483:
484:
1644:
jurisdiction had not been allowed to raise residential tariffs since they were frozen in 2002 as a result of the
Emergency and Exchange Regime Law, some provincial regulators had recently approved additional charges to residential tariffs. In particular, the Public Service Regulatory Agency in the Province of Córdoba (ERSeP) agreed in February 2008 to a 17.4% additional charge to residential customers. Likewise, Santa Fé approved increases between 10% and 20%; Mendoza between 0 and 5% below 300 kWh and between 10% and 27% above 300 kWh; Jujuy between 22% and 29% and Tucumán between 10% and 24%. Other provinces (i.e. San Juan, Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes, La Pampa, Neuqen, Río Negro and Entre Ríos) are expected to raise tariffs in the near future.
1596:) program with the objective of increasing generation capacity and meeting the rising demand for electricity. The program applies for consumption levels above those for 2005. CAMMESA requires all large users (above 300 kW) to contract the difference between their current demand and their demand in the year 2005 in the Energy Plus market. In this new de-regulated market, only energy produced from new generation plants will be traded. The aim of the program is twofold. In one hand, it seeks to guarantee supply to residential consumers, public entities, and small and medium enterprises. On the other hand, it aims at encouraging self-generation by the industrial sector and electricity
1613:
imbalance. The PRONUREE, under the responsibility of the
Secretariat of Energy, aims to be a vehicle for improving energy efficiency in the energy-consuming sectors and acknowledges that energy efficiency needs to be promoted with a long-term commitment and vision. It also acknowledges the connection between energy efficiency and sustainable development, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The program also recognizes the need for individual behavioral changes to be promoted with an educational strategy, with the public sector setting the example by assuming a leadership role in the implementation of energy conservation measures in its facilities.
562:(3%), while wind and solar power accounted for less than 1%. Installed nominal capacity in 2019 was 38,922 MW. However, this scenario of gas dominance is likely to undergo changes due to gas exhaustion derived from the existing "bottlenecks" in exploration and production (E+P) and pipeline capacity. Gas output dropped for the first time in 2005 (-1.4%) and gas reserves dropped to ten years of consumption by the end of 2004 (down from an average of 30 years in the 1980s). Today, gas reserves are 43% lower than in 2000. This situation is further aggravated by the uncertainty surrounding the gas deals with
1108:
1976:(Argentina-Paraguay) and Salto Grande (Argentina-Uruguay). On the other hand, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid, while in the distribution sector, three private companies, Edenor (Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte), Edesur (Electricidad Distribuidora Sur) and Edelap (Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms.
2113:(PERMER). This project has the objective of guaranteeing access to electricity to 1.8 million people (314,000 households) and to 6,000 public services (schools, hospitals, etc.) located far from electricity distribution centers. Electrification of this dispersed market will be mostly carried out through the installation of solar photovoltaic systems, but also through other technologies such as micro-hydraulic turbines, wind and, eventually, diesel generators. The project, which started in 1999 and is expected to end in December 2008, has received a US$ 10 million grant from
578:
1935:
1131:
market price. It also granted certain tax exemptions for a period of 15 years from the law's promulgation. The 2007 Law complemented the previous one, declaring of national interest the generation of electricity from any renewable source intended to deliver a public service. This law also set an 8% target for renewable energy consumption in the period of 10 years and mandated the creation of a trust fund whose resources will be allocated to pay a premium for electricity produced from renewable sources.
1635:(CFLs) in all households connected to the electricity grid and selected public buildings. The program, which has initially undergone a pilot phase and expects to replace 5 million incandescent lamps in the next six months, foresees the distribution of 25 million lamps overall. Staff from the distribution companies will visit each household to replace the incandescent lamps and to inform residential users on the advantages of replacing the bulbs and of the efficient use of energy in general.
1946:'s reservoir was elevated by 7 m to the height of 83 m as contemplated in its original design, which increased its capacity from 1,700 to 3,100 MW. This will lead to a 60% increase in its electricity output (from 11,450 GW·h to 18,500 GW·h). The reservoir rise was complete in February 2011 despite a serious controversy regarding the resettlement of people. Additionally, in 2006, bidding for the expansion of Yacyretá with the construction of a new 3-turbine plant in the Añá Cuá arm of the
4947:
4303:
2208:
480:
1963:
ability to address short-term demand issues. 109 of the 240 works identified in 2003 were considered of high priority and have already been completed or are under execution. Initially, investment for high priority works was estimated at US$ 376 million, while estimated investment for the rest of the works totaled US$ 882.2 million. However, this budget is under revision due to the increasing costs of materials such as steel and aluminum and of labor.
4957:
2222:
1604:
commercialization will be restricted to the domestic market, will not be subject to the conditions established in the "Agreement with
Natural Gas Producers 2007-2011" but will be based on costs and a reasonable profit. Experts believe that, if the Gas Plus regime is successful, it could stimulate new investments in electricity generation plants under the Energy Plus regime as it could ensure fuel supply to the new plants.
1497:, which had its own interconnected market, the Patagonian Wholesale Electricity Market MEMSP), now interconnected with the MEM. CAMMESA (Wholesale Electricity Market Administration Company) was also created that year and assigned the responsibilities of coordinating dispatch operations, setting wholesale prices and administrating economic transactions performed through the Argentine Interconnected System.
35:
2576:
1486:; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the regulatory function from policy setting. As a result of the new law, there was substantial private investment which, together with the public power plants that started production in the 1990s, transformed a situation of power shortage and low quality into one of abundance and reliability at lower prices.
485:
1533:) and the devaluation of the peso, many companies in the sector had to deal with high levels of debt in foreign currency under a scenario in which their revenues remained stable while their costs increased. This situation has led to severe underinvestment and unavailability to keep up with an increasing demand, factors that contributed to the 2003-2004
1315:
tariffs and incentives do not make wind power development attractive enough yet. However, the main deterrent to wind power development in the region has been the lack of transmission lines that connect the
Patagonia region with the National Interconnected System. The completion of the Choele-Choel-Puerto Madryn high voltage line, the first section of
3739:
1727:
In addition, CAMMESA, the administrator of the wholesale electricity market, had projected that by 2007 the country's energy demand would require an additional capacity of 1,600 MW. Faced with the need for specific investments but also with a lack of private investment, the Energy
Secretariat (SENER)
1643:
In
Argentina, retail tariffs for the distribution utilities in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires and La Plata city (i.e. Edenor, Edesur and Edelap) are regulated by the national regulatory agency (ENRE) while provincial utilities are regulated by local regulators. While the utilities under ENRE's
1612:
In
December 2007, the government launched the National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE, Decree 140/2007). This decree declared the rational and efficient use of energy to be in the national interest and is also part of the energy sector strategy to counter supply/demand
980:
below) and is also an adviser to the
National and the Provincial Governments in issues relating to the power industry, public and private energy services, priorities in the execution of new projects and studies, concessions and authorizations, and electricity tariffs and prices. It is also an adviser
916:
Total electricity coverage in
Argentina was close to 100% of the population in 2016. However, access to electricity is more deficient in certain rural areas. The Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project (PERMER) in 2012 was one of several programs being implemented to enlarge electricity coverage
458:
by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s. Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75% of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities. In contrast, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation.
