330:
2356:
3427:
3437:
3416:
2345:
917:
3447:
759:(PDU) (called a radio block) is transmitted. As shown in TS 44.060 section 10.0a.1, a radio block consists of MAC header, RLC header, RLC data unit and spare bits. The RLC data unit represents the payload, the rest is overhead. The radio block is coded by the convolutional code specified for a particular Coding Scheme, which yields the same PHY layer data rate for all Coding Schemes.
410:. In GPRS, the Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code. In GPRS Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is
342:
EDGE-compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. If the operator already has this in place, which is often the case today, the network can be upgraded to EDGE by activating an optional software feature. Today EDGE is supported by all major chip vendors for both GSM and
290:) in the United States. Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection - originally a max speed of 384 kbit/s. EDGE can be used for any
824:
The main intention of increasing the existing EDGE throughput is that many operators would like to upgrade their existing infrastructure rather than invest on new network infrastructure. Mobile operators have invested billions in GSM networks, many of which are already capable of supporting EDGE data
876:
A final enhancement is RLC-non persistent mode. With EDGE, the RLC interface could operate in either acknowledged mode, or unacknowledged mode. In unacknowledged mode, there is no retransmission of missing data blocks, so a single corrupt block would cause an entire upper-layer IP packet to be lost.
836:
Considerable research and development happened throughout the world for this new technology. A successful trial by Nokia
Siemens and "one of China's leading operators" has been achieved in a live environment. With the introduction for more advanced wireless technologies like UMTS and LTE, which also
861:
In EDGE, a single RLC data block (ranging from 23 to 148 bytes of data) is transmitted over four frames, using a single time slot. On average, this requires 20 ms for one way transmission. Under the RTTI scheme, one data block is transmitted over two frames in two timeslots, reducing the latency of
421:
and coding schemes MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the coding schemes of GPRS, and additionally specify which modulation scheme is used, GMSK or 8PSK. MCS-1 through MCS-4 use GMSK and have performance similar (but not equal) to GPRS, while MCS-5 through MCS-9 use 8PSK. In all EGPRS modulation and
341:
GSM/GPRS networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrade. EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core networks.
1170:"3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol; section 10.0a.1 - GPRS RLC/MAC block for data transfer"
370:, uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS,
1206:"3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol; section 10.2.1 - Downlink RLC data block"
405:
The channel encoding process in GPRS as well as EGPRS/EDGE consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check
Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured
768:
Cited in various sources, e.g. in TS 45.001 table 1. is the bitrate including the RLC/MAC headers, but excluding the uplink state flag (USF), which is part of the MAC header, yielding a bitrate that is 0.15 kbit/s
873:(PAN), in which a bitmap of blocks not received is included in normal data blocks. Using the PAN field, the receiver may report missing data blocks immediately, rather than waiting to send a dedicated PAN message.
877:
With non-persistent mode, an RLC data block may be retransmitted if it is less than a certain age. Once this time expires, it is considered lost, and subsequent data blocks may then be forwarded to upper layers.
820:
to improve error correction. This results in real world downlink speeds of up to 600 kbit/s. Further the signal quality is improved using dual antennas improving average bit-rates and spectrum efficiency.
829:) for the user, these data rates can be boosted to speeds approaching 1 Mbit/s (i.e. 98.6 kbit/s per timeslot for 32QAM). Many service providers may not invest in a completely new technology like
366:(8PSK) for the upper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like
905:
The Global mobile
Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of May 2013, there were 604 GSM/EDGE networks in 213 countries, from a total of 606 mobile network operator commitments in 213 countries.
1274:
45:
1240:
781:
The net bitrate here is the rate at which the RLC/MAC layer payload (the RLC data unit) is transmitted. As such, this bit rate excludes the header overhead from the RLC/MAC layers.
374:, which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding.
209:
3476:
812:
by half (from 20 ms to 10 ms). Bit rates are increased up to 1 Mbit/s peak bandwidth and latencies down to 80 ms using dual carrier, higher symbol rate and
381:(theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet mode. This means it can handle four times as much traffic as standard GPRS. EDGE meets the
1382:
1473:
17:
2691:
1409:
885:
Both uplink and downlink throughput is improved by using 16 or 32 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), along with turbo codes and higher symbol rates.
