894:
40:
153:
880:
952:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Day, Michael O.; Barbolini, Natasha; Hancox, P. John; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Bamford, Marion K.; Viglietti, Pia A.; McPhee, Blair W.; Jirah, Sifelani (2016), "Advances in
Nonmarine Karoo Biostratigraphy: Significance for Understanding Basin Development",
1151:
Day, Michael Oliver; Rubidge, Bruce Sidney (2014-12-01). "A brief lithostratigraphic review of the
Abrahamskraal and Koonap formations of the Beaufort Group, South Africa: Towards a basin-wide stratigraphic scheme for the Middle Permian Karoo".
1326:
1610:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015-02-16). "New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsianEriphostoma microdonBroom, 1911".
1532:
Modesto, Sean P.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Campione, Nicolás E.; Reisz, Robert R. (2011-10-19). "The last "pelycosaur": a varanopid synapsid from the
Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, Middle Permian of South Africa".
1747:
1489:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Modesto, Sean P. (2009-06-12). "Anatomy and relationships of the Middle
Permian varanopidHeleosaurus scholtzibased on a social aggregation from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
864:, have been recovered from geological formations from different countries which correlate in age. Hipposaurus fossils have been found in the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation in
1691:"Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana"
1290:
Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001-01-01). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the
Beaufort group".
656:
that had previously begun to take course due to tectonic activity. The pressure of the growing
Gondwanides mountain chain caused the formation of the
1219:
1233:
Day, Michael O.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel A.; Sadler, Peter M.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015-07-22).
1193:
Middle
Permian continental biodiversity changes as reflected in the Beaufort Group of South Africa: a bio-and lithostratigraphic review of the
626:(end-Guadalupian) extinction event, which is currently thought to have been caused by the eruption of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province.
1235:"When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa"
1779:
1654:
Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the
Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy".
1065:"Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia"
502:
Assemblage Zone. After further research on the rocks of the middle
Permian, it was understood that the disappearance of the
1689:
Cisneros, Juan Carlos; Abdala, Fernando; Jashashvili, Tea; Bueno, Ana de
Oliveira; Dentzien-Dias, Paula (2015-07-01).
533:, the lowermost Teekloof Formation west of 24°E and to the Middleton Formation east of 24°E, Adelaide Subgroup of the
1757:
970:
664:
Assemblage zone, and all other succeeding assemblage zone deposits, were deposited over tens of millions of years.
1434:"A mixed-age classed 'pelycosaur' aggregation from South Africa: earliest evidence of parental care in amniotes?"
634:
557:
514:
507:
482:
106:
1784:
1383:
Lyson, Tyler R.; Bever, Gabe S.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Hsiang, Allison Y.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-06-17).
93:
477:
Assemblage Zone as it currently stands was defined by Keyser and Smith in the late 1970s. Initially the
739:
256:
1344:"Biostratigraphic correlation in the Karoo: The case of the Middle Permian parareptile Eunotosaurus"
985:
van der Walt, Merrill; Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Cooper, Antony; Netterberg, Inge (2010-12-31).
530:
228:
75:
1589:"The first biarmosuchian from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia"
618:
activity taking place during the time the rock sediments were deposited. The rocks of the lower
353:
in 1856. However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the
1789:
1213:
8:
899:
45:
1723:
1690:
1636:
1566:
1514:
1466:
1433:
1267:
1234:
1133:
1086:
1045:
1010:"On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa"
858:, have been recovered. Some fossil taxa that have been found from this biozone, namely
649:
350:
240:
232:
79:
1667:
1303:
1753:
1728:
1710:
1671:
1640:
1628:
1588:
1558:
1550:
1506:
1471:
1453:
1414:
1406:
1365:
1307:
1272:
1254:
1169:
1165:
1137:
1125:
1049:
1037:
986:
966:
907:
735:
641:
1570:
1518:
987:"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
1718:
1702:
1663:
1620:
1542:
1498:
1461:
1445:
1396:
1355:
1299:
1262:
1246:
1161:
1117:
1076:
1029:
1025:
1021:
958:
747:
690:
587:
244:
1191:
1360:
1343:
962:
957:, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer International Publishing, pp. 141–149,
713:
699:
653:
494:
473:
294:
277:
220:
184:
51:
39:
1033:
885:
645:
534:
369:
354:
342:
282:
236:
83:
1546:
1401:
1384:
1121:
1773:
1714:
1675:
1632:
1554:
1510:
1457:
1410:
1369:
1311:
1258:
1173:
1129:
1041:
811:
761:
439:
309:
302:
272:
264:
260:
132:
27:
1732:
1562:
1475:
1449:
1418:
1276:
1250:
1081:
1064:
844:
832:
782:
765:
615:
503:
489:
447:
423:
411:
407:
403:
365:
248:
158:
140:
136:
1502:
1342:
Day, Mike; Rubidge, Bruce; Almond, John; Jirah, Sifelani (January 2013).
