997:
576:
61:
2670:
2309:
1880:
40:
1885:
2304:
1493:
400:. The premaxilla forms part of the secondary pallet, and bears two sets of paired anterior ridges as well as a single median posterior palatal ridge. A dorsally directed portion of the premaxilla with a rounded edge projects between the nasals, diagnostic of dicynodonts thanks to the narrow groove along its midline. The left and right dentaries of
541:
also potentially had hair. The discovery of hair remains in coprolites from carnivorous species that had consumed dicynodonts suggests that the hair was of dicynodont origin, so hair could well be present in basal forms such as pylaecephalids. This, along with
627:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2013). "Skeletal morphology, phylogenetic relationships and stratigraphic range ofEosimops newtoniBroom, 1921, a pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Middle
Permian of South Africa".
722:
353:
had two long tusks on its upper jaw, and a cutting keratinized beak for processing vegetation. It likely fed on leaves, stems, roots, and fleshy parts of plants. It has been suggested that some dicynodonts had hair, so
443:
were long and relatively thin, and there was a ventral component to the curvature of the thorax. The sacral ribs were laterally expanded and robust. Its body likely resembled that of its close relatives
535:
could have been as well. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that more derived dicynodonts were endotherms, as endothermy would likely have been evolved early in the taxon's history.
380:, so may have been used for sexual selection. At least one postcanine tooth was present on the dentary blade. Its skull shape is described as being similar to that of its fellow pylaecephalid
499:
likely had a well-developed digestive tract and focused on feeding on high-quality forage. This likely included gymnosperm plants, evidence of which has been found in dicynodont coprolites.
439:. In the one full specimen recovered, no atlantal or axial ribs were observed. Whether or not this represents a true absence or incomplete preservation is uncertain. The dorsal ribs of
416:
is upturned, forming a cutting edge at the front of the lower jaw. The jaw joint facilitated a fore and aft sliding motion, allowing the animal to process vegetation effectively.
460:
of 2-3-3-3-3 on its forelimbs. While the hind limbs were not preserved well enough to know for certain, it appears that this formula was present on the hind limbs as well.
495:, using its horny beak to process plant matter. As it didn't have a well-developed mastication system in comparison to modern vertebrates and lacked a gastric mill,
998:"Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?"
723:"Distinctive emydopoid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) mandibles from the Permian Ruhuhu and Usili formations (Songea Group), Ruhuhu Basin, Tanzania"
405:
2820:
2799:
2813:
2729:
2929:
2806:
2750:
2792:
2778:
773:
Bajdek, Piotr (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper
Permian coprolites fromRussia".
2736:
358:
may have sported small hairs for insulation and tactile sensation. Its short and stocky proportions could have also aided in heat retention.
2715:
1633:
396:, with the single element forming the anterior portion of the snout and alveolar margin along with the anterior edge of the external
2916:
527:. Continued growth during adult stages was also observed. This rapid growth as well as moderately vascularized bones suggests that
2988:
1155:
2993:
906:"Functional aspects of the postcranial anatomy of the Permian dicynodont Diictodon and their ecological implications"
663:
Rubidge, Bruce S. (2005). "Re-uniting lost continents- Fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust".
1032:
Ray, Sanghamitra (2004). "Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Dicynodontia): Bone
Histology, Growth, and Biomechanics".
3003:
408:
which was likely associated with a keratinaceous beak. Mandibular teeth were present, along with a well-developed
307:
1083:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (2010). "A new pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from theTapinocephalus
278:
463:
Both the fore and hind limbs possessed extended phalanges with long, flattened claws, which suggests that
370:
had a roughly square skull that sported caniform tusks. These tusks have been interpreted as representing
2435:
802:"The Permian Mammal-like Herbivore Diictodon, the Oldest Known Example of Sexually Dimorphic Armament"
467:
was a digger. It had short limbs, and it likely had a sprawling posture similar to its close relative
2998:
1148:
60:
349:. It had a long cylindrical body, with sprawling, clawed limbs which it probably used for digging.
479:
likely used its forelimbs for postural support and digging and its hind limbs for impact loading.
1884:
1176:
2960:
2884:
2669:
2308:
2934:
2955:
2947:
2983:
2484:
1141:
1096:
1041:
970:
917:
870:
734:
1879:
961:
Bajdek, Piotr (2014). "Putative dicynodont coprolites from the Upper
Triassic of Poland".
