73:
1799:
2064:
22:
2584:
2470:
inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native
Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery.
2647:
program supports this view regarding abuses in
Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to
2469:
When the news of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in
America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their
2029:
relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in the bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the
2652:
contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native
American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of
3303:
Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived in the New World in 1502, averred that greed was the reason
Christians "murdered on such a vast scale", killing "anyone and everyone who has shown the slightest sign of resistance", and subjecting "all males to the harshest and most iniquitous and brutal slavery
2185:
was essential to the
Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and
2681:, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like
1876:, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising the assessed tribute and labour. In turn,
2548:
did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The
3304:
that man has ever devised for oppressing his fellow-men, treating them, in fact, worse than animals". Reséndez, Andrés. The Other
Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338–341). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.
1571:
2768:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 138: «The encomienda in its early heyday granted a lifetime monopoly on the utilization of temporary Indian labor in a given area to one Spaniard, the encomendero. The succeeding repartimiento »
2231:
declared Native
Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of
2277:
families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy,
2623:
system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian
Timothy J. Yeager argued the
2012:
system traveled to
America with the implantation of Castilian law in Spanish territories. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the
2336:
under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.
2822:
las Leyes Nuevas dadas en Barcelona el 20 de noviembre de 1542 abolieron la fa-cultad de proveer nuevas encomiendas en las Indias, y mandaron incorporar en la Corona las existentes a la muerte de sus poseedores
1800:
2289:
decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The
1566:
2673:
and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the
2628:
was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land.
3692:
3099:
6342:
3326:
Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)
2045:; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the
2017:. This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moorish defeat in the
3521:
3422:
1692:
1813:
with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. The
2578:
2554:
3282:
3192:
3153:
1556:
1087:
5472:
2344:
to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. According to the
1441:
813:
550:
4481:
1177:
818:
5492:
4407:
6410:
3533:
Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
2439:
system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the
2619:) considered Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the
2333:
510:
2190:
system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and
5957:
5452:
2935:
1965:
ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.
865:
3783:
Austin, Shawn Michael (2015). "Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay, sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries".
6539:
6524:
6509:
6415:
5502:
4015:
Yeager, Timothy J. (1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
5107:
4465:
1935:
system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen
1561:
1411:
2427:
underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the
6519:
3600:
3032:
2988:
2877:
2089:, were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving
892:
3670:
2724:
2699:
1638:
390:
3522:
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism
1943:
from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the
6454:
3700:
2640:
as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths".
840:
3336:
6322:
5426:
4104:
1957:
have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in
1611:
1431:
604:
3090:
2384:
named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno
5406:
1769:
6504:
875:
293:
4544:
1939:
forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the
6180:
4291:
3892:
3826:
3750:
2969:
2871:
2356:, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual
1453:
1130:
902:
40:
in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by
5142:
5011:
4638:
4634:
3756:
3432:
3231:
6275:
6270:
5638:
5044:
4687:
4140:
2121:
1822:
1645:
1606:
1249:
2265:
system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the
6337:
5457:
1841:
as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered a
1687:
1324:
984:
835:
631:
540:
4326:
6104:
5421:
5357:
5079:
5059:
4534:
4266:
4229:
3998:
3975:
3723:
3664:
3594:
3492:
3276:
3225:
3186:
3147:
1707:
1401:
1155:
6469:
5573:
6170:
6079:
5477:
5021:
4574:
4204:
3918:
3266:
3176:
3137:
3077:
2808:
2395:, realizing the seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the
2112:
expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as
1529:
1406:
830:
599:
466:
2174:
to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted
6370:
5054:
4538:
4316:
1660:
870:
855:
801:
486:
476:
471:
300:
156:
5746:
5681:
2473:
The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy,
2431:
system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an
1376:
6307:
6099:
5886:
5686:
5235:
5170:
4756:
4658:
2401:
1655:
1426:
232:
6225:
5741:
5185:
5069:
6327:
6265:
6064:
5482:
5195:
5175:
5147:
5064:
5039:
4899:
4707:
4614:
4554:
4521:
4076:
3818:
2520:
was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.
1125:
1113:
693:
505:
151:
25:
6290:
6119:
5876:
3986:
41:
6442:
6420:
6375:
6317:
6295:
6109:
5881:
5563:
5352:
5337:
4422:
4286:
4239:
3357:
2392:
1697:
1480:
341:
5671:
2447:, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the
2269:
and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the
6529:
6514:
6312:
6280:
5811:
5676:
5112:
4492:
4301:
4097:
2792:
1702:
1546:
1416:
1077:
845:
825:
385:
353:
6300:
5633:
3625:
72:
6285:
6185:
5816:
5268:
5200:
4169:
3371:
2041:
did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the
1762:
1712:
1436:
1354:
481:
262:
82:
5736:
5643:
2097:(Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.
6220:
5583:
5230:
5117:
5029:
5001:
4628:
4598:
4403:
4234:
3951:
3868:
2513:
2050:
1621:
1473:
1458:
1349:
545:
215:
5603:
5558:
2377:
system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an
6499:
6139:
6089:
5947:
5846:
5342:
5215:
5180:
5132:
5034:
4646:
4530:
4219:
4189:
4184:
3656:
2931:
2104:
of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of
1717:
1616:
1147:
1135:
725:
698:
203:
4764:
2424:
2315:
of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the
2240:
bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant
6084:
5967:
5927:
5866:
5861:
5801:
5220:
5210:
4996:
4699:
4610:
4311:
3036:
2678:
2170:
in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the
1497:
1366:
919:
708:
193:
94:
6464:
5543:
4776:
4296:
373:
6134:
5992:
5836:
5776:
5726:
5628:
5225:
5190:
5137:
4772:
4642:
4606:
4336:
4209:
4194:
4090:
3586:
3484:
2405:
was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the
2309:
became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the
2135:, which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. The
2109:
1806:
1682:
1421:
1371:
1299:
1072:
850:
794:
777:
208:
5327:
2788:
2108:' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later
6534:
6425:
5997:
5932:
5436:
5322:
5205:
5165:
4809:
4602:
4261:
4251:
4067:
2557:
and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the
2474:
2444:
2279:
1924:
1755:
1724:
1229:
970:
882:
730:
454:
420:
415:
5568:
3580:
2985:
2861:
6494:
5871:
5281:
5102:
4991:
4930:
4858:
4768:
4469:
4149:
3650:
3403:[The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda]
2228:
1936:
1591:
1446:
1359:
1344:
1026:
1014:
760:
745:
530:
305:
227:
198:
6405:
5806:
5593:
5553:
5512:
4486:
3400:
2561:, or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by the hacienda owners (
2505:
6380:
6049:
6012:
6002:
5942:
5841:
5821:
5716:
5528:
5347:
4224:
4214:
3646:
3446:
2719:
2674:
2649:
2629:
2294:
system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The
1916:
1729:
1633:
1596:
1524:
1468:
1337:
1294:
1108:
1038:
713:
493:
395:
279:
186:
5906:
5696:
5618:
2565:), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour.