860:
850:
835:
819:
806:
800:
791:
786:
777:
770:
756:
657:
607:
546:
513:, and the extra 300m of rock was subsequently restored to the underlying
463:
455:
431:
168:
1706:
839:
795:
773:
751:
687:
672:
584:
395:
388:
381:
322:
1624:
879:
640:, having been formed by sedimentary material being deposited by vast,
255:, reaching not more than 300 metres (980 ft), occur just east of
1090:
814:
719:
568:
564:
498:
319:
314:
305:
299:
268:
1105:
1009:
947:
945:
750:. Other taxa that have been found in this biozone include a couple
679:
599:
591:
580:
576:
217:
1438:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
743:
694:
623:
542:
538:
478:
415:
373:
346:
289:
252:
224:
64:
31:
942:
865:
728:
675:
358:
338:
326:
1688:
731:
724:
611:
595:
361:
984:
1069:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
652:
mountains in the south. The Gondwanides were the result of
572:
955:
Origin and Evolution of the Cape Mountains and Karoo Basin
1531:
1208:(Ph.D thesis). Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand.
951:
933:
Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup).
1232:
622:
Assemblage Zone were deposited at the end of the middle
239:, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological
1609:
1382:
1106:"V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa"
1432:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Modesto, Sean P. (2007-11-22).
644:
plains. These fluvial plains flowed northwards from a
492:
fossils in those rock deposits and had been named the
1341:
875:
1331:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
717:fossils are usually found associated with those of
1488:
1431:
590:, which weather out brown, are often found in the
1771:
267:in the north. Exposures are also found west of
556:Assemblage Zone are similar to the underlying
308:. It is characterized by the presence of this
1746:Kemp, Thomas Stainforth; Kemp, T. S. (2005).
1289:
648:that was being formed from the rising of the
606:Assemblage Zone is also known for containing
506:was not an indication of the boundary of the
1582:
1580:
1325:Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E. (2005).
1324:
1218:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
927:
925:
923:
633:Assemblage Zone was likewise similar to the
376:, which he named (from oldest to youngest):
281:Assemblage Zone is the third biozone of the
1014:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1150:
842:and a variety of plant fossils, namely of
529:Assemblage Zone correlates with the upper
481:included the upper 300m of the underlying
38:
1722:
1577:
1465:
1400:
1385:"Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell"
1359:
1266:
1080:
935:South African Committee of Stratigraphy.
920:
838:, burrows, and feeding trails such as of
1745:
1653:
686:Assemblage Zone, especially within the
357:could be differentiated based on their
345:rocks that encompass the current eight
329:are especially common in this biozone.
1772:
1189:
1062:
364:. The initial undertaking was done by
1586:
1185:
1183:
1103:
394:Zone of "highly specialized group of
1007:
697:is characterized by the presence of
629:The depositional environment of the
563:although is dominated by multistory
1749:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
1190:Oliver, Day, Michael (2014-03-04).
939:. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
727:are the most commonly found; other
13:
1491:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1328:The Nonmarine Permian: Bulletin 30
1180:
1008:Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01).