8:
2159:
581:
1100:
1045:
974:
921:
874:
738:
691:
2339:
2326:
2303:
2271:
1237:
1120:
1112:
1065:
1057:
943:
886:
834:
821:
801:
750:
645:
589:
432:
55:
2942:
2498:
2084:
1124:
1017:
935:
858:
839:
754:
649:
371:
277:
was discovered in 1921 by Robert Broom, based on a single skull. It was found in the
1069:
947:
890:
2512:
2491:
2456:
2093:
2059:
1991:
1984:
1804:
1492:
1448:
1332:
1104:
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2385:
2367:
2360:
2229:
2111:
2100:
1795:
1770:
1583:
1108:
982:
859:"Head kinematics and feeding adaptations of the Permian and Triassic dicynodonts"
641:
324:
217:
160:
882:
2907:
2618:
2415:
2212:
2180:
2050:
2018:
1929:
1624:
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30:
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2138:
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1950:
1818:
1811:
1784:
1658:
1341:
939:
327:
930:
905:
546:
stocky body proportions, would allow the animal to conserve generated heat.
523:
another pylaecephalid, rapid bone growth is shown to be part of their early
2853:
2771:
2708:
2698:
2646:
2639:
2591:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2449:
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2201:
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1832:
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1523:
1510:
1460:
1441:
1407:
843:
817:
457:
319:
255:
200:
180:
147:
296:. Later, other skull specimens as well as a complete skeleton were found.
2859:
2757:
2743:
2722:
2632:
2577:
2570:
2505:
2401:
2152:
2124:
2039:
2025:
1936:
1825:
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1734:
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1606:
1572:
1551:
1375:
1348:
1320:
1299:
1286:
1249:
1164:
346:
302:
235:
is known from several skull specimens, as well as one complete skeleton.
131:
1116:
2921:
2834:
2764:
2625:
2394:
2374:
2194:
1915:
1902:
1847:
1707:
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1420:
1396:
1313:
1206:
1061:
825:
393:
345:. It was around 34 cm in length (13.4 in.), roughly the size of a
284:
strata of South Africa, an area which provides a rich variety of early
220:
118:
786:
676:
456:
sported expanded proximal and distal ends. It had a typical anomodont
2845:
2584:
2563:
2536:
2237:
2221:
2187:
2173:
2145:
2066:
2009:
1777:
1750:
1716:
1680:
1647:
1592:
1565:
1222:
1197:
516:
512:
492:
413:
376:
285:
105:
72:
2878:
1053:
2901:
2408:
2166:
1998:
1975:
1957:
1943:
1613:
1368:
1188:
524:
428:
382:
342:
293:
224:
92:
39:
1723:
1434:
1427:
1389:
1382:
409:
289:
288:
and covers a period of almost 100 million years ranging from the
240:
2785:
2032:
1182:
300:
is found above the stratigraphic range of the early dicynodont
228:
82:
1133:
431:, much like its other dicynodont relatives. Six of these were
1964:
397:
404:
mandible were fused, and the anterior surface sported a
1087:
Zone, Karoo Basin, Middle
Permian of South Africa".
692:"A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids"
571:
904:Ray, Sanghamitra; Chinsamy, Anusuya (2003-01-01).
2337:
963:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
626:
2975:
333:
721:Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Cox, C. Barry (2015).
1149:
720:
258:. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek
254:was named in by South African paleontologist
1521:
995:
903:
1297:
1156:
1142:
1082:
511:, have been suspected for some time to be
38:
1913:
1016:
1005:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
929:
833:
1221:
799:
689:
317:occurs in association with animals like
662:
531:could have been an endotherm, and that
452:Typical of dicynodonts, the humerus of
2976:
2325:
960:
772:
502:
2883:
2882:
2685:
2324:
1900:
1508:
1284:
1175:
1137:
856:
386:, but likely attaining larger sizes.
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712:
622:
620:
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612:
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608:
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1031:
630:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
558:represents a single known species,
13:
2686:
1089:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1034:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
863:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
727:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
3015:
761:
709:
601:
487:Like all other known dicynodonts
374:within the closely related genus
2668:
2307:
2302:
1883:
1878:
1509:
1491:
1018:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x
806:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
665:South African Journal of Geology
574:
412:table. The dorsal margin of the
59:
1285:
1163:
1076:
1025:
989:
690:Kammerer, Christian F. (2009).
427:had a cylindrical body with 47
47:A life restoration of an adult
1901:
996:Botha-Brink, Jennifer (2010).
