84:
1815:
2080:
33:
2600:
2486:
inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native
Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery.
2663:
program supports this view regarding abuses in
Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to
2485:
When the news of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in
America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their
2045:
relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in the bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the
2668:
contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native
American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of
3319:
Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived in the New World in 1502, averred that greed was the reason
Christians "murdered on such a vast scale", killing "anyone and everyone who has shown the slightest sign of resistance", and subjecting "all males to the harshest and most iniquitous and brutal slavery
2201:
was essential to the
Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and
2697:, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like
1892:, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising the assessed tribute and labour. In turn,
2564:
did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The
3320:
that man has ever devised for oppressing his fellow-men, treating them, in fact, worse than animals". Reséndez, Andrés. The Other
Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338–341). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.
1582:
2784:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 138: «The encomienda in its early heyday granted a lifetime monopoly on the utilization of temporary Indian labor in a given area to one Spaniard, the encomendero. The succeeding repartimiento »
2247:
declared Native
Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of
2293:
families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy,
2639:
system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian
Timothy J. Yeager argued the
2028:
system traveled to
America with the implantation of Castilian law in Spanish territories. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the
2352:
under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.
2838:
las Leyes Nuevas dadas en Barcelona el 20 de noviembre de 1542 abolieron la fa-cultad de proveer nuevas encomiendas en las Indias, y mandaron incorporar en la Corona las existentes a la muerte de sus poseedores
1816:
2305:
decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The
1577:
2689:
and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the
2644:
was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land.
3708:
3115:
6358:
3342:
Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)
2061:; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the
2033:. This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moorish defeat in the
3537:
3438:
1708:
1829:
with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. The
2594:
2570:
3298:
3208:
3169:
1567:
1098:
5488:
2360:
to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. According to the
1452:
824:
561:
4497:
1188:
829:
5508:
4423:
6426:
3549:
Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
2455:
system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the
2635:) considered Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the
2349:
521:
2206:
system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and
5973:
5468:
2951:
1981:
ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.
876:
3799:
Austin, Shawn Michael (2015). "Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay, sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries".
6555:
6540:
6525:
6431:
5518:
1656:
4031:
Yeager, Timothy J. (1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
5123:
4481:
1951:
system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen
1572:
1422:
2443:
underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the
6535:
3616:
3048:
3004:
2893:
2105:, were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving
903:
3686:
2740:
2715:
1649:
401:
3538:
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism
1959:
from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the
6470:
3716:
2656:
as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths".
851:
3352:
6338:
5442:
4120:
1973:
have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in
1622:
1442:
615:
3106:
2400:
named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno
5422:
1785:
6520:
886:
304:
4560:
1955:
forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the
6196:
4307:
3908:
3842:
3766:
2985:
2887:
2372:, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual
1464:
1141:
913:
51:
in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by
5158:
5027:
4654:
4650:
3772:
3448:
3247:
6291:
6286:
5654:
5060:
4703:
4156:
2137:
1838:
1661:
1617:
1260:
2281:
system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the
6353:
5473:
1857:
as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered a
1703:
1335:
995:
846:
642:
551:
4342:
6120:
5437:
5373:
5095:
5075:
4550:
4282:
4245:
4014:
3991:
3739:
3680:
3610:
3508:
3292:
3241:
3202:
3163:
1723:
1412:
1166:
6485:
5589:
6186:
6095:
5493:
5037:
4590:
4220:
3934:
3282:
3192:
3153:
3093:
2824:
2411:, realizing the seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the
2128:
expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as
1540:
1417:
841:
610:
477:
2190:
to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted
6386:
5070:
4554:
4332:
1676:
881:
866:
812:
497:
487:
482:
311:
167:
5762:
5697:
2489:
The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy,
2447:
system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an
1387:
6323:
6115:
5902:
5702:
5251:
5186:
4772:
4674:
2417:
1671:
1437:
243:
6241:
5757:
5201:
5085:
6343:
6281:
6080:
5498:
5211:
5191:
5163:
5080:
5055:
4915:
4723:
4630:
4570:
4537:
4092:
3834:
2536:
was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.
1136:
1124:
704:
516:
162:
36:
6306:
6135:
5892:
4002:
52:
6458:
6436:
6391:
6333:
6311:
6125:
5897:
5579:
5368:
5353:
4438:
4302:
4255:
3373:
2408:
1713:
1491:
352:
5687:
2463:, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the
2285:
and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the
6545:
6530:
6328:
6296:
5827:
5692:
5128:
4508:
4317:
4113:
2808:
1718:
1557:
1427:
1088:
856:
836:
396:
364:
6316:
5649:
3641:
83:
6301:
6201:
5832:
5284:
5216:
4185:
3387:
2057:
did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the
1778:
1728:
1447:
1365:
492:
273:
93:
17:
5752:
5659:
2113:(Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.
6236:
5599:
5246:
5133:
5045:
5017:
4644:
4614:
4419:
4250:
3967:
3884:
2529:
2066:
1632:
1484:
1469:
1360:
556:
226:
5619:
5574:
2393:
system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an
6515:
6155:
6105:
5963:
5862:
5358:
5231:
5196:
5148:
5050:
4662:
4546:
4235:
4205:
4200:
3672:
2947:
2120:
of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of
1733:
1627:
1158:
1146:
736:
709:
214:
4780:
2440:
2331:
of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the
2256:
bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant
6100:
5983:
5943:
5882:
5877:
5817:
5236:
5226:
5012:
4715:
4626:
4327:
3052:
2694:
2186:
in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the
1508:
1377:
930:
719:
204:
105:
6480:
5559:
4792:
4312:
384:
6150:
6008:
5852:
5792:
5742:
5644:
5241:
5206:
5153:
4788:
4658:
4622:
4352:
4225:
4210:
4106:
3602:
3500:
2421:
was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the
2325:
became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the
2151:, which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. The
2125:
1822:
1698:
1432:
1382:
1310:
1083:
861:
805:
788:
219:
5343:
2804:
2124:' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later
6550:
6441:
6013:
5948:
5452:
5338:
5221:
5181:
4825:
4618:
4277:
4267:
4083:
2573:
and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the
2490:
2460:
2295:
1940:
1771:
1740:
1240:
981:
893:
741:
465:
431:
426:
5584:
3596:
3001:
2877:
6510:
5887:
5297:
5118:
5007:
4946:
4874:
4784:
4485:
4165:
3666:
3419:[The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda]
2244:
1952:
1602:
1457:
1370:
1355:
1037:
1025:
771:
756:
541:
316:
238:
209:
6421:
5822:
5609:
5569:
5528:
4502:
3416:
2577:, or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by the hacienda owners (
2521:
6396:
6065:
6028:
6018:
5958:
5857:
5837:
5732:
5544:
5363:
4240:
4230:
3662:
3462:
2735:
2690:
2665:
2645:
2310:
system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The
1932:
1745:
1644:
1607:
1535:
1479:
1348:
1305:
1119:
1049:
724:
504:
406:
290:
197:
5922:
5712:
5634:
2581:), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour.