2144:
1928:
8:
6449:
6205:
6190:
6074:
6054:
6007:
5987:
5791:
5786:
5731:
5701:
5467:
5092:
5049:
5006:
4935:
4904:
4675:
4654:
4620:
4526:
4496:
4427:
4271:
4244:
4144:
2709:
2440:
1826:
1217:
1197:
1082:
1067:
936:
907:
897:
787:
735:
703:
500:
358:
326:
321:
274:
131:
33:
6195:
5896:
2261:
had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The
6210:
6200:
6175:
6129:
6094:
5952:
5661:
5538:
5411:
4909:
4889:
4549:
4437:
4164:
4040:
4032:
3964:
3857:
3800:
3558:
3550:
2589:
2286:
2105:
2067:
1940:
1846:
1463:
1309:
1284:
1274:
1239:
1234:
1202:
1167:
1160:
1101:
1094:
951:
770:
765:
755:
525:
378:
336:
331:
284:
252:
242:
179:
5533:
5462:
3954:, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
400:
346:
6390:
6332:
6165:
5937:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5826:
5781:
5711:
5691:
5666:
5613:
5588:
4853:
4380:
4321:
4276:
4135:
4044:
3994:
3971:
3914:
3898:
3888:
3822:
3804:
3746:
3719:
3660:
3590:
3562:
3488:
3472:
3351:
3272:
3221:
3182:
3143:
3073:
2965:
2867:
2804:
2432:
2063:
1551:
1269:
1264:
1207:
1192:
1172:
994:
989:
924:
887:
720:
686:
515:
368:
257:
136:
4411:
2744:
2574:
2477:, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the
6022:
6017:
5982:
5962:
5721:
5598:
5497:
5401:
4863:
4703:
4024:
3938:
3927:"Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis"
3849:
3792:
3542:
2796:
2729:
2714:
2644:
2163:
1889:
1793:
1741:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1244:
1212:
1182:
1055:
1043:
1021:
999:
946:
782:
750:
52:
6400:
4432:
3796:
3315:
Bartolome de las Casas in history: toward an understanding of the man and his work
2685:. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to the New World.
2399:. Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the
2244:
to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of
6465:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
6215:
6155:
6069:
5977:
5851:
5831:
5796:
5578:
5548:
5487:
5097:
5087:
4983:
4868:
4760:
4717:
4477:
4385:
4256:
3740:
3215:
3065:
2992:
2695:
2021:. It was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The
1834:
1650:
1541:
1536:
1289:
1259:
1254:
977:
941:
740:
658:
363:
109:
6124:
4053:
De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de la América Española
3520:
Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum
6059:
5972:
5856:
5608:
5431:
5416:
5317:
5291:
5276:
5157:
4752:
4746:
4650:
4417:
4331:
4281:
4159:
4113:
3576:
3268:
Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
2633:
2612:
2410:
2248:
was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as
2198:
lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.
1944:
1901:
1734:
1628:
520:
161:
119:
4564:
4028:
3943:
3926:
3546:
3401:"La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
2207:
1868:
Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of communal
21:
6488:
5623:
4473:
4390:
4199:
3476:
3427:
2778:
2601:
2536:
2349:
1920:
1862:
1672:
1601:
1048:
1031:
806:
636:
626:
410:
60:
3902:
3255:
Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico 1947, pp. 250–254
6395:
6385:
6114:
5653:
5507:
5332:
4848:
4624:
4306:
4154:
2704:
2654:
1810:
1677:
1514:
1490:
1396:
1389:
1120:
648:
621:
584:
562:
449:
166:
146:
124:
114:
104:
99:
89:
5706:
2800:
929:
5296:
5122:
4691:
4569:
3879:
Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
3693:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
2598:
2553:
was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of
2497:
phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the
2158:
and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's
2155:
2018:
1991:
1885:
1818:
1519:
1507:
860:
663:
653:
611:
425:
5286:
2782:
2540:
system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the
2037:
system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The
6160:
4894:
4036:
3861:
3837:
3652:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
3554:
2734:
2388:
2378:
2352:(indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in
2332:
laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the
2311:
2250:
2191:
2140:
2120:
in New Spain, men who had resided in the Caribbean region prior to the
1997:
1667:
668:
535:
2435:, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the
5127:
4884:
4784:
4559:
4461:
4395:
3838:"Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies"
2329:
2094:
2075:
2046:
2026:
1958:
1897:
912:
577:
439:
3853:
2215:
to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as
594:
5301:
4179:
3884:
2682:
2616:
2558:
2464:
2414:
2270:
1854:
1842:
1502:
1060:
1004:
956:
616:
461:
316:
222:
37:
6459:
6430:
4940:
4925:
4082:
2739:
2353:
2321:
2166:
and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive
2002:
1905:
1869:
1485:
567:
247:
64:
3716:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
2784:
El servicio personal de los indios en la Nueva España: 1521–1550
2493:
In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the
5396:
4950:
4945:
4722:
2661:
workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines.
2658:
2583:
2391:
rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538,
2216:
1893:
1830:
1187:
1009:
589:
572:
434:
269:
237:
2481:
and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those
2205:
in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (
2001:
were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other
6437:
4711:
4375:
3213:
3174:
3135:
3070:
Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570
2455:
were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.
2254:, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.
1909:
444:
430:
405:
4009:
The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico
2664:
4780:
4695:
3471:
311:
141:
4673:
3217:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3178:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3139:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3098:. Quezon City: Journal of Asian Studies. pp. 27–32.
2837:, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2669:
Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the
2201:
Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the
3317:. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1971), 364–365.
2579:
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
3030:
2030:
agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.
1821:, and it was applied on a much larger scale during the
1817:
was first established in Spain following the Christian
3742:
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650
4428:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2962:
A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present
2934:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 September 2008.
