751:2019
4579:2021
4553:2021
4521:2017
4493:ISBN
4421:2018
4191:2020
4088:ISBN
4036:2014
3990:2019
3963:2024
3956:IMDb
3911:help
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3389:15.
3331:14.
3269:13.
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2793:Name
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2064:1881
2000:1884
1964:1892
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