1377:
1951:
317:
continues in release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access (
1972:
2319:
1226:
1190:
1154:
1282:
202:
2199:
1067:
422:
coding schemes, a convolutional code of rate 1/3 is used, and puncturing is used to achieve the desired code rate. In contrast to GPRS, the
3399:
3371:
3366:
2391:
2211:
1771:
1247:
841:
mobile networks, it is very unlikely that
Evolved EDGE will ever see any deployment on live networks. Up to now (as of 2016) there are no
1498:
1098:
2149:
2123:
195:
1402:
1135:"3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Physical layer on the radio path; General description"
1372:
3393:
2279:
3388:
3378:
3358:
3160:
981:
382:
64:
2184:
1625:
975:
825:
speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s. With a software upgrade and a new device compliant with
Evolved EDGE (like an Evolved EDGE
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3450:
3383:
3229:
1816:
1395:
3155:
2194:
56:
3249:
1883:
1532:
1453:
1367:
430:(MAC) headers and the payload data are coded separately in EGPRS. The headers are coded more robustly than the data.
3034:
2582:
2384:
1895:
1478:
1428:
133:
3145:
2284:
1888:
1458:
3140:
2230:
3165:
2223:
2206:
808:
mobile telephony standard, which improves on EDGE in a number of ways. Latencies are reduced by lowering the
359:
3440:
3201:
3098:
2641:
2436:
2408:
1723:
1669:
1644:
1527:
1518:
1002:
268:
236:
111:
2237:
955:
377:
EDGE can carry a bandwidth up to 236 kbit/s (with end-to-end latency of less than 150 ms) for 4
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2937:
2377:
1684:
418:
1324:
1030:
363:
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3150:
2857:
809:
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3022:
2867:
2767:
2696:
2629:
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930:
329:
305:
as part of the GSM family. A variant, so called
Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of
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2662:
2597:
2550:
2510:
2349:
2179:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1878:
1846:
1448:
940:
922:
347:
321:). Peak bit-rates of up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s can be expected.
318:
129:
1338:
1074:
414:
to achieve the desired code rate. In GPRS Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied.
3481:
3259:
3244:
3088:
3039:
2962:
2862:
2540:
2426:
2421:
2299:
1907:
1548:
813:
137:
1303:
837:
focus on a network coverage layer on low frequencies and the upcoming phase-out and shutdown of
3181:
2967:
2782:
2727:
2722:
2535:
2500:
2324:
1436:
893:
A lesser-known version of the EDGE standard is
Enhanced Circuit Switched Data (ECSD), which is
858:
With
Evolved EDGE come three major features designed to reduce latency over the air interface.
79:
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3083:
2887:
2852:
2772:
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2189:
1615:
427:
31:
2416:
2997:
2957:
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1468:
1463:
8:
3007:
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1043:
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2400:
756:
423:
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1148:
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1205:
1169:
1134:
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3186:
3115:
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2827:
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2431:
2274:
2174:
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1418:
950:
842:
291:
185:
155:
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411:
165:
3465:
3254:
3027:
3017:
2932:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2792:
2614:
2473:
2314:
1387:
1246:. Rysavy Research and 3G Americas. 2007-09-01. pp. 58–65. Archived from
3132:
2972:
2917:
2847:
2812:
2747:
2646:
2636:
2488:
2289:
2036:
2020:
1653:
306:
264:
151:
147:
88:
3332:
2982:
2892:
2877:
2837:
2797:
2656:
2118:
2067:
1977:
1965:
169:
119:
38:
37:"Edge network" redirects here. For devices at the edge of a network, see
1003:
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/MiscDocuments/IMT-Deployments-Rev3.pdf