954:
897:
850:
793:
683:
656:
1:
2989:Fossil taxa described in 1922
747:10.1080/02724634.2015.1008699
595:
519:study of the closely related
1109:10.1080/02724634.2010.501447
983:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.013
642:10.1080/14772019.2011.623723
392:had indistinguishably fused
334:Description and paleobiology
269:
246:
16:Extinct genus of dicynodonts
7:
883:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1120
567:
419:
366:Like other pylaecephalids,
341:was a small, non-mammalian
10:
3020:
2994:Taxa named by Robert Broom
857:Surov, Mikhail V. (2008).
549:
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2844:
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2008:
1974:
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1406:
1358:
1331:
1308:
1293:
1280:
1248:
1230:
1217:
1171:
800:Sullivan, Corwin (2003).
227:superficially resembling
193:
188:
56:Scientific classification
54:
46:
37:
23:
361:
3004:Herbivorous vertebrates
931:10.1111/1475-4983.00292
507:Dicynodonts, including
482:
216:is an extinct genus of
818:10.1098/rspb.2002.2189
2956:Paleobiology Database
2485:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
306:. Also found in the
2846:Paraphyletic groups
1101:2010JVPal..30.1396A
1046:2004JVPal..24..180R
975:2014PPP...411....1B
922:2003Palgy..46..151R
875:2008JVPal..28.1120S
739:2015JVPal..35E8699A
582:Paleontology portal
503:Endothermy and hair
2340:Kannemeyeriiformes
2327:Kannemeyeriiformes
2272:Kannemeyeriiformes
590:List of therapsids
458:phalangeal formula
223:. They were small
2971:
2970:
2943:Open Tree of Life
2885:Taxon identifiers
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2499:Uralokannemeyeria
2316:
2315:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2085:Rhachiocephalidae
1892:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1842:
1841:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
812:(1511): 173–178.
787:10.1111/let.12156
677:10.2113/108.1.135
406:vascular foramina
372:sexual dimorphism
243:of South Africa.
239:lived during the
209:
208:
184:
3011:
2999:Anomodont genera
2964:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2880:
2879:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2529:
2528:
2513:Xiyukannemeyeria
2492:Sinokannemeyeria
2457:Parakannemeyeria
2346:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2117:
2116:
2094:Kitchinganomodon
2060:Australobarbarus
1992:Interpresosaurus
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1805:Cistecephaloides
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1449:Anomocephaloidea
1413:
1412:
1333:Anomocephaloidea
1306:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1173:
1172:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1095:(5): 1396–1409.
1080:
1074:
1073:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1002:
993:
987:
986:
958:
952:
951:
933:
901:
895:
894:
869:(4): 1120–1129.
854:
848:
847:
837:
797:
791:
790:
770:
759:
758:
718:
707:
706:
696:
687:
681:
680:
660:
654:
653:
624:
584:
579:
578:
577:
560:Eosimops newtoni
266:(“appearance”).
179:
172:
159:
146:
130:
64:
63:
49:Eosimops newtoni
42:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2887:
2877:
2864:
2840:
2821:Platypodosaurus
2800:Opisthoctenodon
2688:
2673:
2652:
2612:Eubrachiosaurus
2603:Stahleckeriinae
2597:
2542:
2524:Stahleckeriidae
2518:
2427:Kannemeyeriidae
2421:
2386:Shansiodontidae
2380:
2368:Elephantosaurus
2361:Dinodontosaurus
2342:
2329:
2312:
2286:
2266:
2230:Euptychognathus
2207:
2112:Dicynodontoidea
2106:
2101:Rhachiocephalus
2079:
2045:
2004:
1970:
1918:
1905:
1888:
1862:
1838:
1796:Cistecephalidae
1790:
1771:Dicynodontoides
1756:
1729:
1702:
1653:
1619:
1584:Pylaecephalidae
1578:
1526:
1513:
1496:
1475:
1455:
1402:
1354:
1327:
1302:
1289:
1264:
1244:
1213:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1132:
1081:
1077:
1054:10.1671/1914-14
1030:
1026:
1000:
994:
990:
959:
955:
902:
898:
855:
851:
798:
794:
771:
762:
733:(6): e1008699.