2147:, the third governor of the Spanish colony, in 1502.
1857:
of 1542, the encomienda ended upon the death of the
1849:, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the
3511:(Sixth ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 280.
1927:. Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray
1442:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
4077:
Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System
3092:
The encomienda in early Philippine colonial history
2534:system was generally replaced by the crown-managed
3991:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
3963:
3626:"Hispaniola | Case Study: Colonial Genocides"
3411:(in Spanish) (1). Chillán: El Departamento: 73–86.
3264:
2835:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2653:disease. For example, according to anthropologist
3582:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
3507:Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984).
2116:(old settlers) a group of undetermined number of
6486:
3738:
3008:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991 p. 178
2604:which was part of a lawsuit against the Spanish
2568:
2150:Some women and some indigenous elites were also
2005:in areas that they had conquered and resettled.
1912:, wheat, pork, and other agricultural products.
1557:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4972:
3124:Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain,
3966:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700
2863:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
4617:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
4098:
3878:
3745:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.
3479:; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
2777:
2219:) continue to be owned by affluent families.
1763:
4292:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3881:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
3815:The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada
3619:
3617:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
1562:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3875:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
3835:
3684:
3628:. Genocide Studies Program. Yale University
3453:(in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
3271:. University Press of America. p. 44.
2866:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio, LLC. p. 184.
4105:
4091:
3812:
3465:
3431:(in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from
3415:
3372:"La encomienda en hispanoamérica colonial"
3339:. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25
3337:"Blasco Núñez Vela – Cronología histórica"
3033:"A History of the Mexican-American People"
2833:Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in
2725:Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
1770:
1756:
6411:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3961:
3942:
3614:
3394:
3392:
2964:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 388.
2917:
2859:
2677:. Writing about the Black Legend and the
2665:Skepticism toward accusations of genocide
1892:, to protect them from warring tribes or
6416:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3993:(2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 107–108.
3911:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
3732:
3645:
3575:
3088:
3006:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
2582:
2368:
2139:system was established on the island of
2062:
1567:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1432:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1412:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
20:
5407:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3984:
3883:. Vol. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA:
3842:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3031:Samora, Julian; Patricia Vandel Simon.
2955:
2953:
2700:Spanish-controlled colonial Philippines
2458:
2363:
6487:
6360:
4014:
3782:
3713:
3707:
3690:
3532:
3398:
3389:
2853:
2340:As noted, the change of requiring the
2325:involved and had most of them hanged.
2070:, conqueror of the Aztecs and premier
2049:belonged to this crown and not to the
1845:on the labour of particular groups of
6359:
6255:
6254:
5378:
5256:
4971:
4830:
4798:
4735:
4672:
4587:
4510:
4450:
4364:
4353:
4125:
4124:
4086:
3924:
3913:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3909:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991).
3759:from the original on 29 November 2016
3739:Noble David Cook (13 February 1998).
3285:from the original on 25 November 2020
3195:from the original on 25 November 2020
3156:from the original on 25 November 2020
2959:
1792:
1454:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1131:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
16:Spanish labour system in its colonies
6540:History of labour relations in Chile
6525:Captaincy General of the Philippines
6510:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4688:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4180:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
3623:
2950:
2938:from the original on 21 January 2019
2899:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2848:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2764:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
2420:The priest of Hispaniola and former
2298:were then required to pay remaining
2127:In the New World, the Crown granted
2122:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1829:. Conquered peoples were considered
1823:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1646:Slave marriages in the United States
1250:Human trafficking in the Middle East
6391:Indochristian painting in New Spain
4511:
3956:Hispanic American Historical Review
3931:Hispanic American Historical Review
3126:Durham: Duke University Press 1972.
2698:, a similar forced labor system in
2512:had been abusive enough to unleash
2154:. Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of
985:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
6520:History of the Spanish West Indies
5358:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4831:
4112:
3775:
3214:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3175:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3136:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
2488:
2186:resulting turmoil. Initially, the
2025:established a system similar to a
1884:natives were given instruction in
1639:last survivors of American slavery
14:
6551:
4588:
4451:
4332:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
4060:
3970:. University of Minnesota Press.
3813:Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995).
3234:from the original on 31 July 2020
600:Field slaves in the United States
467:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6443:Criollos in the colonial society
6371:Spanish missions in the Americas
5493:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2781:(1984). "1. Evolución general".
2523:
2501:institution lasted much longer.
2222:
2162:. Two of Moctezuma's daughters,
1900:against Spaniards, and maintain
477:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
472:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
301:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
71:
6470:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
4354:
4079:. ThoughtCo. September 10, 2018
4017:The Journal of Economic History
3836:Chamberlain, Robert S. (1954).
3673:from the original on 2020-11-25
3639:
3603:from the original on 2020-11-25
3569:
3535:The Journal of Economic History
3526:
3514:
3501:
3439:
3423:"La rebelión huilliche de 1712"
3364:
3329:
3320:
3307:
3297:
3258:
3246:
3207:
3168:
3129:
3116:
3105:from the original on 2013-10-02
3082:
3059:
3056:Himmerich y Valencia (1991), 27
3050:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2978:
2880:from the original on 2016-09-19
2056:
1427:Committee of Experts on Slavery
978:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4799:
4522:Captaincy General of Guatemala
4230:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
4007:Simpson, Leslie Byrd Simpson,
3819:University of New Mexico Press
3785:Colonial Latin American Review
3718:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
2912:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule,
2904:
2891:
2840:
2827:
2771:
2758:
1126:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
6505:Slavery in the Spanish Empire
6421:General Archive of the Indies
5682:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
5353:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
5338:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
4287:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
4240:War of the Spanish Succession
4205:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3873:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
3797:10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039
3691:Trever, David (13 May 2016).
3220:. BiblioBazaar. p. 132.
3181:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
3142:. BiblioBazaar. p. 121.
3089:Anderson, Dr. Eric A (1976).
3017:Himmerich y Valencia (1991),
3004:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
2860:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
2751:
2569:Deaths, disease, and genocide
2508:in southern Chile, where the
2360:and those held by the Crown.
1931:, who established the formal
5379:
4493:Captaincy General of Yucatan
4423:Union with Holy Roman Empire
4402:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
4317:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3509:America: A Narrative History
2793:El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
1981:stems from the Spanish verb
1417:Temporary Slavery Commission
1078:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5257:
4973:Administrative subdivisions
4170:War of the League of Cognac
4055:. Mexico City: Aurrúa 1940.
