627:
1042:
2225:
137:
507:
115:
1766:
4490:
4476:
4502:
2354:
1759:
1753:
2219:
4514:
548:
teeth. The incisor teeth at the front of the upper jaw are also large and blade-like. There are six incisors on either side of the upper jaw, the furthest one being noticeably smaller than the rest. Five small pointed teeth are located behind each canine. The snout is wider in the front than it is
665:
that collect moisture from inhaled air. As endotherms, mammals must breathe rapidly to supply enough oxygen for their high metabolisms. As oxygen passes into and out of the nasal cavity, it dries out the surrounding tissue. Water from inhaled air condenses on the maxilloturbinates, preventing the
669:
Reptiles and more primitive synapsids have conchae, but these plates of bone are involved in sensing smell rather than preventing desiccation. While the maxilloturbinates of mammals are located in the path of airflow to collect moisture, sensory cochae in both mammals and reptiles are positioned
656:
While fur, commonly accepted as a clear indication of endothermy, has not been found in non-mammalian therapsids, some skeletal features preserved in therapsid remains may be an indication of the metabolic rates of these animals. Modern mammals possess maxilloturbinates, which are a type of
601:
show that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of
674:
has ridges positioned low in the nasal cavity, indicating that it had maxilloturbinates that were in the direct path of airflow. The maxilloturbinates may not have been preserved because they were either very thin or
701:. This shortens the nasal cavity, thereby reducing the ability to humidify incoming air. The choanae migrated farther back in the palate later in therocephalian evolution, suggesting that advanced forms like
549:
behind, a usual feature among therapsids but present in several other related therocephalians. The nostrils are positioned at the tip of the snout and directed forward.
3094:
2421:
637:
may have been one of the first therapsids to achieve endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. Endothermy is seen today in mammals, the only living group of therapsids.
713:, indicating that the two groups were convergently acquiring mammalian characteristics in the Permian and Triassic. Although therocephalians died out by the
610:, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The
2804:
1867:
2390:
1895:
1522:
1951:
1684:
1423:
4283:
3061:
2320:
2285:
1589:
1550:
693:
is the earliest known therapsid to possess maxilloturbinates, but it shares features with reptiles that suggest it was not fully endothermic.
3099:
2292:
2098:
1602:
1365:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1308:
4644:
3066:
529:
in some parts. In illustrating the holotype, Broom chose to reconstruct the skull of the species rather than draw the actual specimen.
4570:
697:, two holes in the palate that connect the nasal cavity to the mouth, are positioned far forward in reptiles, early synapsids, and
1075:
4634:
4624:
2383:
4649:
4639:
2905:
1096:
17:
687:
may have been able to rapidly breathe without drying out the nasal passage, and therefore could have been an endotherm.
4288:
2840:
4506:
4385:
2376:
3670:
525:
skull. The skull has been distorted during fossilization and the bone is indistinguishable from the surrounding
4340:
4278:
3675:
893:
Hillenius, W.J. (1994). "Turbinates in therapsids: Evidence for Late
Permian origins of mammalian endothermy".
666:
drying out of the nasal cavity and allowing mammals to inhale enough oxygen to support their high metabolisms.
3660:
3655:
3056:
2913:
3936:
3680:
2224:
4241:
3104:
853:"Middle ear structures in the Permian Glanosuchus sp. (Therocephalia, Therapsida), based on thin sections"
3931:
3665:
1068:
136:
2959:
2949:
2923:
4360:
2885:
618:
was not as effective as it is in mammals, meaning that the animal had a less acute sense of hearing.