3337:
3044:
2742:
2651:
2607:
2577:
2555:
826:
817:
451:
371:
1744:
393:
family of 3G standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called
44:
3322:
2787:
2602:
2369:
866:
3317:
3307:
3224:
3049:
2872:
2097:
2001:
1900:
1823:
1790:
935:
390:
378:
338:
295:
283:
282:
EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by
246:
1203:
1167:
1132:
865:
In addition, Reduced
Latency also implies support of Piggy-backed
48:
EDGE sign shown in notification bar on an
Android-based smartphone
3312:
3297:
2515:
2331:
1861:
1828:
1703:
1634:
1568:
1563:
1483:
965:
287:
3342:
3302:
2624:
2040:
1911:
1811:
1553:
1493:
3327:
3264:
2572:
2128:
2113:
2076:
2063:
1982:
1960:
1766:
1558:
1339:"GSA – The Global mobile Suppliers Association EDGE Databank"
1304:
https://dms-media.ccplatform.net/content/download/18420/98248
970:
394:
343:
3269:
2294:
1992:
1806:
1674:
1601:
960:
870:
367:
302:
400:
1714:
1689:
1610:
1597:
1573:
1362:
805:
389:
network, and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the
310:
272:
2092:
2015:
1785:
1587:
1508:
838:
830:
386:
337:
EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for
276:
260:
175:
161:
143:
125:
107:
84:
1161:
1044:
https://tacs.eu/Analyses/Wireless%20Networks/edge1.pdf
845:
which support the Evolved EDGE standard (3GPP Rel-7).
275:
network and improves upon it offering speeds close to
1269:
1267:
1197:
1133:
3rd Generation Partnership Project (September 2012).
1241:"EDGE, HSPA and LTE: The Mobile Broadband Advantage"
912:
267:
technology for data transmission. It is a subset of
1373:
A technical document by the 3G Americas association
1264:
333:Cellular network standards and generation timeline
3477:Telecommunications-related introductions in 2003
3463:
1204:3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015).
1168:3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015).
1417:
2385:
1403:
1383:An EDGE Evolution report by Visant Strategies
203:
880:
397:, increasing the data rate of this service.
3400:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1378:An opinion on evolved EDGE by Martin Sauter
1225:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1189:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1153:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
30:"EDGE" redirects here. For other uses, see
3436:
2392:
2378:
1410:
1396:
1128:
353:
210:
196:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
755:This is rate at which the RLC/MAC layer
328:
257:Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
43:
1363:The Global mobile Suppliers Association
816:(32QAM and 16QAM instead of 8PSK), and
751:
749:
401:EDGE modulation and coding scheme (MCS)
14:
3464:
2399:
2280:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
1105:
1097:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1062:
1060:
777:
775:
2373:
1391:
982:Comparison of wireless data standards
383:International Telecommunication Union
364:higher-order PSK/8 phase-shift keying
223:Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
18:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
3446:
2238:Spectral efficiency comparison table
1368:Evolved EDGE as an alternative to 3G
976:Comparison of mobile phone standards
956:Spectral efficiency comparison table
746:
1057:
772:
269:General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
24:
853:
762:
543:Bitrate excluding RLC/MAC overhead
538:Bitrate including RLC/MAC overhead
446:Bitrate excluding RLC/MAC overhead
441:Bitrate including RLC/MAC overhead
309:network spectrum. EDGE is part of
279:technology, hence the name 2.75G.
25:
3493:
1356:
3445:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3035:Free-space optical communication
2354:
2343:
1429:List of mobile phone generations
915:
804:, is a bolt-on extension to the
1331:
1296:
1233:
888:
848:
788:
529:
432:
27:Digital mobile phone technology
1048:
1037:
995:
13:
1:
988:
360:Gaussian minimum-shift keying
324:
301:EDGE is standardized also by
65:Wireless network technologies
3421:Telecommunication portal
3202:Telecommunications equipment
2350:Telecommunication portal
862:the air interface to 10 ms.