2160:
1944:
8:
6465:
6221:
6206:
6090:
6070:
6023:
6003:
5807:
5802:
5747:
5717:
5483:
5108:
5065:
5022:
4951:
4920:
4691:
4670:
4636:
4542:
4512:
4443:
4287:
4260:
4160:
2725:
2456:
1842:
1228:
1208:
1093:
1078:
947:
918:
908:
798:
746:
714:
511:
369:
337:
332:
285:
142:
44:
6211:
5912:
2277:
had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The
6226:
6216:
6191:
6145:
6110:
5968:
5677:
5554:
5427:
4925:
4905:
4565:
4453:
4180:
4056:
4048:
3980:
3873:
3816:
3574:
3566:
2605:
2302:
2121:
2083:
1956:
1862:
1474:
1320:
1295:
1285:
1250:
1245:
1213:
1178:
1171:
1112:
1105:
962:
781:
776:
766:
536:
389:
347:
342:
295:
263:
253:
190:
5549:
5478:
3970:, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
411:
357:
6406:
6348:
6181:
5953:
5927:
5917:
5907:
5842:
5797:
5727:
5707:
5682:
5629:
5604:
4869:
4396:
4337:
4292:
4151:
4060:
4010:
3987:
3930:
3914:
3904:
3838:
3820:
3762:
3735:
3676:
3606:
3578:
3504:
3488:
3367:
3288:
3237:
3198:
3159:
3089:
2981:
2883:
2820:
2448:
2079:
1562:
1280:
1275:
1218:
1203:
1183:
1005:
1000:
935:
898:
731:
697:
526:
379:
268:
147:
4427:
2760:
2590:
2493:, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the
6038:
6033:
5998:
5978:
5737:
5614:
5513:
5417:
4879:
4719:
4040:
3954:
3943:"Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis"
3865:
3808:
3558:
2812:
2745:
2730:
2660:
2179:
1905:
1809:
1757:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1290:
1255:
1223:
1193:
1066:
1054:
1032:
1010:
957:
793:
761:
63:
6416:
4448:
3812:
3331:
Bartolome de las Casas in history: toward an understanding of the man and his work
2701:. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to the New World.
2415:. Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the
2260:
to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of
6481:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
6231:
6171:
6085:
5993:
5867:
5847:
5812:
5594:
5564:
5503:
5113:
5103:
4999:
4884:
4776:
4733:
4493:
4401:
4272:
3756:
3231:
3081:
3008:
2711:
2037:. It was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The
1850:
1666:
1552:
1547:
1300:
1270:
1265:
988:
952:
751:
669:
374:
120:
6140:
4069:
De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de la América Española
3536:
Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum
6075:
5988:
5872:
5624:
5447:
5432:
5333:
5307:
5292:
5173:
4768:
4762:
4666:
4433:
4347:
4297:
4175:
4129:
3592:
3284:
Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
2649:
2628:
2426:
2264:
was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as
2214:
lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.
1960:
1917:
1750:
1639:
531:
172:
130:
4580:
4044:
3959:
3942:
3562:
3417:"La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
2223:
1884:
Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of communal
32:
6504:
5639:
4489:
4406:
4215:
3492:
3443:
2794:
2617:
2552:
2365:
1936:
1878:
1688:
1612:
1059:
1042:
817:
647:
637:
421:
71:
3918:
3271:
Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico 1947, pp. 250–254
6411:
6401:
6130:
5669:
5523:
5348:
4864:
4640:
4322:
4170:
2720:
2670:
1826:
1693:
1525:
1501:
1407:
1400:
1131:
659:
632:
595:
573:
460:
177:
157:
135:
125:
115:
110:
100:
5722:
2816:
940:
5312:
5138:
4707:
4585:
3895:
Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
3709:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
2614:
2569:
was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of
2513:
phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the
2174:
and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's
2171:
2034:
2007:
1901:
1834:
1530:
1518:
871:
674:
664:
622:
436:
5302:
2798:
2556:
system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the
2053:
system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The
6176:
4910:
4052:
3877:
3853:
3668:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
3570:
2750:
2404:
2394:
2368:(indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in
2348:
laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the
2327:
2266:
2207:
2156:
2136:
in New Spain, men who had resided in the Caribbean region prior to the
2013:
1683:
679:
546:
2451:, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the
5143:
4900:
4800:
4575:
4477:
4411:
3854:"Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies"
2345:
2110:
2091:
2062:
2042:
1974:
1913:
923:
588:
450:
3869:
2231:
to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as
605:
5317:
4195:
3900:
2698:
2632:
2574:
2480:
2430:
2286:
1870:
1858:
1513:
1071:
1015:
967:
627:
472:
327:
233:
48:
6475:
6446:
4956:
4941:
4098:
2755:
2369:
2337:
2182:
and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive
2018:
1921:
1885:
1496:
578:
258:
75:
3732:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
2800:
El servicio personal de los indios en la Nueva España: 1521–1550
2509:
In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the
5412:
4966:
4961:
4738:
2677:
workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines.
2674:
2599:
2407:
rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538,
2232:
1909:
1846:
1198:
1020:
600:
583:
445:
280:
248:
2497:
and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those
2221:
in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (
2017:
were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other
6453:
4727:
4391:
3229:
3190:
3151:
3086:
Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570
2471:
were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.
2270:, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.
1925:
455:
441:
416:
4025:
The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico
2680:
4796:
4711:
3487:
322:
152:
4689:
3233:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3194:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3155:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3114:. Quezon City: Journal of Asian Studies. pp. 27–32.
2853:, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2685:
Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the
2217:
Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the
3333:. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1971), 364–365.
2595:
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
3046:
2046:
agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.
1837:, and it was applied on a much larger scale during the
1833:
was first established in Spain following the Christian
3758:
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650
4444:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2978:
A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present
2950:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 September 2008.