3962:McAlister, Lyle N. (1984).
3265:David M. Traboulay (1994).
2688:
2348:, one of many colonial-era
1437:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
482:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
42:Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
10:
6556:
5687:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
5672:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5574:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4736:
4472:), Western United States (
4365:
4235:Portuguese Restoration War
3985:Ramirez, Susan E. (2008).
2572:
2462:
2302:labourers for their work.
2081:The first grantees of the
1968:
1861:, and was replaced by the
1622:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1459:Anti-Slavery International
1224:North Africa and West Asia
6455:Slavery in Spanish Empire
6366:
6355:
6261:
6250:
6148:
6042:
6035:
5920:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5742:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
5652:
5521:
5483:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
5445:
5389:
5385:
5374:
5343:Barcelona Trading Company
5310:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5156:
5108:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
5078:
5020:
4982:
4978:
4967:
4918:
4877:
4841:
4837:
4826:
4805:
4742:
4683:
4615:Venezuela, part of Guyana
4594:
4517:
4468:, Central United States (
4457:
4371:
4360:
4349:
4200:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
4185:Expulsion of the Moriscos
4131:
4120:
4029:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3944:10.1215/00182168-51.3.431
3657:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3547:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3356:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2328:Later, a chieftain named
1718:Emancipation Proclamation
1390:Opposition and resistance
1148:Sex trafficking in Europe
1136:Blackbirding in Polynesia
699:Trans-Saharan slave trade
26:Francisco Hernández Girón
6396:Quito painting tradition
6386:Cusco painting tradition
5747:García López de Cárdenas
5737:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
5644:Felipe González de Ahedo
5564:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4141:Conquest of the Americas
3925:Keith, Robert G (1971).
3399:Urbina, Rodolfo (1990).
3378:(in Spanish). 2020-08-26
2679:conquest of the Americas
1880:were to ensure that the
1498:Compensated emancipation
709:Indian Ocean slave trade
6181:Comuneros (New Granada)
5958:Balearic Islands (1558)
5677:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
5604:Ruy López de Villalobos
5559:Miguel López de Legazpi
5473:García de Toledo Osorio
4337:Western Sahara conflict
4327:Independence of Morocco
4267:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
4210:Piracy in the Caribbean
4195:French Wars of Religion
4072:Encyclopædia Britannica
3587:Oxford University Press
3485:Editorial Universitaria
1908:in the form of metals,
1904:. The natives provided
1837:. The Crown awarded an
1422:1926 Slavery Convention
1178:Germany in World War II
795:North and South America
317:Contract of manumission
6426:Colonial Spanish Horse
6100:Colonia del Sacramento
5323:Spanish treasure fleet
4900:Royal Decree of Graces
3714:Hickel, Jason (2018).
2609:
2425:Bartolomé de las Casas
2415:New Laws of the Indies
2078:
1925:Francisco de Bobadilla
1923:had him replaced with
1790:Spanish pronunciation:
903:British Virgin Islands
455:Circassian slave trade
421:Safavid imperial harem
416:Ottoman Imperial Harem
45:
5584:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
5544:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4859:Council of the Indies
4220:Spanish–Moro conflict
4190:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
4150:Treaty of Tordesillas
2986:The Encomienda System
2801:10.2307/j.ctv26d9fg.5
2586:
2369:Initial controversies
2229:Isabella I of Castile
2066:
1995:institution in which
1947:for relief under the
1937:Isabella I of Castile
1809:system that rewarded
1794:[eŋkoˈmjenda]
1142:Europe and North Asia
1102:Australia and Oceania
802:Pre-Columbian America
374:Slave raid of Suðuroy
306:Slavery in al-Andalus
228:Black Sea slave trade
157:21st-century jihadism
24:
6381:Mesoamerican Codices
6105:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5943:Siege of Castelnuovo
5529:Christopher Columbus
5348:Consulate of the Sea
5328:Casa de Contratación
4919:Titles and positions
4312:Spanish–American War
4302:Liberal constitution
4145:Asia and the Pacific
3887:. pp. 250–251.
2897:Ida Altman, et al.,
2850:Pearson, 2003, p. 47
2846:Ida Altman, et al.,
2789:El Colegio de México
2720:Gregorio de San Juan
2675:Spanish Black Legend
2648:over 96%. Historian
2630:University of Hawaii
2615:(coiner of the term
2602:pictorial manuscript
2597:, is a 16th-century
2593:: also known as the
2459:The New Laws of 1542
2409:system, through the
2364:Reform and abolition
2100:In his study of the
1985:, "to entrust". The
1917:Christopher Columbus
1915:With the ousting of
1853:; starting from the
1597:Indentured servitude
1525:Underground Railroad
1325:United Arab Emirates
714:Zanzibar slave trade
681:By country or region
494:Atlantic slave trade
396:Ma malakat aymanukum
280:Venetian slave trade
6530:Spanish Puerto Rico
6515:Spanish West Indies
6110:Cartagena de Indias
5732:Diego de Mazariegos
5702:Pere Fages i Beleta
5569:Sebastián de Ocampo
5050:Provincias Internas
5022:Captaincies General
4936:Municipal president
4905:School of Salamanca
4676:Spanish East Indies
4655:Misiones Orientales
4527:Spanish West Indies
4491:, Central America (
4438:Pyrénées-Orientales
4391:Union with Portugal
4282:Napoleonic invasion
4262:War of Jenkins' Ear
3624:Schimmer, Russell.
3435:on 3 December 2013.
3376:Revista de historia
2766:Early Latin America
2710:Encomiendas in Peru
2441:Viceroyalty of Peru
2285:In Mexico, viceroy
2114:pobladores antiguos
1827:Spanish East Indies
1683:Slave Route Project
814:Americas indigenous
704:Red Sea slave trade
694:Contemporary Africa
557:Topics and practice
327:Crimean slave trade
322:Bukhara slave trade
275:Genoese slave trade
152:Contemporary Africa
132:Forced prostitution
34:Viceroyalty of Peru
6406:Academia Antártica
6361:Other civil topics
5727:Pánfilo de Narváez
5629:Sebastián Vizcaíno
5594:Andrés de Urdaneta
5554:Juan Ponce de León
5539:Ferdinand Magellan
5513:Bernardo de Gálvez
5412:Indian auxiliaries
4910:Trial of residence
4890:Laws of the Indies
4674:Asia and Oceania (
4535:Dominican Republic
3577:Stannard, David E.