721:
701:
681:
661:
641:
621:
601:
581:
561:
510:
493:
476:
459:
7:
2938:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
908:
900:
533:EDGE modulation and coding
10:
3498:
2642:Telecommunications history
1847:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
810:Transmission Time Interval
36:
29:
3409:
3351:
3288:
3250:Public Switched Telephone
3210:
3174:
3131:
3072:
3062:telecommunication circuit
3023:Fiber-optic communication
3006:
2768:Francis Blake (telephone)
2715:
2563:Optical telecommunication
2407:
2340:
2162:
2142:
2106:
2091:
2056:
2029:
2014:
1991:
1950:
1921:
1871:
1860:
1839:
1799:
1784:
1759:
1737:
1729:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
1713:
1702:
1662:
1654:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
1643:
1624:
1596:
1586:
1541:
1517:
1507:
1435:
1426:
984:including WiMAX and HSPA+
946:List of device bandwidths
931:Broadband Internet access
881:Higher modulation schemes
186:Mobile telecommunications
3161:Orbital angular-momentum
2598:Satellite communications
2437:Communications satellite
941:Evolution-Data Optimized
923:Telecommunication portal
294:application, such as an
3040:Molecular communication
2863:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2692:Undersea telegraph line
2427:Cable protection system
2185:Comparison of standards
1824:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
814:higher-order modulation
354:Transmission techniques
3182:Communication protocol
2968:Charles Sumner Tainter
2783:Walter Houser Brattain
2728:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2536:Information revolution
2190:Channel access methods
1829:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
1279:www.engadgetmobile.com
372:incremental redundancy
334:
49:
3156:Polarization-division
2888:Narinder Singh Kapany
2853:Erna Schneider Hoover
2773:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2753:Alexander Graham Bell
2484:online video platform
2361:Telephones portal
1469:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
428:medium access control
385:'s requirement for a
332:
47:
32:EDGE (disambiguation)
2998:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2958:Almon Brown Strowger
2928:Charles Grafton Page
2583:Prepaid mobile phone
2511:Electrical telegraph
1978:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
1751:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
2948:Johann Philipp Reis
2707:Wireless revolution
2669:The Telephone Cases
2526:Hydraulic telegraph
1864:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
1706:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
1474:Mobile TeleSeratout
843:commercial networks
417:In EGPRS/EDGE, the
3146:Frequency-division
3123:Telephone exchange
2993:Charles Wheatstone
2923:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2898:Innocenzo Manzetti
2833:Reginald Fessenden
2568:Optical telegraphy
2401:Telecommunications
2352:
1938:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
1932:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
1930:1xEV-DO Revision A
757:protocol data unit
424:Radio Link Control
408:convolutional code
362:(GMSK), EDGE uses
335:
313:'s 3G definition.
50:
3459:
3458:
3197:Store and forward
3192:Data transmission
3106:Network switching
3057:Transmission line
2903:Guglielmo Marconi
2868:Internet pioneers
2733:Mohamed M. Atalla
2702:Whistled language
2367:
2366:
2170:Cellular networks
2158:
2157:
2087:
2086:
2010:
2009:
1856:
1855:
1812:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
1780:
1779:
1747:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
1698:
1697:
1582:
1581:
1319:Missing or empty
1025:Missing or empty
742:
741:
528:
527:
229:), also known as
220:
219:
16:(Redirected from
3489:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3290:Notable networks
3280:Wireless network
3220:Cellular network
3212:Types of network
3187:Computer network
3074:Network topology
2988:Thomas A. Watson
2843:Oliver Heaviside
2828:Philo Farnsworth
2803:Daniel Davis Jr.