2163:, the third governor of the Spanish colony, in 1502.
1873:
of 1542, the encomienda ended upon the death of the
1865:, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the
3527:(Sixth ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 280.
1943:. Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray
1453:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
4093:
Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System
3108:
The encomienda in early Philippine colonial history
2550:system was generally replaced by the crown-managed
4007:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
3979:
3642:"Hispaniola | Case Study: Colonial Genocides"
3427:(in Spanish) (1). Chillán: El Departamento: 73–86.
3280:
2851:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2669:disease. For example, according to anthropologist
3598:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
3523:Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984).
2132:(old settlers) a group of undetermined number of
6502:
3754:
3024:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991 p. 178
2620:which was part of a lawsuit against the Spanish
2584:
2166:Some women and some indigenous elites were also
2021:in areas that they had conquered and resettled.
1928:, wheat, pork, and other agricultural products.
1568:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4988:
3140:Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain,
3982:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700
2879:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
4633:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
4114:
3894:
3761:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.
3495:; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
2793:
2235:) continue to be owned by affluent families.
1779:
1657:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
4308:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3897:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
3831:The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada
3635:
3633:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
1573:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3891:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
3851:
3700:
3644:. Genocide Studies Program. Yale University
3469:(in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
3287:. University Press of America. p. 44.
2882:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio, LLC. p. 184.
4121:
4107:
3828:
3481:
3447:(in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from
3431:
3388:"La encomienda en hispanoamérica colonial"
3355:. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25
3353:"Blasco Núñez Vela – Cronología histórica"
3049:"A History of the Mexican-American People"
2849:Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in
2741:Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
1786:
1772:
6427:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3977:
3958:
3630:
3410:
3408:
2980:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 388.
2933:
2875:
2693:. Writing about the Black Legend and the
2681:Skepticism toward accusations of genocide
1908:, to protect them from warring tribes or
6432:Colonial universities in the Philippines
4009:(2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 107–108.
3927:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
3748:
3661:
3591:
3104:
3022:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
2598:
2384:
2155:system was established on the island of
2078:
1578:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1443:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1423:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
31:
5423:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
4000:
3899:. Vol. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA:
3858:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3047:Samora, Julian; Patricia Vandel Simon.
2971:
2969:
2716:Spanish-controlled colonial Philippines
2474:
2379:
14:
6503:
6376:
4030:
3798:
3729:
3723:
3706:
3548:
3414:
3405:
2869:
2356:As noted, the change of requiring the
2341:involved and had most of them hanged.
2086:, conqueror of the Aztecs and premier
2065:belonged to this crown and not to the
1861:on the labour of particular groups of
6375:
6271:
6270:
5394:
5272:
4987:
4846:
4814:
4751:
4688:
4603:
4526:
4466:
4380:
4369:
4141:
4140:
4102:
3940:
3929:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3925:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991).
3775:from the original on 29 November 2016
3755:Noble David Cook (13 February 1998).
3301:from the original on 25 November 2020
3211:from the original on 25 November 2020
3172:from the original on 25 November 2020
2975:
1808:
1465:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1142:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
27:Spanish labour system in its colonies
6556:History of labour relations in Chile
6541:Captaincy General of the Philippines
6526:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4704:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4196:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
3639:
2966:
2954:from the original on 21 January 2019
2915:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2864:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2780:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
2436:The priest of Hispaniola and former
2314:were then required to pay remaining
2143:In the New World, the Crown granted
2138:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1845:. Conquered peoples were considered
1839:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1662:Slave marriages in the United States
1261:Human trafficking in the Middle East
6407:Indochristian painting in New Spain
4527:
3972:Hispanic American Historical Review
3947:Hispanic American Historical Review
3142:Durham: Duke University Press 1972.
2714:, a similar forced labor system in
2528:had been abusive enough to unleash
2170:. Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of
996:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
6536:History of the Spanish West Indies
5374:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4847:
4128:
3791:
3230:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3191:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3152:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
2504:
2202:resulting turmoil. Initially, the
2041:established a system similar to a
1900:natives were given instruction in
1650:last survivors of American slavery
25:
6567:
4604:
4467:
4348:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
4076:
3986:. University of Minnesota Press.
3829:Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995).
3250:from the original on 31 July 2020
611:Field slaves in the United States
478:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6459:Criollos in the colonial society
6387:Spanish missions in the Americas
5509:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2797:(1984). "1. Evolución general".
2539:
2517:institution lasted much longer.
2238:
2178:. Two of Moctezuma's daughters,
1916:against Spaniards, and maintain
488:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
483:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
312:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
82:
6486:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
4370:
4095:. ThoughtCo. September 10, 2018
4033:The Journal of Economic History
3852:Chamberlain, Robert S. (1954).
3689:from the original on 2020-11-25
3655:
3619:from the original on 2020-11-25
3585:
3551:The Journal of Economic History
3542:
3530:
3517:
3455:
3439:"La rebelión huilliche de 1712"
3380:
3345:
3336:
3323:
3313:
3274:
3262:
3223:
3184:
3145:
3132:
3121:from the original on 2013-10-02
3098:
3075:
3072:Himmerich y Valencia (1991), 27
3066:
3040:
3027:
3014:
2994:
2896:from the original on 2016-09-19
2072:
1438:Committee of Experts on Slavery
989:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4815:
4538:Captaincy General of Guatemala
4246:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
4023:Simpson, Leslie Byrd Simpson,
3835:University of New Mexico Press
3801:Colonial Latin American Review
3734:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
2928:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule,
2920:
2907:
2856:
2843:
2787:
2774:
1137:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
6521:Slavery in the Spanish Empire
6437:General Archive of the Indies
5698:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
5369:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
5354:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
4303:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
4256:War of the Spanish Succession
4221:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3889:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
3813:10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039
3707:Trever, David (13 May 2016).
3236:. BiblioBazaar. p. 132.
3197:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
3158:. BiblioBazaar. p. 121.
3105:Anderson, Dr. Eric A (1976).
3033:Himmerich y Valencia (1991),
3020:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
2876:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
2767:
2585:Deaths, disease, and genocide
2524:in southern Chile, where the
2376:and those held by the Crown.
1947:, who established the formal
5395:
4509:Captaincy General of Yucatan
4439:Union with Holy Roman Empire
4418:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
4333:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3525:America: A Narrative History
2809:El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
1997:stems from the Spanish verb
1428:Temporary Slavery Commission
1089:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5273:
4989:Administrative subdivisions
4186:War of the League of Cognac
4071:. Mexico City: Aurrúa 1940.
