443:
952:
849:
866:
924:
882:
2609:
975:
896:
2619:
910:
701:
835:
574:
938:
564:
687:
of urban Hong Kong by satellite at 22:40 on 4 August 2007, which showed at least a four-degree difference between the coolest areas and the "urban heat islands". The variations are attributable to greater absorbency of man-made materials, and building density that restrict air-flow. The affected area
671:
effect, which traps heat during the daytime and releases it at night. Average daily maximum temperatures have fallen by 0.014 degrees each year, as air pollution blocks solar radiation. Resulting increased nighttime ambient temperatures incite families to use domestic air-conditioning, which further
474:
herbivores and carnivores prefer the sheltered shores. The varieties of organisms also varies with the season, especially in Hong Kong where oceanic currents change through the year. For instance, very few erect foliose macro-algae can tolerate Hong Kong's summer heat, but they are common in winter.
473:
The species inhabiting Hong Kong's rocky coastal areas vary depending the exposure to the wave action from the sea. The sessile filter-feeding organisms inhabit the wave-exposed shoreline. They are able to attach on the rock surface and remove food particles in the turbulent water, while the mobile
251:
range from 19 to 32 degrees, depending on the season. There are hot, humid summers and temperate, dry winters. With daily highs of 33 °C, it is warmest from late May to mid-September. Over 2200 liters of rain per square meter fall annually - 80% of it between May and
September. Of these, June
465:
The tidal range of Hong Kong is about 2.5 metres and the distribution of species situated in this region must be tolerant of conditions when the shore is covered with seawater at high tide and when the shore is directly exposed to the air at low tide, for hours or days. Species may adapt to these
759:
railway stations, some legislators called for a law to stop developers from constructing tall buildings that adversely affect airflow in densely populated areas, but the bid failed. In 2007, residents of Tai Kok Tsui, increasingly aware of the problem, have been lobbying against the further
621:
Hong Kong the number of the endangered black-faced spoonbills wintering in Mai Po has risen from roughly 35 in the late 1980s to 152 after 10 years. About 400 have been spotted after 2000. Estimates on how many of these birds remain in the wild vary from 1,000 to 2,000.
252:
and August are the wettest months, with rain falling on almost four out of seven days. With only one rainy day per week in
January and December, these are the driest months. Between late May and mid-September, typhoons and violent thunderstorms can occasionally occur.
594:
dump large amounts of sewage and even untreated waste into the streams and the sea. It makes the New
Territories' streams be 'no better than open sewers'. This severe damage is irreversible and the creatures in the sea are the direct victims.
509:
and variable oxygen content. These factors influence animals' various adaptive responses. They have to attach themselves to the surfaces, become predominantly detritus feeders and have a mechanism for obtaining maximum oxygen supply.
1246:
2574:
2157:
310:
Hong Kong is considered rich in species variety. The number of bird species in Hong Kong is fully one-third of that in China along with one-sixth as many butterflies species, according to surveys.
2584:
583:
In 1989, the Hong Kong government realised that Hong Kong was in danger of becoming a vast, densely populated city. Due to the growth of the economy and business sectors, the water, waste and
2498:
2217:
2543:
2212:
814:
Most of the introduced species do little harm to the ecology of Hong Kong. However, some species are invasive and cause massive damage to the ecology and/or economy of Hong Kong.
2192:
1254:
2333:
1100:"Environmental Impact Assessment Report for 132 KV Supply Circuit from Pui O via Chi Ma Wan Peninsula via Sea Crossing towards Cheung Chau. Ecological Impact Assessment. 2001"
350:
are habitats of enclosed intertidal mud flats with greatly reduced wave action, located near sources of fresh water. Popular mangrove habitats in Hong Kong are located along
2579:
2202:
2538:
2443:
502:
There are two kinds of freshwater habitats: lentic (still, or very slow moving) water, such as lakes, ponds, ditches, and lotic (flowing) water, such as rivers, streams.
2548:
1143:
2493:
2458:
2413:
2383:
2378:
2273:
449:
2503:
2478:
2393:
2373:
2323:
2293:
2283:
2463:
2164:
643:
Air pollution is another serious problem. Smoke-belching factories, intense construction and large numbers of diesel vehicles have led to dangerous levels of
2533:
2483:
2438:
2408:
2308:
2508:
2423:
2403:
2288:
2278:
727:
In-fill developments are typically constructed by smaller developers with less capital. These will be smaller in scale, and less prone to the wall effect.
724:
are financially motivated to maximise the view, at the expense of the free flow of air. Huge wall-like estates along the waterfront are often constructed.