607:
3981:
2850:
2501:
2437:
1765:
977:"The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure"
4629:
4330:
3810:
2918:
2633:
2587:
2511:
2399:
1758:
4601:
4538:
4345:
4273:
4236:
2928:
2809:
2572:
2357:
1752:
1061:
645:
with lower metabolic rates. Endothermic animals likely evolved from more primitive ectothermic
521:
paleontologist Robert Broom, who named the genus and species on the basis of a nearly complete
683:
rather than turbinates. Nonetheless, the possible presence of maxilloturbinates suggests that
4596:
4588:
2855:
270:
486:
structure that was intermediate between that of early therapsids and mammals. Ridges in the
4417:
4375:
4325:
3031:
3022:
2719:
2462:
829:
705:
had high metabolic rates similar to those of mammals. As the choanae moved farther back, a
247:
2218:
679:. The possibility has also been raised that these ridges are associated with an olfactory
8:
4520:
4494:
4380:
4221:
2975:
2868:
2824:
2799:
2670:
2648:
2536:
2526:
2486:
1047:
1010:"New therapsid specimens and the origin of the secondary hard and soft palate of mammals"
709:
expanded in front of it. This expansion occurred in both therocephalians and the related
540:
probably grew to around 6 feet (1.8 m) in length. Like other early therocephalians,
4355:
4320:
3604:
3044:
3039:
2878:
2873:
2784:
2682:
2653:
2582:
2531:
2442:
1166:
1026:
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131:
626:
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2709:
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2643:
2638:
2606:
2594:
2516:
2447:
2195:
1564:
993:
976:
918:
759:
717:, cynodonts continued to diversify, giving rise to fully endothermic mammals in the
3574:
3454:
3439:
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1916:
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223:
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3012:
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2132:
2112:
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1930:
1853:
1839:
1698:
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1452:
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1228:
1215:
1178:
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869:
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763:
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594:
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210:
72:
506:
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3579:
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3383:
3378:
3323:
3308:
3186:
3171:
3151:
2895:
2334:
2327:
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2299:
2244:
2167:
2139:
2071:
2044:
2033:
2019:
2010:
1965:
1860:
1818:
1705:
1677:
1613:
1543:
1529:
1288:
1272:
957:
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922:
662:
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545:
518:
487:
475:
468:
464:
460:
243:
114:
2368:
4195:
4132:
4107:
4086:
4071:
4001:
3976:
3905:
3900:
3850:
3835:
3820:
3785:
3725:
3715:
3614:
3599:
3594:
3549:
3544:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3449:
3303:
3288:
3253:
3181:
2890:
2845:
2769:
2737:
2660:
2521:
2481:
2278:
2264:
1983:
1972:
1909:
1902:
1832:
1654:
1643:
1636:
1488:
1431:
1372:
1351:
495:
47:
4575:
4226:
4190:
4061:
4046:
4031:
4021:
3971:
3890:
3875:
3860:
3800:
3760:
3720:
3710:
3514:
3489:
3464:
3353:
3348:
3313:
3293:
3273:
3120:
3007:
2665:
2546:
2105:
2053:
1923:
1881:
1797:
1784:
1720:
1663:
1460:
1281:
1260:
1246:
1126:
914:
755:
680:
566:
483:
194:
92:
57:
4475:
4174:
4153:
4112:
3830:
3815:
3634:
3584:
3569:
3539:
3494:
3474:
3434:
3328:
3283:
3248:
3233:
3212:
3196:
3135:
3130:
2819:
2313:
2158:
2026:
1992:
1825:
1629:
1536:
1151:
1117:
739:
670:
farther back and above the nasal passage, away from the flow of air.
642:
590:
586:
181:
148:
97:
4532:
906:
783:
606:
that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The
4555:
4016:
3991:
3956:
3408:
3358:
3191:
3161:
2863:
2084:
2060:
1445:
1416:
1108:
710:
650:
646:
522:
168:
123:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
941:"Selective factors associated with the origin of fur and feathers"
4455:
3765:
1999:
1007:
638:
582:
570:
102:
77:
1053:
4056:
2174:
1888:
1102:
694:
578:
158:
565:
represents an early stage in the development of the mammalian
740:"Revision of the Scylacosauridae (Therapsida: Therocephalia)"
574:
449:
641:, the closest living relatives of mammals, are cold-blooded
1014:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
630:
Skulls shown from above, including that of the holotype (C)
614:
between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in
3095:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
2422:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
569:. Modern mammals have three bones in the middle ear (the
850:
796:
Transactions of the South
African Philosophical Society
589:. The malleus and incus of mammals developed from the
1037:
2805:
Tectonic evolution of the
Barberton greenstone belt
1008:Maier, W.; Heever, J. van den; Durand, F. (1996).
4616:
938:
4263:
4284:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
3062:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
3100:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
2384:
1069:
597:of early therapsids. Studies of the bones of
1226:
2398:
731:
122:Skulls in side view, including that of the
4513:
3924:
3648:
3067:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
2391:
2377:
1076:
1062:
113:
2759:
2411:
1795:
1025:
992:
981:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
956:
892:
868:
1150:
737:
625:
505:
970:
968:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
14:
4617:
934:
932:
851:Maier, W.; Heever, J. van den (2002).
827:
823:
821:
819:
817:
777:
775:
773:
581:) that transfer sound energy from the
536:is about 12 inches (30 cm) long.
498:metabolism similar to modern mammals.