3978:McAlister, Lyle N. (1984).
3281:David M. Traboulay (1994).
2704:
2364:, one of many colonial-era
1448:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
493:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
53:Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
10:
6572:
5703:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
5688:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5590:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4752:
4488:), Western United States (
4381:
4251:Portuguese Restoration War
4001:Ramirez, Susan E. (2008).
2588:
2478:
2318:labourers for their work.
2097:The first grantees of the
1984:
1877:, and was replaced by the
1633:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1470:Anti-Slavery International
1235:North Africa and West Asia
6471:Slavery in Spanish Empire
6382:
6371:
6277:
6266:
6164:
6058:
6051:
5936:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5758:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
5668:
5537:
5499:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
5461:
5405:
5401:
5390:
5359:Barcelona Trading Company
5326:
5283:
5279:
5268:
5172:
5124:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
5094:
5036:
4998:
4994:
4983:
4934:
4893:
4857:
4853:
4842:
4821:
4758:
4699:
4631:Venezuela, part of Guyana
4610:
4533:
4484:, Central United States (
4473:
4387:
4376:
4365:
4216:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
4201:Expulsion of the Moriscos
4147:
4136:
4045:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3960:10.1215/00182168-51.3.431
3673:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3563:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3372:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2344:Later, a chieftain named
1734:Emancipation Proclamation
1401:Opposition and resistance
1159:Sex trafficking in Europe
1147:Blackbirding in Polynesia
710:Trans-Saharan slave trade
37:Francisco Hernández Girón
6412:Quito painting tradition
6402:Cusco painting tradition
5763:García López de Cárdenas
5753:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
5660:Felipe González de Ahedo
5580:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4157:Conquest of the Americas
3941:Keith, Robert G (1971).
3415:Urbina, Rodolfo (1990).
3394:(in Spanish). 2020-08-26
2695:conquest of the Americas
1896:were to ensure that the
1509:Compensated emancipation
720:Indian Ocean slave trade
6197:Comuneros (New Granada)
5974:Balearic Islands (1558)
5693:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
5620:Ruy López de Villalobos
5575:Miguel López de Legazpi
5489:García de Toledo Osorio
4353:Western Sahara conflict
4343:Independence of Morocco
4283:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
4226:Piracy in the Caribbean
4211:French Wars of Religion
4088:Encyclopædia Britannica
3603:Oxford University Press
3501:Editorial Universitaria
1924:in the form of metals,
1920:. The natives provided
1853:. The Crown awarded an
1433:1926 Slavery Convention
1189:Germany in World War II
806:North and South America
328:Contract of manumission
6442:Colonial Spanish Horse
6116:Colonia del Sacramento
5339:Spanish treasure fleet
4916:Royal Decree of Graces
3730:Hickel, Jason (2018).
2625:
2441:Bartolomé de las Casas
2431:New Laws of the Indies
2094:
1941:Francisco de Bobadilla
1939:had him replaced with
1806:Spanish pronunciation:
914:British Virgin Islands
466:Circassian slave trade
432:Safavid imperial harem
427:Ottoman Imperial Harem
56:
5600:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
5560:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4875:Council of the Indies
4236:Spanish–Moro conflict
4206:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
4166:Treaty of Tordesillas
3002:The Encomienda System
2817:10.2307/j.ctv26d9fg.5
2602:
2385:Initial controversies
2245:Isabella I of Castile
2082:
2011:institution in which
1963:for relief under the
1953:Isabella I of Castile
1825:system that rewarded
1810:[eŋkoˈmjenda]
1153:Europe and North Asia
1113:Australia and Oceania
813:Pre-Columbian America
385:Slave raid of Suðuroy
317:Slavery in al-Andalus
239:Black Sea slave trade
168:21st-century jihadism
35:
6397:Mesoamerican Codices
6121:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5959:Siege of Castelnuovo
5545:Christopher Columbus
5364:Consulate of the Sea
5344:Casa de Contratación
4935:Titles and positions
4328:Spanish–American War
4318:Liberal constitution
4161:Asia and the Pacific
3903:. pp. 250–251.
2913:Ida Altman, et al.,
2866:Pearson, 2003, p. 47
2862:Ida Altman, et al.,
2805:El Colegio de México
2736:Gregorio de San Juan
2691:Spanish Black Legend
2664:over 96%. Historian
2646:University of Hawaii
2631:(coiner of the term
2618:pictorial manuscript
2613:, is a 16th-century
2609:: also known as the
2475:The New Laws of 1542
2425:system, through the
2380:Reform and abolition
2116:In his study of the
2001:, "to entrust". The
1933:Christopher Columbus
1931:With the ousting of
1869:; starting from the
1608:Indentured servitude
1536:Underground Railroad
1336:United Arab Emirates
725:Zanzibar slave trade
692:By country or region
505:Atlantic slave trade
407:Ma malakat aymanukum
291:Venetian slave trade
6546:Spanish Puerto Rico
6531:Spanish West Indies
6126:Cartagena de Indias
5748:Diego de Mazariegos
5718:Pere Fages i Beleta
5585:Sebastián de Ocampo
5066:Provincias Internas
5038:Captaincies General
4952:Municipal president
4921:School of Salamanca
4692:Spanish East Indies
4671:Misiones Orientales
4543:Spanish West Indies
4507:, Central America (
4454:Pyrénées-Orientales
4407:Union with Portugal
4298:Napoleonic invasion
4278:War of Jenkins' Ear
3640:Schimmer, Russell.
3451:on 3 December 2013.
3392:Revista de historia
2782:Early Latin America
2726:Encomiendas in Peru
2457:Viceroyalty of Peru
2301:In Mexico, viceroy
2130:pobladores antiguos
1843:Spanish East Indies
1699:Slave Route Project
825:Americas indigenous
715:Red Sea slave trade
705:Contemporary Africa
568:Topics and practice
338:Crimean slave trade
333:Bukhara slave trade
286:Genoese slave trade
163:Contemporary Africa
143:Forced prostitution
45:Viceroyalty of Peru
6422:Academia Antártica
6377:Other civil topics
5743:Pánfilo de Narváez
5645:Sebastián Vizcaíno
5610:Andrés de Urdaneta
5570:Juan Ponce de León
5555:Ferdinand Magellan
5529:Bernardo de Gálvez
5428:Indian auxiliaries
4926:Trial of residence
4906:Laws of the Indies
4690:Asia and Oceania (
4551:Dominican Republic
3593:Stannard, David E.