719:
710:
694:
688:
684:
661:
657:
625:
602:
598:
580:
575:
573:
570:
552:
505:
485:
422:
364:
336:
311:Assemblage Zone
309:Pristerognathus
282:Assemblage Zone
272:
249:
178:
170:
161:Pylaecephalidae
157:
144:
128:
58:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
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2873:
2870:
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2866:
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2863:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2814:Planitorostris
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2730:Chelyoposaurus
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2687:Other articles
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2665:
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2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2619:Ischigualastia
2615:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
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2567:
2560:
2552:
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2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2416:Rhinodicynodon
2412:
2405:
2398:
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2364:
2357:
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2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2213:Lystrosauridae
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2181:Repelinosaurus
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2053:
2051:Oudenodontidae
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2019:Aulacephalodon
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1930:Daqingshanodon
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1914:
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1906:
1894:
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1703:
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1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1625:Endothiodontia
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1559:Lanthanostegus
1555:
1548:
1541:
1538:Brachyprosopus
1533:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:Venyukovioidea
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1075:
1040:(1): 180–194.
1024:
1011:(2): 341–365.
988:
953:
916:(1): 151–183.
896:
849:
792:
781:(4): 455–477.
760:
708:
682:
655:
636:(2): 191–231.
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
586:
585:
569:
566:
551:
548:
504:
501:
484:
481:
435:, and 23 were
421:
418:
363:
360:
335:
332:
328:therocephalans
280:Tapinocephalus
271:
268:
248:
245:
241:Middle Permian
229:modern mammals
207:
206:
205:
204:
191:
190:
186:
185:
168:
164:
163:
155:
151:
150:
142:
135:
134:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:Middle Permian
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3016:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:Putillosaurus
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:Parvobestiola
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:Dicranozygoma
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:Argodicynodon
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2260:Sintocephalus
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:Kwazulusaurus
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:Delectosaurus
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:Daptocephalus
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:Odontocyclops
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:Kawingasaurus
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:Cistecephalus
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1785:Thliptosaurus
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Therochelonia
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:Anomocephalus
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Palaeontology
907:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
765:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
704:
700:
693:
686:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
600:
591:
588:
587:
583:
572:
565:
564:
561:
557:
547:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
359:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
329:
326:
325:scylacosaurid
322:
321:
316:
312:
310:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
276:
267:
265:
262:(“dawn”) and
261:
257:
253:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
218:pylaecephalid
215:
214:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:
187:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
165:
162:
156:
153:
152:
149:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
2892:
2854:Cryptodontia
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2793:Nasoplanites
2791:
2784:
2779:Keirognathus
2777:
2772:Haughtoniana
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2709:Azarifeneria
2707:
2699:Nomina dubia
2697:
2647:Ufudocyclops
2645:
2640:Stahleckeria
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2592:Zambiasaurus
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2535:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2478:Rhadiodromus
2476:
2471:Rechnisaurus
2469:
2464:Rabidosaurus
2462:
2455:
2450:Kannemeyeria
2448:
2443:Dolichuranus
2441:
2436:Acratophorus
2434:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2354:Angonisaurus
2352:
2258:
2253:Lystrosaurus
2251:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2202:Vivaxosaurus
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2099:
2092:
2074:Tropidostoma
2072:
2065:
2058:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1833:Sauroscaptor
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1749:
1744:Myosauroides
1742:
1722:
1715:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1545:Colobodectes
1543:
1536:
1524:Dicynodontia
1511:Dicynodontia
1461:Dicynodontia
1447:
1442:Patranomodon
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1408:Chainosauria
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1347:
1340:
1319:
1312:
1202:
1193:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1008:
1004:
991:
966:
962:
956:
913:
909:
899:
866:
862:
852:
809:
805:
795:
778:
774:
730:
726:
702:
698:
685:
668:
664:
658:
633:
629:
562:
559:
555:
553:
543:
538:
537:
532:
528:
520:
517:histological
508:
506:
496:
488:
486:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
453:
449:
445:
440:
424:
423:
401:
389:
388:
381:
375:
367:
365:
355:
350:
338:
337:
320:Eunotosaurus
318:
314:
308:
301:
297:
279:
274:
273:
263:
259:
256:Robert Broom
251:
250:
236:
232:
212:
211:
210:
196:
174:
173:
148:Dicynodontia
138:
112:
99:
48:
24:
18:
2984:Dicynodonts
2860:Dromasauria
2758:Elatosaurus
2744:Diaelurodon
2737:Cristonasus
2723:Calleonasus
2633:Sangusaurus
2578:Pentasaurus
2571:Moghreberia
2548:Placeriinae
2506:Wadiasaurus
2402:Tetragonias
2153:Dinanomodon
2125:Counillonia
2040:Pelanomodon
2026:Bulbasaurus
1937:Idelesaurus
1826:Kembawacela
1762:Kingoriidae
1735:Myosauridae
1688:Emydorhinus
1668:Emydopoidea
1641:Endothiodon
1607:Prosictodon
1573:Pristerodon
1552:Eodicynodon
1376:Parasuminia
1349:Tiarajudens
1321:Novocynodon
1300:Anomodontia
1287:Anomodontia
1250:Anomodontia
1165:Anomodontia
671:: 135–172.