1962:
In addition, the
Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy II, defined in 2003 and updated in 2006, has the objective of addressing the constraints faced by the regional transmission networks in the period up to 2010. This complementary plan has prioritized the necessary works according to their
1958:
In regard to transmission, the Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy at 500 kV is under implementation under the umbrella of the FFTEF (Fondo Fiduciario para el Transporte Eléctrico Federal). The main lines of the plan (Línea Patagónica, Línea Minera, Yacyretá, Puerto Madryn – Pico Truncado,
964:
supervision of the sector under federal control. Provincial regulators regulate the rest of the utilities. ENRE and the provincial regulators set tariffs and supervise compliance of regulated transmission and distribution entities with safety, quality, technical and environmental standards. CAMMESA (
811:
While CAMESSA categorises hydropower larger than 50MW as non-renewable, the renewable classification of large hydropower is in line with international standards and how other countries classify their hydropower as renewable energy. Pumped storage is considered as non-renewable due to its consumption
1647:
Recently, in August 2008, after a 7-year tariff freeze, residential electricity tariffs in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area (served by the Edenor, Edesur and Edelap utilities) have been increased by 10-30% for households that consume more than 650 kWh every two months. For consumption between 651
1326:
Nevertheless, wind power has increased significantly in Argentina during the last decade. Total operating wind power capacity in 2005 was 26.6 MW, shared by 13 plants. This is still only about 0.05% of the theoretical potential of wind energy in Argentina. In 2007, the distribution of number plants
857:
Argentina currently faces a tight supply/demand scenario as reserve margins have declined from above 30% in 2001 to less than 10%. This fact, together with the deterioration in distribution companies services (i.e. cables, transformers, etc.), has the potential to endanger supply. To sustain a 6-8%
2147:
In 2006, Argentina received financing from CAF (Andean Development Corporation) for two electricity projects: the Electricity Interconection Comahue-Cuyo (US$ 200 million) and the Electricity Interconnection Rincón Santa María-Rodríguez (US$ 300 million), two of the high voltage transmission lines
1213:
Argentina's hydroelectric potential is being exploited only partially. While the identified potential is 170,000 GW·h/year, in 2006 hydroelectric production amounted just to 42,360 GW·h. There are also untapped mini-hydropower resources, whose potential is estimated at 1.81% of overall electricity
1130:
are Law 25,019 from 1998 and Law 26,190 from 2007. The 1998 law, known as the "National Wind and Solar Energy Rules", declared wind and solar generation of national interest and introduced a mechanism that established an additional payment per generated kWh which, in 1998, meant a 40% premium over
963:
The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for policy setting, while the National Electricity Regulator (ENRE) is the independent entity within the Energy Secretariat responsible for applying the regulatory framework established by Law 26,046 of 1991. ENRE is in charge of regulation and overall
2117:
and a US$ 30 million loan from the World Bank. The Argentine Energy Secretariat has recently presented an Energy Efficiency project to the GEF. The objective of the project is to improve energy use, reducing its costs to consumers and contributing to the sustainability of the energy sector in the
1041:
sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid under a long-term agreement with the Argentine government. In the distribution sector,
1655:
tariffs in the 17%-47% range. The increase granted by ENRE was below the increase determined by the Energy Secretariat for some transmission companies (e.g. Transener, Transba, Distrocuyo and Transnoa. Some of them (i.e. Transener, Transba), will most likely challenge ENRE's decision. An overall
1603:
In March 2008, the government approved Resolution 24/2008, which created a new natural gas market called "Gas Plus" to encourage private investment in natural gas exploration and production. The Gas Plus regime applies to new discoveries and to "tight gas" fields. The price of the new gas, whose
1781:
In addition, the Planning Ministry announced in July 2007 the commissioning of five new thermal plants with a total capacity of 1.6 GW and an overall investment of US$ 3,250 million. These dual-generation turbine (gas or fuel oil) plants, which are expected to start operations in 2008, will be
1314:
region has a very large wind potential. The Chubut Wind Power Regional Center (CREE) estimated the theoretical potential for the region at 500 GW of electricity generation. However, this large potential is still largely unexploited. One of the reasons for this underdevelopment is that existing
1469:
Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The sector experienced a serious crisis in the summers of 1988/1989, primarily due to the lack of maintenance of the country's thermal power plants (50% were unavailable). Shortly after the crisis, the government of
1806:
has recently launched bidding for eleven small and transportable generation units (15-30 MW each) and for other three larger generation units (50-100 MW) to be installed on barges. These new units, whose base price is still unknown, will add between 400 and 500 MW of new generation capacity.
1616:
The PRONUREE includes short- and long-term measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency in the industrial, commercial, transport, residential and service sectors and public buildings. It also supports educational programs on energy efficiency, enhanced regulations to expand cogeneration
1971:
Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The new legal framework for the electricity sector included: vertical and horizontal unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the
1500:
The reforms implemented in the 1990s led to high investment, which allowed for a 75% increase in generation capacity, resulting in the decrease of prices in the wholesale market from US$ 40/MW·h in 1992 to US$ 23/MW·h in 2001. However, the reforms failed to deliver the necessary increase in
1975:
Currently, private and state-owned companies carry out generation in a completive, mostly liberalized electricity market, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The publicly owned share corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants: Yacyretá
1648:
kWh and 800 kWh, the increase will be 10%; on the other end, for users over 1,201 kWh, the increase amounts to 30%. The increase impacts around 24% of all Edenor, Edesur and Edelap customers (1,600,000 households). For commercial and industrial users the increase will be 10%.
433:
Faced with rising electricity demand (over 6% annually) and declining reserve margins, the government of Argentina is in the process of commissioning large projects, both in the generation and transmission sectors. To keep up with rising demand, it is estimated that about
429:
constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America. It relies mostly on thermal generation (60% of installed capacity) and hydropower generation (36%). The prevailing natural gas-fired thermal generation is at risk due to the uncertainty about future gas supply.
843:
has steadily grown since 1991, with just a temporary decline caused by the economic crisis of 2001-2002 that has been followed by a quick recovery (6%-8% annual increase) in the last five years, partially due to economic recovery. In 2005, the country consumed 94.3
486:
1025:(Argentina-Uruguay). The generation sector is highly fragmented with more than ten large companies, all of them providing less than 15% of the system's total capacity. Power generators sell their electricity in the wholesale market operated by the CAMMESA.
438:
of new generation capacity are needed each year. An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds, while independent private initiative is still limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the
984:
The Argentine power sector is one of the most competitive and deregulated in South America. However, the fact that the Energy Secretariat has veto power over CAMMESA has the potential to alter the functioning of the competitive market. The functions of
4449:
1709:), to be funded by a share of the petrol tax and a surcharge on sales from the wholesale market. This Fund, which is administered by CFEE (Electric Power Federal Council), provides funding to the following other funds at the shares indicated:
2191:
1451:
Solar power is only present in remote areas. Just 81 MW·h were generated in 2005, less than 0.1% of total electricity production. In 2012 the first of four 5 MW stages of Cañada Honda was completed, as part of a plan to install 117 MW of
1001:, but there are restrictions on cross-ownership between these three functions. Argentine law guarantees access to the grid in order to create a competitive environment and to allow generators to serve customers anywhere in the country.