2778:Charles Bourseul
2738:John Logie Baird
2447:Data compression
2442:Computer network
2394:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2275:Mobile broadband
2175:Mobile telephony
2163:Related articles
2104:
2103:
2047:LTE Advanced Pro
2027:
2026:
1942:EV-DO Revision C
1936:EV-DO Revision B
1869:
1868:
1797:
1796:
1711:
1710:
1594:
1593:
1515:
1514:
1440:radio telephones
1419:Cellular network
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1073:. Archived from
1072:
1064:
1055:
1054:ETSI SMG2 99/872
1052:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
999:
951:Mobile broadband
925:
920:
919:
918:
895:circuit switched
782:
779:
770:
766:
760:
753:
530:
433:
212:
205:
198:
52:
51:
21:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3347:
3284:
3206:
3170:
3127:
3076:
3068:
3009:
3002:
2908:Robert Metcalfe
2763:Tim Berners-Lee
2711:
2531:Information Age
2403:
2398:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2243:Frequency bands
2154:
2138:
2096:
2083:
2052:
2019:
2006:
1987:
1946:
1917:
1863:
1862:3G transitional
1852:
1835:
1789:
1776:
1755:
1733:
1705:
1704:2G transitional
1694:
1658:
1639:
1635:cdmaOne (IS-95)
1620:
1578:
1537:
1503:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:"Archived copy"
1066:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
921:
916:
914:
911:
903:
891:
883:
856:
854:Reduced Latency
851:
791:
786:
785:
780:
773:
767:
763:
754:
747:
557:
552:
544:
539:
534:
447:
442:
437:
403:
358:In addition to
356:
327:
292:packet switched
216:
180:
94:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3482:Videotelephony
3479:
3474:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Space-division
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Camille Tissot
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Claude Shannon
2950:
2945:
2943:Tivadar Puskás
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Antonio Meucci
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Charles K. Kao
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Harold Hopkins
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Emile Berliner
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Videotelephony
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2593:Radiotelephone
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Internet video
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:Autotel (PALM)
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:External links
1355:
1352:
1351:
1330:
1295:
1263:
1232:
1196:
1160:
1104:
1056:
1047:
1036:
993:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
979:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
926:
910:
907:
902:
899:
890:
887:
882:
879:
855:
852:
850:
847:
798:EDGE Evolution
796:, also called
790:
787:
784:
783:
771:
761:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
560:
559:
554:
549:
546:
545:(kbit/s/slot)
541:
540:(kbit/s/slot)
536:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
449:
448:(kbit/s/slot)
444:
443:(kbit/s/slot)
439:
438:coding scheme
402:
399:
355:
352:
326:
323:
249:Single Carrier
218:
217:
215:
214:
207:
200:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
159:
141:
123:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:
93:
92:
82:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3166:Code-division
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Time-division
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:and switching
3075:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:optical fiber
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Coaxial cable
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Radia Perlman
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Lee de Forest
2821:
2819:
2818:Thomas Edison
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Donald Davies
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Claude Chappe
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Smoke signals
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:Semiconductor
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:Digital media
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2362:
2351:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:Wi-Fi Calling
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:NGMN Alliance
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:AMPS - N-AMPS
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1285:on 2018-11-17
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1253:on 2009-10-07
1249:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1080:on 2009-03-06
1076:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1019:
1004:
998:
994:
983:
980:
978:including LTE
977:
974:
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964:
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934:
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844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
822:
819:
815:
811:
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803:
799:
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745:
737:
734:
731:
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582:
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555:
550:
547:
542:
537:
535:scheme (MCS)
532:
531:
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70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3472:GSM standard
3133:Multiplexing
3008:Transmission
2973:Nikola Tesla
2963:Henry Sutton
2918:Samuel Morse
2848:Robert Hooke
2813:Amos Dolbear
2748:John Bardeen
2667:
2647:Telautograph
2551:Mobile phone
2506:Edholm's law
2489:social media
2422:Broadcasting
2290:Push-to-talk
2068:IEEE 802.16m
2037:LTE Advanced
2021:IMT Advanced
1966:IEEE 802.16e
1961:Mobile WiMAX
1922:3GPP2 family
1849:(TIA/IS-856)
1840:3GPP2 family
1738:3GPP2 family
1728:
1717:/3GPP family
1533:TACS - ETACS
1343:. Retrieved
1341:. Gsacom.com
1333:
1321:|title=
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1278:
1255:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1235:
1210:. Retrieved
1199:
1174:. Retrieved
1163:
1138:. Retrieved
1082:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1050:
1039:
1027:|title=
1006:. Retrieved
997:
904:
892:
889:Enhanced CSD
884:
875:
864:
860:
857:
835:
823:
801:
797:
794:Evolved EDGE
793:
792:
789:Evolved EDGE
764:
416:
404:
376:
357:
336:
315:Evolved EDGE
314:
307:Digital AMPS
300:
298:connection.
