Hirohito - Knowledge

1024: 1946: 2360: 2622:. I heard Tsukuba acted cautiously." Tsukuba is believed to refer to Fujimaro Tsukuba, the former chief Yasukuni priest at the time, who decided not to enshrine the war criminals despite having received in 1966 the list of war dead compiled by the government. "What's on the mind of Matsudaira's son, who is the current head priest?" "Matsudaira had a strong wish for peace, but the child didn't know the parent's heart. That's why I have not visited the shrine since. This is my heart." Matsudaira is believed to refer to Yoshitami Matsudaira, who was the grand steward of the Imperial Household immediately after the end of World War II. His son, Nagayoshi, succeeded Fujimaro Tsukuba as the chief priest of Yasukuni and decided to enshrine the war criminals in 1978. Nagayoshi Matsudaira died in 2006, which some commentators have speculated is the reason for release of the memo. 3019:, in the aftermath of the war, conservative Japanese elites created self-whitewashing, self-glorifying national myths that minimized the scope of Japan's war responsibility, which included presenting the emperor as a peace-seeking diplomat and a narrative that separated him from the militarists, whom they described as people who hijacked the Japanese government and led the country into war, shifting the responsibility from the ruling class to only a few military leaders. This narrative also narrowly focuses on the U.S.–Japan conflict, completely ignores the wars Japan waged in Asia, and disregards the atrocities committed by Japanese troops during the war. Japanese elites created the narrative in an attempt to avoid tarnishing the national image and regain the international acceptance of the country. 1059: 4109: 4087: 4142: 4126: 1485: 4203: 2082: 896: 1116: 3892: 2301: 826: 1043: 4178: 1608: 771: 489:). As the grandson of Emperor Meiji, Hirohito was raised away from the court, but returned following his caregiver's death. His education emphasized physical health due to his frailty, alongside values of frugality and devotion to duty. Hirohito's early military commissions and education under influential figures shaped his perspective on Japan's divine imperial lineage, and its role in modernization and diplomacy. His father acceded to the throne in 1912 upon the death of his father Emperor Meiji, making the eleven-year-old Prince Hirohito the 3545:"A man of stronger personality than Hirohito might have tried more strenuously to check the growing influence of the military in Japanese politics and the drift of Japan toward war with the western powers." "The contemporary diary evidence suggests that Hirohito was uncomfortable with the direction of Japanese policy." "The consensus of those who have studied the documents of the period is that Hirohito was consistent in attempting to use his personal influence to induce caution and to moderate and even obstruct the growing impetus toward war." 2044:

damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." The speech also noted that "the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage" and ordered the Japanese to "endure the unendurable." The speech, using formal, archaic Japanese, was not readily understood by many commoners. According to historian Richard Storry in

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traditional Japanese bathhouse. However, in anticipation of Hirohito's visit an additional residential wing was added to the earlier building, this time in the style of an Edwardian country house. The new building was subsequently opened to the public and was deemed the largest public bathhouse in the Japanese Empire. Crown Prince Hirohito was a student of science, and he had heard that Beitou Creek was one of only two hot springs in the world that contained a rare radioactive mineral. So, he decided to walk into the creek to investigate.

64: 2337: 1566: 10283: 2176:, "This successful campaign to absolve Hirohito of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal, he was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war." According to Bix, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." 3933: 1623:, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution, and asked him to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences. On 2 November Tōjō, Sugiyama, and Nagano reported to Hirohito that the review of eleven points had been in vain. Emperor Hirohito gave his consent to the war and then asked: "Are you going to provide justification for the war?" The decision for war against the United States was presented for approval to Hirohito by General Tōjō, Naval Minister Admiral 4156: 624: 616: 2560: 10461: 4054: 4028: 4010: 3989: 3614: 3589: 3850: 1961:, Emperor Hirohito began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but ex-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe advised continuing the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and urged a negotiated surrender. In February 1945, during the first private audience with Hirohito he had been allowed in three years, Konoe advised Hirohito to begin negotiations to end the war. According to Grand Chamberlain 11088: 8661: 8641: 8618: 8602: 1051:

foreign dishes other than Western cuisine abroad, thus exceptional preparations were required: The eight chefs and other cooking staff were purified for a week (through fasting and ritual bathing) before the cooking of the feast could begin. This tasting of “Taiwanese cuisine” of the Prince Regent should be understood as part of an integration ceremony of incorporating the colony into the empire, which can be seen as the context and purpose of Hirohito’s Taiwanese visit.

2945:, gave full power to the Emperor. Article 4 prescribed that, "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution." Likewise, according to article 6, "The Emperor gives sanction to laws and orders them to be promulgated and executed," and article 11, "The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and the Navy." The Emperor was thus the leader of the 1760: 10340: 2504: 1821:

Victory." Only gradually did it become apparent to the Japanese people that the situation was very grim due to growing shortages of food, medicine, and fuel as U.S. submarines began wiping out Japanese shipping. Starting in mid 1944, American raids on the major cities of Japan made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort,

9083: 3950: 3811: 3790: 2281:–officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as "the symbol of the state and the unity of the people." His role was redefined as entirely ceremonial and representative, without even nominal governmental powers. He was limited to performing matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet. 3685: 3748: 2156:, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and Japanese officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the Imperial family from being indicted, but also to influence the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated Hirohito. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied General Headquarters in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as 2320:. He and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts and making public appearances at special events and ceremonies. For example, in 1947, the Emperor made a public visit to Hiroshima and held a speech in front of a massive crowd encouraging the city's citizens. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including Queen 1329: 1849: 1432: 4072: 9071: 3706: 4219: 2180: 3971: 3829: 3667: 1817:

quoted that he approved of such since if they won in that campaign, they would be finally having a room to negotiate with the Americans. As high as their spirits could go, the reality check for the Japanese would also come into play since the forces they have sent in Leyte, was practically the ones that would efficiently defend the island of Luzon, hence the Japanese had struck a huge blow in their own military planning.

3727: 3871: 3769: 9223: 3540:"By personality and temperament, Hirohito was ill-suited to the role assigned to him by destiny. The successors of the men who had led the Meiji Restoration yearned for a charismatic warrior king. Instead, they were given an introspective prince who grew up to be more at home in the science laboratory than on the military parade ground. But in his early years, every effort was made to cast him in a different mould." 3912: 1209: 394: 2637: 9059: 3118:(In 1941,) we thought we could achieve a draw with the US, or at best win by a six to four margin; but total victory was nearly impossible ... When the war actually began, however, we gained a miraculous victory at Pearl Harbor and our invasions of Malaya and Burma succeeded far quicker than expected. So, if not for this (agreement), we might have achieved peace when we were in an advantageous position. 3346:

circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses". He added that conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since. Pal supported the acquittal of all of the defendants. He considered the Japanese military operations as justified, because

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Historians have said that Hirohito wielded more power than previously believed, and he was actively involved in the decision to launch the war as well as in other political and military decisions. Over the years, as new evidence surfaced, historians were able to arrive at the conclusion that he was culpable for the war, and was reflecting on his wartime role.

3251:"Over the years, these different pieces of evidence have trickled out and historians have amassed this picture of culpability and how he was reflecting on that. This is another piece of the puzzle that very much confirms that the picture that was taking place before, which is that he was extremely culpable, and after the war he was devastated about this." 742:. He was the one who inculcated in the mind of the young Hirohito that there is a connection between the divine origin of the imperial line and the aspiration of linking it to the myth of the racial superiority and homogeneity of the Japanese. The emperors were often a driving force in the modernization of their country. He taught Hirohito that the 2250:. Hirohito was however persistent in the idea that the Emperor of Japan should be considered a descendant of the gods. In December 1945, he told his vice-grand-chamberlain Michio Kinoshita: "It is permissible to say that the idea that the Japanese are descendants of the gods is a false conception; but it is absolutely impermissible to call 1383:, about the time it could take to crush Chinese resistance and how could they prepare for the eventuality of a Soviet incursion. Based on Bix's findings, Hirohito was displeased by Prince Kan'in's evasive responses about the substance of such contingency plans but nevertheless still approved the decision to move troops to North China. 1387:

Japan as wars), and the Deputy Minister of the Japanese Army instructed the chief of staff of Japanese China Garrison Army on 5 August not to use the term "prisoners of war" for Chinese captives. This instruction led to the removal of the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners. The works of

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responsibilities as per the prime minister's directives ... In times of intense activities, typed drafts were presented to the Emperor with corrections in red. First draft, second draft, final draft and so forth, came as deliberations progressed one after the other and were sanctioned accordingly by the Emperor.

3424:"It is true that I had received information on military operations in advance. However, I only received those reports after the military commanders made detailed decisions. Regarding issues of political character and military command, I believe that I acted in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." 1820:

The media, under tight government control, repeatedly portrayed him as lifting the popular morale even as the Japanese cities came under heavy air attack in 1944–45 and food and housing shortages mounted. Japanese retreats and defeats were celebrated by the media as successes that portended "Certain

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With the nation fully committed to the war, Hirohito took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale. According to Akira Yamada and Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito made major interventions in some military operations. For example, he pressed Sugiyama four times, on 13 and 21 January and

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Naturally, concerned for a royal family member’s safety, his entourage scurried around, seeking flat rocks to use as stepping stones. After that, these stones were carefully mounted and given the official name: “His Imperial Highness Crown Prince of Japan’s Stepping Stones for River Crossing,” with a

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The view promoted by the Imperial Palace and American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a purely ceremonial figure who behaved strictly according to protocol while remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. This view was endorsed by Prime

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overlook the importance of numerous "behind the chrysanthemum curtain" meetings where the real decisions were made between the Emperor, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. Using primary sources and the monumental work of Shirō Hara as a basis, Fujiwara and Wetzler have produced evidence suggesting

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The Emperor died at 6:33 am on 7 January 1989 at the age of 87. The announcement from the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Hirohito was survived by his wife, his five surviving children, ten grandchildren, and

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in Yasukuni was the reason for the boycott. Tomita recorded in detail the contents of his conversations with Hirohito in his diaries and notebooks. According to the memorandum, in 1988, Hirohito expressed his strong displeasure at the decision made by Yasukuni Shrine to include Class-A war criminals

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and referred to him as "Hirohitler", and prompted a wider comparative discussion of the memory and perception of Axis war crimes. The protests against Hirohito's visit also condemned and highlighted what they perceived as mutual Japanese and West German complicity in and enabling of the American war

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After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, there was a large amount of pressure that came from both Allied countries and Japanese leftists that demanded Hirohito step down and be indicted as a war criminal. Australia, Britain and 70 percent of the American public wanted Hirohito tried as a Class-A

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A January 1989 declassified British government assessment of Hirohito said the Emperor was "uneasy with Japan's drift to war in the 1930s and 1940s but was too weak to alter the course of events." The dispatch by John Whitehead, former ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan, to Foreign Secretary

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The last two elements of Hirohito's power were the strongest, while the first element was the weakest. Hirohito had the ultimate authority to shape the country's policies by either agreeing or disagreeing with it. He even used his authority to disagree with policies shaped by the army. Hirohito was

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not only in terms of numbers, but in brutality as well as "These military operations caused death and suffering on a scale incomparably greater than the totally unplanned orgy of killing in Nanking, which later came to symbolize the war". While the Nanking Massacre was unplanned, Bix said "Hirohito

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adorned the newspapers, and there was talk about the purchase of a Mickey Mouse watch. Two types of commemorative stamps and stamp sheets were issued on the day of their return to Japan which demonstrated that the visit had been a significant undertaking. This was the last visit of Emperor Shōwa to

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did not like the idea, as he thought that an ostensibly cooperating emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan. MacArthur saw Hirohito as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. As a result, any possible evidence that would incriminate Hirohito

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and had many meetings with the military and Tōjō until the end of the month. He initially showed hesitance towards engaging in war, but eventually approved the decision to strike Pearl Harbor despite opposition from certain advisors. In the period leading up to Pearl Harbor, he expanded his control

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Of course His Majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war was a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much." Thus, gradually, he began to lean toward

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Later in his life, Hirohito looked back on his decision to give the go-ahead to wage a 'defensive' war against China and opined that his foremost priority was not to wage war with China but to prepare for a war with the Soviet Union, as his army had reassured him that the China war would end within

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These were further enhanced by high-level visits, including the visit to Tokyo by President of Malta George Vella who attended the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Naruhito last October. He noted that the then Crown Prince of Japan Hirohito visited Malta in April 1921 as part of his first European

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As the war front progressed northward, Hirohito persistently hoped for the Japanese military to deliver a "good bashing" at some point during the war, which meant securing a decisive victory and then leveraging that success to negotiate the most favorable terms possible for Japan. In the autumn of

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the idea that the Emperor is a descendant of the gods." In any case, the "renunciation of divinity" was noted more by foreigners than by Japanese, and seems to have been intended for the consumption of the former. The theory of a constitutional monarchy had already had some proponents in Japan. In

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presented evidence supporting Hirohito's responsibility in the war, noting that had he been prosecuted as some judges and others advocated, a compelling case could have been constructed against him. However, the Americans were apprehensive that removing the emperor from power and subjecting him to

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was broadcast over the radio (the first time Hirohito was heard on the radio by the Japanese people) announcing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. During the historic broadcast Hirohito stated: "Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do

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With each passing week victory became less likely. In April, the Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June, the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the

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to capture and occupy the enemy capital of Nanking. He was very eager to fight this battle since he and his council firmly believed that all it would take is a one huge blow to bring forth the surrender of Chiang Kai-Shek. He even gave an Imperial Rescript to Iwane when he returned to Tokyo a year

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devastated Tokyo on 1 September 1923, killing some 100,000 people and leveling vast areas. The city could be rebuilt drawing on the then massive timber reserves of Taiwan. In the aftermath of the tragical disaster, the military authorities saw an opportunity to annihilate the communist movement in

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After learning about the death of his instructor, General Nogi, he along with his brothers were reportedly overcome with emotions. He would later acknowledge the lasting influence of Nogi in his life. At that time he was still two years away from completing primary school, henceforth his education

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defined Hirohito as "sacred" and all-powerful, but according to Whitehead, Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military. Whitehead explained after World War II that Hirohito's humility was fundamental for the Japanese people to accept the new 1947 constitution and allied occupation.

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Shinobu Kobayashi was the Emperor's chamberlain from April 1974 until June 2000. Kobayashi kept a diary with near-daily remarks of Hirohito for 26 years. It was made public on Wednesday 22 August 2018. According to Takahisa Furukawa, a professor of modern Japanese history at Nihon University, the

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Also as a matter of course, he wanted to keep what his generals conquered -- though he was less greedy than some of them. None of this should surprise us. Hirohito would be no more have granted independence Korea independence or returned Manchuria to China than Roosevelt would have granted Hawaii

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dictators. After the war, since the U.S. thought that the retention of the emperor would help establish a peaceful allied occupation regime in Japan, and help the U.S. achieve their postwar objectives, they depicted Hirohito as a "powerless figurehead" without any implication in wartime policies.

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On 22 June, Hirohito met with his ministers saying, "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them." The attempt to negotiate a peace via the Soviet Union came to nothing. There was always the threat that

1604:, one of Hirohito's uncles, as prime minister. According to the Shōwa "Monologue", written after the war, Hirohito then said that if the war were to begin while a member of the imperial house was prime minister, the imperial house would have to carry the responsibility and he was opposed to this. 1536:

On 5 September, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to Hirohito, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. On this evening, Hirohito had a meeting with the chief of staff of the army, Sugiyama, chief of staff of the

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newspaper a memo by Yuzawa that Hatano had kept for nine years since he received it from Yuzawa's family. The bookseller said: "It took me nine years to come forward, as I was afraid of a backlash. But now I hope the memo would help us figure out what really happened during the war, in which 3.1

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that during 1944, he compiled a thorough report detailing the wartime atrocities perpetrated by Japanese soldiers in China. He clarified that he didn't directly discuss the report with Hirohito;however, he added that "when I met with him, I did report on the China situation in bits and pieces."

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Regarding these protests and opposition, Emperor Hirohito was not surprised to have received a report in advance at a press conference on 12 November after returning to Japan and said that "I do not think that welcome can be ignored" from each country. Also, at a press conference following their

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On 8 October, Sugiyama signed a 47-page report to the Emperor (sōjōan) outlining in minute detail plans for the advance into Southeast Asia. During the third week of October, Sugiyama gave Hirohito a 51-page document, "Materials in Reply to the Throne," about the operational outlook for the war.