3489:Villalobos, Sergio
3007:2005-12-18 at the
3000:Scott, Meredith, "
2917:Pearson, 2003, 143
2659:Yale University's
2626:
2611:Codex Tepetlaoztoc
2606:Codex Kingsborough
2522:Chiloé Archipelago
2429:(1512–13) and the
2303:Antonio de Mendoza
2095:
1957:Laws of the Indies
1863:indigenous peoples
1475:Blockade of Africa
782:Somali slave trade
698:Sub-Saharan Africa
390:Turkish Abductions
348:Khivan slave trade
343:Khazar slave trade
296:Balkan slave trade
254:Prague slave trade
57:
47:who protested the
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6367:
6366:
6272:Spanish conquests
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6047:
6046:
5728:Pedro de Alvarado
5713:Gaspar de Portolà
5708:Pedro de Valdivia
5683:Francisco Pizarro
5635:Nicolás de Ovando
5630:Alonso de Ercilla
5605:Alonso de Salazar
5438:Ships of the line
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4810:
4809:
4767:Northern Africa (
4763:Equatorial Guinea
4747:
4746:
4684:
4683:
4599:
4598:
4522:
4521:
4513:Spanish Caribbean
4486:Spanish Louisiana
4462:
4461:
4397:Crown of Castille
4361:
4360:
4338:Spanish Civil War
4313:Adams–Onís Treaty
4293:Nootka Convention
4241:Thirty Years' War
4231:Eighty Years' War
4152:Catholic Monarchs
4142:Timeline–immersed
3910:978-0-87436-885-7
3844:978-0-8263-1612-7
3768:978-0-521-62730-6
3713:Los Angeles Times
3497:Historia De Chile
3425:Tiempo y espacio
3138:Arthur S. Aiton,
2987:978-1-118-77248-5
2889:978-0-313-33272-2
2746:Jesuit reductions
2491:Blasco Núñez Vela
2461:Blasco Núñez Vela
2409:Emperor Charles V
2296:Blasco Núñez Vela
2227:). They used the
2161:Nicolás de Ovando
2067:Catholic monarchs
2005:was based on the
1945:Nicolás de Ovando
1796:
1795:
1746:Freedmen's Bureau
1563:Third Servile War
1558:International law
1125:Human trafficking
887:Human trafficking
562:Thirteen colonies
380:Sack of Baltimore
148:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
6563:
6516:Slavery in Spain
6373:
6372:
6339:Chibchan Nations
6268:
6267:
6237:Santiago de Cuba
6096:Guadalupe Island
6056:
6055:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5738:Diego de Almagro
5615:Antonio de Ulloa
5519:Ambrosio Spinola
5514:Pedro de Zubiaur
5484:Alfonso d'Avalos
5474:Antonio de Leyva
5418:Army of Flanders
5403:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5269:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4984:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4843:
4812:
4811:
4785:Peñón of Algiers
4749:
4748:
4686:
4685:
4601:
4600:
4524:
4523:
4506:
4464:
4463:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4288:Seven Years' War
4261:Queen Anne's War
4138:
4137:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4067:Zavala, Silvio.
4064:
4020:
3997:
3985:
3974:49, no. 3 (1969)
3964:
3962:
3922:
3881:
3848:
3824:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3715:. Archived from
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3663:Reséndez, Andrés
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3082:Clendinnen, Inga
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:on April 2, 2009
3051:. Archived from
3044:
3038:
3035:The Encomenderos
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2931:
2926:Charles Gibson,
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2731:History of Cusco
2661:genocide studies
2624:for mistreatment
2571:natives declined
2530:a revolt in 1712
2449:important debate
2180:Isabel Moctezuma
1906:Spanish language
1821:) was a Spanish
1820:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1758:Emancipation Day
1586:
1553:Slave Trade Acts
244:Byzantine Empire
86:
59:
58:
21:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6490:
6466:Old inquisition
6378:
6363:
6273:
6246:
6202:Trinidad (1797)
6172:La Noche Triste
6160:
6156:San Juan (1797)
6106:San Juan (1595)
6043:
5932:
5772:Notable battles
5767:
5733:Martín de Ursúa
5664:
5595:Alonso de Ojeda
5565:Juan de la Cosa
5550:Pinzón brothers
5533:
5504:John of Austria
5479:Martín de Goiti
5457:
5397:
5378:
5322:
5275:
5256:
5168:
5164:Terra Australis
5159:Río de la Plata
5104:Castilla de Oro
5090:
5032:
5028:Río de la Plata
4990:
4971:
4930:
4889:
4885:Santa Hermandad
4849:
4830:
4826:Terra Australis
4817:
4806:
4773:Spanish Morocco
4754:
4743:
4734:Northern Taiwan
4695:
4680:
4651:Río de la Plata
4606:
4595:
4529:
4528:Central America
4518:
4500:
4469:
4458:
4402:Crown of Aragon
4383:
4372:
4357:
4273:Bourbon Reforms
4143:
4132:
4127:
4079:
4074:
4017:
3994:
3968:Lockhart, James
3911:
3885:Gibson, Charles
3870:10.2307/2509348
3845:
3833:. Albuquerque:
3794:
3792:Further reading
3789:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3728:
3724:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3605:. p. 139.
3590:
3586:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3503:. p. 237.
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3467:Memoria chilena
3463:"La encomienda"
3461:
3460:
3456:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3329:Benjamin Keen,
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3009:Wayback Machine
2999:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2930:Stanford, 1964.
2925:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2712:Polo y servicio
2707:
2683:
2666:Andrés Reséndez
2597:
2587:
2544:
2507:
2505:Final abolition
2483:
2477:
2387:
2382:
2241:
2101:system, called
2077:
1989:The meaning of
1987:
1961:Real Audiencias
1851:Spanish monarch
1814:
1813:
1805:
1792:
1763:
1762:
1667:Slave narrative
1618:Fugitive slaves
1598:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1548:Slave rebellion
1403:
1393:
1392:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1163:United Kingdom
1099:Yankee princess
693:
685:
684:
412:Avret Pazarları
358:Avret Pazarları
227:Medieval Europe
193:
183:
182:
121:Forced marriage
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Canary Islands
6278:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6136:Túpac Amaru II
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:Bogotá savanna
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5989:Spanish Armada
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5883:White Mountain
5880:
5878:Cape Celidonia
5875:
5873:English Armada
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:Juan Fernández
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Diego Columbus
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5453:Army of Africa
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5433:Spanish Armada
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Manila galleon
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4851:
4850:
4848:Administration
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4769:Western Sahara
4765:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4667:Banda Oriental
4648:
4634:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4482:Coastal Alaska
4474:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4130:Spanish Empire
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4078:
4077:External links
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4039:(4): 842–859.