975:
The Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE), created in 1960, plays a very important role in the sector as well. It is the administrator of funds that specifically target electricity operations (i.e. National Fund for Electric Power, see
1959:
NEA-NOA, Comahue – Cuyo, Pico Truncado – Río Turbio – Río Gallegos) are already built or currently under construction. The lines built between 2007 and 2009 will add 4,813 new kilometers of high voltage transmission capacity.
2714:
1232:
As of 2020 Argentina had an installed wind energy capacity of 1.6 GW, with 931 MW installed in 2019 alone. Electricity production from onshore wind power in Argentina has increased from 1.41 TWh in 2018 to 9.42 TWh in 2020.
858:
annual increase in demand, it is estimated that the system should incorporate about 1,000 MW of generation capacity each year. In 2016, to meet the increasing domestic electricity demand, Argentina imported 9.5 BkWh through
1728:
enacted Resolutions 712 and 826 in 2004, which created FONINVEMEM, the Fund for the Investment Needed to Increase the Supply of Electricity in the Wholesale Market. The Fund, which sought to encourage participation from
1777:
are the main shareholders in the plants. Both plants, which have been financed through the FONINVEMEM (total investment amounts up to US$ 1,097 million), are expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.
1740:
There are several projects that are part of the government's response to the predicted electricity shortages. If all those plans are completed as expected, the capacity requirements for the next few years will be met.
1713:
47.4%: Subsidiary Fund for Regional Tariff Compensation to Final Users (FCT), for homogenization of tariffs across the country (this created a de facto subsidy for those consumers in the areas with higher electricity
3836:
2134:
approved a $ 580 million loan for the construction of a new 760-mile transmission line in northern Argentina that will connect separate grids in the northeastern and northwestern parts of the country, the
3320:
1123:) initiatives. Complementarily, the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources.
4439:
848:
of electricity, which corresponds to 2,368 kWh per capita. Residential consumption accounted for 29% of the total, while industrial, and commercial and public represented 43% and 26% respectively.
1537:. Since 2003, the government has been in the process of introducing modifications that allow for tariff increases. Industrial and commercial consumers' tariffs have already been raised (near 100% in
1115:
The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for the design of programs and actions conducive to the development of renewable energies (through the
3587:
2110:
2148:
included in the Federal Transportation Plan. In the same year, Argentina also borrowed US$ 210 million from CAF for a program that aims at repairing the country's hydroelectric infrastructure.
4444:
1717:
31.6%: Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI), for generation, transmission and rural and urban distribution works. Most funds have been directed to rural electrification
2917:
2333:
4484:
1753:
plants, the José de San Martín Thermoelectric and Manuel Belgrano Thermoelectric, of 830 MW each, are under construction and expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.
1493:(MEM), which covers up to 93% of total demand corresponding to the Argentine Interconnected System (SADI), was also created in 1992. The remaining 7% share of the demand corresponds to
3383:
4406:
4386:
4127:
1617:
activities; labeling of equipment and appliances that use energy; improvements to the energy efficiency regulations; and broader utilization of the Clean Development Mechanism (
2162:
La construcción como herramienta del crecimiento continuado. Sector eléctrico. Evaluación de las inversiones necesarias para el sector eléctrico nacional en el mediano plazo.
1819:, whose construction started in 1981, was to be completed and to add 750 MW of generation capacity by 2010. The plant started producing power in June 2014. In addition, the
3294:
2151:
In June 2007, CAF approved a US$ 45 million loan to the Buenos Aires province for partial financing of the electricity transport capacity in the North of the province.
2392:
4509:
4493:
1017:, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The share in public hands corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants:
4477:
3324:
2823:
2809:
4274:
904:, Patagonian Interconnected System) in the South. Both systems are integrated since March 2006. The electricity market in the SADI area is managed by the MEM (
1673:
average. In 2004, the average residential tariff was US$ 0.0380 per kWh, very similar to the average industrial tariff, which was US$ 0.0386 per kWh in 2003.
4269:
2362:
1474:
introduced a new legal framework for the electricity sector through Law 24,065, which included the following elements: vertical and horizontal unbundling of
968:) is the administrator of the wholesale electricity market. Its main functions include the operation and dispatch of generation and price calculation in the
3264:
4264:
4470:
3907:
1576:, but also the generation, transmission and trade of electricity. Through the creation of Enarsa, the state will regain a relevant place in the energy
1218:
808:
The above table does not consider off-grid installed capacity nor distributed generation (small biogas/biomass facilities, rooftop solar panels, etc.)
533:
3136:
2308:
1732:
of the wholesale market, invited those creditors, mainly generation companies, to participate with their credit in the creation of the Fund itself.
59:
3599:
3413:
4142:
3756:
2751:
2182:
1120:
1116:
938:
region. In 2002, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 5.15, while duration of interruptions per subscriber was 5.25 hours. The
3078:
2337:
1236:
The technical potential for offshore wind in Argentina has been estimated to amount to 2.5 TW, but no offshore turbines have been built so far.
4048:
1720:
19.75%: Fiduciary Fund for Federal Electricity Transmission(FFTEF) (created in 2000), for co-financing or projects in electricity transmission.
2881:
2767:
2680:
4338:
3808:
3773:
1366:
831:
11,000,000,000 owed to Argentina for the construction of Yaciretá by paying in electricity, at the rate of 8,000 GWh per year for 40 years.
3345:
3218:
2168:
537:
4707:
4122:
3357:
2486:
1509:, was built in the 1990s. Distribution networks were also renovated and expanded, which resulted in efficiency and quality improvements.
2532:
820:
In 2005, Argentina imported 6.38 TW·h of electricity while it exported 3.49 TW·h. Net energy imports thus were about 3% of consumption.
4137:
3766:
2931:
4132:
3744:
1621:) to support the development of energy efficiency projects. The objective of the program is to reduce electricity consumption by 6%.
972:, the real-time operation of the electricity system and the administration of the commercial transactions in the electricity market.
550:) are the leading source of electricity generation in Argentina. Argentina generates electricity using thermal power plants based on
3761:
4117:
3892:
3110:
2250:
1518:
334:
3030:
3298:
3162:
1938:
The Yacyretá dam. It is planned to increase its height to increase the electricity generation capacity in Argentina and Paraguay.
3624:
4818:
4667:
4654:
2424:
4865:
4803:
2837:
2240:
1625:
1538:
440:
3700:
3508:
2612:
4981:
4950:
4891:
4886:
4077:
3440:
3781:
2399:
4732:
4622:
3912:
2265:
541:
17:
1631:
by 2011 in Argentina. The program, financed by the government, aims to replace incandescent bulbs with energy efficient
4112:
4073:
4041:
3166:
1950:
was announced by the Government. This expansion, to be finalized in 2010, would add 300 MW of new generation capacity.
1362:
Of the 13 plants, only three have been commissioned after the year 2000, with the remaining 10 built during the 1990s.
4331:
3917:
3801:
3636:
2255:
1139:
At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW).
77:
2962:
4544:
3975:
3897:
887:
2136:
2089:
2085:
4896:
4562:
4416:
3272:
2131:
2056:
emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO
1678:
1670:
1343:
935:
248:
234:
184:
108:
3680:
3670:
2026:
4850:
4722:
4597:
4567:
4539:
4396:
4381:
4254:
3536:
2654:
2245:
1791:
1534:
1501:
transmission capacity. Only one relevant project, the addition of the 1,300 km high voltage line between
4917:
4881:
4717:
4617:
4592:
4411:
4366:
4170:
4065:
4034:
4011:
4006:
3866:
3675:
1816:
1377:
At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 43rd country in the world in terms of installed solar energy (1.0 GW).