281:
265:mobile phone
256:
252:
245:
241:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
115:
3333:NPL network
3045:Radio waves
2983:Alfred Vail
2893:Hedy Lamarr
2878:Dawon Kahng
2838:Elisha Gray
2798:Yogen Dalal
2723:Nasir Ahmed
2657:Teleprinter
2521:Heliographs
2119:5G-Advanced
2107:3GPP family
2057:IEEE family
2049:(4.5G/4.9G)
2030:3GPP family
1872:3GPP family
1800:3GPP family
1745:CDMA2000 1X
1616:CSD - HSCSD
818:turbo codes
548:Modulation
39:Edge device
3466:Categories
3379:Antarctica
3338:Toasternet
3260:Television
2743:Paul Baran
2675:Television
2659:(teletype)
2652:Telegraphy
2630:transistor
2608:Phryctoria
2578:Photophone
2556:Smartphone
2546:Mass media
1973:Flash-OFDM
1345:2013-03-05
1289:2016-03-14
1257:2010-09-27
1212:2015-12-05
1176:2015-12-05
1140:2013-07-20
1084:2011-05-10
989:References
849:Technology
833:networks.
827:smartphone
558:code rate
553:code rate
456:Code rate
452:Modulation
426:(RLC) and
419:modulation
325:Technology
138:3.9G/3.95G
3363:Americas
3352:Locations
3323:Internet2
3084:Bandwidth
2788:Vint Cerf
2685:streaming
2663:Telephone
2603:Semaphore
2494:streaming
2073:WiMax 2.1
1928:CDMA2000
1421:standards
1008:April 16,
412:punctured
379:timeslots
235:Enhanced
3431:Category
3318:Internet
3308:CYCLADES
3225:Ethernet
3175:Concepts
3099:terminal
3050:wireless
2873:Bob Kahn
2716:Pioneers
2541:Internet
2432:Cable TV
2098:IMT-2020
2002:HiperMAN
1901:DC-HSDPA
1791:IMT-2000
1312:cite web
1275:"Yahoo!"
1221:cite web
1208:. 12.5.0
1185:cite web
1172:. 12.5.0
1149:cite web
1093:cite web
1018:cite web
936:CDMA2000
909:See also
901:Networks
391:IMT-2000
296:Internet
288:AT&T
284:Cingular
263:digital
57:a series
55:Part of
3451:Commons
3441:Outline
3394:Oceania
3313:FidoNet
3298:ARPANET
3111:circuit
2680:digital
2409:History
2332:Osmocom
2180:History
2150:DECT-5G
2124:NR-IIoT
1569:DataTAC
1564:Mobitex
271:on the
259:, is a
255:), and
148:4G/4.5G
99:Digital
3389:Europe
3359:Africa
3343:Usenet
3303:BITNET
3240:Mobile
3116:packet
2625:MOSFET
2620:device
2417:Beacon
2134:NB-IoT
2100:(2021)
2095:(2018)
2041:E-UTRA
2023:(2013)
2018:(2009)
1995:family
1954:family
1912:E-UTRA
1793:(2001)
1788:(1998)
1647:family
1628:family
1604:family
1590:(1991)
1521:family
1511:(1979)
1494:B-Netz
1442:(1946)
802:2.875G
769:lower.