2553:
2488:
2388:
2368:
2358:
2318:
2303:
2298:
1633:
93:
806:; Cantonese: kam chin kwai). Some luxury species are becoming increasingly rare in South China due to increased hunting, and hunters turn to Hong Kong.
2594:
2513:
2473:
2448:
2428:
2363:
2328:
2313:
260:
The total land area of Hong Kong is 1,076 square kilometres, but about 75% of this land is open countryside, which contains more than 2600 species of
2433:
2398:
2353:
2348:
1628:
88:
1736:
817:
Examples are the pinewood nematode from North
America and pine-needle scale insect from Taiwan, which together virtually eliminated the native
542:
1578:
39:
1077:
602:
is one of the victims. Under threat from chemical pollution, increased sea traffic and the destruction of much of the natural shoreline for
2007:
1613:
136:
1408:
712:" caused by uniform high-rise developments that adversely impact air circulation. Due to the density of Hong Kong's population and the
1456:
1191:
1099:
2523:
1761:
1643:
151:
629:
farms have been throttled by a mixture of pollution and competition from cheaper oyster cultivation across the border in China.
442:
1908:
1746:
1473:
1433:
1033:
1008:
44:
1169:
667:
study, daily average minimum temperatures have increased by 0.02 degrees (Celsius) annually between 1965 and 2003, due to the
2150:
1013:
1003:
675:
Research has shown that the ambient air-temperature in urban areas can be some 5 °C higher than non built-up areas. The
2250:
227:
Hong Kong has been geologically stable for millions of years. Flora and fauna in Hong Kong are altered by climatic change,
1371:
1366:
289:
1997:
1784:
951:
1060:
2643:
848:
739:
expressed concern that their survey on 155 housing estates found 104 have a 'wall-like' design. It cited estates in
2207:
1726:
1490:
676:
491:
2648:
2197:
1888:
1638:
1038:
1028:
141:
66:
1381:
786:
With increasing affluence of mainland
Chinese, some of them become affable to some luxury flora and fauna, like
655:
and bronchial infections have soared in recent years, and doctors place the blame squarely on poor air quality.
1822:
1756:
1701:
1401:
2653:
1883:
1648:
1608:
1603:
1583:
1361:
603:
131:
103:
51:
2182:
2084:
2047:
1944:
1676:
1478:
1018:
664:
505:
There are three main factors to differentiate the habitats in Hong Kong: variability of current, amount of
305:
1913:
1855:
1563:
1275:
34:
2187:
1903:
1817:
1618:
1588:
1558:
1023:
958:
638:
618:
301:
76:
56:
2067:
2022:
1962:
1939:
1893:
1623:
1593:
1568:
1394:
993:
865:
613:
are also victims. They are threatened by pig sewage flooding as well as the increased pollution from
481:
146:
121:
61:
2265:
2243:
1977:
1850:
1741:
1731:
1280:
1217:
402:
2114:
2109:
1835:
1771:
1706:
1666:
1121:
788:
324:
2017:
1875:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1716:
1711:
1686:
1681:
1553:
1545:
988:
318:
184:
24:
2002:
2099:
2089:
2012:
1992:
1987:
1918:
1658:
1520:
1451:
1316:
1294:
856:
840:
606:, the number of pink dolphins has dramatically declined with the city's ongoing development.
599:
577:
567:
194:
156:
1232:
10.40pm, 32°. The future's red hot for HK, pg 1, South China
Morning Post, 30 September 2007
923:
2589:
2468:
2343:
2032:
1954:
1898:
1865:
1840:
1809:
1573:
1443:
1428:
998:
834:
720:
developments with 10 to over 100 towers, ranging from 30 to 70 stories high. Developers of
189:
179:
174:
126:
83:
895:
8:
2563:
2418:
2236:
1967:
1794:
1691:
1671:
1485:
1195:
1128:
881:
382:
363:
351:
98:
2104:
2077:
2072:
2052:
2042:
1934:
1751:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
909:
872:
713:
644:
486:
367:
2618:
2453:
1982:
1845:
1696:
1468:
798:
756:
668:
366:, and along some mud flats where salinity is lowered by surrounding streams, such as
760:
proliferation of such high-rises in their area that threaten the last air corridor.
2338:
2062:
2027:
1972:
1827:
1721:
1461:
980:
819:
730:
648:
330:
204:
937:
1860:
1057:
752:
684:
651:. It's not only the flora and fauna that are affected – humans are too. Cases of
591:
527:
522:
422:
244:
2142:
901:
721:
314:
261:
466:
varying conditions by successfully exploiting narrow vertical zones along the
2637:
2612:
1064:
744:
584:
359:
915:
748:
740:
610:
427:
2622:
2119:
943:
747:
as the "best examples". In May 2007, citing concern over developments in
717:
517:
467:
397:
362:, where salinity is very low under the influence of fresh water from the
248:
224:
is seasonal due to alternating wind direction between winter and summer.