571:
563:
3640:
3066:
3055:
3041:
1229:
At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 26th country in the world in terms of installed wind energy (3.2 GW).
4932:
4855:
4823:
4742:
4632:
4612:
4602:
4519:
4391:
4371:
4324:
4082:
4001:
3887:
3794:
3140:
4813:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4702:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4662:
4637:
4534:
4529:
4376:
4279:
4228:
3085:
2260:
2114:
2069:
2049:
1820:
1652:
1618:
1034:
859:
405:
397:
2643:
Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005
1823:, with 648 MW of generation capacity, was to be refurbished to extend its operational life beyond 2011.
950:
Distribution losses in 2005 were 13.6%, down from 17% a decade before. In 2014, losses were about 3.3%.
4922:
4901:
4860:
4845:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4752:
4737:
4697:
4687:
4627:
4577:
4572:
4501:
4401:
4218:
4208:
3922:
3417:
2795:
1770:
1750:
893:
547:
3603:
1681:
were US$ 0.115 per kWh for residential consumers and US$ 0.107 per kWh for industrial customers. (See
4927:
4747:
4727:
4712:
4607:
4587:
4582:
4524:
4514:
4289:
4201:
2824:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge"
2810:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge"
2746:
409:
50:
4672:
1525:
and frozen in January 2002 through the Public Emergency and Exchange Regime Law. Together with high
4554:
4353:
4152:
3252:
2119:
1632:
1483:
1479:
1038:
994:
990:
455:
451:
3970:
2077:
4960:
2869:
1331:
3222:
4259:
1783:
1607:
1550:
1475:
1010:
986:
606:
447:
3361:
2490:
1799:
4284:
4165:
3496:
2536:
2438:
1107:
598:
566:
and the plans to build new regional pipeline connections. Total generation in 2005 was 96.65
4462:
2995:"Safeguarding Electronics: Strategies to Prevent Static Build-Up in Industrial Environments"
4233:
4196:
4175:
4057:
3414:"Argentine and Paraguayan Presidents to Inaugurate Completion of Key Hydroelectric Project"
2642:
2048:, which represents 17% of total emissions for the energy sector. In 2011, according to the
1795:
1530:
828:
574:
reached 100% power, increasing the percentage of nuclear power in Argentina from 7% to 10%.
3851:
3552:
2290:
900:, Argentine Interconnected System) in the North and center-South of the country, and SIP (
8:
4427:
4223:
4107:
3817:
2558:
1705:
In 1991, the Government of Argentina created the National Fund for Electric Power (FNEE,
594:
559:
3728:
Federación Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Públicos Limitada
3114:
2309:"Renewable energy in Latin America: Argentina | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright"
1577:
1490:
1014:
4316:
1553:
4956:
3960:
2072:
projects in Argentina, with expected total emissions reductions of 673,650 tons of CO
1628:
1349:
602:
45:
3447:
4307:
3980:
3965:
2213:
1453:
1355:
1127:
1022:
586:
577:
555:
139:
3955:
3856:
2845:
3576:
3540:
3512:
2755:
2616:
1762:
1489:
ENRE (Electricity National Regulatory Entity) was created in 1992. The Wholesale
1337:
3985:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1018:
934:
Interruption frequency and duration are considerably below the averages for the
824:
823:
Argentina also imports electricity from Paraguay, produced by the jointly built
4249:
4180:
4160:
1815:
In 2006, the Argentine government launched a plan to boost nuclear energy. The
1754:
1522:
998:
158:
150:
3950:
1723:
1.26%: Wind Energy Fund (created in 2002), for the development of wind energy,
1624:
One of the first activities defined under PRONUREE is the national program to
4975:
3472:
2580:
2227:
1966:
1674:
1581:
939:
128:
1608:
The National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE)
4092:
1656:
tariff revision is still pending and has been put off until February 2009.
1597:
1506:
1471:
2044:
emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 20.5 million tons of CO
4097:
3927:
3831:
2969:
2076:
e per year. Of the three projects, only one is large-scale: the 10.56 MW
1774:
1573:
969:
551:
3837:
Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima
4102:
4026:
2170:
Potencial de los aprovechamientos energéticos en la República Argentina
2106:
1758:
1541:
and 50% in real terms), but residential tariffs still remain the same.
3786:
4087:
3861:
2235:
2081:
1766:
1729:
1569:
1565:
1526:
1494:
1311:
840:
610:
425:
92:
3690:
3533:
2658:
1057:
Other important distribution companies at the provincial level are:
435:
1787:
871:
120:
2068:
As of August 2007, there are only three energy-related registered
2579:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2221:
1502:
875:
590:
2994:
845:
616:
Installed capacity in the wholesale market as of December 2020:
567:
3846:
3841:
1803:
1561:
863:
827:. On 18 September 2006 Paraguay agreed to settling its debt of
329:
324:
2559:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
4492:
3745:
List of Inter-American Development Bank projects in Argentina
953:
867:
3722:
3717:
3712:
2084:
region. Production of electricity from biomass waste in the
3691:
Administrator of the Wholesale Electricity Market (CAMMESA)
2363:"Monthly Report - Main variables of the month - April 2019"
2291:"World Bank: Access to Electricity (% of total population)"
2040:(Organización Latinoamericana de Energía) estimated that CO
1651:
At the end of August 2008, ENRE also approved increases in
3695:
3685:
2947:
1967:
Summary of private participation in the electricity sector
1126:
The most important legal instruments for the promotion of
356:
3871:
2088:
and methane recovery and electricity generation from the
1695:
Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI)
942:
for LAC were 13 interruptions and 14 hours respectively.
172:
3727:
2425:"Atucha 2 reaches 100% rated power - World Nuclear News"
1054:), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms.
4346:
3473:"Argentina, Paraguay celebrate Yacyreta dam completion"
2142:
2037:
2029:
holds responsibility for the environment in Argentina.
1659:
966:
Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico
945:
3681:
Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development
2027:
Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development
1682:
929:
375:
Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development
2713:
IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2024).
2020:
981:
for legislative modifications in the power industry.
3774:
Early History of the electricity sector in Argentina
2203:
1669:
Electricity tariffs in Argentina are well below the
1587:
1459:
1685:for more information on the evolution of tariffs).
1592:
In September 2006, SENER launched the Energy Plus (
396:
2177:Argentina: Energy issues threaten sustained growth
2125:
2015:
1111:Argentina renewable electricity production by year
1028:
534:Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina
1214:production (in contrast with its current 0.88%).
154:emissions from electricity generation (2011)
4973:
2796:"Renewable Energy for Argentina | ABO Wind"
1638:
881:
852:
470:Installed capacity by source in Argentina (2020)
462:
3243:Resolutions Energy Secretariat 864, 865, 866/08
2638:
2636:
2634:
2105:The only active energy project financed by the
1321:Plan Federal de Transporte de Energía Eléctrica
585:The generators are divided into eight regions:
482:
3768:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina
2933:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina
2927:
2925:
2063:
1568:for the exploitation and commercialization of
1564:), a company managed by the national state of
1044:Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte
401:transactions related to the electricity sector
4478:
4332:
4042:
3802:
3186:
3184:
2137:Norte Grande Electricity Transmission Program
1694:
1102:
977:
4451:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2631:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2111:Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project
1521:, electricity tariffs were converted to the
1323:, eliminated this bottleneck in March 2006.