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According to Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito endorsed the policy of qualifying the invasion of China as an "incident" instead of a "war"; therefore, he did not issue any notice to observe international law in this conflict (unlike what his predecessors did in previous conflicts officially recognized by

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wrote a proposal to Hirohito, urging him to quell extremist elements within the military and end the war. Konoe argued that although surrendering to America might preserve imperial rule, it would not survive a Communist revolution he believed was imminent. Hirohito was troubled by the ambiguity

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First, he was a constitutional monarch subject to legal restrictions and binding conventions, as he has so often stressed. Second, he was supreme commander of Japanese armed forces, though his orders were often ignored and sometimes defied. Third, he wielded absolute moral authority in Japan by

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The talks between Emperor Hirohito and President Nixon were not planned at the outset, because initially the stop in the United States was only for refueling to visit Europe. However, the meeting was decided in a hurry at the request of the United States. Although the Japanese side accepted the

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On October 18, 1944, the Imperial headquarters had resolved that the Japanese must make a stand in the vicinity of Leyte to prevent the Americans from landing in the Philippines. This view was widely frowned upon and disgruntled the policymakers from both the army and navy sectors. Hirohito was

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In September 1944, Hirohito declared that it must be his citizens' resolve to smash the evil purposes of the Westerners so that their imperial destiny might continue, but all along, it is just a mask for the urgent need of Japan to scratch a victory against the counter-offensive campaign of the

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In 1975, Hirohito and Nagako visited the United States for 14 days from 30 September to 14 October, at the invitation of President Gerald Ford. The visit was the first such event in US–Japanese history. The United States Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard

1750:, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. The chief of staff of the General Affairs section of the Prime Minister's office, Shuichi Inada, remarked to Tōjō's private secretary, Sadao Akamatsu: 1371:

A diary by chamberlain Kuraji Ogura says that he was reluctant to start war against China in 1937 because they had underestimated China's military strength and Japan should be cautious in its strategy. In this regard, Ogura writes Hirohito said that "once you start (a war), it cannot easily be

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It was widely reported in Taiwanese newspapers that famous high-end restaurants served typical Chinese luxury dishes for the Prince, such as swallow’s nest and shark fin, as Taiwanese cuisine. This was the first time an Emperor or a Crown Prince has ever eaten local cuisine on a colony, or had

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The declassified January 1989 British government assessment of Hirohito describes him as "too weak to alter the course of events" and Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Hitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military and if he

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and civilian victims of the brutal occupation there. In the Netherlands, raw eggs and vacuum flasks were thrown. The protest was so severe that Empress Nagako, who accompanied the Emperor, was exhausted. In the United Kingdom, protestors stood in silence and turned their backs when Hirohito's

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In his first ever press conference given in Tokyo in 1975, when he was asked what he thought of the bombing of Hiroshima, Hirohito answered: "It's very regrettable that nuclear bombs were dropped and I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima but it couldn't be helped because that happened in

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There has never been a cabinet in which the prime minister, and all the ministers, reported so often to the throne. In order to effect the essence of genuine direct imperial rule and to relieve the concerns of the Emperor, the ministers reported to the throne matters within the scope of their

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Having visited several sites outside of Taipei, Hirohito returned to the capital on the 24th and on the 25th of April, just one day before his departure, he visited the Beitou hotspring district of Taipei and its oldest facility. The original structure had been built in 1913 in the style of a

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to be the Gakushūin's tenth president as well as the one in-charge on educating his grandson. The main aspect that they focused was on physical education and health, primarily because Hirohito was a sickly child, on par with the impartment or inculcation of values such as frugality, patience,

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in a speech on the day of Hirohito's death in which Takeshita asserted that the war "had broken out against wishes." Takeshita's statement provoked outrage in nations in East Asia and Commonwealth nations such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. According to historian

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over military matters and participated in the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual of him. Additionally, he sought additional information regarding the attack plans. An aide reported that he openly showed joy upon learning of the success of the surprise attacks.

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in August. Hirohito played an increasingly influential role in the war; in eleven major episodes he was deeply involved in supervising the actual conduct of war operations. Hirohito pressured the High Command to order an early attack on the Philippines in 1941–42, including the fortified

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opposed the International Military Tribunal and made a 1,235-page judgment. He found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war with brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. Pal said there is "no evidence, testimonial or

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published the Showa tenno dokuhaku roku (Dokuhaku roku), which recorded conversations Hirohito held with five Imperial Household Ministry officials between March and April 1946, containing twenty-four sections.The Dokuhaku roku recorded Hirohito speaking retroactively on topics arranged

3222:"If His Majesty had any regret over negotiations with Britain and the U.S., he would have looked somewhat grim. There was no such indication, which must be a result of his determination. I'm completely relieved. Given the current conditions, I could say we have practically won already." 590:

and reintegration into the international community, though his wartime role remained controversial. His legacy is a complex blend of tradition, militarism, and modernization, reflecting the challenges and transformations Japan faced during the 20th century. Hirohito died aged 87 at

422: 420: 418: 424: 423: 416: 2259:), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life. Not until 1946 was the tremendous step made to alter the Emperor's title from "imperial sovereign" to " 426: 417: 425: 421: 3063:, the president of the tribunal, declared: "This immunity of the Emperor is contrasted with the part he played in launching the war in the Pacific, is, I think, a matter which the tribunal should take into consideration in imposing the sentences." Likewise, the French judge, 2907:

to closely monitor Japan's military activities. The extensive resources required for regular updates to the Emperor often drew complaints from military officials. To celebrate significant military victories, he rode his white horse in parades in front of the Imperial Palace.

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supported the boycott of trade operations by the Western Powers, particularly the United States boycott of oil exports to Japan. Pal argued the attacks on neighboring territories were justified to protect the Japanese Empire from an aggressive environment, especially the

2659:. Hirohito appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. 3122:

The passage in the Dokuhaku roku refutes the theory that Hirohito wanted an early conclusion to the war due to his value for peace. Instead, it provides evidence that he desired its end because of Japan's early military victories in Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia.

2432:, who promoted talks, saying, "that will cause me a great deal of trouble. We want to correct the perceptions of the other party." At that time, Foreign Minister Fukuda was worried that President Nixon's talks with Hirohito would be used to repair the deteriorating 2130:, even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged Hirohito to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. According to Minister of Welfare Ashida's diary, "Everyone seemed to ponder Mikasa's words. Never have I seen His Majesty's face so pale." 1532:

The objectives to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and Southeast Asia, no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire."

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war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: my prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more. In short, the Emperor had absorbed the view of the army and navy high commands.

1988:" incident. By mid-June 1945, the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator for a negotiated surrender but not before Japan's bargaining position had been improved by repulse of the anticipated Allied invasion of mainland Japan. 4638:

The first foreign trip by the Crown Prince was made in 1907 by the Crown Prince Yoshihito to the then Korean Empire. During that time, while it was considered a foreign country, it had become a colonial protectorate of Japan and would eventually be

8150: 2102:. MacArthur created a plan that separated Hirohito from the militarists, retained Hirohito as a constitutional monarch but only as a figurehead, and used Hirohito to retain control over Japan to help achieve American postwar objectives in Japan. 2966:

the supreme military commander in Imperial Japan, and pursued armed expansionist policies against weaker Asian neighbors. He never opposed war or expansion, but he opposed war with the US and Britain because of his fear that Japan would lose.

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to suppress the rebellion within the hour. He asked for reports from Honjō every 30 minutes. The next day, when told by Honjō that the high command had made little progress in quashing the rebels, the Emperor told him "I Myself, will lead the

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I hoped to give the enemy one good bashing somewhere, and then seize a chance for peace. Yet I didn't want to ask for peace before Germany did because then we would lose trust in the international community for having violated that corollary

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and sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians. His works and those of Akira Fujiwara about the details of the operation were commented by

1717:, say that throughout the war, Hirohito was "outraged" at Japanese war crimes and the political dysfunction of many societal institutions that proclaimed their loyalty to him, and sometimes spoke up against them, others, such as historians 1200:, which have been handed down through the centuries. However, his enthronement events were planned and staged under the economic conditions of a recession whereas the 55th Imperial Diet unanimously passed $ 7,360,000 for the festivities. 12313: 4669: 2995:

that the Emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military and was neither bellicose nor a pacifist but an opportunist who governed in a pluralistic decision-making process. American historian

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As the tide of war began to turn against Japan (around late 1942 and early 1943), the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that Hirohito worked closely with

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Former member of section 20 of War operations of the Army high command, Hara has made a detailed study of the way military decisions were made, including the Emperor's involvement published in five volumes in 1973–74 under the title

3230:"Tojo is a bureaucrat who was incapable of making own decisions, so he turned to the Emperor as his supervisor. That's why he had to report everything for the Emperor to decide. If the Emperor didn't say no, then he would proceed." 1561:

Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague, "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."

1015:) on 25 November 1921, in place of his ailing father, who was affected by mental illness. In 1923 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army and Commander in the navy, and army Colonel and Navy Captain in 1925. 3085:

According to notebooks by Michiji Tajima, a top Imperial Household Agency official who took office after the war, Emperor Hirohito privately expressed regret about the atrocities that were committed by Japanese troops during the

1673:

and China. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo said to his cabinet, "This is an ultimatum." On 1 December an Imperial Conference sanctioned the "War against the United States, United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands."

3318:"The archives available so far, including his biography compiled by the Imperial Household Agency, contained no detailed descriptions that his aides expressed concerns about Hirohito leaning toward Japan's entry into the war." 2000:. The Japanese government council, the Big Six, considered that option and recommended to Hirohito that it be accepted only if one to four conditions were agreed upon, including a guarantee of Hirohito's continued position in 12308: 1654:

the severe likelihood that Japan was about to launch a surprise attack and that the question had been "how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."

3164:, who advocated for continuing the fight to the bitter end, believing that the Americans could be lured into a trap on Taiwan, where they could be defeated. However, the Americans avoided Taiwan. Despite the defeat at the 2032:(national polity) could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied "Of course." On 14 August, Hirohito made the decision to surrender "unconditionally" and the Suzuki government notified the Allies that it had accepted the 5388:

Emperor Hirohito, in whose name Japanese soldiers fought in World War Two, was reluctant to start a war with China in 1937 and had believed in stopping it earlier, media reported on Friday, citing a diary by his former

3438: 3138:. Hirohito rejected the proposal and did not want to give concessions to China because he feared it would signal Japanese weakness, create defeatism at home, and trigger independence movements in occupied countries. 3035:

said that post-war Japanese public opinion supporting protection of the Emperor was influenced by U.S. propaganda promoting the view that the Emperor together with the Japanese people had been fooled by the military.

1577:, President of the Imperial Council and Hirohito's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would be considered only as a last resort from some, and silence from others. 3067:, wrote about Hirohito's accountability that the declaration of war by Japan "had a principal author who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices." 3043:

reported, "Scholars who have spoken out against the late Emperor have received threatening phone calls from Japan's extremist right wing." One example of actual violence occurred in 1990 when the mayor of Nagasaki,

2109:

as the Prime Minister to replace Kantarō Suzuki, who resigned due to responsibility for the surrender, to assist the American occupation, there were attempts by numerous leaders to have him put on trial for alleged

413: 1399:

three months, but that decision of his had haunted him since he forgot that the Japanese forces in China were drastically fewer than that of the Chinese, hence the shortsightedness of his perspective was evident.

1553:, the army told me that we could achieve peace immediately after dealing them one blow with three divisions ... but you can't still beat Chiang Kai-shek even today! Sugiyama, you were army minister at that time. 7616: 1138:

The daughters who lived to adulthood left the imperial family as a result of the American reforms of the Japanese imperial household in October 1947 (in the case of Princess Shigeko) or under the terms of the

1983:

prepared a draft document which summarized the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. Extremists in Japan were also calling for a death-before-dishonor mass suicide, modeled on the

1800:

and demanded naval battles against the Americans for the losses they had inflicted in the Aleutians. The battles were disasters. Finally, it was at his insistence that plans were drafted for the recapture of

810:(then a protectorate of the British Empire). This was the first visit to Western Europe by the Crown Prince. Despite strong opposition in Japan, this was realized by the efforts of elder Japanese statesmen ( 3168:

and acknowledging Japan's imminent unconditional surrender following this defeat, Hirohito persisted in seeking another battlefield where a decisive victory could be achieved, considering locations such as

2328:(1975). He was not only the first reigning Japanese emperor to visit foreign countries, but also the first to meet an American president. His status and image became strongly positive in the United States. 1176:

to by his given name but rather was referred to simply as "His Majesty the Emperor" which may be shortened to "His Majesty." In writing, the Emperor was also referred to formally as "The Reigning Emperor."

2587:

after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined after its post-war rededication. This boycott lasted from 1978 until his death and has been continued by his successors,

6377: 2900:

knew of and approved annihilation campaigns in China that included burning villages thought to harbor guerrillas." Top U.S. government officials understood the emperor's intimate role during the war.

3282:(Emperor Hirohito's Grand Chamberlain from 1936 to 1944) deposited by his relatives to the library of the University of Tokyo's graduate schools for law and politics became available to the public. 414: 12278: 559:, has been a subject of historical debate regarding his responsibility for war crimes. Despite initial successes, Japan's strategic miscalculations under his reign led to devastating consequences. 2531:

on 30 September 1975, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako stayed in the United States for two weeks. The official meeting with President Ford occurred on 2 October. On 3 October, Hirohito visited

7108: 578:

and the U.S. achieve its postwar objectives. As a result, MacArthur did everything in his power to exclude any possible evidence that would have incriminated Hirohito and his family during the

3206:

Takahisa Furukawa, expert on wartime history from Nihon University, confirmed the authenticity of the memo, calling it "the first look at the thinking of Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister

2571:

contained a laboratory from which Hirohito published several papers in the field under his personal name "Hirohito". His contributions included the description of several dozen species of

1945: 4686:(Imperial Headquarters war history; General history of beginning hostilities in the Greater East Asia War; Leadership and political strategy with respect to the beginning of hostilities). 3553:

are "ridiculously wide off the mark." If Hirohito acted too insistently with his views he could have been isolated or replaced with a more pliant member of the royal family. The pre-war

3355:. He considered that to be self-defense operations which are not criminal. Pal said "the real culprits are not before us" and concluded that "only a lost war is an international crime". 3314:

Seiichi Chadani, professor of modern Japanese history with Shigakukan University who has studied Hirohito's actions before and during the war said on the discovery of Hyakutake's diary:

6769: 3405:"(Omission) At the start of the war, a cabinet decision was made, and I could not reverse that decision. We believe this is consistent with the provisions of the Imperial Constitution." 12338: 12318: 12283: 7853: 731:

was compensated by Fleet Admiral Togo Heihachiro and Naval Captain Ogasawara Naganari, wherein later on, would become his major opponents with regards to his national defense policy.

3077:

Since his death in 1989, historians have discovered evidence that prove Hirohito's culpability for the war, and that he was not a passive figurehead manipulated by those around him.

1407:

later, despite the brutality that his officers had inflicted on the Chinese populace in Nanking; thus Hirohito had seemingly turned a blind eye to and condoned these monstrosities.

3052:. A year before, in 1989, Motoshima had broken what was characterized as "one of most sensitive taboos" by asserting that Emperor Hirohito bore responsibility for World War II. 12102: 2542:

In a speech at the White House state dinner, Hirohito read, "Thanks to the United States for helping to rebuild Japan after the war." During his stay in Los Angeles, he visited

12323: 7421: 1557:—You say the interior of China is huge; isn't the Pacific Ocean even bigger than China? ... Didn't I caution you each time about those matters? Sugiyama, are you lying to me? 1375:

Nonetheless, according to Herbert Bix, Hirohito's main concern seems to have been the possibility of an attack by the Soviet Union given his questions to his chief of staff,

5695: 3441:.) Does your majesty feel responsibility for the war itself, including the opening of hostilities? Also, what does your majesty think about so-called war responsibility?" ( 3310:"I requested the Emperor to say things to give the impression that Japan will exhaust all measures to pursue peace when the Foreign Minister is present." (20 November 1941) 12333: 11375: 11293: 8791: 8315: 734:

Shiratori Kurakichi, one of his middle-school instructors, was one of the personalities who deeply influenced the life of Hirohito. Kurakichi was a trained historian from

7547: 2919:

and authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the chief of staff of the army. Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas 375 times during the

2605:

published a front-page article about the discovery of a memorandum detailing the reason that Hirohito stopped visiting Yasukuni. The memorandum, kept by former chief of

1372:

stopped in the middle ... What's important is when to end the war" and "one should be cautious in starting a war, but once begun, it should be carried out thoroughly."

7609: 12097: 5549:

Prange, G. W., Dillon, K. V., Goldstein, D. M. (1991). At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor; Revised Edition. United Kingdom: Penguin Publishing Group.

3114:

in 1940 and another agreement in December 1941 that forbade Japan from signing a separate peace treaty with the United States. In the Dokuhaku roku, Hirohito said:

1739:

strategy implemented in China from 1942 to 1945 and which was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.

10443: 406: 11498: 10431: 10414: 6030: 3090:. In addition to feeling remorseful about his own role in the war, he "fell short by allowing radical elements of the military to drive the conduct of the war." 8702:

A controversial book that posited Hirohito as a more active protagonist of World War II than publicly portrayed; it contributed to the re-appraisal of his role.

3285:

Hyakutake's diary quotes some of Hirohito's ministers and advisers as being worried that the Emperor was getting ahead of them in terms of battle preparations.

915:. George V said that he treated his father like Hirohito, who was nervous in an unfamiliar foreign country, and that relieved his tension. The next day, he met 4943: 2459:

in 1936 and was virtually in exile, and they chatted for a while. However, protests were held in Britain and the Netherlands by veterans who had served in the

2520:

honored the state visit. Before and after the visit, a series of terrorist attacks in Japan were caused by anti-American left-wing organizations such as the

3323:"(Hyakutake's diary) is a significant record penned by one of the close aides to the Emperor documenting the process of how Japan's leaders led to the war." 11528: 11035: 8209: 8030: 4672:

had not yet been put into law. Despite this, visits to the United States had been planned in 1973 and 1974, but never occurred due to lack of coordination.