3473:Villalobos, Sergio
2991:2005-12-18 at the
2984:Scott, Meredith, "
2901:Pearson, 2003, 143
2643:Yale University's
2610:
2595:Codex Tepetlaoztoc
2590:Codex Kingsborough
2506:Chiloé Archipelago
2413:(1512–13) and the
2287:Antonio de Mendoza
2079:
1941:Laws of the Indies
1847:indigenous peoples
1464:Blockade of Africa
771:Somali slave trade
687:Sub-Saharan Africa
379:Turkish Abductions
337:Khivan slave trade
332:Khazar slave trade
285:Balkan slave trade
243:Prague slave trade
46:
36:who protested the
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6351:
6350:
6256:Spanish conquests
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6031:
6030:
5712:Pedro de Alvarado
5697:Gaspar de Portolà
5692:Pedro de Valdivia
5667:Francisco Pizarro
5619:Nicolás de Ovando
5614:Alonso de Ercilla
5589:Alonso de Salazar
5422:Ships of the line
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4794:
4793:
4751:Northern Africa (
4747:Equatorial Guinea
4731:
4730:
4668:
4667:
4583:
4582:
4506:
4505:
4497:Spanish Caribbean
4470:Spanish Louisiana
4446:
4445:
4381:Crown of Castille
4345:
4344:
4322:Spanish Civil War
4297:Adams–Onís Treaty
4277:Nootka Convention
4225:Thirty Years' War
4215:Eighty Years' War
4136:Catholic Monarchs
4126:Timeline–immersed
3894:978-0-87436-885-7
3828:978-0-8263-1612-7
3752:978-0-521-62730-6
3697:Los Angeles Times
3481:Historia De Chile
3409:Tiempo y espacio
3122:Arthur S. Aiton,
2971:978-1-118-77248-5
2873:978-0-313-33272-2
2730:Jesuit reductions
2475:Blasco Núñez Vela
2445:Blasco Núñez Vela
2393:Emperor Charles V
2280:Blasco Núñez Vela
2211:). They used the
2145:Nicolás de Ovando
2051:Catholic monarchs
1989:was based on the
1929:Nicolás de Ovando
1780:
1779:
1730:Freedmen's Bureau
1552:Third Servile War
1547:International law
1114:Human trafficking
876:Human trafficking
551:Thirteen colonies
369:Sack of Baltimore
137:Human trafficking
6547:
6500:Slavery in Spain
6357:
6356:
6323:Chibchan Nations
6252:
6251:
6221:Santiago de Cuba
6080:Guadalupe Island
6040:
6039:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5722:Diego de Almagro
5599:Antonio de Ulloa
5503:Ambrosio Spinola
5498:Pedro de Zubiaur
5468:Alfonso d'Avalos
5458:Antonio de Leyva
5402:Army of Flanders
5387:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5253:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4796:
4795:
4769:Peñón of Algiers
4733:
4732:
4670:
4669:
4585:
4584:
4508:
4507:
4490:
4448:
4447:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4272:Seven Years' War
4245:Queen Anne's War
4122:
4121:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4051:Zavala, Silvio.
4048:
4004:
3981:
3969:
3958:49, no. 3 (1969)
3948:
3946:
3906:
3865:
3832:
3808:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3699:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3647:Reséndez, Andrés
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3066:Clendinnen, Inga
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:on April 2, 2009
3035:. Archived from
3028:
3022:
3019:The Encomenderos
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2915:
2910:Charles Gibson,
2908:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2715:History of Cusco
2645:genocide studies
2608:for mistreatment
2555:natives declined
2514:a revolt in 1712
2433:important debate
2164:Isabel Moctezuma
1890:Spanish language
1805:) was a Spanish
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1742:Emancipation Day
1575:
1542:Slave Trade Acts
233:Byzantine Empire
75:
48:
47:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6474:
6450:Old inquisition
6362:
6347:
6257:
6230:
6186:Trinidad (1797)
6156:La Noche Triste
6144:
6140:San Juan (1797)
6090:San Juan (1595)
6027:
5916:
5756:Notable battles
5751:
5717:Martín de Ursúa
5648:
5579:Alonso de Ojeda
5549:Juan de la Cosa
5534:Pinzón brothers
5517:
5488:John of Austria
5463:Martín de Goiti
5441:
5381:
5362:
5306:
5259:
5240:
5152:
5148:Terra Australis
5143:Río de la Plata
5088:Castilla de Oro
5074:
5016:
5012:Río de la Plata
4974:
4955:
4914:
4873:
4869:Santa Hermandad
4833:
4814:
4810:Terra Australis
4801:
4790:
4757:Spanish Morocco
4738:
4727:
4718:Northern Taiwan
4679:
4664:
4635:Río de la Plata
4590:
4579:
4513:
4512:Central America
4502:
4484:
4453:
4442:
4386:Crown of Aragon
4367:
4356:
4341:
4257:Bourbon Reforms
4127:
4116:
4111:
4063:
4058:
4001:
3978:
3952:Lockhart, James
3895:
3869:Gibson, Charles
3854:10.2307/2509348
3829:
3817:. Albuquerque:
3778:
3776:Further reading
3773:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3712:
3708:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3589:. p. 139.
3574:
3570:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3487:. p. 237.
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3451:Memoria chilena
3447:"La encomienda"
3445:
3444:
3440:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3313:Benjamin Keen,
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2993:Wayback Machine
2983:
2979:
2972:
2958:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2914:Stanford, 1964.
2909:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2696:Polo y servicio
2691:
2667:
2650:Andrés Reséndez
2581:
2571:
2528:
2491:
2489:Final abolition
2467:
2461:
2371:
2366:
2225:
2085:system, called
2061:
1973:The meaning of
1971:
1945:Real Audiencias
1835:Spanish monarch
1798:
1797:
1789:
1776:
1747:
1746:
1651:Slave narrative
1607:Fugitive slaves
1587:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1537:Slave rebellion
1392:
1382:
1381:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1152:United Kingdom
1088:Yankee princess
682:
674:
673:
401:Avret Pazarları
347:Avret Pazarları
216:Medieval Europe
182:
172:
171:
110:Forced marriage
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6266:Canary Islands
6262:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Túpac Amaru II
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6065:Bogotá savanna
6062:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5973:Spanish Armada
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:White Mountain
5864:
5862:Cape Celidonia
5859:
5857:English Armada
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Juan Fernández
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Diego Columbus
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5437:Army of Africa
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5417:Spanish Armada
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5318:Manila galleon
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4832:Administration
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4753:Western Sahara
4749:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4651:Banda Oriental
4632:
4618:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4466:Coastal Alaska
4458:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4114:Spanish Empire
4110:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4062:
4061:External links
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4023:(4): 842–859.