1084:Empresa de Distribución Eléctrica de Tucumán
1009:Private and state-owned companies carry out
538:Category:Nuclear power stations in Argentina
3706:
3051:
3049:
2922:
2840:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial
2160:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción, 2006.
2092:are the two small-scale existing projects.
2032:
1700:
4485:
4471:
4339:
4325:
4049:
4035:
3809:
3795:
3545:
3446:. World Commission on Dams. Archived from
3181:
2167:Coordinación de Energías Renovables, 2006.
1092:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Atlántica
954:Responsibilities in the Electricity Sector
499:Fossil (oil, gas, coal): 24,549 MW (61.3%)
4494:Renewable energy by country and territory
3026:
3024:
2902:
2607:
2605:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2357:
2355:
2278:
1972:regulatory function from policy setting.
1464:
1219:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina
1070:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Santa Fé
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
4056:
3740:List of World Bank projects in Argentina
3676:Energy Office - Province of Buenos Aires
3376:
3046:
3018:Resolution 24/2008 Secretariat of Energy
2598:Coordinación de Energías Renovables 2006
2522:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción 2006
2251:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina
2193:Balance Energético Nacional. Avance 2006
1933:
1217:(For a comprehensive list of plants see
1106:
1066:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Córdoba
958:
911:
576:
511:Renewable (wind, solar): 2,903 MW (7.3%)
446:The electricity sector was unbundled in
3816:
3757:Energy Efficiency Programs and Projects
3384:"bp Statistical Review of World Energy"
3060:
3035:
2943:
2941:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2655:"Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE)"
301:Competitive supply to residential users
285:Share of private sector in distribution
277:Share of private sector in transmission
14:
4974:
4138:2018–present Argentine monetary crisis
3762:Climate Change Scenarios for Argentina
3021:
2918:Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Cañada Honda
2865:
2863:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2505:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2352:
2334:"Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica"
2164:Consultor: Dr. Ing. Alberto del Rosso.
2095:
1827:Nuclear energy consumption 2011-2021 (
1707:Fondo Nacional de la Energía Eléctrica
1088:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Norte
815:
720:
709:
698:
634:
546:Thermal plants fueled by natural gas (
149:
4466:
4320:
4133:Argentine currency controls (2011–15)
4030:
3790:
3696:National Electricity Regulator (ENRE)
3686:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE)
3253:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE)
2957:
2955:
2712:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2241:Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)
1544:
1381:Solar energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW)
1119:) and energy efficiency (through the
1013:in a competitive, mostly liberalized
768:Biogases from anaerobic fermantation
269:Share of private sector in generation
3733:
3411:
2938:
2882:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022"
2768:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022"
2748:Coordinación de Energías Renovables
2735:
2715:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2024"
2681:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022"
2143:Andean Development Corporation (CAF)
1660:Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies
1240:Wind energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW)
1096:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Sur
946:Distribution and transmission losses
581:Argentina electricity supply by year
28:
4347:Electricity sector in South America
3412:Kerr, Juliette (25 February 2011).
2860:
2701:
2586:
2470:
2266:2019 Argentina and Uruguay blackout
1735:
1143:Hydropower capacity 2014-2023 (MW)
1052:Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata
930:Interruption frequency and duration
902:Sistema de Interconexión Patagónico
542:List of power stations in Argentina
168:Average electricity use (2014)
24:
3664:
2952:
2456:
2021:Responsibility for the environment
1558:Energía Argentina Sociedad Anónima
924:
898:Sistema Argentino de Interconexión
478:
372:Responsibility for the environment
25:
4993:
3918:National Atomic Energy Commission
3659:
3438:
2256:National Atomic Energy Commission
2184:Informe del Sector Eléctrico 2005
1683:History of the electricity sector
1588:Energy Plus and Gas Plus programs
1460:History of the electricity sector
1042:three private companies, Edenor (
892:In Argentina, there are two main
364:Responsibility for policy-setting
293:Competitive supply to large users
4955:
4946:
4945:
4510:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4301:
3898:Argentine Interconnection System
3600:"Energy Efficiency Coordination"
3416:. Global Insight. Archived from
3079:"General Resolution No. 04/2008"
2574:
2220:
2206:
2060:emissions from fuel combustion.
1810:
1744:
1512:
888:Argentine Interconnection System
104:Electricity coverage (2016)
33:
3629:
3618:
3592:
3581:
3570:
3527:
3501:
3490:
3465:
3432:
3405:
3350:
3339:
3313:
3287:
3257:
3246:
3237:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3155:
3129:
3103:
3071:
3012:
2987:
2911:
2874:
2830:
2816:
2802:
2788:
2760:
2673:
2647:
2551:
2525:
2132:Inter-American Development Bank
2126:Inter-American Development Bank
2016:Electricity and the Environment
1953:
1929:
1004:
918:
344:Responsibility for transmission
180:Distribution losses (2014)
3893:2006 nuclear reactivation plan
2431:
2417:
2385:
2376:
2326:
2301:
2246:Argentine energy crisis (2004)
2078:Antonio Morán wind power plant
1121:Energy Efficiency Coordination
1048:Electricidad Distribuidora Sur
812:of electricity from the grid.
441:2002 Argentine economic crisis
314:
116:Installed capacity (2020)
111:total average in 2016: 98.2%)
13:
1:
3867:Transportadora de Gas del Sur
3441:"World Bank Inspection Panel"
3219:"Diario Clarín,16th Aug 2008"
2190:Secretaría de Energía, 2007.
2181:Secretaria de Energía, 2006.
2100:
1817:Atucha II nuclear power plant
1639:Recent tariff increases, 2008
1134:
1117:Renewable Energy Coordination
1029:Transmission and distribution
882:Transmission and distribution
853:Demand and supply projections
572:Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant
527:
463:Electricity supply and demand
352:Responsibility for regulation
3358:"National Atomic Commission"
3208:Resolutions ENRE 327, 328/08
1942:On the hydropower side, the
1834:
1688:
1384:
1243:
1146:
391:Yes (1998, modified in 2007)
215:Commercial and public sector
7:
4982:Electric power in Argentina
3782:CNEA - Electricity Bulletin
3553:"Argentina - CO2 emissions"
3478:. ADPnews. 28 February 2011
3321:"Aristotelizar online news"
2313:www.nortonrosefulbright.com
2261:Renewable energy by country
2199:
2064:CDM projects in electricity
2050:International Energy Agency
1825:
1821:Embalse nuclear power plant
1319:under the framework of the
906:Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista
894:wide area synchronous grids
609:(LIT), Northeast (NEA) and
416:annual emissions reductions
320:Dominating 3 distributors:
53:. The specific problem is:
10:
4998:
2467:Secretaría de Energía 2006
2154:
2118:long term. A reduction in
1993:75% of installed capacity
1985:Private participation (%)
1664:
1517:As a response to the 2001
1340:: 4 plants, 17,460 kW
1103:Renewable energy resources
885:
778:
756:
745:
734:
723:
681:
670:
659:
648:
637:
531:
228:Average residential tariff
4941:
4910:
4874:
4838:
4761:
4653:
4646:
4553:
4500:
4425:
4352:
4298:
4242:
4189:
4151:
4143:Historical exchange rates
4064:
3994:
3943:
3936:
3880:
3824:
3539:28 September 2007 at the
1633:compact fluorescent lamps
1334:: 6 plants, 6,100 kW
1021:(Argentina-Paraguay) and
834:
795:
621:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
359:) and provincial agencies
351:
343:
313:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
255:
242:Average industrial tariff
241:
227:
222:
214:
206:
198:
191:
179:
167:
148:
137:
126:
115:
103:
98:
3750:
3707:Electricity distributors
3042:La Nación 5 January 2008
2271:
2175:Oxford Analytica, 2006.