4537:
4536:
4434:
4407:
4406:
4262:
3083:
2996:
2758:
2410:
2372:
2241:
1782:
1213:
1095:
1057:
784:"On two new therocephalian reptiles (
781:
494:suggest it had an at least partially
2997:
1001:
974:
965:
877:
929:
844:
814:
770:
510:Illustration of the skull from 1904
24:
4289:Geological Society of South Africa
1027:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00805.x
25:
4661:
4645:Lopingian genus first appearances
2841:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1214:
1083:
939:Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D. (2000).
544:had a long, deep snout and large
4512:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4474:
4386:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
3084:
2353:
2352:
2242:
2223:
2217:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1040:
994:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00226.x
135:
45:
3671:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
738:Kammerer, Christian E. (2023).
552:
517:was first described in 1904 by
4279:Evolutionary Studies Institute
3676:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1783:
501:
13:
1:
4635:Fossil taxa described in 1904
4625:Lopingian synapsids of Africa
3661:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
3656:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
3057:Minerals Council South Africa
2914:1620 Robben Island earthquake
808:10.1080/21560382.1904.9626433
724:
621:
4264:Research and administration
3937:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
3681:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
7:
4650:Lopingian genus extinctions
3932:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
3666:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
649:sometime in the Permian or
399:Cynariognathus paucioridens
27:Extinct genus of therapsids
10:
4666:
4640:Taxa named by Robert Broom
2960:Vredefort impact structure
2950:Morokweng impact structure
2924:2006 Mozambique earthquake
557:
394:Brink & Kitching, 1951
381:Cynariognathus platyrhinus
326:Brink & Kitching, 1951
4545:
4468:
4441:
4435:
4430:
4413:
4402:
4361:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
4313:
4297:
4269:
4258:
4242:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
4214:
4183:
4162:
4146:
4095:
3949:
3693:
3417:
3226:
3205:
3144:
3113:
3105:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3090:
3079:
3003:
2992:
2968:
2937:
2904:
2886:Barberton Greenstone Belt
2833:
2765:
2754:
2730:
2557:
2471:
2430:
2417:
2406:
2348:
2252:
2237:
2215:
2157:
2122:
2079:
2070:
2043:
2009:
1982:
1806:
1791:
1778:
1749:
1719:
1653:
1612:
1597:
1588:
1498:
1471:
1411:
1400:
1298:
1271:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1209:
1177:
1159:
1146:
1091:
830:"The Importance of Noses"
301:
294:
276:
269:
132:Scientific classification
130:
121:
112:
34:
3982:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
2851:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
2502:Table Mountain Sandstone
2438:Bushveld Igneous Complex
870:10.1002/mmng.20020050119
4495:South Africa portal
4331:Charles Kimberlin Brain
2919:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
2634:Abrahamskraal Formation
2588:Sundays River Formation
2512:Abrahamskraal Formation
2400:Geology of South Africa
744:Palaeontologia Africana
661:(shelf of bone) in the
429:Crapartinella croucheri
4346:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
4274:Council for Geoscience
4237:West Coast Fossil Park
2929:2014 Orkney earthquake
2810:Terra Australis Orogen
2760:Tectonics and orogeny
2573:Buffelskloof Formation
631:
511:
4597:Paleobiology Database
2856:Prince Edward Islands
2412:Geological formations
790:Pristerognathus baini
629:
509:
4418:Geology of Cape Town
4376:John Talbot Robinson
4326:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
3032:Coal in South Africa
3023:Banket (mining term)
2720:Normandien Formation
2463:Transvaal Supergroup
958:10.1093/icb/40.4.585
585:to the fluid of the
4547:Glanosuchus macrops
4381:George William Stow
4222:Cradle of Humankind
2976:Bellsbank meteorite
2869:Finsch diamond mine
2825:Witwatersrand Basin
2800:Makhonjwa Mountains
2671:Whitehill Formation
2649:Middleton Formation
2537:Whitehill Formation
2527:Ganigobis Formation
2487:Ganigobis Formation
1048:Paleontology portal
975:Kemp, T.S. (2006).
828:Zimmer, C. (1994).
786:Glanosuchus macrops
515:Glanosuchus macrops
283:Glanosuchus macrops
18:Glanosuchus macrops
4481:Geology portal
4356:Alfred W. Crompton
4321:Andrew Geddes Bain
3605:Pristerognathoides
3045:Titanium in Africa
3040:Platinum in Africa
3036:Iron ore in Africa
2879:Koffiefontein mine
2874:Jagersfontein Mine
2785:Gondwanide orogeny
2683:Bushveld Sandstone
2654:Teekloof Formation
2583:Kirkwood Formation
2532:Teekloof Formation
2443:Fig Tree Formation
945:American Zoologist
782:Broom, R. (1904).