4060: 2359: 579: 5782:

Felton, Mark (2019). "Chapter 8: The Perfect Storm: Japanese military brutality during World War Two". In Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard C. (eds.).

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I asked for a decision. I decided to end the war on my own. (...) I thought that the continuation of the war would only bring more misery to the people."

536: 10852: 12298: 6791: 4873: 4507: 2063:), but the physical recording of Hirohito's speech was hidden and preserved overnight. The coup failed, and the speech was broadcast the next morning. 1513:

in Europe, Hirohito consented to the alliance. On 27 September 1940, ostensibly under Hirohito's leadership, Japan became a contracting partner of the

3399:"(Abbreviation) How do you answer those who claim that your Majesty was also involved in the decision-making process that led Japan to start the war?" 3022: 4935: 3676: 3270:

An entry dated 7 April 1987 said the Emperor was haunted by discussions of his wartime responsibility and, as a result, was losing his will to live.

8085: 6469: 2316:

For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional

12132: 3104: 3039:

In the years immediately after Hirohito's death, scholars who spoke out against the emperor were threatened and attacked by right-wing extremists.

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found himself increasingly isolated, and he resigned on 16 October. He justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita, by stating:

6655: 2495:

golden wedding anniversary three years later, along with the Empress, he mentioned this visit to Europe as his most enjoyable memory in 50 years.

2383:

again since 1921 (Taishō 10) as crown prince, for 17 days from 27 September to 14 October with his wife, Nagako. In this case, a special aircraft

2192:

trial could trigger widespread chaos and collapse of Japan, given his revered status among the Japanese populace. Additionally, the advent of the

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as an ally and strategic partner. As a result, ensuring Japan's strength and stability became imperative for securing a reliable postwar ally.

2160:

suspects and incarcerated solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. Thus, "months before the

2019:" following Hirohito's indications that the declaration did not compromise any demand which prejudiced his prerogatives as a sovereign ruler. 8336: 3240:

diary reveals that the emperor "gravely took responsibility for the war for a long time, and as he got older, that feeling became stronger."

2270:

thought him probable to be a useful partner to get the Japanese to accept the occupation and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuvering by

1771:

In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Japanese advances were stopped in the summer of 1942 with the

1360:

and made a false accusation against Chinese dissidents as a pretext to invade Manchuria, Japan occupied Chinese territories and established

12004: 7960: 2133:

Historians have criticized the decision to protect Hirohito and all members of the imperial family who were implicated in the war, such as

547:. During Hirohito's reign, Japan waged a war across Asia in the 1930s and '40s. His involvement in military decisions, particularly in the 9189: 5044:""Travelling in Tainan with Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" Learn about the culture and history of Taijiang and take a salt industry tour" 2551:

the United States. The official press conference held by the Emperor and Empress before and after their visit also marked a breakthrough.

501:

marked a significant step towards international diplomacy for Japan, despite domestic opposition. His experiences abroad, particularly in

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granting imperial honors that conveyed incontestable prestige and by issuing imperial rescripts that had coercive power greater than law.

2838:

in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II. They have said that he and some members of the imperial family, such as his brother

1796:, which was duly carried out but failed badly. Unhappy with the navy's conduct of the war, he criticized its withdrawal from the central 1414:, from August to October 1938, Hirohito authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions, despite the resolution adopted by the 876:. In April, Hirohito was present in Malta for the opening of the Maltese Parliament. After sailing for two months, the Katori arrived in 783: 7998: 6149: 10376: 8055: 7032: 2172:" by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that Hirohito would be spared from indictment." According to 1682:

On 8 December (7 December in Hawaii), 1941, in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the Hong Kong Garrison, the US Fleet in

9093: 3213:

In this document, Yuzawa details a conversation he had with Tojo a few hours before the attack. The Vice Minister quotes Tojo saying:

2122:, and Higashikuni, pressured Hirohito to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until his eldest son, Crown Prince 1973:

last man. This strategy was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, at which, as was normal, Hirohito did not speak.

12183: 11852: 11462: 11344: 10972: 3488: 3462: 2008: 520:, and their marriage further solidified his position within the imperial family and Japanese society. The couple had seven children. 2255:

1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the

1809:. With the Army and Navy bitterly feuding, he settled disputes over the allocation of resources. He helped plan military offenses. 12228: 11245: 11235: 4183: 2675: 2460: 2266:

Although the Emperor had supposedly repudiated claims to divinity, his public position was deliberately left vague, partly because

746:

was created and governed through diplomatic actions (taking into accounts the interests of other nations benevolently and justly).

12208: 7352: 12263: 12178: 8710: 2292:, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor." 2153: 979: 11040: 8809: 2715:, effective at midnight the following day. From 7 January until 31 January, Hirohito's formal appellation was "Departed Emperor" 1235:

power over the formation of cabinets since 1900. Between 1921 and 1944, there were 64 separate incidents of political violence.

12343: 12050: 12024: 4147: 3921: 3536:

in London. The letter was written shortly after Hirohito's death. Britain's ambassador to Japan John Whitehead stated in 1989:

3533: 1977: 12213: 5078:"How Taiwanese, Korean and Manchurian Cuisines Were Designed: A Comparative Study on Colonial Cuisines of the Japanese Empire" 11994: 8991: 8900: 8879: 8856: 8803: 8779: 8720: 7932: 7837: 5816: 4994: 3374:"How far has your Majesty been involved in Japan's decision to end the war in 1945? What was the motivation for your launch?" 1702:. On 9 February 19 March, and 29 May, Hirohito ordered the Army Chief of staff to examine the possibilities for an attack on 2999:

said that Emperor Hirohito might have been the prime mover behind most of Japan's military aggression during the Shōwa era.

1156:

On 25 December 1926, Yoshihito died and Hirohito became emperor. The Crown Prince was said to have received the succession (

12268: 11822: 11578: 11454: 11354: 11339: 11250: 11210: 9121: 2693: 2422: 1725:, as well as the expert on China's international relations Michael Tai, point out that Hirohito personally sanctioned the " 1294: 1192:); but this formal event would have been more accurately described as a public confirmation that he possessed the Japanese 1181: 1058: 92: 2391:

was used unlike the previous visit by ship. Although not counted as a visit, at that time, Hirohito and Nagako stopped by

1095:

an estimated 6000 people, mainly ethnic Koreans, were annihilated. The backlash culminated in an assassination attempt by

12223: 12122: 12117: 11837: 11334: 8727:

Winner of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 2000 National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography.

7273: 6535: 4893: 2631: 463: 10596: 12218: 11689: 11684: 11583: 11523: 11314: 11304: 10995: 8897: 8742: 5791: 3817: 3694: 2515:

at the White House before a state dinner held in honor of the Japanese head of state for the first time, 2 October 1975

1913: 1317: 1300:

informed him of the revolt, Hirohito immediately ordered that it be put down and referred to the officers as "rebels" (

512:

Hirohito assumed regency in 1921 due to his father's health issues, navigating Japan through significant treaties, the

6034: 5568: 3427:

On 31 October 1975, a press conference was held immediately after returning to Japan after visiting the United States.

1638:

to Hirohito. On 5 November Emperor Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the

11005: 11000: 10448: 10436: 10419: 10328: 8922: 8918: 8825: 8695: 7886:(in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1930, pp. 995–996 – via runeberg.org 5923: 5754: 5500: 5237: 3778: 2879: 2667: 2433: 1932: 1885: 1471: 1286:, one of Hirohito's brothers. This revolt was occasioned by a loss of political support by the militarist faction in 9063: 7138: 6495: 2482:, the Japanese monarch's visit was met with hostile far-left protests, participants of which viewed Hirohito as the 2015:: "The Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us." On 10 August, the cabinet drafted an " 880:

on 9 May, on the same day reaching the British capital, London. Hirohito was welcomed in the UK as a partner of the

12193: 12029: 12014: 12009: 11719: 11478: 11411: 11200: 11020: 11015: 10318: 8359:

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917)

6617: 4188: 2521: 2016: 1659: 1265: 8644: 7639:"SDHF Newsletter No. 18: "Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal" | Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact" 6301: 5043: 2666:

At the time of his death, he was both the oldest and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the

12258: 12238: 11712: 10547: 9204: 8274: 6560: 4432: 3959: 2535:. On 6 October, Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako visited Vice President and Mrs. Rockefeller at their home in 2403: 2345: 1687: 523:

When his father died in December 1926, Hirohito—then 25 years old—became emperor of Japan. Hirohito reigned as a

8037: 6513: 4756: 3070:

An account from the Vice Interior Minister in 1941, Michio Yuzawa, asserts that Hirohito was "at ease" with the

3029: 1892: 12092: 11734: 11435: 11205: 11010: 10369: 7082: 4951: 3623: 3008:

Fujiwara, "The thesis that the Emperor, as an organ of responsibility, could not reverse cabinet decision is a

2614:

in the list of war dead honored there by saying, "At some point, Class-A criminals became enshrined, including

2396: 1870: 1573:

Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favor of war rather than diplomacy. Baron

1453: 12253: 9075: 9011: 6117: 6102: 2048:, Hirohito typically used "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated" and to the more traditional 1969:(a great victory) in order to provide a stronger bargaining position, firmly rejected Konoe's recommendation. 513: 12188: 12019: 11444: 11359: 11349: 10965: 7994: 4526:

A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan.

3160:

surrounding America's commitment to upholding imperial rule. He considered the advice of Army Chief of Staff

2946: 2277:

Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the

2213: 1612: 17: 8388:

A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan

6556:"Hirohitler on the Rhine: Transnational Protest Against the Japanese Emperor's 1971 West German State Visit" 4972: 1046:

Bowls and utensils used by Hirohito on April 24 in Taipei during feast on local cuisine (Ntl. Taiwan Museum)

993:

and others, attended official international banquets, and visited places such as the fierce battlefields of

12243: 12233: 11999: 11870: 11324: 11265: 11255: 9219: 2536: 2040: 1243: 6473: 5270:("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley) 2088:'s photograph of General MacArthur and Hirohito at Allied General Headquarters in Tokyo, 27 September 1945 2022:

On 12 August 1945, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles,

1899: 1541:, and Prime Minister Konoe. Hirohito questioned Sugiyama about the chances of success of an open war with 11674: 11493: 11364: 10563: 9117: 7050: 5351: 5077: 4978: 3880: 2859: 2532: 2142: 2106: 1601: 1251: 6839: 6722: 5371: 4733: 3141:

As the war shifted unfavorably for Japan, his sentiments were recorded in the Dokuhaku roku as follows:

12163: 11961: 11930: 10485: 10343: 10064: 9197: 5524: 4968: 4097: 3942: 3064: 2767: 2641: 2119: 1032: 912: 838: 712: 635: 212: 8621: 8605: 6642: 12248: 11920: 11915: 11842: 11797: 11588: 11275: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10480: 10362: 9232: 7666: 3292:"The Emperor appears to have been prepared for war in the face of the tense times." (13 October 1941) 3264: 2851: 2671: 2606: 2456: 2134: 2115: 1881: 1866: 1449: 1376: 1283: 1193: 1143:

at the moment of their subsequent marriages (in the cases of Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko, and Takako).

677: 639: 604: 544: 467: 31: 12198: 11777: 11067: 5209: 2927:, who was the head of the medical experimentation unit and Unit 731, with a special service medal. 1220: 1087: 509:, influenced his understanding of international relations and Japan's position on the global stage. 12034: 11817: 11759: 11707: 11329: 11157: 10958: 10511: 5558:

Pike, F. (2016). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.

5182: 5123:"Entrance of Oldest Bathhouse (瀧乃湯) of Taipei, Once Visited by then Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" 4779: 4472: 4447: 3598: 3256: 2843: 2414: 2309: 1992:

extremists would carry out a coup or foment other violence. On 26 July 1945, the Allies issued the

1829:—each with the formal approval of Hirohito. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing disaster. 1550: 1305: 1104: 548: 282: 12203: 8333: 8164: 7788: 7768: 6688: 4894:"PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER Speaker Farrugia receives the new Japanese ambassador" 3187: 2938:

Additionally, he recalled showing Hirohito a Chinese-produced film depicting Japanese atrocities.

2164:

commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for

1555:—China is a vast area with many ways in and ways out, and we met unexpectedly big difficulties ... 11857: 11729: 11659: 11468: 11220: 11147: 10490: 10333: 10323: 10035: 9135: 4165: 3838: 3511: 2847: 2260: 2209: 2146: 2127: 1997: 1859: 1744: 1585: 1442: 1258: 1223:

and increasing military power within the government through both legal and extralegal means. The

975: 955: 944: 881: 672:

Ten weeks after he was born, Hirohito was removed from the court and placed in the care of Count

631: 524: 350: 10589: 7969: 7962:แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์แด่สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิแห่งประเทศญี่ปุ่น 6434:

Brands, Hal (2006). "The Emperor's New Clothes: American Views of Hirohito after World War II".

3130:

proposed that a settlement and concessions, such as the return of Hong Kong, should be given to

2464:

carriage passed them while others wore red gloves to symbolize the dead. The satirical magazine

2417:. Hirohito and Nagako became the first Japanese emperor and empress to visit foreign countries. 1484: 1168:'s beginning (Enlightened Peace) were proclaimed. The deceased Emperor was posthumously renamed 982:, for three days. On his stay with Stuart-Murray, the prince was quoted as saying, "The rise of 599:. By 1979, Hirohito was the only remaining monarch in the world with the title "Emperor", after 11807: 11569: 11533: 11509: 11406: 11391: 11240: 11152: 10163: 10040: 4967:

Tipton, Elise K. (2018). "Royal symbolism: Crown Prince Hirohito's tour to Europe in 1921". In

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asserted his views too much he would have been replaced by another member of the royal family.

3071: 2804: 2528: 2289: 2165: 1683: 1635: 1313: 1228: 1224: 1197: 1140: 708: 704: 262: 9971: 8963: 5913: 3184:

because he thought that the American occupation of Japan would uphold imperial rule in Japan.

1669:, which as one of its conditions demanded the complete withdrawal of all Japanese troops from 1115: 962:

lecture on "Relationship between the British Royal Family and its People", and was awarded an

895: 11593: 11055: 10701: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10646: 10641: 10128: 8262: 8238: 8114: 8005: 5998: 5746: 5122: 5102: 4766: 4134: 3998: 3980: 3757: 3736: 2991: 2904: 2697: 2568: 2278: 2138: 2023: 1651: 1650:, United States Secretary of War, noted in his diary that he had discussed with US President 1128: 990: 787: 10605: 10307: 8108: 8063: 7808: 6555: 5267: 1010: 600: 122: 12173: 12168: 11724: 11548: 11538: 11050: 10890: 10827: 10799: 10784: 10711: 10696: 10691: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 9857: 9798: 8128: 6813: 6088:

The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since World War II

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elections. The coup resulted in the murders of several high government and Army officials.

1278: 1269: 959: 936: 782:

From 3 March to 3 September 1921 (Taisho 10), the Crown Prince made official visits to the

583: 517: 506: 9753: 8664: 6980: 2059:

on the evening of 14 August, prior to the broadcast. They seized the Imperial Palace (the

1624: 825: 8: 11956: 11903: 11876: 11866: 11812: 11802: 11787: 11664: 11488: 11167: 11162: 11045: 10168: 10153: 10143: 10030: 10015: 10005: 9887: 9872: 9867: 9030:

Brands, Hal. "The Emperor's New Clothes: American Views of Hirohito after World War II."

8184: 6747: 6306: 4668:

The reason a visit had not occurred prior to this was, in part, due to the fact that the

4273: 4227: 4092: 4034: 3715: 3181: 2835: 2829: 2081: 2060: 2033: 1993: 1628: 1502: 1308: 1042: 685: 575: 567: 540: 257: 11739: 10774: 10113: 10084: 10079: 10050: 9966: 9768: 9733: 8792:"Chasing a Decisive Victory: Emperor Hirohito and Japan's War with the West (1941–1945)" 7754:"Chapter V: The Imperial Court – The Imperial House and The Reigning Sovereign", p. 46. 3279: 3273: 2766:

manner. A large number of world leaders attended the funeral. Hirohito is buried in the

2436:, and he was concerned that the premise of the symbolic emperor system could fluctuate. 1506: 1364:. Such aggression was recommended to Hirohito by his chiefs of staff and prime minister 11925: 11862: 11679: 11649: 11190: 10671: 10148: 10118: 10025: 10020: 9976: 9956: 9907: 9284: 9087: 8868: 8366: 8169: 7813: 7793: 7773: 6859: 6577: 6451: 5518: 5143: 5000: 4878: 4656: 4562:

A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.