1346:
2129:
1341:
929:
887:
432:
412:
392:
387:
240:
2057:
1417:
285:
273:
269:
228:
217:
1122:"Site of Special Scientific Interest - Tai Ho Stream, Lantau Island"
328:
are found in Hong Kong's waters, and there are reported sighting of
1216:
Agnes Lam, "Nighttime temperatures creeping ever higher", Page C1,
689:
614:
506:
371:
347:
2228:
700:
1376:
781:
573:
355:
281:
277:
221:
587:
cause an adverse effect on the balance of ecology in Hong Kong.
2037:
652:
626:
563:
1356:
453:
417:
407:
1386:
2124:
2094:
1351:
716:
of mass developments, there is the tendency of new private
680:
265:
477:
The following are the sites of rocky shores in Hong Kong:
374:. Trees living in this habitat are called mangrove trees.
1247:"'Asia's walled city' leaves – residents longing for air"
1192:"Threatened Birds - Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor"
809:
538:
The following are the site of sandy shores in Hong Kong:
708:
There has been increasing concern since 2006 over the "
216:
is mostly affected by the results of climatic changes.
243:, which is additionally influenced by the monsoon in
1080:. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
970:
704:
Highly-dense buildings can be seen in Tseung Kwan O.
513:The following are the list of rivers in Hong Kong:
377:The following are sites of mangroves in Hong Kong:
2635:
2172:
1295:"Richard Corlett."Hong Kong's Bad Biodiversity""
1144:"Victoria Harbour to continue choking on sewage"
295:
1317:"Porcupine! 23 - Hong Kong's Bad Biodiversity!"
692:since January, when the first image was taken.
782:Illegal hunting of species by mainland Chinese
2244:
2158:
1402:
1276:Call for the law against 'wall effect' fails"
763:
709:
1092:
2251:
2237:
2165:
2151:
1409:
1395:
1342:The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Hong Kong
1102:. Government of Hong Kong. 2 February 2001
695:
337:
768:
699:
590:Factories, farms and restaurants in the
572:
562:
16:Overview of the environment in Hong Kong
1762:Special administrative regions of China
1240:
1238:
1228:
1226:
2636:
1167:
1034:Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society
1009:List of protected species in Hong Kong
810:Introduction of non-indigenous species
2232:
2146:
1390:
1170:"The world's growing concrete coasts"
1141:
1014:Species first discovered in Hong Kong
1244:
1235:
1223:
658:
2258:
1347:Environmental Protection Department
1135:
1114:
13:
2218:List of invertebrates of Hong Kong
1245:Yung, Chester (21 December 2006).
1168:Keegan, Matthew (11 August 2020).
1142:Reyes, Renato (21 December 1995).
14:
2665:
1372:Hong Kong - how to breathe easier
1335:
777:Effect of the Building Waste Levy
2617:
2608:
2607:
2213:List of dragonflies of Hong Kong
2208:List of butterflies of Hong Kong
973:
950:
936:
922:
908:
894:
880:
864:
847:
833:
677:Hong Kong Polytechnic University
632:
609:The nature reserve and birds in
441:
2198:List of amphibians of Hong Kong
1462:Bao'an County and Xin'an County
1382:Hong Kong Bird-Watching Society
1309:
1287:
1268:
1039:Hong Kong Bird Watching Society
1029:List of amphibians of Hong Kong
796:; Cantonese: lo hon chung) and
533:
460:
231:alternation, and human impact.
2575:British Indian Ocean Territory
1757:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1594:Country parks and conservation
1210:
1184:
1161:
1078:"Horseshoe Crabs in Hong Kong"
1070:
1051:
803:
793:
774:Encroachment of the green belt
1:
2193:List of reptiles of Hong Kong
1416:
1044:
1004:Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
999:Environment of mainland China
492:Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve
296:Species richness in Hong Kong
2183:List of mammals of Hong Kong
2173:List of animals in Hong Kong
1019:List of mammals of Hong Kong
553:
342:
325:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
306:List of mammals in Hong Kong
284:and more than 20 species of
247:. The average daily maximum
7:
2203:List of fishes of Hong Kong
966:
548:
89:Mountains, peaks, and hills
10:
2670:
2188:List of birds of Hong Kong
1024:List of birds of Hong Kong
959:Nanhaipotamon hongkongense
826:
764:Threats to flora and fauna
683:to take a high-resolution
639:Air pollution in Hong Kong
636:
619:World Wide Fund for Nature
558:
497:
302:List of birds of Hong Kong
299:
288:, including some that are
234:
2603:
2562:
2522:
2264:
2178:
1953:
1927:
1874:
1808:
1770:
1657:
1544:
1442:
1424:
994:Conservation in Hong Kong
2644:Environment of Hong Kong
2324:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1978:Cheung Chau Bun Festival
1742:One country, two systems
1634:Public parks and gardens
1579:Buildings and structures
1554:Administrative divisions
1281:South China Morning Post
1218:South China Morning Post
823:in the 1970s and 1980s.