2120:greenhouse gas emissions
2033:Greenhouse gas emissions
1701:Investment and financing
1372:
1352:: 1 plant, 1,800 kW
1346:: 1 plant, 2,400 kW
1327:and total capacity was:
517:Nuclear: 1,755 MW (4.4%)
505:Hydro: 10,812 MW (27.0%)
4078:Railway nationalization
3067:La Nación 15 March 2008
2086:Aceitera General Deheza
1224:
860:electrical transmission
251:average in 2005: 0.107)
237:average in 2005: 0.115)
187:average in 2005: 13.6%)
3913:List of power stations
3199:Resolution ENRE 356/08
3056:La Nación 4 March 2008
2130:In November 2006, the
1939:
1465:The reforms of 1991/92
1358:: 1 plant, 400 kW
1112:
862:interconnections with
839:Electricity demand in
582:
489:
424:electricity sector in
380:Electricity sector law
244:(US$ /kW·h, 2006)
230:(US$ /kW·h, 2004)
91:Electricity sector of
55:inline external links.
4113:Railway privatisation
4074:Agricultural colonies
3393:(71st ed.). 2022
2963:"Standard and Poor's"
2382:Oxford Analytica 2006
1937:
1367:Wind power regime map
1332:Buenos Aires Province
1110:
959:Policy and regulation
917:in rural areas. (See
912:Access to electricity
597:(NOA), Center (CEN),
580:
488:
223:Tariffs and financing
192:Consumption by sector
4308:Argentina portal
4270:Provincial economies
4128:2008 farmers' strike
4058:Economy of Argentina
3908:Hydroelectric plants
2754:29 July 2007 at the
2109:in Argentina is the
2090:Norte III-B landfill
1531:Economy of Argentina
408:projects; 673,650 t
388:Renewable energy law
317:of service providers
60:improve this article
49:to meet Knowledge's
4265:Ministry of Economy
4108:Convertibility plan
3818:Energy in Argentina
3364:on 17 November 2007
3301:on 14 December 2007
3267:Cámara de Diputados
3091:on 19 February 2009
2826:. 7 September 2021.
2812:. 7 September 2021.
2619:on 30 November 2012
2539:on 21 December 2007
2340:on 1 September 2022
2096:External assistance
1832:
1802:(125 MW). Finally,
1382:
1344:Santa Cruz Province
1241:
1144:
978:Recent developments
919:World Bank projects
816:Imports and exports
746:Solar photovoltaic
95:
18:Energy in Argentina
4229:Telecommunications
3888:2004 energy crisis
3671:Energy Secretariat
3515:on 7 February 2007
2661:on 12 October 2007
1940:
1826:
1629:incandescent bulbs
1584:during the 1990s.
1545:Creation of Enarsa
1491:Electricity Market
1380:
1239:
1142:
1113:
1076:Private provincial
1015:electricity market
583:
558:plants (36%), and
490:
367:Energy Secretariat
90:
4969:
4968:
4834:
4833:
4460:
4459:
4432:other territories
4314:
4313:
4123:2007–10 recession
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3971:Piedra del Águila
3852:Energía Argentina
3734:External partners
3643:on 2 October 2007
3225:on 19 August 2008
3137:"Diario Panorama"
2870:Public works news
2493:on 26 August 2007
2439:"www.cammesa.com"
2013:
2012:
1927:
1926:
1675:Weighted averages
1580:that was largely
1449:
1448:
1350:La Pampa Province
1308:
1307:
1211:
1210:
1062:Public provincial
940:weighted averages
806:
805:
603:Gran Buenos Aires
420:
419:
355:National agency (
261:Sector unbundling
88:
87:
80:
51:quality standards
42:This article may
16:(Redirected from
4989:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4892:French Polynesia
4651:
4650:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4440:Falkland Islands
4354:Sovereign states
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4275:Provinces by HDI
4209:Defence industry
4118:1998–2002 crisis
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4027:
3941:
3940:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3639:. Archived from
3633:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:. Archived from
3596:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3549:
3543:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3511:. Archived from
3505:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:((Google cache))
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3420:on 13 March 2012
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3354:
3348:
3346:Electroindustria
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3323:. Archived from
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3297:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3221:. Archived from
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3165:. Archived from
3163:"Prensa Mendoza"
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:. Archived from
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3113:. Archived from
3111:"El Santafesino"
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3084:. Archived from
3083:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2999:ds200sdcig2a.com
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2968:. Archived from
2967:
2959:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:on 20 March 2016
2844:. Archived from
2834:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2657:. Archived from
2651:
2645:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2615:. Archived from
2609:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:. Archived from
2529:
2523:
2520:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:. Archived from
2483:
2468:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2398:. Archived from
2397:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2336:. Archived from
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2214:Argentina portal
2211:
2210:
2209:
2122:is also sought.
1979:
1978:
1833:
1736:Ongoing projects
1454:renewable energy
1383:
1379:
1369:for Argentina).