4333: 4130: 3554: 3519: 3514:. But I was too particular about it to prevent the war. I made my own decisions twice ( 3470: 2655:

after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had

2285: 2239: 1838: 1792:

campaign. Following Japan's withdrawal from Guadalcanal he demanded a new offensive in

1691: 1607: 1100: 889: 770: 673: 563: 532: 435: 267: 177: 10895: 10870: 10749: 10582: 9912: 9536: 9526: 9432: 7422:"Newly released 1941 memo says Emperor Hirohito 'at ease' with attack on Pearl Harbor" 3380:"Originally, this should be done by the Cabinet. I heard the results, but at the last 3192:

In late July 2018, the bookseller Takeo Hatano, an acquaintance of the descendants of

3161: 2771: 2645: 2615: 1906: 1027:

Cavalry welcome Prince Hirohito in Taipei, in front of the Office of the Gov.-General.

12158: 11966: 11654: 11634: 11401: 11030: 9773: 9763: 9758: 9703: 9108: 8987: 8914: 8893: 8875: 8852: 8846: 8821: 8799: 8775: 8768: 8738: 8732: 8716: 8691: 8572: 8522:

A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n.sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama

8502: 7928: 7833: 6844: 6696: 6663: 6581: 6455: 6447: 6311: 5919: 5812: 5787: 5750: 5506: 5496: 5356: 5103:"Fine (Japanese) Meiji Era Brick&Wood Architecture in Taipei's Hot-spring Valley" 5004: 4990: 4947: 4818: 4207: 4016: 3859: 3244: 3165: 3045: 3016: 2867: 2803:

The issue of Emperor Hirohito's war responsibility is contested. During the war, the

2751:, was determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Prime Minister 2708: 2392: 2267: 2238:, i.e., an incarnate divinity. This was motivated by the fact that, according to the 2201: 2094: 1985: 1806: 1726: 1415: 948: 940: 908: 775: 739: 666: 571: 249: 12314:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

11110: 10910: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10847: 10842: 10832: 10794: 10623: 10426: 10222: 10173: 10123: 10010: 9808: 9743: 9683: 9604: 9531: 9164: 6118:"Select Documents on Japanese War Crimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 1934–2006" 2903:

Deeply engaged in military operations, Hirohito commissioned a war room beneath the

2779: 2762:, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was formal but not conducted in a strictly 2336: 2056: 1826: 1169: 1103:, but the attempt failed. During interrogation, the failed assassin claimed to be a 1092: 1036: 720: 658: 627: 482: 481:. He was the first child of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Crown Princess Sadako (later 470:

in the world, with his reign of 62 years being the longest of any Japanese emperor.

362: 105: 12107: 11827: 11543: 11215: 10819: 10721: 10303: 10158: 9990: 9922: 9917: 9892: 9813: 9778: 9723: 9227: 9171: 8218: 6914: 6569: 6443: 6389: 5990: 4982: 4223: 4211: 4202: 3891: 3648: 3474: 3288:

Thus, Hyakutake quotes Tsuneo Matsudaira, the Imperial Household Minister, saying:

3255:

An entry dated 27 May 1980 said the Emperor wanted to express his regret about the

3087: 3004: 2896: 2752: 2619: 2410: 2169: 2085: 2001: 1772: 1670: 1647: 1565: 1522: 1388: 1062:

Stele of Hirohito’s April 25 “river crossing” at Longnice bathhouse in Beitou, 2024

819: 815: 799: 459: 74: 12082: 10925: 10905: 10809: 10804: 10764: 10739: 10310: 10183: 10178: 9951: 9877: 9748: 9698: 9629: 9624: 9614: 9609: 9546: 9506: 9442: 9422: 9412: 9359: 9353: 9343: 9323: 9318: 8474: 8434: 8410: 8386: 7897: 5168: 5062: 4242:

Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun had seven children (two sons and five daughters).

3549:

Whitehead concludes that ultimately Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with

2567:

Hirohito was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the

1764: 1297: 1124: 680:

were returned to court when Kawamura died – first to the imperial mansion in

12127: 11832: 11749: 11669: 11142: 10981: 10837: 10779: 10769: 10744: 10731: 10716: 10399: 10202: 10045: 9902: 9882: 9862: 9852: 9837: 9823: 9688: 9501: 9452: 9407: 9113: 8984:

Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan

8937: 8340: 8200: 7922: 7166: 7143: 6540: 6302:"Review | A riveting history of the Japanese war crimes trial after World War II" 4419: 3347: 3198: 3131: 3111: 2953: 2934: 2920: 2839: 2759: 2732: 2656: 2584: 2471: 2429: 2271: 2246:

belief that the Japanese Imperial Family were the descendants of the sun goddess

1962: 1958: 1797: 1574: 1514: 1498: 1411: 1380: 1353: 1261: 963: 932: 928: 743: 316: 11744: 10920: 10759: 9961: 9803: 9556: 9427: 9402: 9289: 9249: 9099: 8520: 7325: 6792:"Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy" 6407: 4986: 3099: 2251: 12077: 11971: 11792: 11782: 11639: 11603: 11025: 10915: 10706: 10282: 10138: 10133: 9936: 9897: 9818: 9788: 9728: 9718: 9668: 9619: 9599: 9566: 9511: 9496: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9417: 9338: 9269: 8458: 8436:

Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

6885: 6393: 6012: 5734: 4684:

Daihon'ei senshi; Daitōa Sensō kaisen gaishi; Kaisen ni itaru seisentyaku shidō

4482: 4218: 4161: 3994: 3619: 3594: 3484: 3451:"I can't answer that kind of question because I haven't thoroughly studied the 3342: 3188:

Vice Interior Minister Yuzawa's account on Hirohito's role in Pearl Harbor raid

3156: 2996: 2983: 2884: 2875: 2787: 2783: 2388: 2372: 2069: 1736: 1718: 1710: 1588: 1365: 1276:, followed in February 1936. It was carried out by junior Army officers of the 1247: 924: 920: 662: 623: 592: 574:

thought that an ostensibly cooperative emperor would help establish a peaceful

566:, despite it waging the war in the name of Hirohito, he was not prosecuted for 502: 498: 486: 372: 287: 198: 12112: 12087: 10789: 7575: 3300:"I occasionally have to try to stop him from going too far." (13 October 1941) 2559: 2012: 1980: 676:, who raised him as his grandchild. At the age of 3, Hirohito and his brother 615: 12309:

Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

12152: 11598: 11319: 11309: 11137: 11102: 10395: 10217: 10188: 9793: 9738: 9713: 9693: 9678: 9663: 9634: 9561: 9551: 9541: 9521: 9516: 9467: 9462: 9378: 9348: 9333: 9328: 9279: 9274: 9264: 8763: 8576: 8506: 8205:"His Majesty Emperor Hirohito of Japan, K. G. 29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989" 7879: 7638: 7548:"Diary tells of Emperor Hirohito's anguish in final years over blame for war" 7310: 6748:"The brief career of the Emperor Showa (Imperial Household Agency, Japanese)" 6700: 6667: 6573: 6315: 5809:

China and Her Neighbours: Asian Diplomacy from Ancient History to the Present

5738: 5467: 4649: 4437: 3193: 3127: 3048:, was shot and critically wounded by a member of the ultranationalist group, 2942: 2930: 2428:

made a public telephone call to the Japanese ambassador to the United States

2399: 2371:

In 1971 (Shōwa 46), Hirohito visited seven European countries, including the

2341: 2317: 2217: 2173: 1822: 1714: 1639: 1569:

Emperor Hirohito riding Shirayuki during an Army inspection on 8 January 1938

1542: 1287: 1273: 1096: 885: 755: 724: 716: 696: 650: 587: 528: 490: 478: 474: 181: 11699: 1161: 974:, from 19 to 20 May, and was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws at the 63: 11195: 11072: 10900: 10754: 10633: 10615: 9783: 9673: 9648: 9481: 9387: 9303: 8223: 8204: 4361: 3631: 3627: 3602: 3550: 3507: 3418:

did your Majesty know about the attack plan? And did you approve the plan?"

3352: 3296:

Likewise, Koichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, is quoted as saying:

2987: 2855: 2547: 2487: 2479: 2425: 2384: 2321: 2188: 1662: 1538: 1518: 1403: 1361: 1173: 900: 803: 654: 556: 494: 462:

according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1926 until

272: 11769: 11386: 5510: 2990:

assert that post-war arguments favoring the view that Hirohito was a mere

2866:. In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta said that the 2704: 2242:, Hirohito had a divine power over his country which was derived from the 1391:

and Seiya Matsuno show that Hirohito also authorized, by specific orders (

1188:) which are conventionally identified as "enthronement" and "coronation" ( 1165: 692: 582:. On 1 January 1946, under pressure from the Allies, the Emperor formally 306: 11847: 11396: 10295: 9708: 9584: 9040:

Wilson, Sandra. "Enthroning Hirohito: Culture and Nation in 1920s Japan"

8706: 8147:"Tonga Royalty Posing with Japanese Leaders Pictures | Getty Images" 7269: 6656:"At Arlington Cemetery, a Wreath From 'the Emperor and Empress of Japan'" 5986: 5982: 4891: 4568:

The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.

3855: 3455:

in this field, and so don't really appreciate the nuances of your words."

3434: 3381: 3336: 3260: 3207: 3135: 3040: 3015:

According to Yinan He, associate professor of international relations at

2979: 2924: 2816: 2609:

Tomohiko Tomita, confirms for the first time that the enshrinement of 14

2512: 2466: 2452: 2380: 2376: 2364: 2325: 2234: 1789: 1776: 1747: 1722: 1620: 1526: 1071: 994: 916: 791: 759: 552: 454:(29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989), posthumously honored as 229: 9045: 9035: 8544: 6150:"Should the United States be Blamed for Japan's Historical Revisionism?" 5862: 3327: 3217:"The Emperor seemed at ease and unshakable once he had made a decision." 1759: 923:, and a banquet was held every day thereafter. In London, he toured the 837:

The departure of Prince Hirohito was widely reported in newspapers. The

216: 11644: 11260: 10862: 10291: 10098: 9104: 8904: 7828:

Peterson, James W. (2001). Weaver, Barry C; Quigley, Michael A (eds.).

5490: 4653: 3487:

was dropped, but because of this war, I feel sorry for the citizens of

3452: 3305:"The Emperor's resolve appears to be going too far." (20 November 1941) 2712: 2543: 2508: 2503: 2205: 2197: 2196:

brought about harsh political circumstances. Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese

2111: 1873: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1793: 1456: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1316:

and subdue them." The rebellion was suppressed following his orders on

983: 877: 11553: 5492:

Japan's decision for war : records of the 1941 policy conferences

2011:

and the Soviet declaration of war. On 9 August, Emperor Hirohito told

1698:

9 and 26 February, to increase troop strength and launch an attack on

1402:

On December 1, 1937, Hirohito had given formal instruction to General

1219:

The first part of Hirohito's reign took place against a background of

1031:

Over 12 days in April 1923, Hirohito visited Taiwan, which had been a

754:

On 2 November 1916, Hirohito was formally proclaimed crown prince and

11976: 11951: 11946: 11754: 11625: 11558: 11230: 9012:"Aide's Diary Suggests Hirohito Agonized over His War Responsibility" 8298: 4648:

Many foreigners, including those from the occupying power, were from

3572:

Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Empire of Japan,

3466: 3442: 3437:

banquet you said, 'I deeply deplore that unfortunate war.' (See also

3274:

Hirohito's preparations for war described in Saburō Hyakutake's diary

3049: 2863: 2812: 2483: 2406: 2352: 2348: 2305: 2247: 1703: 1666: 1510: 1282:

faction who had the sympathy of many high-ranking officers including

1212:

Emperor Hirohito after his enthronement ceremony in 1928, dressed in

1070:

Crown Prince Hirohito handed his Imperial Notice to Governor-General

967: 873: 857: 853: 830: 10935: 7241:

Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (The Shōwa Emperor fifteen years war)

1848: 1431: 1328: 324: 12055: 11483: 11174: 10542: 10354: 10266: 9082: 8796:

In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army

4911:

tour and was present for the opening of the new Maltese Parliament.

4427: 4015:

United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable

3955: 3795: 3389: 2916: 2912: 2652: 2593: 2572: 2193: 2179: 971: 845: 10950: 8476:

Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea / by Hirohito

7576:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack" 6654:

Times, Philip Shabecoff Special to The New York (4 October 1975).

3263:

who visited at the time, but was stopped by senior members of the

2834:

Historians have stated that Hirohito was directly responsible for

811: 703:

During 1912, at the age of 11, Hirohito was commissioned into the

11225: 10506: 10261: 9181: 9070: 8818:

Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (Shōwa Emperor's Fifteen-year War)

8106: 5995:

The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind

5690: 5688: 5686: 5375: 5127: 5107: 4394: 3938: 3753: 3690: 3672: 2682: 2589: 2444: 2440: 2123: 2049: 2028: 1368:, and Hirohito did not voice objection to the invasion of China. 1239: 1213: 1075: 861: 795: 735: 596: 345: 277: 115: 12279:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7326:"The Tokyo Tribunal, War Responsibility and the Japanese People" 5857:

Herbert P. Bix "Japan's Delayed Surrender: a Reinterpretation."

5291: 3408:

22 September 1975 – Press conference with Foreign Correspondents

1208: 1131:, on 26 January 1924. They had two sons and five daughters (see 1035:

since 1895. This was a voyage his father, the then Crown Prince

711:

as an Ensign. He was also bestowed with the Grand Cordon of the

30:

This article is about the emperor of Japan. For other uses, see

11908: 11077: 9058: 8675: 8652: 8632: 8357:

Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies".

7832:. San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America. 5495:. Nobutaka Ike. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1967. 4141: 4125: 4077: 3876: 3774: 3732: 3711: 3532:

Geoffrey Howe was declassified on Thursday 20 July 2017 at the

3500:"What was the most enjoyable of your memories of eighty years?" 3494:

17 April 1981 Press conference with the presidents of the press

3339: 3196:(Japanese Vice Interior Minister in 1941), released to Japan's 3170: 2956:, Hirohito's authority up to 1945 depended on three elements: 2808: 2763: 2636: 2451:, they were warmly welcomed. In France, Hirohito reunited with 2448: 2243: 2126:

came of age. On 27 February 1946, Hirohito's youngest brother,

1802: 1785: 1780: 1699: 1006: 681: 393: 382: 7033:"Japan's Wartime Emperor Showed Remorse Over Nanjing Massacre" 6408:"Hirohito | Biography, Full Name, Surrender, & Facts" 5683: 2105:

As Hirohito appointed his uncle and daughter's father-in-law,

1788:

peninsula. He secured the deployment of army air power in the

11270: 10241: 9222: 7993: 7523: 7487: 7456: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7177: 5900:

Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media

5169:"The Takao Club: Crown Prince Hirohito's 1923 Visit to Takao" 5063:"The Takao Club: Crown Prince Hirohito's 1923 Visit to Takao" 3976: 3917: 3834: 3278:

In September 2021, 25 diaries, pocket notebooks and memos by

3174: 2775: 2670:

in the world at that time, a distinction which passed to the

869: 807: 646: 8925:, The first full-length biography, it gives his basic story. 7446: 7444: 7442: 5323:

Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-de-camp, The Honjō Diary

5279: 4033:

United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Most Noble

3526: 3134:, so that Japanese troops in China could be diverted to the 2274:

to thwart attempts to cast him as a European-style monarch.

1172:

within days. Following Japanese custom, the new Emperor was

516:, and an assassination attempt. In January 1924, he married 6970:, edited by Peter B. Lane and Ronald E. Marcello, pp. 94–96 4744: 3506:"Since I saw the constitutional politics of Britain as the 3009: 2055:

A faction of the army opposed to the surrender attempted a

1232: 865: 849: 700:

manliness, self-control, and devotion to the duty at hand.

8546:

The Hydroids of Sagami Bay / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

7511: 7499: 7220: 7208: 7189: 5671: 4892:

Malta Government Services and Information (24 July 2020).

4670:

Act for Extraordinary Vicarious Execution of State Affairs

1634:

On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the

1099:

on the Prince Regent on 27 December 1923 in the so-called

695:(Peers School). Emperor Mutsuhito, then appointed General 12339:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

12319:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

12284:

Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class

10574: 7610:"Hirohito "uncomfortable" with war but powerless to stop" 7439: 5659: 5144:"Long Nice Hot Spring and Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" 3365: 2798: 2758:

On 24 February, Hirohito's state funeral was held at the

2475: 2324:

of the United Kingdom (1971) and United States President

1545:. As Sugiyama answered positively, Hirohito scolded him: 1488:

Political-military map of the Asia-Pacific region in 1939

986:

won't happen if you live a simple life like Duke Athol."

7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 6814:"Hirohito visits to Yasukuni stopped over war criminals" 6329: 6033:. The Air Force Association. August 2012. Archived from 5635: 5586: 5210:"TW's List of 7: Notorious Assassination Plots in Japan" 2651:

On 22 September 1987, Hirohito underwent surgery on his

2340:

Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako with U.S. President

1180:

In November 1928, Hirohito's accession was confirmed in

1005:

After returning (from Europe) to Japan, Hirohito became

645:

Hirohito was born on 29 April 1901, at Aoyama Palace in

8356: 7927:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 6364:

Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography

6346: 6344: 5963: 5611: 5531: 5332: 4080:: Member of the Order of the Crown of Brunei, 1st Class 2232:

the quasi-official claim that Hirohito of Japan was an

1257:

Another notable case was the assassination of moderate

1081: 723:

assumed the throne and his eldest son, Hirohito became

8737:(Book) (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. 6886:"Akihito | Biography, Reign, & Facts | Britannica" 5868: 5372:"Diary shows Hirohito didn't want war in China: media" 2439:

There was an early visit with deep royal exchanges in

1119:

Prince Hirohito and his wife, Princess Nagako, in 1924

595:

in January 1989, and was succeeded by his eldest son,

12324:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

8100: 7968:(in Thai). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th. Archived from 7593: 6959: 6957: 6496:"外交文書公開に関する備忘録｜教員からのメッセージ｜教員・院生からのメッセージ｜東洋英和女学院大学大学院" 6174: 6172: 6170: 5569:"Chapter III: Politico-Military Evolution Toward War" 5057: 5055: 5053: 4550:

Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.