4012:
4005:
4000:978-0684314433
3999:
3982:
3977:978-0816612161
3976:
3959:
3949:
3937:(3): 431–446.
3922:
3907:
3893:
3876:
3866:
3848:(2): 238–250.
3833:
3827:
3809:
3791:(4): 545–571.
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3751:
3731:
3725:978-1786090034
3724:
3706:
3703:on 2019-06-20.
3683:
3666:978-0547640983
3665:
3659:. p. 17.
3638:
3613:
3596:978-0195085570
3595:
3568:
3541:(4): 842–859.
3525:
3513:
3500:
3494:978-9561111639
3493:
3477:Silva, Osvaldo
3464:
3438:
3414:
3388:
3363:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3296:
3278:978-0819196422
3277:
3257:
3245:
3227:978-1113147608
3226:
3206:
3188:978-1113147608
3187:
3167:
3149:978-1113147608
3148:
3128:
3115:
3081:
3058:
3049:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2977:
2970:
2960:Meade (2016).
2949:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2872:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2809:
2795:. p. 31.
2787:(in Spanish).
2770:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2745:Guaraní people
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2666:
2663:
2636:describes the
2634:David Stannard
2613:Raphael Lemkin
2575:Taíno genocide
2570:
2567:
2527:
2522:
2490:
2487:
2463:Main article:
2460:
2457:
2451:, many of the
2411:Laws of Burgos
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2334:Ciguana people
2224:
2221:
2129:conquistadores
2060:
2055:
1970:
1967:
1902:infrastructure
1896:; to suppress
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:List of slaves
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Dutch Republic
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
974:
973:
968:
961:
960:
959:
954:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
821:
811:
810:
809:
798:
797:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
717:
716:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
632:Child soldiers
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
559:
558:
554:
553:
548:
543:
541:Spanish Empire
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Middle Passage
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
349:
342:Ottoman Empire
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
190:
189:
183:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
162:Sexual slavery
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
122:
120:Child marriage
117:
107:
102:
97:
95:Child soldiers
92:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
57:
56:
28:was a Spanish
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6552:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6535:Unfree labour
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Tapada limeña
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Montes Claros
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:Vienna (1529)
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Hernán Cortés
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5654:Conquistadors
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Juan de Ayala
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Duke of Savoy
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5373:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:Dollar (Peso)
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5251:
5237:
5236:Santo Domingo
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:New Andalusia
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Santo Domingo
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4984:Viceroyalties
4981:
4977:
4970:
4966:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4797:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4734:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4589:South America
4586:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4509:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:Spanish Texas
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:North America
4449:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Franche-Comté
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:0-292-72068-8
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3428:El Llanquihue
3424:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3253:Codice Osuna,
3249:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:0-521-37981-4
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3021:, pp. 195–196
3020:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2812:
2810:968-12-0253-8
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:Silvio Zavala
2774:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2657:, a third of
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:repartimiento
2547:
2546:repartimiento
2543:
2539:
2538:
2537:repartimiento
2533:
2526:
2525:Repartimiento
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Aztec codices
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:captured the
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2223:Establishment
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Hernán Cortés
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Hernán Cortés
2065:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:Spanish Crown
1919:in 1500, the
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1863:repartimiento
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Slave catcher
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Forced labour
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:Abolitionists
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:comfort women
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Chukri System
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
920:Latin America
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
871:interregional
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:prison labour
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:United States
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
685:
684:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:White slavery
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Slave raiding
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
595:Corvée labour
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
547:
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539:
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534:
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527:
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519:
517:
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451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Abbasid harem
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:Barbary Coast
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
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307:
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286:
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176:
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101:
98:
96:
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91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:Forced labour
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
6495:Encomenderos
6376:Architecture
6271:The Americas
6135:Newfoundland
6125:Túpac Katari
6115:Cuerno Verde
6050:Tenochtitlan
5882:Valenciennes
5639:Luis Fajardo
5508:Blas de Lezo
5453:Duke of Alba
5333:Spanish Road
5171:Buenos Aires
5080:Governorates
4849:Ayuntamiento
4842:Organization
4307:Carlist Wars
4174:
4155:Italian Wars
4071:
4052:
4020:
4016:
4008:
3990:
3987:"Encomienda"
3965:
3955:
3934:
3930:
3910:
3880:
3872:
3845:
3841:
3814:
3788:
3784:
3761:. Retrieved
3741:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3701:the original
3696:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3651:
3641:
3630:. Retrieved
3605:. Retrieved
3581:
3571:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3480:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3433:the original
3426:
3417:
3408:
3380:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3341:. Retrieved
3331:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3216:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3177:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3138:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3107:. Retrieved
3091:
3084:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:the original
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2980:
2961:
2940:. Retrieved
2932:"Encomienda"
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2862:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2814:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2705:Cargo system
2670:
2668:
2655:Jason Hickel
2642:
2637:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2606:encomenderos
2605:
2599:Mesoamerican
2594:
2588:
2562:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2483:encomenderos
2482:
2479:encomenderos
2478:
2472:
2468:
2453:encomenderos
2452:
2448:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2358:encomenderos
2357:
2346:Codice Osuna
2345:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2296:encomenderos
2295:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:, since the
2233:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:encomenderos
2151:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2118:encomenderos
2117:
2113:
2102:encomenderos
2101:
2099:
2090:
2087:encomenderos
2086:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2058:Encomenderos
2057:
2053:as a whole.