4028:
4021:
4016:978-0684314433
4015:
3998:
3993:978-0816612161
3992:
3975:
3965:
3953:(3): 431–446.
3938:
3923:
3909:
3892:
3882:
3864:(2): 238–250.
3849:
3843:
3825:
3807:(4): 545–571.
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3767:
3747:
3741:978-1786090034
3740:
3722:
3719:on 2019-06-20.
3699:
3682:978-0547640983
3681:
3675:. p. 17.
3654:
3629:
3612:978-0195085570
3611:
3584:
3557:(4): 842–859.
3541:
3529:
3516:
3510:978-9561111639
3509:
3493:Silva, Osvaldo
3480:
3454:
3430:
3404:
3379:
3344:
3335:
3322:
3312:
3294:978-0819196422
3293:
3273:
3261:
3243:978-1113147608
3242:
3222:
3204:978-1113147608
3203:
3183:
3165:978-1113147608
3164:
3144:
3131:
3097:
3074:
3065:
3039:
3026:
3013:
2993:
2986:
2976:Meade (2016).
2965:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2888:
2868:
2855:
2842:
2825:
2811:. p. 31.
2803:(in Spanish).
2786:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:Guaraní people
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2682:
2679:
2652:describes the
2650:David Stannard
2629:Raphael Lemkin
2591:Taíno genocide
2586:
2583:
2543:
2538:
2506:
2503:
2479:Main article:
2476:
2473:
2467:, many of the
2427:Laws of Burgos
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2350:Ciguana people
2240:
2237:
2145:conquistadores
2076:
2071:
1986:
1983:
1918:infrastructure
1912:; to suppress
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:List of slaves
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
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1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
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1460:
1455:
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1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
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1420:
1415:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Dutch Republic
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
985:
984:
979:
972:
971:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
901:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
834:
833:
832:
822:
821:
820:
809:
808:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
717:
712:
707:
701:
700:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:
651:
650:
645:
643:Child soldiers
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
570:
569:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:Spanish Empire
549:
544:
539:
534:
532:Middle Passage
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
507:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
362:
361:
360:
353:Ottoman Empire
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
308:
307:
301:
300:
299:
298:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
271:
266:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
230:
229:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
200:
194:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
173:Sexual slavery
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
139:
138:
133:
131:Child marriage
128:
118:
113:
108:
106:Child soldiers
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
68:
67:
39:was a Spanish
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6568:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Unfree labour
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Tapada limeña
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6269:
6265:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Montes Claros
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Vienna (1529)
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Hernán Cortés
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5670:Conquistadors
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Juan de Ayala
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Duke of Savoy
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5389:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Dollar (Peso)
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5267:
5253:
5252:Santo Domingo
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:New Andalusia
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Santo Domingo
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
5000:Viceroyalties
4997:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4841:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4813:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4750:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4605:South America
4602:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4525:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:Spanish Texas
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:North America
4465:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Franche-Comté
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3935:0-292-72068-8
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:El Llanquihue
3440:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3269:Codice Osuna,
3265:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:0-521-37981-4
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3069:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3037:, pp. 195–196
3036:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2828:
2826:968-12-0253-8
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:Silvio Zavala
2790:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2673:, a third of
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:repartimiento
2563:
2562:repartimiento
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:repartimiento
2549:
2542:
2541:Repartimiento
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:Aztec codices
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:captured the
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2239:Establishment
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Hernán Cortés
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:Hernán Cortés
2081:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Spanish Crown
1935:in 1500, the
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1879:repartimiento
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Slave catcher
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Forced labour
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:Abolitionists
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:comfort women
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:Chukri System
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
931:Latin America
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
882:interregional
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:prison labour
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
837:United States
835:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
695:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:White slavery
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Slave raiding
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
606:Corvée labour
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
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459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Abbasid harem
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:Barbary Coast
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
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297:
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279:
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257:
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237:
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199:
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179:
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137:
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119:
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112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:Forced labour
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6511:Encomenderos
6392:Architecture
6287:The Americas
6151:Newfoundland
6141:Túpac Katari
6131:Cuerno Verde
6066:Tenochtitlan
5898:Valenciennes
5655:Luis Fajardo
5524:Blas de Lezo
5469:Duke of Alba
5349:Spanish Road
5187:Buenos Aires
5096:Governorates
4865:Ayuntamiento
4858:Organization
4323:Carlist Wars
4190:
4171:Italian Wars
4087:
4068:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4006:
4003:"Encomienda"
3981:
3971:
3950:
3946:
3926:
3896:
3888:
3861:
3857:
3830:
3804:
3800:
3777:. Retrieved
3757:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3717:the original
3712:
3702:
3691:. Retrieved
3667:
3657:
3646:. Retrieved
3621:. Retrieved
3597:
3587:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3496:
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3449:the original
3442:
3433:
3424:
3396:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3357:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3283:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3232:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3193:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3154:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3123:. Retrieved
3107:
3100:
3085:
3077:
3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
2996:
2977:
2956:. Retrieved
2948:"Encomienda"
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2898:. Retrieved
2878:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2830:. Retrieved
2799:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2721:Cargo system
2686:
2684:
2671:Jason Hickel
2658:
2653:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2622:encomenderos
2621:
2615:Mesoamerican
2610:
2604:
2578:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2499:encomenderos
2498:
2495:encomenderos
2494:
2488:
2484:
2469:encomenderos
2468:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2374:encomenderos
2373:
2362:Codice Osuna
2361:
2357:
2355:
2343:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2312:encomenderos
2311:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:, since the
2249:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2168:encomenderos
2167:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2134:encomenderos
2133:
2129:
2118:encomenderos
2117:
2115:
2106:
2103:encomenderos
2102:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2074:Encomenderos
2073:
2069:as a whole.