3328:

Documents that suggest limited wartime responsibility

3055:

Regarding Hirohito's exemption from trial before the

2941:

Officially, the imperial constitution, adopted under

1600:

The army and the navy recommended the appointment of

8299:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" 8210:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

7247: 6341: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6208: 6058: 4848: 4146:

Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Royal Family

3243:

Jennifer Lind, associate professor of government at

3210:

on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."

3103:

chronologically from 1919 to 1946, right before the

2678:, until his own death in November of the same year. 2363:

Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako arriving in the

2228:

Hirohito was not put on trial, but he was forced to

1497:

In July 1939, Hirohito quarrelled with his brother,

1395:), the use of chemical weapons against the Chinese. 1332:

The Emperor on his favorite white horse, Shirayuki (

661:) and 16-year-old Crown Princess Sadako, the future 12334:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

8949:"Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China" 8770:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

8060:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

7948:

Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008

7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7007: 4974:

Royals on Tour: Politics, pageantry and colonialism

4798: 3561: 2823: 2152:Before the war crime trials actually convened, the 738:, imbibing the positivist historiographic trend by 8867: 8767: 8463:. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1974. 6954: 6167: 6143: 6141: 5880: 5763: 5623: 5443: 5431: 5394: 5303: 5050: 5011: 4874:File:Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4228:Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called 4113:Spain: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished 3155:, but Japan suffered defeat. On 14 February 1945, 2026:, asked whether the war would be continued if the 1238:Hirohito narrowly escaped assassination by a hand 762:ceremony was not required to confirm this status. 8865: 8844: 8525:. Stanford University Libraries. 25 February 1984 7665:"The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking", by 6205: 5724:Yamada, pp. 180, 181, 185; Fujiwara, pp. 135–138. 4836: 3677:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 3226:Historian Furukawa concluded from Yuzawa's memo: 3080: 12150: 12133:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 7830:Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States 7554: 7535: 7026: 7024: 7022: 6973: 6723:"Image-Building a Goal of Japan Emperor's Visit" 6369: 5733: 4938:(September 2001). "（97）昭和天皇". In 朝日新聞社編 (ed.). 4734:"Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)" 4538:Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer. 3580: 2933:, the younger brother of Hirohito, informed the 2100:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1957:In early 1945, in the wake of the losses in the 1418:on 14 May condemning Japanese use of toxic gas. 586:. Hirohito played a crucial role in recovery of 477:, during the reign of his paternal grandfather, 12103:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 8936:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959). 8786:awarded Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award. 8334:The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia 7920: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 6936: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6138: 5416:, Kikan Sensō Sekinin Kenkyū 9, 1995, pp. 20–21 4705: 3358: 3267:due to fear of backlash from far right groups. 3057:International Military Tribunal of the Far East 2836:the atrocities committed by the imperial forces 2744: 2724: 2583:Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the 2413:, at the Alaska District Army Command House at 2114:. Many members of the imperial family, such as 497:in 1916, Hirohito's overseas visits in 1921 to 11087: 8870:Hirohito and His Times: A Japanese Perspective 8812:on 12 November 2018 – via Archived copy. 8587: 8467: 8427: 8403: 8379: 7854:"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen" 7332:. Timothy Amos trans. The Asia-Pacific Journal 6943: 6926: 6913: 6600: 6598: 5951:, Chûô Kôronsha, 1987, pp. 66–67, Bix, p. 489. 5918:. Cornell University Press. pp. 117–118. 5911: 4819:"Pacific Wrecks - Emperor Hirohito 裕仁 (Shōwa)" 4623: 4606: 3247:and a specialist in Japanese war memory said: 2738: 2718: 1730: 1619:Instead, Hirohito chose the hard-line General 331: 161: 49: 10966: 10590: 10370: 10290:Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in 9205: 8935: 7264: 7262: 7019: 6227: 6225: 6223: 5915:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War 5656:, Robert B. Stinnett, New York, 2000, p. 143. 5297: 5285: 5273: 4930: 4928: 4866: 4816: 4750: 2681:The Emperor was succeeded by his eldest son, 2498: 9311: 9257: 8561: 8513: 8491: 8451: 7758:, The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book Co., Tokyo. 7402: 6904: 5608:, 1991, p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary. 5232: 5230: 4327: 4174: 3510:, I felt strongly that I must adhere to the 3439:Emperor Shōwa's Theory of War Responsibility 3234: 3093: 2807:frequently depicted Hirohito to equate with 691:In 1908, he began elementary studies at the 11450:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 10249: 8946: 8129:"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana" 7999:"ส่งเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์ไปพระราชทาน" 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7450: 7274:"Post-Hirohito, Japan Debates His War Role" 7226: 7214: 7202: 7183: 7133: 7131: 7129: 6840:"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83" 6595: 6514:"Nine controversial state visits to the UK" 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 5338: 5261: 5259: 3901:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 3800:Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn 1677: 1665:presented the Japanese ambassador with the 1333: 1323: 1123:Prince Hirohito married his distant cousin 1018: 899:Prince Hirohito and British Prime Minister 665:. He was the grandson of Emperor Meiji and 610: 10973: 10959: 10597: 10583: 10377: 10363: 9212: 9198: 8930:Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945 8798:. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 8371:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7902:(in Swedish), vol. 2, 1940, p. 7 7395:Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945 7259: 6966:Warriors and Scholars: A Modern War reader 6220: 5711:December 8, 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor 4925: 4518: 2625: 1775:and the landing of the American forces on 62: 12299:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12) 11853:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11463:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 8913:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1966. 8222: 7661: 7659: 7419: 7311:"Yinan He | International Relations" 7109:"Hirohito, the war criminal who got away" 6553: 6472:. MSN産経ニュース. 7 March 2013. Archived from 6103:"Hirohito, the war criminal who got away" 5227: 5183:"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito" 4780:"The Long and Eventful Reign of Hirohito" 3816:Thailand: Knight of the Most Illustrious 3527:British government assessment of Hirohito 2974:independence or returned Texas to Mexico. 2923:from August to October 1938. He rewarded 2707:. On the next day, 8 January 1989, a new 2563:Emperor Hirohito in his laboratory (1950) 2183:Hirohito signing constition of Japan 1947 2009:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1933:Learn how and when to remove this message 1472:Learn how and when to remove this message 1039:had planned in 1911 but never completed. 11236:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 10210: 10106: 10072: 9998: 9944: 9845: 9096:at the Imperial Household Agency website 8831: 8275:"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III" 8163: 7880:"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden" 7872: 7827: 7807: 7787: 7777:(Supplement). 13 May 1921. p. 3917. 7767: 7238: 7139:"New Hirohito Revelations Startle Japan" 7126: 7076: 7074: 7072: 6997: 6070: 6023: 5969: 5617: 5473: 5256: 3566: 2952:According to Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi of 2635: 2558: 2502: 2461:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 2358: 2335: 2299: 2178: 2080: 1944: 1758: 1658:On the following day, 26 November 1941, 1606: 1564: 1483: 1327: 1207: 1114: 1057: 1041: 1022: 894: 824: 774:The Crown Prince watches a boat race at 769: 669:. His childhood title was Prince Michi. 622: 614: 9656: 9100:Reflections on Emperor Hirohito's death 8981: 8754:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8734:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 8712:Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan 8627:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8608:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8569:The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II, Thecata 8537: 8173:(Supplement). 9 May 1921. p. 3747. 7987: 7797:(Supplement). 9 May 1921. p. 3737. 7253: 7030: 6820:. Search.japantimes.co.jp. 21 July 2006 6350: 5844:Herbert Bix, "Emperor Hirohito's war," 5832: 5708: 5665: 5641: 5592: 5477: 4532:Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands. 4083: 3180:In August 1945, Hirohito agreed to the 2889:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 2154:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1706:in China, which led to Operation Gogo. 980:John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl 911:, where Hirohito met with George V and 14: 12329:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 12151: 12051:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 10394:The generations indicate descent from 9592: 9489: 9395: 8840:] (in Japanese). Bungei Shūnjusha. 8412:Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands 8199: 8110:Calendario generale del regno d'Italia 8107:Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). 8086:"Viagem do Presidente Geisel ao Japão" 7742: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7656: 7573: 7376: 7350: 6963: 6950:. Tōkyō: Fuji Shuppan. pp. 27–29. 6720: 6604: 6433: 6378:"The Divinity of the Japanese Emperor" 6011: 5781: 5462:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu 5426:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu 5414:Nitchū Sensō ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu 5207: 4966: 4148:Order of Saints George and Constantine 3922:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 2799:Accountability for Japanese war crimes 2098:and his family were excluded from the 12304:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 12294:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 10954: 10578: 10358: 9193: 8762: 8549:. National Library of Australia. 1988 7619:from the original on 14 December 2018 7323: 7268: 7069: 6653: 6375: 6335: 6296: 6294: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6214: 6148:Gady, Franz-Stefan (15 August 2015). 6064: 5981: 5141: 5075: 5029:"Hirohito Is Named Regent of Japan", 4544:Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands. 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 3997:: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 3714:: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian 2491:effort against communism in Vietnam. 2474:to refer to Hirohito's visit ("nasty 2004:. Hirohito decided not to surrender. 1767:and their children on 7 December 1941 1709:While some authors, like journalists 1505:, and reprimanded the army minister, 1250:, in Tokyo on 9 January 1932, in the 649:during the reign of his grandfather, 11455:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 11211:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 10384: 9009: 8789: 8685: 8499:Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima 8460:Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands 7924:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 7392: 7353:"Mayor Who Faulted Hirohito Is Shot" 7106: 7080: 6860:"Hirohito - WWII, Death & Facts" 6554:Macartney, Alex F. (27 April 2020). 6147: 6115: 6031:"Hirohito's "Jewel Voice Broadcast"" 4720: 4556:Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima. 2793: 2696:was held on 12 November 1990 at the 1871:adding citations to reliable sources 1842: 1805:and, later, for an offensive in the 1454:adding citations to reliable sources 1425: 1082:Earthquake and assassination attempt 907:That evening, a banquet was held at 12123:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 11365:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 10980: 8751: 8730: 8705: 8479:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1977 8439:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1971 8415:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1969 8391:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1967 8036:. 27 September 2015. Archived from 7884:Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930 7756:The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book 1938 7631: 7574:Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021). 7324:Awaya, Kentarō (16 February 2006). 7083:"Five Myths About Emperor Hirohito" 7013: 6618:"1975 saw Hirohito in Williamsburg" 6178: 5886: 5874: 5806: 5769: 5696:"Emperor Hirohito - Nuclear Museum" 5677: 5629: 5537: 5449: 5437: 5400: 5309: 5076:Iwama, Kazuhiro (20 January 2021). 5017: 4946:. Vol. 下. 朝日新聞社. p. 445. 4934: 4922:小田部雄次『天皇・皇室を知る事典』211頁（東京堂出版・2007年） 4854: 4842: 4804: 4762: 3641: 3364:8 September 1975 TV interview with 3059:, opinions were not unanimous. Sir 2632:Death and state funeral of Hirohito 1949:Emperor Hirohito on the battleship 1067:stele alongside to tell the story. 749: 24: 12289:Recipients of the Order of Culture 12274:Deaths from small intestine cancer 10281: 9176:25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 9114:Newspaper clippings about Hirohito 9024: 6536:"A love affair at work turns sour" 6291: 6085: 5727: 4395:Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan 3818:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 3695:Order of the White Rose of Finland 3658: 3126:In September 1944, Prime Minister 2578: 2511:, Emperor Hirohito, and President 2331: 2223: 2073:, meaning "it cannot be helped"). 1304:). Shortly thereafter, he ordered 765: 707:as a Second Lieutenant and in the 688:, then back to the Aoyama Palace. 27:Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989 25: 12355: 9051: 8947:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). 8890:Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God 8848:Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man 8186:List of the Knights of the Garter 8053: 7351:Sanger, David (19 January 1990). 7031:Landers, Peter (19 August 2019). 7000:Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God 5784:The Routledge History of Genocide 5142:Chung, Wen-Ping (16 March 2018). 3491:, but I think it is unavoidable." 3461:"How did you understand that the 2554: 947:. He also enjoyed theater at the 311:25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 12184:20th-century Japanese zoologists 11823:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 11086: 10459: 10339: 10338: 9221: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9002: 8659: 8639: 8616: 8600: 8350: 8326: 8308: 8292: 8267: 8255: 8231: 8193: 8177: 8157: 8149:. 6 October 2016. Archived from 8139: 8121: 8078: 8047: 8031:"NEPAL: Order of Ojaswi Rajanya" 8023: 7953: 7941: 7914: 7890: 7846: 7821: 7801: 7781: 7761: 7748: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7420:Yamaguchi, Mari (27 July 2018). 7386: 7370: 7344: 7317: 7303: 7291: 7232: 7159: 7107:Pike, Francis (22 August 2020). 7100: 7043: 6991: 6878: 6852: 6832: 6806: 6784: 6762: 6740: 6714: 6681: 6647: 6636: 6610: 6547: 6528: 6506: 6488: 6462: 6448:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2006.00133.x 6427: 6418: 6400: 4675: 4662: 4476: 4388: 4217: 4201: 4189:Order of the Yugoslav Great Star 4176: 4154: 4140: 4124: 4107: 4085: 4070: 4052: 4026: 4008: 3987: 3969: 3948: 3931: 3910: 3890: 3869: 3848: 3827: 3809: 3788: 3767: 3746: 3725: 3704: 3683: 3665: 3612: 3587: 3562:Titles, styles, honours and arms 3151:1944, he hoped for a victory at 2824:Evidence for wartime culpability 2522:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front 2295: 2076: 2017:Imperial Rescript ending the War 1965:, Hirohito, still looking for a 1847: 1627:, and Japanese Foreign Minister 1430: 1356:in 1931 in which Japan staged a 1266:civilian control of the military 978:. He stayed at the residence of 630:'s four sons in 1921: Hirohito, 411: 392: 12229:Japanese people of World War II 11838:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 10548:Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino 9094:Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun 9044:37#2 (2011), pp. 289–323. 9010:Rich, Motoko (24 August 2018). 8606:Presentation by Herbert Bix on 8303:Czech Medals and Orders Society 8281:(in Spanish), 1930, p. 221 7051:"Detail All of Hirohito's Role" 6561:Journal of Contemporary History 6356: 6282: 6200:Ashida Hitoshi Nikki, Dai Ikkan 6193: 6184: 6109: 6095: 6049: 6005: 5975: 5954: 5941: 5932: 5905: 5892: 5851: 5838: 5825: 5800: 5775: 5718: 5702: 5647: 5598: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5483: 5455: 5419: 5406: 5364: 5352:"Detail All of Hirohito's Role" 5344: 5315: 5208:Hernon, Matthew (15 May 2021). 5201: 5175: 5161: 5135: 5115: 5095: 5069: 5036: 5023: 4960: 4916: 4900:. Office of the Speaker (Malta) 4885: 4860: 4642: 4632: 4433:Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan 3960:Order of the Crown of the Realm 3074:"once he had made a decision." 2687: 2668:longest-reigning living monarch 2288:and the end of the short-lived 1858:needs additional citations for 1763:Emperor Hirohito with his wife 1584:As war preparations continued, 1509:. But after the success of the 1492: 1441:needs additional citations for 1421: 653:, the first son of 21-year-old 238: 12264:World War II political leaders 12179:20th-century Japanese monarchs 12093:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 11206:Imperial Rescript on Education 8986:. University of Hawaii Press. 