790:are likewise found including some
14:
1801:
1292:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1154:Journal of African Earth Sciences
598:bands are found in the lowermost
406:named were subdivided further by
1348:South African Journal of Science
1166:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.001
892:
878:
742:, which is the reason that this
151:
1739:
1682:
1647:
1603:
1587:Sidor, Christian (2015-04-09).
1525:
1482:
1425:
1376:
1335:
1318:
1283:
678:are most commonly found in the
667:
119:up to 984.252 feet (300 m)
1780:South African assemblage zones
1226:
1144:
1097:
1056:
1026:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
1001:
978:
610:deposits. The presence of the
602:deposits of this biozone. The
579:and subordinate reddish-brown
515:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
227:which correlates to the upper
1:
1668:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4
1304:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1
913:
614:band confirms that there was
963:10.1007/978-3-319-40859-0_14
931:Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b.
723:. The fossils of both these
520:
488:due to the disappearance of
312:species in association with
7:
871:
541:is considered to be Middle
418:(from oldest to youngest):
235:, Adelaide Subgroup of the
10:
1806:
1695:Royal Society Open Science
1361:10.1590/sajs.2013/20120030
1104:Broom, R. (January 1906).
740:end-Guadalupian extinction
709:Pristerognathus vanderbyli
660:where the deposits of the
332:
52:Pristerognathus vanderbyli
1547:10.1007/s00114-011-0856-2
1402:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.003
1122:10.1017/S001675680012271X
937:Biostratigraphic Series 1
703:and its other subspecies
199:
191:
179:
174:
164:
146:
128:
123:
115:
102:
89:
70:
60:
37:
26:
18:
734:are markedly more rare.
700:Pristerognathus polyodon
402:These proposed biozones
295:Pristerognathus polyodon
185:Pristerognathus polyodon
1613:Papers in Palaeontology
1593:Palaeontologia Africana
991:Palaeontologia Africana
531:Abrahamskraal Formation
414:proposed the following
410:between 1906 and 1909.
229:Abrahamskraal Formation
76:Abrahamskraal Formation
1450:10.1098/rspb.2007.0803
1251:10.1098/rspb.2015.0834
1082:10.1098/rstb.1895.0001
1063:Seeley, H. G. (1895).
810:. Finally, fossils of
798:species found include
766:Eunotosaurus africanus
738:dropped off after the
801:Endothiodon uniseries
787:Hipposaurus boonstrai
705:Pristerognathus baini
571:are interspaced with
1785:Permian South Africa
1503:10.1671/039.029.0209
778:Heleosaurus scholtzi
575:-rich greenish-grey
1707:10.1098/rsos.150090
1535:Naturwissenschaften
1444:(1627): 2829–2834.
1110:Geological Magazine
1034:2027/uc1.c034667778
900:Paleontology portal
820:Rhinesuchus whaitsi
807:Pristerodon mackayi
368:who subdivided the
366:Harry Govier Seeley
349:were discovered by
341:to be found in the
46:Glanosuchus macrops
28:Stratigraphic range
1245:(1811): 20150834.
351:Andrew Geddes Bain
315:Diictodon feliceps
233:Teekloof Formation
195:Keyser & Smith
80:Teekloof Formation
1656:Gondwana Research
1625:10.1002/spp2.1012
1541:(12): 1027–1034.
1395:(12): 1113–1119.
908:List of synapsids
781:. Fossils of the
736:Species diversity
552:The rocks of the
298:, a medium-sized
263:in the south and
207:
206:
1797:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1404:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1298:(3–4): 563–577.