738:≈0.39
729:58.40
726:59.60
723:MCS-9
718:≈0.39
715:≈0.92
709:53.60
706:54.80
703:MCS-8
698:≈0.39
695:≈0.76
689:44.00
686:45.20
683:MCS-7
675:≈0.49
669:28.80
666:30.00
663:MCS-6
655:≈0.37
649:21.60
646:22.80
643:MCS-5
638:≈0.53
629:16.80
626:18.00
623:MCS-4
618:≈0.53
615:≈0.85
609:14.80
606:15.20
603:MCS-3
598:≈0.53
595:≈0.66
589:10.40
586:11.60
583:MCS-2
578:≈0.53
575:≈0.53
563:MCS-1
556:Header
518:20.00
515:21.55
501:14.40
498:15.75
484:12.00
481:13.55
253:IMT-SC
71:Analog
59:on the
3372:South
3367:North
3328:JANET
3265:Telex
3255:Radio
3094:Nodes
3089:Links
3010:media
2588:Radio
2573:Pager
2501:Drums
2467:video
2462:image
2452:audio
2310:ViLTE
2305:VoLTE
2263:5G NR
2212:STDMA
2200:OFDMA
2143:Other
2129:LTE-M
2114:5G NR
2077:WiBro
2064:WiMAX
1983:WiBro
1896:HSPA+
1889:HSUPA
1884:HSDPA
1767:WiDEN
1760:Other
1663:Other
1626:3GPP2
1559:Hicap
1554:C-450
1542:Other
1459:Altai
1251:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
1071:(PDF)
971:Wi-Fi
966:WiDEN
732:8PSK
712:8PSK
692:8PSK
672:8PSK
652:8PSK
632:GMSK
612:GMSK
592:GMSK
572:GMSK
569:8.00
566:9.20
521:GMSK
512:CS-4
507:≈3/4
504:GMSK
495:CS-3
490:≈2/3
487:GMSK
478:CS-2
470:GMSK
467:8.00
464:9.20
461:CS-1
395:HSCSD
344:WCDMA
286:(now
242:EGPRS
231:2.75G
166:5.25G
134:3.75G
116:2.75G
3384:Asia
3270:UUCP
3230:ISDN
2320:ViNR
2315:VoNR
2295:MIMO
2268:CDMA
2253:UMTS
2231:SDMA
2224:CDMA
2219:SSMA
2207:TDMA
2195:FDMA
1993:ETSI
1952:IEEE
1879:HSPA
1817:FOMA
1807:UMTS
1772:DECT
1724:GPRS
1675:iDEN
1670:CDPD
1645:AMPS
1602:3GPP
1519:AMPS
1479:AMTS
1454:IMTS
1325:help
1227:link
1191:link
1155:link
1099:link
1031:help
1010:2008
961:UMTS
871:NACK
800:and
678:1/3
658:1/3
551:Data
473:1/2
436:GPRS
368:GPRS
348:HSPA
339:2.5G
319:HSPA
303:3GPP
237:GPRS
227:EDGE
170:5.5G
156:4.9G
152:4.5G
130:3.5G
120:2.9G
112:2.5G
89:1.5G
3275:WAN
3245:NGN
3235:LAN
2516:Fax
2457:DCT
2300:IMS
2258:LTE
2248:GSM
1908:LTE
1715:GSM
1690:CT2
1685:PHS
1680:PDC
1611:GSM
1598:GSM
1574:CT1
1549:NMT
1499:AMR
1489:ARP
1464:OLT
1449:MTS
867:ACK
806:GSM
311:ITU
273:GSM
247:IMT
244:),
3468::
2093:5G
2070:)
2016:4G
1786:3G
1588:2G
1509:1G
1437:0G
1316::
1314:}}
1310:{{
1277:.
1266:^
1223:}}
1219:{{
1187:}}
1183:{{
1151:}}
1147:{{
1107:^
1095:}}
1091:{{
1059:^
1022::
1020:}}
1016:{{
897:.
839:2G
831:3G
774:^
748:^
735:1
635:1
524:1
387:3G
350:.
277:3G
261:2G
233:,
176:6G
168:,
162:5G
154:,
150:,
144:4G
136:,
132:,
126:3G
118:,
114:,
108:2G
85:1G
80:0G
3402:)
3398:(
2393:e
2386:t
2379:v
2066:(
2043:)
2039:(
1914:)
1910:(
1600:/
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1348:.
1327:)
1323:(
1306:.
1292:.
1260:.
1229:)
1215:.
1193:)
1179:.
1157:)
1143:.
1101:)
1087:.
1033:)
1029:(
1012:.
869:/
346:/
251:(
240:(
225:(
211:e
204:t
197:v
172:)
164:(
158:)
146:(
140:)
128:(
122:)
110:(
91:)
87:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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