8828:(based on the primary sources) 8774:. W. W. Norton & Company. 8645:Presentation by John Dower on 8625:interview with Herbert Bix on 7298:Shōwa tennō no Jū-go nen sensō 7081:Pike, Francis (26 July 2015). 6964:Divine, Dr. Robert A. (2005). 6938:Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryoshu 6721:Moffat, Susan (20 June 1994). 6544:. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 6470:"米側の昭和天皇政治利用に外相が「迷惑千万」外交文書公開" 6202:, Iwanami Shoten, 1986, p. 82. 4810: 4772: 4726: 4614: 4599: 4574:The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. 4059:United Kingdom: Fellow of the 3879:: Grand Cross of the National 3837:: Member of the Most Glorious 3081:Michiji Tajima's notes in 1952 2546:, and a smiling photo next to 2312:can be seen in the background. 2149:, from criminal prosecutions. 1501:, over whether to support the 1203: 13: 1: 12344:Military personnel from Tokyo 11539:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 11445:Imperial General Headquarters 11036:Foreign commerce and shipping 8668:interview with John Dower on 8347:. Retrieved 7 September 2020. 8345:The Crown Council of Ethiopia 7995:Royal Thai Government Gazette 7817:. 27 June 1930. p. 4028. 6998:Laquerre, Paul-Yanic (2013). 6534:Popham, Peter (15 May 1996). 5606:Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō 5265:Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). 4693: 4355:Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted) 3581:Foreign military appointments 3203:million people were killed." 2947:Imperial General Headquarters 2862:, should have been tried for 2850:, and his uncles the princes 2240:Japanese constitution of 1889 2039:On 15 August, a recording of 1978:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 1613:Imperial General Headquarters 619:Hirohito as an infant in 1902 12209:People of Shōwa-period Japan 11871:Hirohito surrender broadcast 11266:Greater East Asia Conference 10313:is not traditionally listed. 8942:. Ponsonby Memorial Society. 8239:"Boletín Oficial del Estado" 7671:The Journal of Asian Studies 7615:. Kyodo News. 20 July 2017. 7379:Hirohito: Guilty or Innocent 7300:, Aoki Shoten, 1991, p. 122. 7167:"1889 Japanese Constitution" 6921:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II 6424:『皇族天皇家の近現代史』小田部雄次中公新書 2011 5709:Bartsch, William H. (2003). 4698: 3359:The Emperor's own statements 2911:Poison gas weapons, such as 2778:alongside his late parents, 2640:Emperor Shōwa's tomb in the 2537:Westchester County, New York 2423:Minister for Foreign Affairs 2395:as a stopover, and met with 1832: 1264:in 1932, marking the end of 1151: 919:(the future Edward VIII) at 844:was used, and departed from 7: 12269:Deaths from cancer in Japan 11251:Supreme Court of Judicature 10564:Prince Hisahito of Akishino 9118:20th Century Press Archives 9042:Journal of Japanese Studies 8939:The Imperial House of Japan 8832:Hidenari, Terasaki (1991). 8588:Books and academic journals 8316:"PREDSJEDNIK TITO U JAPANU" 7377:Fleury, Jean Sénat (2019). 6937: 6920: 5960:Kido Kōichi Nikki, p. 1223. 4987:10.7765/9781526109392.00016 4979:Manchester University Press 4580: 4300:Princess Fumiko Higashikuni 4297:Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni 4290:Prince Morihiro Higashikuni 3881:Order of the Southern Cross 3576:– upon ascending the throne 3012:fabricated after the war." 2745: 2725: 2703:Hirohito's death ended the 2533:Arlington National Cemetery 2507:Empress Nagako, First Lady 2107:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2041:Hirohito's surrender speech 1611:The Emperor as head of the 1602:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1110: 989:In Italy, he met with King 958:, he listened to Professor 943:, Army University, and the 545:involvement in World War II 537:Japanese imperial expansion 514:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 466:in 1989. He was one of the 10: 12360: 12224:Japanese marine biologists 12214:Children of Emperor Taishō 11962:Second Philippine Republic 11735:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 10604: 10486:Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu 8911:Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 8866:Toshiaki Kawahara (1990). 8845:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (1992). 8305:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 6985:Atomic Heritage Foundation 6394:10.1177/003231875801000201 5786:. Routledge. p. 114. 5745:(1st ed.). New York: 4971:; McCreery, Cindy (eds.). 4428:Naruhito, Emperor of Japan 4098:Order of the Golden Fleece 3259:to former Chinese Premier 2969:Wakabayashi further adds: 2842:, his cousins the princes 2827: 2768:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 2642:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 2629: 2499:Visit to the United States 2304:Emperor Hirohito visiting 2216:to consider the potential 1836: 1132: 1000: 913:Prince Arthur of Connaught 713:Order of the Chrysanthemum 213:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 29: 12219:Sons of Japanese emperors 12070: 12043: 11985: 11939: 11896: 11889: 11843:Japan during World War II 11798:Pacification of Manchukuo 11768: 11698: 11690:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 11685:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 11623: 11616: 11567: 11554:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 11507: 11433: 11426: 11373: 11291: 11284: 11276:Imperial Japanese Airways 11183: 11130: 11095: 11084: 10988: 10934: 10861: 10818: 10730: 10632: 10614: 10556: 10535: 10527:Norihito, Prince Takamado 10522:Yoshihito, Prince Katsura 10517:Prince Tomohito of Mikasa 10499: 10481:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 10468: 10457: 10427:Yoshihito, Emperor Taishō 10407: 10392: 10279: 10240: 10201: 10097: 10063: 9989: 9935: 9836: 9647: 9583: 9480: 9386: 9377: 9302: 9248: 9241: 9178: 9169: 9161: 9156: 9129: 8962:(1): 4–27. Archived from 8838:Emperor Showa's Monologue 8688:Hirohito: Behind the Myth 8658: 8638: 8615: 8599: 8594: 8189:– via heraldica.org 8004:(in Thai). Archived from 6944: 6927: 6917:; Matsuno, Seiya (1997). 6794:. Reuters. 15 August 2021 6772:. World Hydrozoa Database 6366:, p. 60; Routledge, 1992. 6017:A History of Modern Japan 5997:. Vol. 2. New York: 5811:. Zed Books. p. 28. 4607: 4481: 4451:(Masahito, Prince Yoshi) 4446: 4393: 4360: 4332: 4316: 4277:(Shigeko, Princess Teru) 4272: 4267: 4264: 4208:Ethiopian Imperial Family 3958:: Honorary Member of the 3265:Imperial Household Agency 3235:Shinobu Kobayashi's diary 3094:Showa Tenno Dokuhaku Roku 2739: 2719: 2607:Imperial Household Agency 2046:A History of Modern Japan 1284:Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu 1127:, the eldest daughter of 605:Emperor of Central Africa 580:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 468:longest-reigning monarchs 400: 388: 378: 368: 358: 344: 332: 322: 315: 305: 300: 296: 278:Akihito, Emperor of Japan 248: 223: 205: 188: 162: 154: 150: 142: 131: 121: 111: 101: 91: 80: 73: 61: 50: 41: 32:Hirohito (disambiguation) 11818:Second Sino-Japanese War 11760:Racial Equality Proposal 11340:Agriculture and Commerce 10512:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 10507:Emperor Emeritus Akihito 8834:Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku 8790:Drea, Edward J. (1998). 8731:Bix, Herbert P. (2001). 8339:26 December 2012 at the 8322:(7187): 5. 9 April 1968. 7961: 7921:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 7910:– via runeberg.org 7426:Honolulu Star-Advertiser 7239:Fujiwara, Akira (1991). 6574:10.1177/0022009420907666 5033:, 26 November 1921, p. 4 4592: 4486:(Takako, Princess Suga) 4448:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 4398:(Akihito, Prince Tsugu) 4365:(Atsuko, Princess Yori) 4337:(Kazuko, Princess Taka) 4237: 4019:(civil division) (GCB), 3779:Order of the White Eagle 3739:(RSerafO), with Collar, 3718:(StkStOO), with Collar, 3393:, USA, 20 September 1975 2415:Elmendorf Air Force Base 2310:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 1678:War: advance and retreat 1324:Second Sino-Japanese War 1146: 1019:Visit of colonial Taiwan 951:and the Delhi Theatre. 937:Lloyd's Marine Insurance 829:In May 1921, he visited 715:. When his grandfather, 611:Early life and education 549:Second Sino-Japanese War 434:Hirohito announcing the 283:Masahito, Prince Hitachi 12194:20th-century Shintoists 11730:Washington Naval Treaty 11675:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 11660:First Sino-Japanese War 11479:Nuclear weapons program 11221:Great Japan Youth Party 11148:National seals of Japan 10491:Takahito, Prince Mikasa 10476:Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa 9136:Imperial House of Japan 8982:Wetzler, Peter (1998). 8056:"The Order of Sikatuna" 7037:The Wall Street Journal 6516:. Sky News. 4 June 2019 6412:Encyclopedia Britannica 5912:Robert A. Pape (2014). 5680:, pp. 424, 430–31. 4519:Scientific publications 4224:Russian Imperial Family 4166:Order of the White Lion 3839:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya 3679:, Special Class (GCBVO) 3512:constitutional politics 3463:atomic bomb was dropped 3433:"Your majesty, at your 3105:Tokyo War Crimes Trials 2672:Prince of Liechtenstein 2626:Death and state funeral 2210:Chinese Communist Party 2147:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 2007:That changed after the 1998:unconditional surrender 976:University of Edinburgh 956:University of Cambridge 882:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 539:particularly in China, 440:Recorded 14 August 1945 301:Era name and dates 12259:British field marshals 12239:Japanese war criminals 11808:Motherland controversy 11778:Shōwa financial crisis 11570:Imperial Japanese Navy 11510:Imperial Japanese Army 11241:Peace Preservation Law 10444:Teruhito, Prince Mitsu 10286: 9074:Quotations related to 8851:. Praeger Publishers. 8279:Guía Oficial de España 8224:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 7899:Sveriges statskalender 7393:Pike, Francis (2015). 6818:The Japan Times Online 5523:: CS1 maint: others ( 5238:"Hirohito's survivors" 4624: 4350:Toshimichi Takatsukasa 4318:Sachiko, Princess Hisa 3941:: Grand Cordon of the 3858:: Grand Collar of the 3735:: Knight of the Royal 3547: 3542: 3416:attack on Pearl Harbor 3325: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3253: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3148: 3120: 3098:In December 1990, the 3072:attack on Pearl Harbor 2976: 2963: 2663:one great-grandchild. 2648: 2564: 2516: 2368: 2356: 2313: 2290:Central African Empire 2261:constitutional monarch 2184: 2093:war criminal. General 2089: 1954: 1768: 1757: 1731: 1636:attack on Pearl Harbor 1616: 1598: 1570: 1559: 1489: 1377:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 1349: 1229:Imperial Japanese Navy 1225:Imperial Japanese Army 1216: 1198:Three Sacred Treasures 1141:Imperial Household Law 1120: 1088:Great Kantō earthquake 1063: 1047: 1028: 904: 834: 779: 719:died on 30 July 1912, 709:Imperial Japanese Navy 705:Imperial Japanese Army 657:Yoshihito (the future 642: 620: 584:renounced his divinity 525:constitutional monarch 263:Sachiko, Princess Hisa 158:Hirohito, Prince Michi 11720:Siberian Intervention 11529:Railways and Shipping 11345:Commerce and Industry 11041:Industrial production 10942:Crown Prince Hirohito 10702:Fujiwara no Tadamichi 10687:Fujiwara no Yorimichi 10682:Fujiwara no Michinaga 10677:Fujiwara no Michitaka 10647:Fujiwara no Mototsune 10642:Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 10432:Michihito, Prince Aki 10415:Yukihito, Prince Take 10285: 8956:Sino-Japanese Studies 8888:Laquerre, Paul-Yanic 8820:, Aoki Shoten, 1991. 8752:Bix, Herbert (2016). 8690:. New York: Villard. 8686:Behr, Edward (1989). 8043:on 27 September 2015. 6770:"Hydrozoa Taxon List" 6376:Kawai, Kazuo (1958). 6116:Cunliffe, William H. 5861:1995 19(2): 197–225. 5831:Akamatsu's diary, in 5807:Tai, Michael (2019). 4135:Order of the Redeemer 4133:: Grand Cross of the 3999:Royal Victorian Order 3981:Royal Order of Pouono 3979:: Grand Cross of the 3924:(OMRI), with Collar, 3920:: Grand Cross of the 3758:Order of the Elephant 3737:Order of the Seraphim 3693:: Grand Cross of the 3675:: Grand Cross of the 3567:Military appointments 3543: 3538: 3483:"I am sorry that the 3414:"How long before the 3321: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3249: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3143: 3116: 2986:, Peter Wetzler, and 2971: 2958: 2905:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2891:, who wrote that the 2698:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2694:enthronement ceremony 2639: 2611:Class-A war criminals 2569:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2562: 2506: 2362: 2339: 2303: 2214:Truman administration 2182: 2084: 2024:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka 1948: 1762: 1752: 1660:US Secretary of State 1652:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1610: 1593: 1568: 1547: 1487: 1379:, and army minister, 1331: 1211: 1190:Shōwa no tairei-shiki 1129:Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni 1118: 1061: 1045: 1026: 991:Vittorio Emanuele III 898: 828: 773: 626: 618: 473:Hirohito was born in 68:Formal portrait, 1935 12189:20th-century regents 12138:Political dissidence 11987:Occupied territories 11725:General Election Law 11549:Taiwan Army of Japan 10891:Takatsukasa Fusasuke 10828:Takatsukasa Fuyuhira 10800:Takatsukasa Kanetada 10785:Takatsukasa Kanehira 10712:Fujiwara no Motofusa 10697:Fujiwara no Tadazane 10692:Fujiwara no Morozane 10667:Fujiwara no Koretada 10662:Fujiwara no Saneyori 10657:Fujiwara no Tadahira 10652:Fujiwara no Tokihira 10319:Imperial family tree 9066:at Wikimedia Commons 9034:68#1 pp. 1–28. 8874:. Kodansha America. 7087:History News Network 6037:on 10 September 2013 5540:, pp. 411, 745. 5476:, pp. 106–108; 4657:Abrahamic traditions 4587:Japanese nationalism 4306:Hidehiko Higashikuni 4115:Order of Charles III 3983:(KGCCP), with Collar 3897:Italian Royal Family 3516:February 26 Incident 3153:Battle of Leyte Gulf 2790:, who died in 2000. 2602:Nihon Keizai Shimbun 2434:Japan–U.S. relations 1867:improve this article 1549:—At the time of the 1450:improve this article 1358:False flag operation 1270:February 26 incident 1252:Sakuradamon Incident 1125:Princess Nagako Kuni 839:Japanese battleship 518:Princess Nagako Kuni 12244:Nobility from Tokyo 12234:Japanese Shintoists 11957:Wang Jingwei regime 11867:Potsdam Declaration 11858:Soviet–Japanese War 11813:Anti-Comintern Pact 11803:January 28 incident 11788:London Naval Treaty 11665:Triple Intervention 11494:Supreme War Council 11378:deliberative bodies 10329:Order of succession 8756:. Harper Perennial. 8610:, 15 September 2000 7997:(31 January 1925). 7975:on 31 December 2014 7272:(22 January 1989). 7171:history.hanover.edu 6848:. 15 November 1989. 6643:Ford Library Museum 6362:Large, Stephen S.; 6338:, pp. 308–318. 6310:. 19 October 2023. 6307:The Washington Post 5877:, pp. 480–481. 5480:, pp. 25, 231. 5329:, Hara Shobō, 1975. 5300:, pp. 136–137. 5148:Undiscovered Taipei 4817:PacificWrecks.com. 4303:Naohiko Higashikuni 4274:Shigeko Higashikuni 4035:Order of the Garter 3716:Order of Saint Olav 3520:end of World War II 3182:Potsdam Declaration 2978:Historians such as 2915:, were produced by 2830:Chrysanthemum taboo 2355:(27 September 1971) 2308:in 1947. The domed 2034:Potsdam Declaration 1994:Potsdam Declaration 1976:The following day, 1503:Anti-Comintern Pact 1352:Beginning from the 1309:Yoshiyuki Kawashima 1244:Korean independence 966:degree. He visited 888:and Prime Minister 258:Shigeko Higashikuni 135:25 November 1921 – 84:25 December 1926 – 12254:Sesshō and Kampaku 11680:Russo-Japanese War 11650:Two Lords Incident 11305:Imperial Household 10672:Fujiwara no Kaneie 10398:, who founded the 10287: 9016:The New York Times 8629:, 2 September 2001 8320:Slobodna Dalmacija 8170:The London Gazette 8153:on 6 October 2016. 7814:The London Gazette 7794:The London Gazette 7774:The London Gazette 7383:Prologue, p. xxvi. 7357:The New York Times 7278:The New York Times 6981:"Emperor Hirohito" 6890:www.britannica.com 6695:. 6 October 1975. 6693:The New York Times 6660:The New York Times 6500:www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp 6086:He, Yinan (2015). 5898:David C. Earhart, 5859:Diplomatic History 5668:, pp. 29, 35. 5298:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5286:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5274:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 5031:The New York Times 4882:. 3 December 1916. 4879:The New York Times 4867:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 4751:Ponsonby-Fane 1959 4512:Yoshihisa Shimazu 4469:30 September 1964 4340:30 September 1929 4334:Kazuko Takatsukasa 4322:10 September 1927 4131:Greek Royal Family 3832: 3555:Meiji Constitution 2878:policy adopted in 2649: 2565: 2527:After arriving in 2517: 2369: 2357: 2314: 2286:Iranian Revolution 2185: 2143:Prince Higashikuni 2090: 1955: 1839:Surrender of Japan 1769: 1692:invasion of Malaya 1617: 1571: 1490: 1362:puppet governments 1350: 1217: 1196:, also called the 1121: 1107:and was executed. 1101:Toranomon incident 1091:Japan. During the 1078:on 26 April 1923. 1074:and departed from 1064: 1048: 1029: 964:honorary doctorate 949:New Oxford Theatre 905: 890:David Lloyd George 835: 780: 778:in the UK in 1921. 674:Kawamura Sumiyoshi 643: 621: 601:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 564:surrender of Japan 533:Meiji Constitution 436:surrender of Japan 268:Kazuko Takatsukasa 12164:Emperors of Japan 12146: 12145: 12118:Socialist thought 12066: 12065: 12005:Dutch East Indies 11967:Empire of Vietnam 11885: 11884: 11655:Satsuma Rebellion 11635:Meiji Restoration 11612: 11611: 11422: 11421: 11360:Greater East Asia 11246:Political parties 11201:Foreign relations 10948: 10947: 10572: 10571: 10352: 10351: 10275: 10274: 10236: 10235: 10197: 10196: 10093: 10092: 10059: 10058: 9985: 9984: 9931: 9930: 9832: 9831: 9643: 9642: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9476: 9475: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9298: 9297: 9228:Emperors of Japan 9188: 9187: 9179:Succeeded by 9062:Media related to 8993:978-0-8248-1925-5 8881:978-0-87011-979-8 8858:978-0-275-94069-0 8816:Fujiwara, Akira, 8805:978-0-8032-1708-9 8781:978-0-393-32027-5 8722:978-0-06-019314-0 8681: 8680: 8066:on 25 August 2019 7934:978-87-7674-434-2 7839:978-1-890974-09-1 7743:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7719:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7707:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7695:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7683:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 7580:The Asahi Shimbun 7550:. 