2042:
2039:encomenderos
2038:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1932:
1914:
1881:
1878:encomenderos
1877:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1678:Slave patrol
1515:Freedom suit
1491:Sierra Leone
1481:Colonization
1397:Abolitionism
1377:Baháʼí Faith
1350:Christianity
1300:Saudi Arabia
1156:Penal Labour
1121:Blackbirding
1027:Debt bondage
1015:penal system
964:
841:Contemporary
831:Field slaves
819:U.S. Natives
778:South Africa
649:Galley slave
622:Slave market
612:House slaves
585:Blackbirding
563:Conscription
487:21st century
450:Umm al-walad
294:Muslim world
263:Emancipation
167:Wage slavery
147:Penal labour
125:Wife selling
115:Bride buying
100:Conscription
90:Child Labour
83:Contemporary
29:
18:
6343:Philippines
6308:El Salvador
5928:Capo d'Orso
5812:St. Quentin
5787:Rome (1527)
5446:Strategists
5196:Guadalajara
5123:New Navarre
5118:New Castile
5103:La Luisiana
5055:Puerto Rico
5045:Philippines
5002:New Granada
4692:Philippines
4653:(Uruguay),
4649:(Bolivia),
4599:New Granada
4539:Puerto Rico
4485: [
4355:Territories
4175:Encomiendas
2422:encomendero
2397:encomiendas
2382:encomendero
2342:encomendado
2307:encomiendas
2275:encomendero
2267:encomendero
2251:reducciones
2246:encomiendas
2242:encomiendas
2234:encomiendas
2208:principalía
2176:encomiendas
2172:encomiendas
2168:encomiendas
2160:encomiendas
2133:encomendero
2091:encomiendas
2072:encomendero
2043:encomendero
2019:Granada War
2015:reconquista
1998:adelantados
1992:reconquista
1979:encomendero
1955:Encomiendas
1886:Catholicism
1859:encomendero
1851:encomendero
1819:Reconquista
1693:court cases
1570: [
1520:Slave Power
1508:Manumission
1355:Catholicism
1230:Afghanistan
971:Puerto Rico
883:The Bahamas
861:Slave codes
664:Shanghaiing
654:Impressment
546:Slave Coast
426:Qajar harem
386:Concubinage
359:slave trade
30:encomendero
6489:Categories
6013:Somosierra
6003:Manila Bay
5877:Nördlingen
5817:Gravelines
5297:Columnario
5269:Currencies
5186:Concepción
5158:Audiencias
5133:New Toledo
5098:La Florida
4931:Corregidor
4895:Papal bull
4800:Antarctica
4708:Micronesia
4165:Golden Age
4068:Encomienda
3677:2020-11-10
3632:2023-01-12
3607:2020-11-10
3457:7 February
3382:2021-01-06
3343:2020-09-30
3109:2013-10-29
3072:. (p. 83)
3043:2009-05-18
2942:21 January
2884:2016-03-27
2752:References
2735:Reductions
2671:encomienda
2638:encomienda
2632:historian
2626:encomienda
2621:encomienda
2573:See also:
2563:hacendados
2544:, the new
2542:encomienda
2532:encomienda
2518:encomienda
2510:encomienda
2499:encomienda
2495:encomienda
2485:involved.
2449:encomienda
2437:encomienda
2429:encomienda
2407:encomienda
2389:Enriquillo
2379:Hispaniola
2375:encomienda
2317:adelantado
2312:adelantado
2300:encomienda
2292:encomienda
2263:encomienda
2238:encomienda
2213:encomienda
2203:encomienda
2196:encomienda
2192:Upper Peru
2188:encomienda
2183:encomienda
2141:Hispaniola
2137:encomienda
2083:encomienda
2035:encomienda
2023:encomienda
2010:encomienda
1987:encomienda
1983:encomendar
1975:encomienda
1963:encomienda
1949:encomienda
1933:encomienda
1882:encomienda
1874:encomienda
1839:encomienda
1815:encomienda
1811:conquerors
1785:encomienda
1708:J.Q. Adams
1698:Washington
1668:Slave name
1617:convention
1592:Common law
965:Encomienda
761:Seychelles
746:Mauritania
669:Slave ship
536:Panyarring
531:New France
180:Historical
6318:Nicaragua
6296:Guatemala
6206:Pichincha
6191:Chacabuco
6130:Pensacola
6075:Mataquito
6055:Cajamarca
6036:New World
6008:Trafalgar
5912:Alhucemas
5792:Landriano
5777:Comuneros
5763:Old World
5707:Joan Orpí
5427:Royalists
5201:Guatemala
5128:New Spain
5065:Venezuela
5040:Guatemala
4997:New Spain
4992:Columbian
4885:Exequatur
4785:Cape Juby
4639:Argentina
4462:New Spain
4396:Gibraltar
4160:Habsburgs
4045:155030781
3805:163678212
3563:155030781
2816:13 August
2402:audiencia
2330:Guarionex
2259:reducción
2095:New Spain
2076:New Spain
2047:New World
1959:New Spain
1898:rebellion
1872:. In the
1703:Jefferson
1360:Mormonism
1295:Palestine
1109:Australia
1039:Indonesia
930:Lei Áurea
913:Code Noir
893:Caribbean
866:Treatment
605:Treatment
578:Devshirme
440:Odalisque
258:In Russia
199:Babylonia
187:Antiquity
6328:Colombia
6313:Honduras
6226:Asomante
6211:Ayacucho
6201:Carabobo
6176:Curalaba
5953:Ceresole
5847:Gembloux
5807:Mühlberg
5522:Mariners
5380:Military
5302:Doubloon
5287:Maravedí
5231:Santiago
5138:Paraguay
4864:Germania
4704:Caroline
4659:Malvinas
4643:Paraguay
4603:Colombia
4545:Trinidad
4412:Sardinia
4252:Bourbons
3903:37884790
3885:ABC-CLIO
3757:Archived
3671:Archived
3649:(2016).
3601:Archived
3579:(1993).
3352:cite web
3283:Archived
3232:Archived
3193:Archived
3154:Archived
3100:Archived
2989:Archived
2936:Archived
2878:Archived
2689:See also
2683:smallpox
2617:genocide
2559:hacienda
2465:New Laws
2417:(1542).
2322:caciques
2271:New Laws
2227:In 1501
2003:peasants
1951:system.