632:
512:
408:Ptomalestes avidus
4612:
4611:
4584:Open Tree of Life
4539:Taxon identifiers
4530:
4529:
4464:
4463:
4446:Pothole (geology)
4426:
4425:
4408:Regional articles
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4351:H. Basil S. Cooke
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4027:Heterodontosaurus
3945:
3944:
3689:
3688:
3620:Promoschorhynchus
3075:
3074:
3050:Uranium in Africa
2998:Mineral deposits
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2715:Molteno Formation
2710:Katberg Formation
2688:Clarens Formation
2644:Katberg Formation
2639:Balfour Formation
2607:Drakensberg Group
2595:Kalahari Deposits
2517:Balfour Formation
2448:Komatii Formation
2366:
2365:
2344:
2343:
2233:
2232:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2196:Traversodontoides
1868:Jiucaiyuangnathus
1774:
1773:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1715:
1714:
1565:Promoschorhynchus
1396:
1395:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
612:transfer of sound
441:
440:
390:Walteria skinneri
250:
16:(Redirected from
4657:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4534:
4533:
4516:
4515:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4478:
4432:
4431:
4404:
4403:
4295:
4294:
4260:
4259:
3922:
3921:
3646:
3645:
3575:Macroscelesaurus
3455:Cistecephaloides
3440:Blattoidealestes
3264:Cistecephaloides
3167:Deltacephalaspis
3111:
3110:
3081:
3080:
2994:
2993:
2831:
2830:
2756:
2755:
2705:Elliot Formation
2693:Elliot Formation
2624:Karoo Supergroup
2458:Onverwacht Group
2428:
2427:
2408:
2407:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2272:Blattoidealestes
2239:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2124:Ericiolacertidae
2077:
2076:
1875:Macroscelesaurus
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1595:
1594:
1409:
1408:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
972:
963:
962:
960:
936:
927:
926:
890:
875:
874:
872:
848:
842:
841:
825:
812:
811:
779:
768:
767:
735:
707:secondary palate
434:
425:
413:
404:
395:
386:
377:
363:
362:Species synonymy
354:
345:
336:
327:
318:
307:
285:
281:
242:
235:
222:
209:
140:
139:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4489:
4487:
4473:
4460:
4451:Steep structure
4437:
4422:
4409:
4390:
4314:Paleontologists
4309:
4293:
4265:
4246:
4210:
4206:Vulpes skinneri
4179:
4158:
4142:
4138:Ptychoceratodus
4103:Acanthohoplites
4091:
4067:Ptychoceratodus
3941:
3920:
3871:Ptychoceratodus
3846:Platycraniellus
3771:Ictidosuchoides
3685:
3644:
3625:Scalopocephalus
3610:Pristerognathus
3525:Homodontosaurus
3413:
3339:Ictidosuchoides
3279:Dicynodontoides
3259:Charassognathus
3222:
3201:
3177:Gondwanascorpio
3140:
3109:
3086:
3071:
2999:
2980:
2964:
2933:
2900:
2829:
2815:Transvaal Basin
2795:Kalahari Craton
2790:Kaapvaal Craton
2761:
2742:
2726:
2678:Stormberg Group
2617:Uitenhage Group
2568:Uitenhage Group
2553:
2497:Bokkeveld Group
2467:
2426:
2413:
2402:
2397:
2367:
2362:
2340:
2248:
2229:
2222:
2201:
2153:
2118:
2066:
2039:
2005:
1978:
1959:Silphictidoides
1917:Scalopocephalus
1896:Nanictocephalus
1847:Ictidosuchoides
1812:Homodontosaurus
1800:
1787:
1770:
1763:
1735:
1711:
1649:
1608:
1584:
1516:Annatherapsidus
1500:Akidnognathidae
1494:
1473:Chthonosauridae
1467:
1405:
1403:Eutherocephalia
1392:
1380:Pristerognathus
1323:Biarmosuchoides
1300:Scylacosauridae
1294:
1267:
1254:Porosteognathus
1231:
1218:
1193:
1173:
1142:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1006:
1002:
973:
966:
937:
930:
907:10.2307/2410089
891:
878:
849:
845:
826:
815:
780:
771:
736:
732:
727:
715:Middle Triassic
624:
608:anular ligament
560:
555:
504:
437:
432:
431:
423:
422:
411:
410:
402:
401:
393:
392:
384:
383:
375:
374:
370:Pristerognathus
365:
364:
361:
357:
352:
351:
343:
342:
334:
333:
325:
324:
316:
315:
309:
308:
305:
290:
287:
279:
278:
265:
262:G. macrops
241:
233:
224:Scylacosauridae
220:
207:
134:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Scylacosaurids
4627:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4498:
4484:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:James Kitching
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4201:Panthera shawi
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Macroscaphites
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Sefapanosaurus
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Massospondylus
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Erythrotherium
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3916:Zorillodontops
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Plateosauravus
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Olivierosuchus
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Microgomphodon
3803:
3798:
3796:Melanorosaurus
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Erythrotherium
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:Batrachosuchus
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3640:Uranocentrodon
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Lanthanostegus
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Cynariognathus
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Brachyprosopus
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3418:Beaufort Group
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Alopecognathus
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Onychopterella
3123:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:Tswaing crater
2952:
2947:
2945:Kalkkop crater
2941:
2939:
2938:Impact craters
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Ellisras Basin
2777:
2775:Cape Fold Belt
2772:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2629:Beaufort Group
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:Enon Formation
2609:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Enon Formation
2575:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2478:Carboniferous
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2431:Palaeoarchaean
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2189:Scalopognathus
2185:
2182:Microgomphodon
2178:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2148:Silphedosuchus