23 August 2018. 7532:, pp. 17–19. 7496:, pp. 15–16. 7484:, pp. 17–18. 7186:, pp. 19–20. 7055:Los Angeles Times 6915:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki 6845:Los Angeles Times 6727:Los Angeles Times 6605:陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988 6382:Political Science 6190:Bix, pp. 571–573. 6105:. 20 August 2020. 5991:Postgate, Raymond 5947:Fujita Hisanori, 5848:(Dec 1991), 41#12 5818:978-1-786997-79-1 5741:(November 1998). 5644:, pp. 47–50. 5595:, pp. 52–54. 5428:, 1997, pp. 25–29 5360:. 14 August 2000. 5357:Los Angeles Times 5242:Los Angeles Times 5046:. 7 October 2022. 4996:978-1-5261-0939-2 4857:, pp. 70–74. 4823:pacificwrecks.com 4807:, pp. 36–37. 4650:Western countries 4516: 4515: 4017:Order of the Bath 3864:28 September 1966 3860:Order of Sikatuna 3720:26 September 1922 3534:National Archives 3257:Sino-Japanese war 3245:Dartmouth College 3166:Battle of Okinawa 3110:Japan signed the 3046:Hitoshi Motoshima 3033: 3017:Lehigh University 2868:Three Alls policy 2794:Legacy and honors 2731:. His definitive 2599:On 20 July 2006, 2478:in the air"). In 2393:Anchorage, Alaska 2279:1947 Constitution 2268:General MacArthur 2257:tennō kikan setsu 2230:explicitly reject 2202:Chinese Civil War 2095:Douglas MacArthur 1943: 1942: 1935: 1917: 1807:Battle of Okinawa 1727:Three Alls policy 1625:Shigetarō Shimada 1482: 1481: 1474: 1416:League of Nations 1412:invasion of Wuhan 945:Naval War College 941:Oxford University 909:Buckingham Palace 776:Oxford University 740:Leopold von Ranke 667:Yanagiwara Naruko 576:Allied occupation 572:Douglas MacArthur 507:European monarchs 505:and meeting with 449: 448: 429: 340: 339: 16:(Redirected from 12351: 12249:Regents of Japan 12108:Shinmin no Michi 12098:Internment camps 12010:French Indochina 11894: 11893: 11740:Taishō Democracy 11621: 11620: 11544:Japanese holdout 11431: 11430: 11355:Colonial Affairs 11289: 11288: 11216:Yokusan Sonendan 11122: 11114: 11106: 11090: 11089: 11016:Economic history 10975: 10968: 10961: 10952: 10951: 10820:Muromachi period 10775:Ichijō Sanetsune 10722:Matsudono Moroie 10599: 10592: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10543:Emperor Naruhito 10463: 10462: 10452: 10440: 10423: 10387: 10386:Japanese princes 10379: 10372: 10365: 10356: 10355: 10342: 10341: 10304:Imperial Consort 10301: 10247: 10246: 10208: 10207: 10104: 10103: 10070: 10069: 9996: 9995: 9942: 9941: 9843: 9842: 9654: 9653: 9590: 9589: 9487: 9486: 9393: 9392: 9384: 9383: 9309: 9308: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9245: 9236: 9226: 9225: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9191: 9190: 9172:Emperor of Japan 9162:Preceded by 9152: 9145: 9127: 9126: 9086:Data related to 9085: 9073: 9061: 9019: 8997: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8968: 8953: 8943: 8909:Mosley, Leonard 8885: 8873: 8862: 8841: 8813: 8808:. Archived from 8785: 8773: 8757: 8748: 8726: 8701: 8670:Embracing Defeat 8663: 8662: 8647:Embracing Defeat 8643: 8642: 8620: 8619: 8604: 8603: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8362: 8354: 8348: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8312: 8306: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8133:www.quirinale.it 8125: 8119: 8118: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8088:. September 1976 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8062:. Archived from 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8035: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8003: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7643:www.sdh-fact.com 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7606: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7533: 7530:Wakabayashi 1991 7527: 7521: 7518:Wakabayashi 1991 7515: 7509: 7506:Wakabayashi 1991 7503: 7497: 7494:Wakabayashi 1991 7491: 7485: 7482:Wakabayashi 1991 7479: 7454: 7451:Wakabayashi 1991 7448: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7400: 7398: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7266: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7236: 7230: 7227:Wakabayashi 1991 7224: 7218: 7215:Wakabayashi 1991 7212: 7206: 7203:Wakabayashi 1991 7200: 7187: 7184:Wakabayashi 1991 7181: 7175: 7174: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7135: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7078: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7057:. 14 August 2000 7047: 7041: 7040: 7028: 7017: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6923: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6750:. Kunaicho.go.jp 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6689:"A Rare Glimpse" 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6651: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6624:. 7 January 1989 6614: 6608: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6551: 6545: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6476:on 10 March 2013 6466: 6460: 6459: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6414:. 25 April 2023. 6404: 6398: 6397: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6298: 6289: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5949:Jijûchô no kaisô 5945: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5573:history.army.mil 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5487: 5481: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5339:Wakabayashi 1991 5336: 5330: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244:. 7 January 1989 5234: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4932: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4889: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4687: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4508:Hisanaga Shimazu 4499: 4495: 4493: 4464: 4461:28 November 1935 4460: 4458: 4411: 4408:23 December 1933 4407: 4405: 4383:10 October 1952 4378: 4374: 4372: 4309:Yūko Higashikuni 4286:10 October 1943 4280:9 December 1925 4245: 4244: 4226:: Knight of the 4222: 4221: 4212:Order of Solomon 4210:: Collar of the 4206: 4205: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4164:: Collar of the 4160: 4158: 4157: 4145: 4144: 4129: 4128: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4096:: Knight of the 4095: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3943:Order of Leopold 3937: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3899:: Knight of the 3895: 3894: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3798:: Knight of the 3794: 3792: 3791: 3777:: Knight of the 3773: 3771: 3770: 3756:: Knight of the 3752: 3750: 3749: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3653:11 February 1937 3649:Order of Culture 3642:National honours 3618: 3616: 3615: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3574:25 December 1926 3475:RCC Broadcasting 3280:Saburō Hyakutake 3088:Nanjing Massacre 3034: 3027: 3005:Noboru Takeshita 2897:Nanking Massacre 2786:, and his wife, 2753:Noboru Takeshita 2750: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2691: 2690: 1989–2019 2689: 2575:new to science. 2367:(8 October 1971) 2212:, prompting the 2200:were losing the 2116:Princes Chichibu 2086:Gaetano Faillace 2002:Japanese society 1938: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1875: 1851: 1843: 1773:battle of Midway 1734: 1690:, and began the 1671:French Indochina 1648:Henry L. Stimson 1615:on 29 April 1943 1507:Seishirō Itagaki 1477: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1434: 1426: 1389:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1221:financial crisis 1194:Imperial Regalia 820:Saionji Kinmochi 816:Yamagata Aritomo 750:Crown Prince era 460:emperor of Japan 458:, was the 124th 438:to Allied forces 431: 430: 407:Hirohito's voice 396: 335: 334: 298: 297: 242: 240: 209:24 February 1989 195: 174: 172: 165: 164: 138: 137:25 December 1926 97:10 November 1928 87: 75:Emperor of Japan 66: 54: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 12359: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12142: 12128:Yasukuni Shrine 12062: 12039: 11981: 11935: 11881: 11833:Tripartite Pact 11828:Rape of Nanking 11764: 11750:Tapani incident 11694: 11670:Boxer Rebellion 11628: 11608: 11572: 11563: 11512: 11503: 11438: 11418: 11412:Representatives 11380: 11377: 11376:Legislative and 11369: 11335:Foreign Affairs 11298: 11295: 11280: 11179: 11158:Government Seal 11143:Rising Sun Flag 11126: 11120: 11112: 11104: 11091: 11082: 10984: 10982:Empire of Japan 10979: 10949: 10944: 10930: 10896:Ichijō Kaneteru 10871:Ichijō Akiyoshi 10857: 10838:Konoe Kanetsugu 10814: 10780:Konoe Kanetsune 10770:Konoe Kanetsune 10750:Kujō Yoshitsune 10745:Konoe Motomichi 10732:Kamakura period 10726: 10717:Konoe Motomichi 10628: 10610: 10603: 10573: 10568: 10552: 10531: 10495: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10446: 10434: 10417: 10403: 10400:Empire of Japan 10388: 10385: 10383: 10353: 10348: 10299: 10271: 10232: 10203:Empire of Japan 10193: 10089: 10065:Azuchi-Momoyama 10055: 10036:Go-Tsuchimikado 9981: 9927: 9828: 9639: 9571: 9472: 9365: 9294: 9237: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9184: 9175: 9167: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9132: 9054: 9027: 9025:Further reading 9022: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8972: 8970: 8969:on 21 July 2011 8966: 8951: 8928:Pike, Francis. 8882: 8859: 8806: 8782: 8745: 8723: 8707:Bix, Herbert P. 8698: 8672:, 26 March 2000 8660: 8640: 8617: 8601: 8595:External videos 8590: 8585: 8584: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8543: 8542: 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4368: 4364: 4336: 4312: 4276: 4240: 4216: 4200: 4177: 4175: 4155: 4153: 4139: 4123: 4117:, with Collar, 4108: 4106: 4086: 4084: 4071: 4069: 4053: 4051: 4027: 4025: 4009: 4007: 3988: 3986: 3970: 3968: 3949: 3947: 3932: 3930: 3911: 3909: 3905:31 October 1916 3889: 3870: 3868: 3849: 3847: 3828: 3826: 3822:30 January 1925 3810: 3808: 3789: 3787: 3768: 3766: 3762:24 January 1923 3747: 3745: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3703: 3697:, with Collar, 3684: 3682: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659:Foreign honours 3647:Founder of the 3644: 3613: 3611: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3569: 3564: 3529: 3387:Interview with 3361: 3348:Chiang Kai-shek 3330: 3276: 3237: 3199:Yomiuri Shimbun 3190: 3162:Yoshijirō Umezu 3132:Chiang Kai Shek 3112:Tripartite Pact 3096: 3083: 3026: 2954:York University 2935:Yomiuri Shimbun 2921:Battle of Wuhan 2840:Prince Chichibu 2832: 2826: 2801: 2796: 2760:Shinjuku Gyo-en 2736: 2735:, Emperor Shōwa 2733:posthumous name 2716: 2686: 2676:Franz Joseph II 2657:duodenal cancer 2646:Hachiōji, Tokyo 2634: 2628: 2585:Yasukuni Shrine 2581: 2579:Yasukuni Shrine 2557: 2501: 2472:double entendre 2430:Nobuhiko Ushiba 2334: 2332:Visit to Europe 2298: 2272:Shigeru Yoshida 2226: 2224:Imperial status 2135:Prince Chichibu 2079: 1963:Hisanori Fujita 1959:Battle of Leyte 1939: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1876: 1874: 1864: 1852: 1841: 1835: 1813:Allied Forces. 1798:Solomon Islands 1680: 1646:On 25 November 1575:Yoshimichi Hara 1556: 1554: 1515:Tripartite Pact 1499:Prince Chichibu 1495: 1478: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1447: 1435: 1424: 1381:Hajime Sugiyama 1354:Mukden Incident 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1326: 1272:, an attempted 1262:Inukai Tsuyoshi 1206: 1164:'s end and the 1154: 1149: 1113: 1084: 1033:Japanese colony 1021: 1003: 933:Bank of England 929:Tower of London 768: 766:Overseas travel 752: 744:Empire of Japan 613: 607:, was deposed. 553:Pacific Theater 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 439: 432: 412: 409: 330:Emperor Shōwa ( 329: 317:Posthumous name 310: 292: 244: 241: 1924) 236: 232: 219: 210: 197: 193: 176: 170: 168: 167: 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10251: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10214: 10212: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10164:Go-Sakuramachi 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10041:Go-Kashiwabara 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9939: 9937:Northern Court 9933: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9849: 9847: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9651: 9645: 9644: 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8842: 8829: 8814: 8804: 8787: 8780: 8764:Dower, John W. 8760: 8759: 8758: 8749: 8744:978-0060931308 8743: 8721: 8703: 8696: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8656: 8655: 8649:, 1 April 1999 8636: 8635: 8613: 8612: 8597: 8596: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8560: 8536: 8512: 8490: 8466: 8450: 8426: 8402: 8378: 8349: 8325: 8307: 8291: 8266: 8254: 8230: 8201:Corner, E.J.H. 8192: 8176: 8156: 8138: 8120: 8099: 8077: 8046: 8022: 7986: 7952: 7950:(2008), p. 298 7940: 7933: 7913: 7889: 7871: 7845: 7838: 7820: 7800: 7780: 7760: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7673:, August 2001. 7655: 7630: 7592: 7553: 7534: 7522: 7520:, pp. 18. 7510: 7508:, pp. 16. 7498: 7486: 7455: 7438: 7401: 7385: 7369: 7343: 7316: 7302: 7290: 7258: 7246: 7231: 7229:, pp. 17. 7219: 7217:, pp. 19. 7207: 7205:, pp. 20. 7188: 7176: 7158: 7125: 7099: 7068: 7042: 7018: 7016:, p. 365. 7006: 6990: 6972: 6953: 6903: 6892:. 4 April 2023 6877: 6851: 6831: 6805: 6783: 6761: 6739: 6713: 6680: 6646: 6635: 6609: 6594: 6568:(3): 622–644. 6546: 6527: 6505: 6487: 6461: 6426: 6417: 6399: 6368: 6355: 6340: 6328: 6290: 6281: 6279:, p. 326. 6269: 6267:, p. 583. 6257: 6255:, p. 585. 6245: 6243:, p. 325. 6233: 6219: 6204: 6192: 6183: 6181:, p. 545. 6166: 6137: 6108: 6094: 6069: 6067:, p. 606. 6057: 6048: 6022: 6004: 6001:. p. 991. 5974: 5972:, p. 129. 5962: 5953: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5904: 5891: 5889:, p. 481. 5879: 5867: 5850: 5846:History Today, 5837: 5824: 5817: 5799: 5793:978-0367867065 5792: 5774: 5772:, p. 365. 5762: 5755: 5739:Brewster, Todd 5726: 5717: 5701: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5632:, p. 421. 5622: 5620:, p. 118. 5610: 5597: 5585: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5530: 5501: 5482: 5466: 5464:, 1997, p. 28. 5454: 5452:, p. 339. 5442: 5440:, p. 320. 5430: 5418: 5405: 5403:, p. 319. 5393: 5378:. 9 March 2007 5363: 5343: 5331: 5314: 5312:, p. 186. 5302: 5290: 5288:, p. 349. 5278: 5255: 5226: 5200: 5174: 5160: 5134: 5114: 5094: 5068: 5049: 5035: 5022: 5020:, p. 123. 5010: 4995: 4959: 4952: 4924: 4915: 4884: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4809: 4797: 4771: 4755: 4753:, p. 337. 4743: 4725: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4674: 4661: 4641: 4631: 4613: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4504:10 March 1960 4502: 4500: 4487: 4483:Takako Shimazu 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473:Hanako Tsugaru 4470: 4467: 4465: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4416:10 April 1959 4414: 4412: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4232:September 1916 4214: 4198: 4172: 4162:Czechoslovakia 4151: 4137: 4121: 4104: 4102:6 October 1928 4081: 4067: 4049: 4023: 4005: 3995:United Kingdom 3984: 3966: 3945: 3928: 3907: 3887: 3866: 3845: 3824: 3806: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3620:United Kingdom 3609: 3595:United Kingdom 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3478: 3471:end of the war 3456: 3446: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3357: 3343:Radhabinod Pal 3329: 3326: 3275: 3272: 3236: 3233: 3189: 3186: 3157:Fumimaro Konoe 3095: 3092: 3082: 3079: 2997:Herbert P. Bix 2984:Akira Fujiwara 2895:far surpassed 2885:Herbert P. Bix 2876:scorched earth 2874:), a Japanese 2825: 2822: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2788:Empress Nagako 2784:Empress Teimei 2780:Emperor Taishō 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2580: 2577: 2556: 2555:Marine biology 2553: 2500: 2497: 2486:equivalent of 2470:used a racist 2411:Washington, DC 2397:U.S. President 2389:Japan Airlines 2373:United Kingdom 2333: 2330: 2297: 2294: 2284:Following the 2225: 2222: 2162:Tokyo tribunal 2078: 2075: 2070:shikata ga nai 2061:Kyūjō incident 1953:, 24 June 1943 1941: 1940: 1855: 1853: 1846: 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1827:Kantarō Suzuki 1745:Prime Minister 1737:scorched earth 1719:Herbert P. Bix 1711:Peter Jennings 1679: 1676: 1629:Shigenori Tōgō 1589:Fumimaro Konoe 1586:Prime Minister 1551:China Incident 1494: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1438: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1366:Fumimaro Konoe 1325: 1322: 1314:Konoe Division 1259:Prime Minister 1248:Lee Bong-chang 1205: 1202: 1174:never referred 1170:Emperor Taishō 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1112: 1109: 1093:Kantō Massacre 1083: 1080: 1020: 1017: 1002: 999: 960:J. R. Tanner's 925:British Museum 921:Windsor Castle 784:United Kingdom 767: 764: 751: 748: 663:Empress Teimei 659:Emperor Taishō 628:Emperor Taishō 612: 609: 593:Fukiage Palace 570:, for General 541:militarization 499:Western Europe 487:Empress Teimei 483:Emperor Taishō 447: 446: 433: 410: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 363:Emperor Taishō 360: 356: 355: 348: 342: 341: 338: 337: 320: 319: 313: 312: 303: 302: 294: 293: 291: 290: 288:Takako Shimazu 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 252: 246: 245: 234: 228: 227: 225: 221: 220: 211: 207: 203: 202: 201:, Tokyo, Japan 199:Fukiage Palace 196:(aged 87) 192:7 January 1989 190: 186: 185: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 86:7 January 1989 82: 78: 77: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 56: 55: 46: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12356: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12199:Shōwa Statism 