290:endemic to the territory
40:Buildings and structures
2585:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1377:Clear the Air Hong Kong
1367:Waterfalls in Hong Kong
789:Podocarpus macrophyllus
672:compounds the problem.
338:Ecosystems in Hong Kong
272:, about 100 species of
268:, about 200 species of
264:, about 450 species of
255:
94:Urban parks and gardens
2649:Geography of Hong Kong
1790:Food and Health Bureau
1614:Islands and peninsulas
1067:, Hong Kong Nature.net
989:Geography of Hong Kong
769:Destruction of habitat
705:
580:
570:
319:Tachypleus tridentatus
166:Other Hong Kong topics
137:Islands and peninsulas
35:Areas (Neighbourhoods)
25:Geography of Hong Kong
2013:Hong Kong nationalism
1998:Heritage conservation
1521:Handover of Hong Kong
857:Camellia granthamiana
841:Hong Kong orchid tree
703:
578:Black-faced spoonbill
576:
568:Chinese white dolphin
566:
2654:Ecology of Hong Kong
2499:United Arab Emirates
1357:HKWildlife.net forum
1131:. 30 September 1992.
1058:Ecology of Hong Kong
214:ecology of Hong Kong
2526:limited recognition
1727:Legislative Council
1629:Mountains and peaks
1491:Japanese occupation
1486:Battle of Hong Kong
1257:on 17 December 2007
1172:. BBC Future Planet
1129:Planning Department
617:. Yet according to
241:subtropical climate
873:Lamproptera curius
714:economies of scale
706:
688:had expanded into
665:Baptist University
645:particulate matter
581:
571:
487:Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai
368:Three Fathoms Cove
67:Declared monuments
2631:
2630:
2568:other territories
2226:
2225:
2140:
2139:
1747:Political parties
1702:Foreign relations
1434:Index of articles
1063:2 August 2012 at
799:Cuora trifasciata
669:urban heat island
659:Thermal pollution
210:
209:
45:Tallest buildings
2661:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2580:Christmas Island
2266:Sovereign states
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2028:Lion Rock Spirit
2003:Hong Kong orchid
1831:
1604:Land reclamation
1589:Cities and towns
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1253:. Archived from
1242:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1198:on 26 March 2009
1194:. Archived from
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1055:
983:
981:Hong Kong portal
978:
977:
976:
954:
940:
926:
912:
898:
884:
868:
851:
837:
820:Pinus massoniana
805:
795:
649:nitrogen dioxide
604:land reclamation
445:
331:Tachypleus gigas
280:, 80 species of
276:, 40 species of
239:Hong Kong has a
205:Hong Kong Portal
57:Cities and towns
21:
20:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2599:
2567:
2558:
2539:Northern Cyprus
2525:
2518:
2260:
2259:Ecology of Asia
2257:
2227:
2222:
2174:
2171:
2141:
2136:
2085:Public holidays
1949:
1945:Sex trafficking
1923:
1870:
1829:
1804:
1772:Public services
1766:
1677:Chief Executive
1667:National anthem
1653:
1540:
1438:
1420:
1415:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1047:
979:
974:
972:
969:
962:
955:
946:
941:
932:
927:
918:
913:
904:
899:
890:
885:
876:
869:
860:
852:
843:
838:
829:
812:
784:
771:
766:
722:housing estates
698:
663:According to a
661:
641:
635:
592:New Territories
561:
556:
551:
536:
528:Shing Mun River
523:Lam Tsuen River
500:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
437:
423:Tai Tam Harbour
345:
340:
315:horseshoe crabs
308:
300:Main articles:
298:
262:vascular plants
258:
237:
199:
161:
108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Honours system
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Communications
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1323:25 September
1321:. Retrieved
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1299:. Retrieved
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1255:the original
1251:The Standard
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1148:The Standard
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348:Mangroves
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1125:(PDF)
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681:NASA
647:and
625:The
598:The
370:and
358:and
322:and
313:The
304:and
256:Land
212:The
122:Bays
2566:and
1479:WWI
804:金錢龜
794:羅漢松
220:'s
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