513:endothermic
493:herbivorous
394:premaxillae
347:prairie dog
303:Eodycynodon
221:dicynodonts
132:Anomodontia
2978:Categories
2835:Taognathus
2765:Eurycarpus
2626:Jachaleria
2395:Shansiodon
2375:Woznikella
2281:see below↓
2195:Turfanodon
1916:Bidentalia
1903:Bidentalia
1857:see below↓
1848:Bidentalia
1708:Emydopidae
1696:Palemydops
1470:see below↓
1421:Galechirus
1397:Venyukovia
1314:Biseridens
1259:see below↓
1207:Therapsida
1085:Assemblage
596:References
554:The genus
521:Diictodon,
450:Diictodon.
286:therapsids
197:E. newtoni
125:Suborder:
119:Therapsida
2585:Placerias
2564:Lisowicia
2537:Sungeodon
2238:Jimusaria
2222:Basilodon
2188:Taoheodon
2174:Peramodon
2146:Dicynodon
2067:Oudenodon
2010:Geikiidae
1778:Kombuisia
1751:Myosaurus
1717:Compsodon
1681:Digalodon
1648:Niassodon
1593:Diictodon
1566:Nyaphulia
1238:Synapsida
1223:Synapsida
1198:Synapsida
1181:Kingdom:
1125:129846697
940:1475-4983
755:140615500
650:129393393
544:Eosimops’
529:Diictodon
473:Diictodon
469:Diictodon
429:vertebrae
414:symphysis
402:Eosimops’
377:Diictodon
270:Discovery
247:Etymology
225:synapsids
106:Synapsida
79:Kingdom:
73:Eukaryota
2908:Q5381893
2902:Wikidata
2893:Eosimops
2716:Baiopsis
2409:Vinceria
2167:Kunpania
2160:Gordonia
1999:Katumbia
1976:Elphidae
1958:Rastodon
1944:Keyseria
1634:Abajudon
1614:Robertia
1600:Eosimops
1369:Otsheria
1189:Chordata
1187:Phylum:
1183:Animalia
1117:40864356
1070:86189707
969:: 1–17.
948:84329913
891:85792653
844:12590756
568:See also
556:Eosimops
539:Eosimops
533:Eosimops
525:ontogeny
509:Eosimops
497:Eosimops
489:Eosimops
477:Eosimops
465:Eosimops
454:Eosimops
446:Robertia
441:Eosimops
433:cervical
425:Eosimops
420:Skeleton
390:Eosimops
383:Robertia
368:Eosimops
356:Eosimops
351:Eosimops
343:synapsid
339:Eosimops
315:Eosimops
298:Eosimops
294:Jurassic
275:Eosimops
252:Eosimops
237:Eosimops
233:Eosimops
213:Eosimops
189:Species
175:Eosimops
154:Family:
93:Chordata
89:Phylum:
83:Animalia
69:Domain:
25:Eosimops
2948:4128581
2935:1233091
2922:4817928
1724:Emydops
1435:Galepus
1428:Galeops
1390:Ulemica
1383:Suminia
1097:Bibcode
1062:4524703
1042:Bibcode
971:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
871:Bibcode
835:1691218
826:3558758
775:Lethaia
735:Bibcode
705:: 1–24.
699:Zootaxa
550:Species
515:. In a
471:. Like
410:dentary
292:to the
290:Permian
167:Genus:
2786:Koupia
2033:Geikia
1123:
1115:
1068:
1060:
946:
938:
889:
842:
832:
824:
753:
648:
437:dorsal
183:, 1921
2961:39086
2930:IRMNG
1965:Syops
1203:Clade
1194:Clade
1121:S2CID
1113:JSTOR
1066:S2CID
1058:JSTOR
1001:(PDF)
944:S2CID
887:S2CID
822:JSTOR
751:S2CID
695:(PDF)
646:S2CID
398:nares
362:Skull
264:Ăłpsis
181:Broom
139:Clade
113:Clade
100:Clade
2917:GBIF
1985:Elph
1236:see
936:ISSN
840:PMID
703:2018
491:was
483:Diet
448:and
323:and
201:type
1105:doi
1050:doi
1013:doi
1009:160
979:doi
967:411
926:doi
879:doi
830:PMC
814:doi
810:270
783:doi
743:doi
673:doi
669:108
638:doi
260:Ä’áą“s
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