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1205:assemblage zones
1187:
1178:
1177:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1005:
999:
998:
982:
976:
975:
949:
940:
929:
902:
897:
896:
895:
888:
883:
882:
754:species, namely
748:species richness
682:deposits of the
594:layers. Pinkish
288:The name of the
245:Karoo Supergroup
157:
155:
154:
42:
16:
15:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1687:
1683:
1652:
1648:
1608:
1604:
1585:
1578:
1530:
1526:
1487:
1483:
1430:
1426:
1389:Current Biology
1381:
1377:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1319:
1288:
1284:
1239:Proc. R. Soc. B
1231:
1227:
1211:
1210:
1203:Pristerognathus
1188:
1181:
1149:
1145:
1102:
1098:
1061:
1057:
1006:
1002:
983:
979:
973:
950:
943:
930:
921:
916:
898:
893:
891:
884:
877:
874:
794:species. Other
760:, the putative
714:Pristerognathus
684:Pristerognathus
670:
662:Pristerognathus
638:Assemblage Zone
631:Pristerognathus
620:Pristerognathus
604:Pristerognathus
561:Assemblage Zone
554:Pristerognathus
527:Pristerognathus
523:
511:Assemblage Zone
495:Pristerognathus
486:Assemblage Zone
474:Pristerognathus
335:
278:Pristerognathus
251:. The thickest
221:assemblage zone
214:Assemblage Zone
212:Pristerognathus
152:
150:
110:Assemblage Zone
97:Assemblage Zone
56:
22:Assemblage Zone
20:Pristerognathus
12:
11:
5:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1752:. OUP Oxford.
1738:
1681:
1662:(1): 165–173.
1646:
1619:(2): 201–221.
1602:
1576:
1524:
1497:(2): 389–400.
1481:
1424:
1375:
1334:
1317:
1282:
1225:
1199:Tapinocephalus
1179:
1143:
1096:
1055:
1020:(1): 317–318.
1000:
977:
971:
941:
918:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
904:
903:
889:
886:Geology portal
873:
870:
746:is lacking in
669:
666:
654:crustal uplift
646:foreland basin
636:Tapinocephalus
567:deposits. The
559:Tapinocephalus
535:Beaufort Group
522:
519:
509:Tapinocephalus
504:dinocephalians
484:Tapinocephalus
469:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
400:
399:
392:
385:
382:Pareiasaurians
370:Beaufort Group
355:Beaufort Group
343:Beaufort Group
334:
331:
310:therocephalian
303:therocephalian
283:Beaufort Group
237:Beaufort Group
231:and lowermost
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
144:
143:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
108:Tapinocephalus
104:
100:
99:
91:
87:
86:
84:Beaufort Group
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
43:
35:
34:
32:Middle Permian
24:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1802:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1761:
1759:9780198507611
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:(7): 150090.
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
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1630:
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1420:
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981:
974:
972:9783319408583
968:
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948:
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938:
934:
928:
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919:
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905:
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890:
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867:
863:
862:
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837:
834:
830:
826:
823:, the fishes
822:
821:
816:
813:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
784:
783:biarmosuchian
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:
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758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
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733:
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710:
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632:
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582:
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544:
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536:
532:
528:
518:
516:
512:
510:
505:
501:
500:
496:
491:
490:Dinocephalian
487:
485:
480:
476:
475:
466:
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440:Kistecephalus
437:
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273:Graaff-Reinet
271:and south of
270:
266:
265:Victoria West
262:
261:Beaufort West
258:
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1484:
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1285:
1242:
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1228:
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1200:
1196:
1192:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1116:(1): 29–30.
1113:
1109:
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1072:
1068:
1058:
1017:
1013:
1003:
994:
990:
980:
954:
936:
932:
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855:
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845:Glossopteris
843:
833:invertebrate
828:
824:
818:
812:temnospondyl
805:
799:
785:
776:
764:
762:pantestudine
755:
718:
712:
708:
704:
698:
683:
671:
668:Paleontology
661:
635:
630:
628:
619:
603:
558:
553:
551:
526:
524:
508:
493:
483:
472:
470:
462:
454:
448:Lystrosaurus
446:
438:
430:
424:Pareiasaurus
422:
408:Robert Broom
401:
336:
313:
293:
287:
276:
249:South Africa
211:
210:
208:
200:Year defined
183:
175:Type section
159:South Africa
141:Eastern Cape
107:
95:Tropidostoma
94:
50:
44:
19:
1790:Guadalupian
1214:cite thesis
1195:Eodicynodon
1160:: 227–242.