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12083:Fukoku kyōhei 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940:Puppet states 11938: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11599:Fleet Faction 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11579:General Staff 11577: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11566: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11519:General Staff 11517: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11472:military code 11471: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11402:Imperial Diet 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11392:Privy Council 11390: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11372: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11310:Home Ministry 11308: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11173: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11153:Imperial Seal 11151: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11138:Flag of Japan 11136: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10969: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10953: 10943: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10926:Nijō Nariyuki 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10906:Kujō Sukezane 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10810:Kujō Moronori 10808: 10806: 10805:Nijō Kanemoto 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10765:Kujō Norizane 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740:Kujō Kanezane 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10600: 10595: 10593: 10588: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10577: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10450: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10396:Emperor Meiji 10391: 10380: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10345: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311:Empress Jingū 10309: 10305: 10298: 10297: 10293: 10284: 10278: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312:290 BC–269 AD 9310: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258:660 BC–291 BC 9256: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144:29 April 1901 9143: 9138: 9137: 9128: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9064:Shōwa Emperor 9060: 9056: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9007: 9003:News articles 8995: 8989: 8985: 8980: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8923:1-199-99760-9 8920: 8919:1-111-75539-6 8916: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8827: 8826:4-250-91043-1 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8697:9780394580722 8693: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8648: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8598: 8593: 8578: 8574: 8571:. World Cat. 8570: 8564: 8548: 8547: 8540: 8524: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8501:. World Cat. 8500: 8494: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8438: 8437: 8430: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8390: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8368: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8087: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7672: 7668: 7667:Timothy Brook 7662: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7618: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7453:, pp. 5. 7452: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7396: 7389: 7380: 7373: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7147:. 7 July 1994 7146: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7114: 7113:The Spectator 7110: 7103: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7010: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6939: 6934: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6866:. 25 May 2021 6865: 6861: 6855: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6793: 6787: 6771: 6765: 6749: 6743: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6515: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6092:, pp. 125–126 6089: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6061: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5970:Hidenari 1991 5966: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5935: 5927: 5925:9780801471513 5921: 5917: 5916: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5835:, p. 50. 5834: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5756:0-385-48327-9 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5654:Day of Deceit 5650: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5618:Hidenari 1991 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5502:0-8047-0305-1 5498: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5474:Hidenari 1991 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5324: 5321:Mikiso Hane, 5318: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5276:, p. 350 5275: 5271: 5269: 5268:Jinnō Shōtōki 5262: 5260: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4912: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4845:, p. 43. 4844: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498:(age 85) 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463:(age 88) 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4438:Sayako Kuroda 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4420:Michiko Shōda 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410:(age 90) 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377:(age 93) 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325:8 March 1928 4324: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283:23 July 1961 4282: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4246: 4243: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4152: 4150:, with Collar 4149: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4082: 4079: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061:Royal Society 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3846: 3844: 3843:19 April 1960 3840: 3836: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:Field Marshal 3621: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3194:Michio Yuzawa 3185: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128:Koiso Kuniaki 3124: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3065:Henri Bernard 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3023:Kentarō Awaya 3020: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2943:Emperor Meiji 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931:Prince Mikasa 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893:Sankō Sakusen 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Sankō Sakusen 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2821: 2818: 2815:as the three 2814: 2810: 2806: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2747: 2734: 2727: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2400:Richard Nixon 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342:Richard Nixon 2338: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:head of state 2311: 2307: 2302: 2296:Public figure 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2218:loss of China 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2174:John W. Dower 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2128:Prince Mikasa 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2077:Postwar reign 2074: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1934: 1926: 1923:December 2017 1915: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: – 1883: 1879: 1878:Find sources: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1856:This section 1854: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1823:Kuniaki Koiso 1818: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1765:Empress Kōjun 1761: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1732:Sankō Sakusen 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Todd Brewster 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1486: 1476: 1473: 1465: 1462:November 2019 1455: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1439:This section 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1306:Army Minister 1303: 1299: 1298:Shigeru Honjō 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274:military coup 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Daisuke Namba 1094: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Prince Edward 914: 910: 902: 897: 893: 891: 887: 886:King George V 884:and met with 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842: 832: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 772: 763: 761: 757: 756:heir apparent 747: 745: 741: 737: 732: 728: 726: 725:heir apparent 722: 718: 717:Emperor Meiji 714: 710: 706: 701: 698: 697:Nogi Maresuke 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Emperor Meiji 648: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 617: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 588:postwar Japan 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:head of state 526: 521: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493:. Proclaimed 492: 491:heir apparent 488: 484: 480: 479:Emperor Meiji 476: 475:Aoyama, Tokyo 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Emperor Shōwa 453: 437: 408: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 377: 374: 371: 367: 364: 361: 357: 354: 353: 349: 347: 343: 327: 326: 321: 318: 314: 308: 304: 299: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 253: 251: 247: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 208: 204: 200: 191: 187: 183: 182:Aoyama, Tokyo 179: 175:29 April 1901 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 134: 130: 127: 125: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 96: 94: 90: 83: 79: 76: 72: 65: 60: 47: 45:Emperor Shōwa 44: 43: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Emperor Showa 12204:Shōwa period 12071:Other topics 11907: 11745:Taishō Roman 11499:Conscription 11469: 11461: 11436:Armed Forces 11296:(ministries) 11196:Charter Oath 11191:Constitution 11118: 11073:State Shinto 11056:Essentialism 11006:Demographics 10941: 10921:Kujō Naozane 10901:Konoe Iehiro 10760:Kujō Michiie 10755:Konoe Iezane 10634:Heian period 10616:Asuka period 10606: 10475: 10302: 10294: / 10289: 10288: 10256: 10250:1947–present 10227: 9858:Tsuchimikado 9799:Go-Shirakawa 9358: 9170: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9078:at Wikiquote 9041: 9031: 9015: 8983: 8971:. 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Retrieved 6508: 6499: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6474:the original 6464: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6363: 6358: 6353:, p. 3. 6351:Wetzler 1998 6331: 6319:. Retrieved 6305: 6288:Bix, p. 585. 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6159:12 September 6157:. Retrieved 6154:The Diplomat 6153: 6130:12 September 6128:. Retrieved 6125:archives.gov 6124: 6111: 6097: 6087: 6060: 6051: 6039:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6025: 6016: 6007: 5994: 5987:Wells, G. P. 5983:Wells, H. G. 5977: 5965: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5938:Bix, p. 756. 5934: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5853: 5845: 5840: 5833:Wetzler 1998 5827: 5808: 5802: 5783: 5777: 5765: 5742: 5729: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5673: 5666:Wetzler 1998 5661: 5653: 5649: 5642:Wetzler 1998 5637: 5625: 5613: 5605: 5600: 5593:Wetzler 1998 5588: 5576:. Retrieved 5572: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5533: 5491: 5485: 5478:Wetzler 1998 5469: 5461: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5396: 5389:chamberlain. 5387: 5380:. 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Retrieved 4784:Pearl Harbor 4783: 4774: 4758: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4683: 4677: 4664: 4654:monotheistic 4644: 4634: 4616: 4601: 4576:(posthumous) 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4496:2 March 1939 4375:7 March 1931 4362:Atsuko Ikeda 4354: 4346:20 May 1950 4343:26 May 1989 4241: 4231: 4195: 4192: 4169: 4118: 4101: 4064: 4063:(ForMemRS), 4046: 4045:; restored, 4042: 4038: 4020: 4002: 3963: 3926:9 March 1982 3925: 3904: 3884: 3863: 3842: 3821: 3803: 3782: 3761: 3740: 3719: 3698: 3652: 3635: 3632:British Army 3628:Regular Army 3606: 3603:British Army 3573: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3530: 3508:Crown Prince 3503: 3497: 3480: 3458: 3448: 3430: 3421: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3353:Soviet Union 3335: 3331: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3179: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3100:Bungeishunjū 3097: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3061:William Webb 3054: 3038: 3021: 3014: 3001: 2988:Akira Yamada 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2940: 2929: 2910: 2902: 2892: 2888: 2871: 2833: 2802: 2757: 2702: 2680: 2665: 2661: 2650: 2600: 2598: 2582: 2566: 2548:Mickey Mouse 2541: 2529:Williamsburg 2526: 2518: 2493: 2488:Adolf Hitler 2480:West Germany 2465: 2438: 2426:Takeo Fukuda 2419: 2385:Douglas DC-8 2370: 2322:Elizabeth II 2315: 2283: 2276: 2265: 2256: 2233: 2227: 2198:nationalists 2189:Gary J. Bass 2186: 2166:Pearl Harbor 2157: 2151: 2139:Prince Asaka 2132: 2104: 2091: 2068: 2065: 2054: 2045: 2038: 2027: 2021: 2006: 1990: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1929: 1920: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1877: 1865:Please help 1860:verification 1857: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1770: 1753: 1741: 1708: 1696: 1684:Pearl Harbor 1681: 1663:Cordell Hull 1657: 1645: 1633: 1618: 1599: 1594: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1543:the Occident 1539:Osami Nagano 1535: 1531: 1525:forming the 1496: 1493:Preparations 1468: 1459: 1448:Please help 1443:verification 1440: 1422:World War II 1409: 1404:Iwane Matsui 1401: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1374: 1370: 1351: 1301: 1295:Aide-de-camp 1292: 1277: 1256: 1242:thrown by a 1237: 1218: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1157: 1155: 1137: 1122: 1085: 1069: 1065: 1053: 1049: 1030: 1011: 1004: 988: 953: 906: 901:Lloyd George 848:, sailed to 840: 836: 804:Vatican City 781: 753: 733: 729: 702: 690: 671: 655:Crown prince 644: 561: 557:World War II 527:and was the 522: 511: 495:crown prince 472: 455: 451: 450: 351: 323: 273:Atsuko Ikeda 194:(1989-01-07) 123: 93:Enthronement 36: 12174:1989 deaths 12169:1901 births 12113:Shōwa Modan 12088:Hakkō ichiu 12025:Philippines 11912:after 1943) 11890:Territories 11848:Pacific War 11708:World War I 11584:Air Service 11524:Air Service 11397:Gozen Kaigi 11113:(Yoshihito) 11105:(Mutsuhito) 11051:Nationalism 10996:Agriculture 10790:Kujō Tadaie 10447: [ 10435: [ 10418: [ 10169:Go-Momozono 10154:Sakuramachi 10144:Higashiyama 10031:Go-Hanazono 10016:Go-Kameyama 10006:Go-Murakami 9888:Go-Fukakusa 9873:Go-Horikawa 8553:25 December 8529:25 December 8483:25 December 8443:25 December 8419:25 December 8395:25 December 8217:: 242–272. 8165:"No. 32318" 7979:31 December 7809:"No. 33619" 7789:"No. 32317" 7769:"No. 32324" 7731:昭和天皇語録 2004 7721:pp. 226–227 7623:23 February 7431:26 February 7330:Japan Focus 7061:24 November 6706:28 November 6673:28 November 6628:27 November 6622:Daily Press 6442:(1): 1–28. 6388:(2): 3–14. 6055:Bix, p. 676 5743:The Century 5578:25 November 5327:Honjō Nikki 5219:24 November 5193:24 November 4904:25 February 4828:27 November 4790:12 November 4765:, pp. 4738:BBC History 4652:steeped in 4625:Shōwa-tennō 4119:4 June 1923 4047:22 May 1971 4041:; revoked, 3856:Philippines 3804:27 May 1963 3597:: Honorary 3485:atomic bomb 3435:White House 3261:Hua Guofeng 3208:Hideki Tojo 3136:Pacific War 3041:Susan Chira 2980:Herbert Bix 2925:Shiro Ishii 2860:Higashikuni 2746:Shōwa-tennō 2726:Taikō-tennō 2711:began: the 2513:Gerald Ford 2467:Private Eye 2453:Edward VIII 2381:Switzerland 2377:Netherlands 2365:Netherlands 2326:Gerald Ford 2235:arahitogami 2170:Hideki Tōjō 2057:coup d'état 2013:Kōichi Kido 1981:Kōichi Kido 1790:Guadalcanal 1777:Guadalcanal 1748:Hideki Tojo 1723:Mark Felton 1688:Philippines 1686:and in the 1621:Hideki Tōjō 1527:Axis powers 1410:During the 1318:29 February 1293:When Chief 1204:Early reign 1072:Den Kenjiro 995:World War I 833:, Scotland. 792:Netherlands 760:investiture 373:Sadako Kujō 230:Nagako Kuni 178:Tōgū Palace 102:Predecessor 12153:Categories 11877:Occupation 11700:Taishō era 11645:Boshin War 11489:War crimes 11285:Government 11261:Tonarigumi 11168:Privy Seal 11163:State Seal 11121:(Hirohito) 11046:Militarism 11001:Censorship 10936:Taishō era 10863:Edo period 10149:Nakamikado 10119:Go-Mizunoo 10021:Go-Komatsu 9977:Go-Komatsu 9908:Go-Fushimi 8973:3 February 8905:B00H6W4TYI 8715:. Harper. 8247:3 December 8113:. p. 8070:3 December 7585:30 January 6945:十五年戦争極秘資料集 6933:, Kaisetsu 6732:3 February 6587:27 January 6336:Dower 1999 6277:Dower 1999 6265:Dower 1999 6253:Dower 1999 6241:Dower 1999 6215:Dower 1999 6065:Dower 1999 6019:. Penguin. 5604:Fujiwara, 5412:Fujiwara, 5272:, p. 44. 5248:3 December 4953:4022613513 4898:doi.gov.mt 4694:References 4492:1939-03-02 4457:1935-11-28 4404:1933-12-23 4371:1931-03-07 4184:Yugoslavia 4039:3 May 1929 3741:8 May 1919 3453:literature 3146:agreement. 2992:figurehead 2864:war crimes 2828:See also: 2713:Heisei era 2544:Disneyland 2509:Betty Ford 2484:East Asian 2455:, who had 2404:First Lady 2346:First Lady 2252:chimerical 2206:Mao Zedong 2187:Historian 2112:war crimes 2067:wartime" ( 2052:families. 1996:demanding 1893:newspapers 1882:"Hirohito" 1794:New Guinea 1343:white-snow 1246:activist, 1182:ceremonies 1162:Taishō era 1009:of Japan ( 984:Bolsheviks 878:Portsmouth 814:) such as 568:war crimes 562:After the 531:under the 171:1901-04-29 12078:Sonnō jōi 12030:Singapore 12015:Hong Kong 11977:Azad Hind 11952:Mengjiang 11947:Manchukuo 11921:Kantō-shū 11863:Surrender 11770:Shōwa era 11755:Truku War 11626:Meiji era 11594:Tokkeitai 11559:Kempeitai 11470:Senjinkun 11387:Daijō-kan 11350:Munitions 11231:Mokusatsu 11021:Education 10211:1868–1947 10107:1603–1868 10073:1573–1603 9999:1333–1573 9991:Muromachi 9945:1333–1392 9846:1185–1333 9774:Shirakawa 9764:Go-Reizei 9759:Go-Suzaku 9754:Go-Ichijō 9242:Legendary 9131:Hirohito 9032:Historian 8666:Booknotes 8623:Booknotes 8577:154263373 8507:647103657 8367:cite book 8361:. 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