1356:Neuquen Province
1317:Línea Patagónica
1242:
1238:
1145:
1141:
1128:renewable energy
1080:Energía San Juan
997:are open to the
619:
618:
516:
510:
504:
498:
481:
400:
316:
153:
140:renewable energy
96:
89:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4990:
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4906:
4870:
4830:
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4549:
4496:
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4456:
4450:
4433:
4431:
4421:
4348:
4345:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4238:
4185:
4147:
4083:Five-Year Plans
4060:
4055:
4025:
4016:
3990:
3966:Néstor Kirchner
3932:
3876:
3820:
3815:
3778:
3753:
3736:
3709:
3667:
3665:Public entities
3662:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3606:on 29 July 2007
3598:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3541:Wayback Machine
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3491:
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3479:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3453:on 13 June 2010
3450:
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3217:
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3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3169:on 29 July 2007
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3143:on 10 July 2011
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3117:on 26 June 2008
3109:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3031:Decree 140/2007
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2975:on 3 March 2016
2972:
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2808:
2807:
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2794:
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2779:
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2756:Wayback Machine
2745:
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2471:
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2447:
2445:
2443:www.cammesa.com
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2157:
2145:
2128:
2103:
2098:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2052:, the actual CO
2047:
2043:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2009:75% of clients
1969:
1956:
1932:
1813:
1763:AES Corporation
1747:
1738:
1703:
1691:
1667:
1662:
1641:
1610:
1590:
1554:Néstor Kirchner
1547:
1519:economic crisis
1515:
1467:
1462:
1375:
1338:Chubut Province
1227:
1137:
1105:
1031:
1007:
961:
956:
948:
932:
927:
925:Service quality
914:
896:systems, SADI (
890:
884:
855:
837:
818:
780:Total Renewable
699:Pumped Storage
638:Combined Cycle
626:
570:. In 2015, the
544:
530:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
492:
491:
487:
479:
472:
465:
413:
339:
243:
229:
193:
162:
107:100% (total); (
84:
73:
67:
64:
57:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4995:
4985:
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4908:
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4819:United Kingdom
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4695:
4690:
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4668:Czech Republic
4665:
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4655:European Union
4648:
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4329:
4321:
4312:
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4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Stock exchange
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:Infrastructure
4257:
4252:
4250:Argentine peso
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
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4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Jorge Cepernic
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Electric power
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
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3806:
3799:
3791:
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3752:
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3748:
3747:
3742:
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3725:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:External links
3658:
3655:
3654:
3628:
3617:
3591:
3580:
3569:
3544:
3526:
3500:
3489:
3464:
3431:
3404:
3375:
3349:
3338:
3327:on 7 July 2011
3312:
3286:
3275:on 31 May 2011
3256:
3245:
3236:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3180:
3154:
3128:
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2585:
2550:
2524:
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2469:
2455:
2430:
2416:
2405:on 31 May 2011
2393:"Econométrica"
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1523:Argentine peso
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1310:The Argentine
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1099:
1073:
1050:) and Edelap (
1030:
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999:private sector
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886:Main article:
883:
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678:
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671:Diesel engine
668:
667:
664:
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660:Steam Turbine
657:
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650:
646:
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642:
639:
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632:
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627:capacity (MW)
623:
560:nuclear plants
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105:
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100:
86:
85:
41:
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32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4994:
4983:
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4962:
4958:
4954:
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4940:
4934:
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4926:
4924:
4921:
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4911:South America
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
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4866:United States
4864:
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4859:
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4839:North America
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4445:French Guiana
4443:
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4408:
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4219:Foreign trade
4217:
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4200:
4199:
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4195:
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4190:Other sectors
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3948:
3946:
3944:Hydroelectric
3942:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Nuclear power
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Pampa Energía
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3474:
3468:
3449:
3442:
3439:Udall, Lori.
3435:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2723:
2722:www.irena.org
2716:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:public domain
2564:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2372:. p. 11.
2371:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:Energy portal
2223:
2218:
2215:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2008:
2006:Distribution
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:Transmission
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1811:Nuclear power
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:(125 MW) and
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:Thermal power
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1539:nominal terms
1536:
1535:energy crisis
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:Tariff freeze
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1457:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
979:
973:
971:
967:
951:
943:
941:
937:
922:
920:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
850:
847:
842:
832:
830:
826:
821:
813:
809:
801:
798:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:Landfill gas
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
737:
735:Onshore wind
733:
729:
726:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:Total Thermal
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
633:
629:
624:
620:
617:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:hydroelectric
553:
549:
543:
539:
535:
513:
507:
501:
495:
494:
471:
460:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
431:
428:
427:
415:
407:
404:3 registered
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
240:
236:
232:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
156:
152:
147:
143:
141:
136:
132:
130:
129:fossil energy
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
82:
79:
71:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4887:Cook Islands
4545:South Africa
4428:Dependencies
4361:
4290:Trade unions
4213:
4202:Central Bank
4093:Austral plan
3981:Salto Grande
3937:Power plants
3902:
3779:(in Spanish)
3767:
3647:24 September
3645:. Retrieved
3641:the original
3631:
3620:
3610:24 September
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3594:
3583:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:
3547:
3529:
3519:24 September
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3503:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3448:the original
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:the original
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3390:
3378:
3368:24 September
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3352:
3341:
3331:24 September
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3315:
3305:24 September
3303:. Retrieved
3299:the original
3289:
3279:24 September
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3266:
3259:
3248:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:the original
3213:
3204:
3195:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:the original
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:the original
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:the original
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3073:
3062:
3037:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2932:
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2876:
2852:25 September
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2839:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:
2762:
2747:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2675:
2665:28 September
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2649:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2597:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2543:24 September
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2527:
2497:24 September
2495:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2419:
2409:24 September
2407:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2387:
2378:
2369:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2294:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2150:
2146:
2129:
2104:
2067:
2036:
2024:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1954:Transmission
1948:Paraná River
1944:Yacyretá dam
1941:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1814:
1780:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1706:
1704:
1692:
1668:
1653:transmission
1650:
1646:
1642:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:cogeneration
1594:Energía Plus
1593:
1591:
1557:
1548:
1516:
1507:Buenos Aires
1499:
1488:
1484:distribution
1480:transmission
1472:Carlos Menem
1468:
1450:
1376:
1364:
1361:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1138:
1125:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:distribution
1035:transmission
1032:
1023:Salto Grande
1008:
995:distribution
991:transmission
983:
974:
965:
962:
949:
933:
915:
905:
901:
897:
891:
856:
838:
825:Yaciretá Dam
822:
819:
810:
807:
789:
784:
779:
692:
687:
682:
649:Gas Turbine
615:
599:Buenos Aires
584:
552:fossil fuels
545:
469:
456:distribution
452:transmission
445:
432:
423:
421:
309:Institutions
194:(% of total)
74:
65:
58:Please help
54:
43:
26:
4897:New Zealand
4804:Switzerland
4733:Netherlands
4623:Philippines
4563:Afghanistan
4153:Agriculture
4098:Spring plan
3928:Vaca Muerta
3832:Camuzzi Gas
3557:index mundi
2623:30 November
2563:www.eia.gov
2448:18 February
1990:Generation
1782:located in
1775:Duke Energy
1574:natural gas
1068:), EPESFI (
1046:), Edesur (
970:spot market
724:Hydropower
622:Technology
605:(GBA-BAS),
434:1,000
199:Residential
62:if you can.
4851:Costa Rica
4723:Luxembourg
4598:Kazakhstan
4568:Bangladesh
4540:Seychelles
4103:BONEX plan
3976:Rio Grande
3588:World Bank
3391:www.bp.com
3190:Urgente 24
3004:20 January
2908:SENER 2007
2318:20 January
2295:World Bank
2107:World Bank
2101:World Bank
1930:Hydropower
1794:(540 MW),
1790:(270 MW),
1786:(540 MW),
1759:Total S.A.
1582:privatized
1476:generation
1135:Hydropower
1011:generation
1005:Generation
987:generation
721:Renewable
532:See also:
528:Generation
448:generation
383:Yes (1991)
207:Industrial
175:per capita
4918:Argentina
4882:Australia
4718:Lithuania
4618:Palestine
4593:Indonesia
4417:Venezuela
4362:Argentina
4255:Companies
4088:Rodrigazo
4007:Atucha II
3956:El Chocón
3862:Transener
3825:Companies
3701:Transener
3497:Na Nación
3295:"SIEMENS"
3229:26 August
2533:"El País"
2236:Argentina
2082:Patagonia
1982:Activity
1829:Exajoules
1767:Petrobras
1730:creditors
1689:Subsidies
1626:phase out
1570:petroleum
1566:Argentina
1551:President
1549:In 2004,
1527:inflation
1495:Patagonia
1312:Patagonia
1094:), EDES (
1090:), EDEA (
1086:): EDEN (
1082:), EDET (
841:Argentina
625:Installed
611:Patagonia
595:Northwest
426:Argentina
347:Transener
233:0.0380; (
157:67.32 Mt
138:Share of
127:Share of
93:Argentina
68:June 2019
4976:Category
4951:Category
4933:Colombia
4856:Honduras
4824:Scotland
4743:Portugal
4633:Thailand
4613:Pakistan
4603:Malaysia
4520:Ethiopia
4407:Suriname
4397:Paraguay
4382:Colombia
4285:Taxation
4002:Atucha I
3986:Yacyretá
3637:"CAF(b)"
3562:20 April
3537:Archived
3173:18 April
3147:18 April
3121:18 April
3095:18 April
2979:27 April
2752:Archived
2613:"PERMER"
2200:See also
1796:Santa Fe
1788:Necochea
1784:Ensenada
1749:Two new
1556:created
1064:: EPEC (
1019:Yacyretá
921:below).