861:Hipposaurus
856:Schizoneura
851:Phyllotheca
829:Atherstonia
825:Namaichthys
817:such as of
792:gorgonopsid
757:Bradysaurus
658:Karoo Basin
547:Guadalupian
464:Cynognathus
456:Procolophon
432:Endothiodon
396:theriodonts
389:Dicynodonts
372:into three
318:, a small,
300:carnivorous
259:through to
169:Karoo Basin
49:(formerly "
1774:Categories
1354:(3–4): 4.
914:References
840:Planolites
815:amphibians
796:dicynodont
774:pelycosaur
769:, and the
752:pareiasaur
688:calcareous
673:Vertebrate
650:Gondwanide
585:Calcareous
569:sandstones
549:) in age.
337:The first
323:dicynodont
292:refers to
257:Sutherland
1715:2054-5703
1676:1342-937X
1641:128762256
1633:2056-2802
1555:0028-1042
1511:0272-4634
1458:0962-8452
1411:0960-9822
1370:0038-2353
1312:1464-343X
1259:0962-8452
1174:1464-343X
1138:129265956
1130:1469-5081
1050:128602890
1042:0370-291X
836:trackways
771:varanopid
720:Diictodon
577:mudstones
565:sandstone
521:Lithology
499:Diictodon
387:Zone of "
380:Zone of "
320:fossorial
306:therapsid
269:Colesberg
180:Named for
116:Thickness
90:Underlies
1733:26587266
1571:27865550
1563:22009069
1519:84703110
1476:17848370
1419:23727095
1277:26156768
1075:: 1–57.
872:See also
680:mudstone
616:volcanic
600:mudstone
592:mudstone
583:layers.
581:mudstone
416:biozones
374:biozones
347:biozones
253:outcrops
218:tetrapod
192:Named by
133:Northern
124:Location
103:Overlies
1724:4632579
1467:2288685
1268:4528552
744:biozone
695:biozone
693:. This
691:nodules
676:fossils
642:fluvial
624:Permian
608:uranium
588:nodules
543:Permian
539:biozone
537:. This
479:biozone
339:fossils
333:History
327:fossils
290:biozone
243:of the
225:biozone
147:Country
137:Western
82:of the
71:Unit of
65:Biozone
1756:
1731:
1721:
1713:
1674:
1639:
1631:
1599:: 1–7.
1569:
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1509:
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1456:
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1368:
1310:
1275:
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1172:
1136:
1128:
1089:
1048:
1040:
997:: 1–6.
969:
866:Zambia
854:, and
729:fossil
404:Seeley
359:fossil
325:whose
275:. The
165:Extent
156:
139:&
129:Region
74:Upper
1637:S2CID
1567:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1134:S2CID
1091:91793
1087:JSTOR
1046:S2CID
612:chert
596:chert
525:The
412:Broom
241:Group
216:is a
1754:ISBN
1729:PMID
1711:ISSN
1672:ISSN
1629:ISSN
1559:PMID
1551:ISSN
1507:ISSN
1472:PMID
1454:ISSN
1415:PMID
1407:ISSN
1366:ISSN
1308:ISSN
1273:PMID
1255:ISSN
1220:link
1201:and
1170:ISSN
1126:ISSN
1038:ISSN
967:ISBN
827:and
804:and
732:taxa
725:taxa
707:and
573:silt
471:The
467:beds
459:beds
451:beds
443:beds
435:beds
427:beds
362:taxa
209:The
203:1979
78:and
61:Type
1719:PMC
1703:doi
1664:doi
1621:doi
1543:doi
1499:doi
1462:PMC
1446:doi
1442:274
1397:doi
1356:doi
1352:109
1300:doi
1263:PMC
1247:doi
1243:282
1162:doi
1158:100
1118:doi
1077:doi
1073:186
1030:hdl
1022:doi
959:doi
711:.
247:in
223:or
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