1906:tributes
1888:and the
1855:New Laws
1843:monopoly
1825:and the
1735:Iron bit
1725:40 acres
1688:breeding
1503:Freedman
1338:Religion
1198:Portugal
1083:Thailand
1073:Maldives
1068:Malaysia
1061:Kwalliso
1005:Booi Aha
957:Restavek
937:Colombia
908:Trinidad
898:Barbados
788:Zanzibar
736:Ethiopia
617:Saqaliba
511:Database
462:Saqaliba
223:Ancillae
53:a series
51:Part of
38:New Laws
6460:Asiento
6431:Mustang
6291:Yucatán
6286:Chiapas
6166:Tucapel
5998:Passaro
5948:Algiers
5938:Preveza
5907:Tetouan
5902:Vitoria
5892:Bitonto
5832:Antwerp
5827:Lepanto
5782:Bicocca
5258:Economy
5181:Charcas
5176:Caracas
5070:Yucatán
4941:Regidor
4926:Alcalde
4854:Cabildo
4761:Tripoli
4700:Mariana
4647:Charcas
4623:(Peru,
4607:Ecuador
4570:Bonaire
4565:Curazao
4550:Jamaica
4478:Florida
4037:2123819
3862:2509348
3763:18 June
3555:2123819
3289:10 July
3238:10 July
3199:10 July
3160:10 July
2740:Serfdom
2443:. When
2386:cacique
2354:Nahuatl
2110:Narváez
1969:History
1894:pirates
1870:slavery
1833:of the
1831:vassals
1713:Lincoln
1586:Related
1486:Liberia
1372:Judaism
1310:Tunisia
1285:Morocco
1275:Lebanon
1240:Bahrain
1235:Algeria
1203:Romania
1168:Denmark
1161:Slavery
1095:Vietnam
766:Somalia
756:Nigeria
731:Comoros
659:Pirates
568:Ghilman
501:Bristol
391:history
364:pirates
253:History
142:Peonage
65:slavery
32:in the
6438:Castas
6196:Boyacá
6171:Guiana
6161:Iguape
6085:Recife
6023:Mactan
6018:Annual
5983:Rocroi
5978:Leiden
5963:Djerba
5897:Bailén
5852:Ostend
5837:Azores
5432:Legión
5397:Tercio
5390:Armies
5292:Escudo
5221:Panamá
5216:Mexico
5211:Manila
5166:Bogotá
4951:Vecino
4946:Syndic
4777:Béjaïa
4737:Africa
4723:Tidore
4611:Panama
4575:Belize
4482:Mexico
4408:Sicily
4404:Naples
4366:Europe
4043:
4035:
4011:(1950)
3997:
3974:
3917:
3901:
3891:
3860:
3825:
3803:
3749:
3722:
3663:
3593:
3561:
3553:
3491:
3275:
3224:
3185:
3146:
3076:
2968:
2870:
2807:
2659:Arawak
2516:, the
2217:Makati
2194:. The
2156:Marina
2027:feudal
1961:, the
1807:labour
1634:owners
1270:Kuwait
1265:Jordan
1218:Sweden
1208:Russia
1193:Poland
1188:Norway
1010:Laogai
995:Brunei
990:Bhutan
952:revolt
925:Brazil
888:Canada
851:partus
836:female
721:Angola
590:Coolie
573:Mamluk
526:Nantes
506:Brazil
435:Cariye
270:Thrall
238:Kholop
204:Greece
6333:Chile
6301:Petén
6276:Aztec
6095:Bahia
6070:Penco
6060:Cusco
5988:Downs
5968:Tunis
5887:Ceuta
5872:Breda
5822:Malta
5802:Tunis
5797:Pavia
5311:Trade
5226:Quito
5191:Cusco
5030:Chile
4765:Tunis
4712:Palau
4629:Chile
4560:Aruba
4555:Haiti
4489:]
4418:Milan
4376:Spain
4041:S2CID
4033:JSTOR
3858:JSTOR
3801:S2CID
3559:S2CID
3551:JSTOR
3405:(PDF)
3103:(PDF)
3096:(PDF)
2257:Each
1910:maize
1661:songs
1656:films
1574:]
1530:songs
1367:Islam
1345:Bible
1320:Yemen
1315:Qatar
1305:Syria
1280:Libya
1245:Egypt
1213:Spain
1183:Malta
1056:Korea
1044:Japan
1022:India
1000:China
947:Haiti
807:Aztec
783:Sudan
751:Niger
643:Naval
516:Dutch
445:Qiyan
431:Jarya
406:Harem
248:Serfs
194:Egypt
6338:Inca
6281:Maya
6216:Guam
6149:Lost
5921:Lost
5842:Mons
5282:Real
5206:Lima
5093:Cuba
5035:Cuba
5007:Perú
4783:and
4781:Ifni
4773:Oran
4696:Guam
4625:Acre
4621:Peru
4531:Cuba
4410:and
3995:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3899:OCLC
3889:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3765:2019
3747:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3661:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3459:2020
3358:link
3291:2010
3273:ISBN
3240:2010
3222:ISBN
3201:2010
3183:ISBN
3162:2010
3144:ISBN
3074:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2944:2019
2868:ISBN
2818:2022
2805:ISBN
2587:The
2577:and
2530:The
2373:The
2305:The
2181:The
2033:The
2008:The
1977:and
1782:The
1612:laws
1474:U.S.
1469:U.K.
1407:U.S.
1402:U.K.
1290:Oman
1260:Iraq
1255:Iran
942:Cuba
846:maps
741:Mali
726:Chad
312:Baqt
209:Rome
105:Debt
63:and
6043:Won
5770:Won
4878:Law
4775:,
4495:),
4476:),
4025:doi
3939:doi
3850:doi
3793:doi
3543:doi
2797:doi
2504:In
2143:by
2131:as
2093:in
2074:of
6491::
4779:,
4771:,
4767:,
4763:,
4759:,
4755:,
4710:,
4706:,
4702:,
4698:,
4694:,
4657:,
4645:,
4641:,
4627:,
4613:,
4609:,
4605:,
4537:,
4533:,
4487:es
4480:,
4406:,
4143:,
4070:"
4039:.
4031:.
4021:55
4019:.
3989:.
3935:52
3933:.
3929:.
3897:.
3871:,
3856:.
3846:34
3844:.
3840:.
3821:.
3811:*
3799:.
3789:24
3787:.
3755:.
3695:.
3669:.
3655:.
3616:^
3599:.
3585:.
3557:.
3549:.
3539:55
3537:.
3483:.
3475:;
3449:.
3425:.
3407:.
3391:^
3374:.
3354:}}
3350:{{
3281:.
3230:.
3191:.
3152:.
3068:;
2995:".
2952:^
2919:^
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