872:Paraguay
785:13,802.4
710:Nuclear
635:Thermal
607:Littoral
256:Services
247:0.0386 (
44:require
4875:Oceania
4814:Ukraine
4784:Iceland
4779:Belarus
4774:Armenia
4769:Albania
4708:Ireland
4703:Hungary
4693:Germany
4683:Finland
4678:Denmark
4663:Austria
4638:Vietnam
4535:Nigeria
4530:Morocco
4412:Uruguay
4387:Ecuador
4367:Bolivia
4234:Tourism
4197:Banking
4176:Whaling
4171:Tobacco
4076:·
4066:History
4012:Embalse
3995:Nuclear
3951:Alicurá
3482:3 March
3457:3 March
3424:3 March
3397:17 June
2727:17 June
2568:17 June
2370:CAMMESA
2155:Sources
2080:in the
1800:Córdoba
1792:Campana
1697:below.
1665:Tariffs
1503:Comahue
1207:11,364
1204:11,364
1201:11,351
1198:11,350
1195:11,316
1192:11,294
1189:11,249
1186:11,176
1183:11,114
1180:11,112
1078:: ESJ (
876:Uruguay
799:41,951
727:10,370
641:13,120
613:(PAT).
593:(COM),
591:Comahue
589:(CUY),
564:Bolivia
554:(60%),
183:3.3%; (
119:41,951
46:cleanup
4961:Portal
4923:Brazil
4902:Tuvalu
4861:Mexico
4846:Canada
4809:Turkey
4799:Russia
4794:Norway
4789:Kosovo
4753:Sweden
4738:Poland
4698:Greece
4688:France
4673:Cyprus
4647:Europe
4628:Taiwan
4578:Brunei
4573:Bhutan
4502:Africa
4392:Guyana
4372:Brazil
4224:Mining
4214:Energy
4166:Timber
3881:Topics
3847:Edesur
3842:Edenor
3723:Edelap
3718:Edesur
3713:Edenor
3625:CAF(a)
3577:UNFCCC
3509:"CFEE"
2894:19 May
2780:19 May
2693:19 May
2344:25 May
1804:Enarsa
1755:Endesa
1714:costs)
1578:market
1562:Enarsa
1445:1,408
1442:1,116
1439:1,080
1304:3,706
1301:3,310
1298:3,292
1295:2,624
1292:1,609
993:, and
874:, and
864:Brazil
835:Demand
796:Total
738:2,623
713:1,755
688:25,365
674:1,693
663:4,254
652:6,298
540:, and
515:
509:
503:
497:
335:Edelap
330:Edesur
325:Edenor
171:3,050
4928:Chile
4762:Other
4748:Spain
4728:Malta
4713:Italy
4608:Nepal
4588:India
4583:China
4525:Kenya
4515:Egypt
4377:Chile
4243:Other
3751:Other
3534:OLADE
3451:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3387:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2966:(PDF)
2889:IRENA
2885:(PDF)
2775:IRENA
2771:(PDF)
2718:(PDF)
2688:IRENA
2684:(PDF)
2487:"EIA"
2403:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
2272:Notes
2038:OLADE
2001:100%
1923:0.10
1920:0.10
1917:0.08
1914:0.06
1911:0.06
1908:0.08
1905:0.07
1902:0.05
1899:0.06
1896:0.06
1893:0.06
1529:(see
1413:2023
1410:2022
1407:2021
1404:2020
1401:2019
1398:2018
1395:2017
1392:2016
1389:2015
1386:2014
1373:Solar
1365:(See
1272:2023
1269:2022
1266:2021
1263:2020
1260:2019
1257:2018
1254:2017
1251:2016
1248:2015
1245:2014
1175:2023
1172:2022
1169:2021
1166:2020
1163:2019
1160:2018
1157:2017
1154:2016
1151:2015
1148:2014
868:Chile
771:28.5
760:21.9
730:24.5
666:10.1
655:15.0
644:31.3
133:60.5%
4555:Asia
4402:Peru
4181:Wine
4161:Beef
3649:2007
3612:2007
3564:2016
3521:2007
3484:2011
3459:2011
3426:2011
3399:2024
3370:2007
3333:2007
3307:2007
3281:2007
3231:2008
3175:2008
3149:2008
3123:2008
3097:2008
3006:2024
2981:2019
2948:ENRE
2896:2022
2854:2007
2782:2022
2729:2024
2695:2022
2667:2007
2625:2012
2570:2024
2545:2007
2499:2007
2450:2021
2411:2007
2346:2022
2320:2024
2025:The
1887:2021
1882:2020
1877:2019
1872:2018
1867:2017
1862:2016
1857:2015
1852:2014
1847:2013
1842:2012
1837:2011
1773:and
1751:CCGT
1693:See
1677:for
1572:and
1505:and
1482:and
1436:769
1433:447
1430:198
1289:751
1286:228
1283:188
1280:188
1277:188
1225:Wind
1037:and
1033:The
846:TW·h
802:100
790:33.0
774:0.1
763:0.1
752:1.8
749:759
741:6.3
716:4.2
705:2.3
702:974
693:60.5
677:4.0
587:Cuyo
568:TW·h
548:CCGT
454:and
422:The
357:ENRE
99:Data
4430:and
3872:YPF
2115:GEF
2070:CDM
1771:EDF
1679:LAC
1671:LAC
1619:CDM
1427:16
1424:16
1421:16
1418:16
1221:.)
936:LAC
908:).
406:CDM
398:CDM
315:No.
296:Yes
288:75%
272:75%
264:Yes
249:LAC
235:LAC
218:13%
210:45%
202:41%
185:LAC
173:kWh
151:GHG
144:33%
109:LAC
4978::
3555:.
3389:.
3183:^
3048:^
3023:^
2997:.
2954:^
2940:^
2924:^
2887:.
2862:^
2773:.
2737:^
2720:.
2703:^
2686:.
2633:^
2604:^
2588:^
2561:.
2507:^
2472:^
2458:^
2441:.
2368:.
2354:^
2311:.
2293:.
2280:^
2139:.
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1769:,
1765:,
1761:,
1757:,
1600:.
1478:,
1456:.
989:,
878:.
870:,
866:,
829:$
630:%
536:,
450:,
443:.
436:MW
410:CO
304:No
280:0%
159:CO
121:MW
4486:e
4479:t
4472:v
4340:e
4333:t
4326:v
4050:e
4043:t
4036:v
3810:e
3803:t
3796:v
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3372:.
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2074:2
2058:2
2054:2
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2042:2
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601:/
414:e
412:2
161:2
81:)
75:(
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66:(
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