2058:
2055:encomenderos
2054:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1948:
1930:
1897:
1894:encomenderos
1893:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1830:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1694:Slave patrol
1526:Freedom suit
1502:Sierra Leone
1492:Colonization
1408:Abolitionism
1388:Baháʼí Faith
1361:Christianity
1311:Saudi Arabia
1167:Penal Labour
1132:Blackbirding
1038:Debt bondage
1026:penal system
975:
852:Contemporary
842:Field slaves
830:U.S. Natives
789:South Africa
660:Galley slave
633:Slave market
623:House slaves
596:Blackbirding
574:Conscription
498:21st century
461:Umm al-walad
305:Muslim world
274:Emancipation
178:Wage slavery
158:Penal labour
136:Wife selling
126:Bride buying
111:Conscription
101:Child Labour
94:Contemporary
40:
29:
6359:Philippines
6324:El Salvador
5944:Capo d'Orso
5828:St. Quentin
5803:Rome (1527)
5462:Strategists
5212:Guadalajara
5139:New Navarre
5134:New Castile
5119:La Luisiana
5071:Puerto Rico
5061:Philippines
5018:New Granada
4708:Philippines
4669:(Uruguay),
4665:(Bolivia),
4615:New Granada
4555:Puerto Rico
4501: [
4371:Territories
4191:Encomiendas
2438:encomendero
2413:encomiendas
2398:encomendero
2358:encomendado
2323:encomiendas
2291:encomendero
2283:encomendero
2267:reducciones
2262:encomiendas
2258:encomiendas
2250:encomiendas
2224:principalía
2192:encomiendas
2188:encomiendas
2184:encomiendas
2176:encomiendas
2149:encomendero
2107:encomiendas
2088:encomendero
2059:encomendero
2035:Granada War
2031:reconquista
2014:adelantados
2008:reconquista
1995:encomendero
1971:Encomiendas
1902:Catholicism
1875:encomendero
1867:encomendero
1835:Reconquista
1709:court cases
1581: [
1531:Slave Power
1519:Manumission
1366:Catholicism
1241:Afghanistan
982:Puerto Rico
894:The Bahamas
872:Slave codes
675:Shanghaiing
665:Impressment
557:Slave Coast
437:Qajar harem
397:Concubinage
370:slave trade
41:encomendero
18:Encomiendas
6505:Categories
6029:Somosierra
6019:Manila Bay
5893:Nördlingen
5833:Gravelines
5313:Columnario
5285:Currencies
5202:Concepción
5174:Audiencias
5149:New Toledo
5114:La Florida
4947:Corregidor
4911:Papal bull
4816:Antarctica
4724:Micronesia
4181:Golden Age
4084:Encomienda
3693:2020-11-10
3648:2023-01-12
3623:2020-11-10
3473:7 February
3398:2021-01-06
3359:2020-09-30
3125:2013-10-29
3088:. (p. 83)
3059:2009-05-18
2958:21 January
2900:2016-03-27
2768:References
2751:Reductions
2687:encomienda
2654:encomienda
2648:historian
2642:encomienda
2637:encomienda
2589:See also:
2579:hacendados
2560:, the new
2558:encomienda
2548:encomienda
2534:encomienda
2526:encomienda
2515:encomienda
2511:encomienda
2501:involved.
2465:encomienda
2453:encomienda
2445:encomienda
2423:encomienda
2405:Enriquillo
2395:Hispaniola
2391:encomienda
2333:adelantado
2328:adelantado
2316:encomienda
2308:encomienda
2279:encomienda
2254:encomienda
2229:encomienda
2219:encomienda
2212:encomienda
2208:Upper Peru
2204:encomienda
2199:encomienda
2157:Hispaniola
2153:encomienda
2099:encomienda
2051:encomienda
2039:encomienda
2026:encomienda
2003:encomienda
1999:encomendar
1991:encomienda
1979:encomienda
1965:encomienda
1949:encomienda
1898:encomienda
1890:encomienda
1855:encomienda
1831:encomienda
1827:conquerors
1801:encomienda
1724:J.Q. Adams
1714:Washington
1684:Slave name
1628:convention
1603:Common law
976:Encomienda
772:Seychelles
757:Mauritania
680:Slave ship
547:Panyarring
542:New France
191:Historical
6334:Nicaragua
6312:Guatemala
6222:Pichincha
6207:Chacabuco
6146:Pensacola
6091:Mataquito
6071:Cajamarca
6052:New World
6024:Trafalgar
5928:Alhucemas
5808:Landriano
5793:Comuneros
5779:Old World
5723:Joan Orpí
5443:Royalists
5217:Guatemala
5144:New Spain
5081:Venezuela
5056:Guatemala
5013:New Spain
5008:Columbian
4901:Exequatur
4801:Cape Juby
4655:Argentina
4478:New Spain
4412:Gibraltar
4176:Habsburgs
4061:155030781
3821:163678212
3579:155030781
2832:13 August
2418:audiencia
2346:Guarionex
2275:reducción
2111:New Spain
2092:New Spain
2063:New World
1975:New Spain
1914:rebellion
1888:. In the
1719:Jefferson
1371:Mormonism
1306:Palestine
1120:Australia
1050:Indonesia
941:Lei Áurea
924:Code Noir
904:Caribbean
877:Treatment
616:Treatment
589:Devshirme
451:Odalisque
269:In Russia
210:Babylonia
198:Antiquity
6344:Colombia
6329:Honduras
6242:Asomante
6227:Ayacucho
6217:Carabobo
6192:Curalaba
5969:Ceresole
5863:Gembloux
5823:Mühlberg
5538:Mariners
5396:Military
5318:Doubloon
5303:Maravedí
5247:Santiago
5154:Paraguay
4880:Germania
4720:Caroline
4675:Malvinas
4659:Paraguay
4619:Colombia
4561:Trinidad
4428:Sardinia
4268:Bourbons
3919:37884790
3901:ABC-CLIO
3773:Archived
3687:Archived
3665:(2016).
3617:Archived
3595:(1993).
3368:cite web
3299:Archived
3248:Archived
3209:Archived
3170:Archived
3116:Archived
3005:Archived
2952:Archived
2894:Archived
2705:See also
2699:smallpox
2633:genocide
2575:hacienda
2481:New Laws
2433:(1542).
2338:caciques
2287:New Laws
2243:In 1501
2019:peasants
1967:system.
1922:tributes
1904:and the
1871:New Laws
1859:monopoly
1841:and the
1751:Iron bit
1741:40 acres
1704:breeding
1514:Freedman
1349:Religion
1209:Portugal
1094:Thailand
1084:Maldives
1079:Malaysia
1072:Kwalliso
1016:Booi Aha
968:Restavek
948:Colombia
919:Trinidad
909:Barbados
799:Zanzibar
747:Ethiopia
628:Saqaliba
522:Database
473:Saqaliba
234:Ancillae
64:a series
62:Part of
49:New Laws
6476:Asiento
6447:Mustang
6307:Yucatán
6302:Chiapas
6182:Tucapel
6014:Passaro
5964:Algiers
5954:Preveza
5923:Tetouan
5918:Vitoria
5908:Bitonto
5848:Antwerp
5843:Lepanto
5798:Bicocca
5274:Economy
5197:Charcas
5192:Caracas
5086:Yucatán
4957:Regidor
4942:Alcalde
4870:Cabildo
4777:Tripoli
4716:Mariana
4663:Charcas
4639:(Peru,
4623:Ecuador
4586:Bonaire
4581:Curazao
4566:Jamaica
4494:Florida
4053:2123819
3878:2509348
3779:18 June
3571:2123819
3305:10 July
3254:10 July
3215:10 July
3176:10 July
2756:Serfdom
2459:. When
2402:cacique
2370:Nahuatl
2126:Narváez
1985:History
1910:pirates
1886:slavery
1849:of the
1847:vassals
1729:Lincoln
1597:Related
1497:Liberia
1383:Judaism
1321:Tunisia
1296:Morocco
1286:Lebanon
1251:Bahrain
1246:Algeria
1214:Romania
1179:Denmark
1172:Slavery
1106:Vietnam
777:Somalia
767:Nigeria
742:Comoros
670:Pirates
579:Ghilman
512:Bristol
402:history
375:pirates
264:History
153:Peonage
76:slavery
43:in the
6454:Castas
6212:Boyacá
6187:Guiana
6177:Iguape
6101:Recife
6039:Mactan
6034:Annual
5999:Rocroi
5994:Leiden
5979:Djerba
5913:Bailén
5868:Ostend
5853:Azores
5448:Legión
5413:Tercio
5406:Armies
5308:Escudo
5237:Panamá
5232:Mexico
5227:Manila
5182:Bogotá
4967:Vecino
4962:Syndic
4793:Béjaïa
4753:Africa
4739:Tidore
4627:Panama
4591:Belize
4498:Mexico
4424:Sicily
4420:Naples
4382:Europe
4059:
4051:
4027:(1950)
4013:
3990:
3933:
3917:
3907:
3876:
3841:
3819:
3765:
3738:
3679:
3609:
3577:
3569:
3507:
3291:
3240:
3201:
3162:
3092:
2984:
2886:
2823:
2675:Arawak
2532:, the
2233:Makati
2210:. The
2172:Marina
2043:feudal
1977:, the
1823:labour
1645:owners
1281:Kuwait
1276:Jordan
1229:Sweden
1219:Russia
1204:Poland
1199:Norway
1021:Laogai
1006:Brunei
1001:Bhutan
963:revolt
936:Brazil
899:Canada
862:partus
847:female
732:Angola
601:Coolie
584:Mamluk
537:Nantes
517:Brazil
446:Cariye
281:Thrall
249:Kholop
215:Greece
6349:Chile
6317:Petén
6292:Aztec
6111:Bahia
6086:Penco
6076:Cusco
6004:Downs
5984:Tunis
5903:Ceuta
5888:Breda
5838:Malta
5818:Tunis
5813:Pavia
5327:Trade
5242:Quito
5207:Cusco
5046:Chile
4781:Tunis
4728:Palau
4645:Chile
4576:Aruba
4571:Haiti
4505:]
4434:Milan
4392:Spain
4057:S2CID
4049:JSTOR
3874:JSTOR
3817:S2CID
3575:S2CID
3567:JSTOR
3421:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
2273:Each
1926:maize
1677:songs
1672:films
1585:]
1541:songs
1378:Islam
1356:Bible
1331:Yemen
1326:Qatar
1316:Syria
1291:Libya
1256:Egypt
1224:Spain
1194:Malta
1067:Korea
1055:Japan
1033:India
1011:China
958:Haiti
818:Aztec
794:Sudan
762:Niger
654:Naval
527:Dutch
456:Qiyan
442:Jarya
417:Harem
259:Serfs
205:Egypt
6354:Inca
6297:Maya
6232:Guam
6165:Lost
5937:Lost
5858:Mons
5298:Real
5222:Lima
5109:Cuba
5051:Cuba
5023:Perú
4799:and
4797:Ifni
4789:Oran
4712:Guam
4641:Acre
4637:Peru
4547:Cuba
4426:and
4011:ISBN
3988:ISBN
3931:ISBN
3915:OCLC
3905:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3781:2019
3763:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3475:2020
3374:link
3307:2010
3289:ISBN
3256:2010
3238:ISBN
3217:2010
3199:ISBN
3178:2010
3160:ISBN
3090:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2960:2019
2884:ISBN
2834:2022
2821:ISBN
2603:The
2593:and
2546:The
2389:The
2321:The
2197:The
2049:The
2024:The
1993:and
1798:The
1623:laws
1485:U.S.
1480:U.K.
1418:U.S.
1413:U.K.
1301:Oman
1271:Iraq
1266:Iran
953:Cuba
857:maps
752:Mali
737:Chad
323:Baqt
220:Rome
116:Debt
74:and
6059:Won
5786:Won
4894:Law
4791:,
4511:),
4492:),
4041:doi
3955:doi
3866:doi
3809:doi
3559:doi
2813:doi
2520:In
2159:by
2147:as
2109:in
2090:of
6507::
4795:,
4787:,
4783:,
4779:,
4775:,
4771:,
4726:,
4722:,
4718:,
4714:,
4710:,
4673:,
4661:,
4657:,
4643:,
4629:,
4625:,
4621:,
4553:,
4549:,
4503:es
4496:,
4422:,
4159:,
4086:"
4055:.
4047:.
4037:55
4035:.
4005:.
3951:52
3949:.
3945:.
3913:.
3887:,
3872:.
3862:34
3860:.
3856:.
3837:.
3827:*
3815:.
3805:24
3803:.
3771:.
3711:.
3685:.
3671:.
3632:^
3615:.
3601:.
3573:.
3565:.
3555:55
3553:.
3499:.
3491:;
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