2144:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2092:Nothogomphodon
2088:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1938:Scalopolacerta
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1692:Moschowhaitsia
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1579:Zorillodontops
1575:
1572:Shiguaignathus
1568:
1561:
1558:Olivierosuchus
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1523:Cerdosuchoides
1519:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1439:Perplexisaurus
1435:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1316:Alopecognathus
1312:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1136:Eutheriodontia
1129:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1000:
987:(4): 473–488.
964:
951:(4): 585–596.
928:
901:(2): 207–229.
876:
863:(1): 309–318.
843:
813:
769:
729:
728:
726:
723:
623:
620:
559:
556:
554:
551:
503:
500:
457:therocephalian
439:
438:
436:
435:
426:
424:Boonstra, 1969
418:Alopecognathus
414:
412:Boonstra, 1954
405:
403:Boonstra, 1954
396:
387:
378:
360:
359:
358:
356:
355:
346:
340:Karroowalteria
337:
335:Boonstra, 1954
328:
319:
313:Cynariognathus
306:Genus synonymy
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
288:
274:
273:
267:
266:
258:
256:
252:
251:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4662:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4305:Hans Merensky
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Scylacorhinus
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Africanacetus
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Litargosuchus
4040:
4038:
4037:Lesothosaurus
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Gigantoscelus
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Abrictosaurus
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Scaloposaurus
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Proterosuchus
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Progalesaurus
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Lepidodendron
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Euskelosaurus
3754:
3752:
3751:Eucnemesaurus
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Erythrosuchus
3739:
3737:
3736:Ericiolacerta
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Blikanasaurus
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Pelictosuchus
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Lepidodendron
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Ictidochampsa
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Cryptocynodon
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Anomocephalus
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Thliptosaurus
3397:
3395:
3394:Theriognathus
3392:
3390:
3389:Stereosternum
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Scylacosaurus
3372:
3370:
3369:Procynosuchus
3367:
3365:
3364:Odontocyclops
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Lepidodendron
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Ictidognathus
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Dwykaselachus
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Crapartinella
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Anomocephalus
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3218:Lepidodendron
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:Carboniferous
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Antarctilamna
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:Paleontology
3082:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:Witwatersrand
3016:
3014:
3013:Merensky Reef
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Moodies Group
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Alopecorhinus
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:Ericiolacerta
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:Scaloposaurus
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:Scaloposuchus
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:Scaloporhinus
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:Scalopodontes
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:Ictidosuchops
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1840:Ictidognathus
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:Theriognathus
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:Microwhaitsia
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1671:Ictidochampsa
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:Gorochovetzia
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Akidnognathus
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:Chthonosaurus
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:Scylacosuchus
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:Kotelcephalon
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1387:Scylacosaurus
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:Therocephalia
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Therocephalia
1212:
1208:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1179:Therocephalia
1176:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Therocephalia
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
871:
866:
862:
858:
857:Fossil Record
854:
847:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
818:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
778:
776:
774:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
730:
722:
720:
719:Late Triassic
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:cartilaginous
673:
667:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:The skull of
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:South African
516:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:was named by
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:scylacosaurid
451:
447:
446:
433:Mendrez, 1975
430:
427:
421:
419:
415:
409:
406:
400:
397:
391:
388:
382:
379:
373:
371:
367:
366:
353:Mendrez, 1975
350:
349:Crapartinella
347:
341:
338:
332:
329:
323:
320:
314:
311:
310:
300:
297:
293:
286:
284:
275:
272:
271:Binomial name
268:
264:
263:
257:
254:
253:
249:
245:
240:
239:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:Therocephalia
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4546:
4519:
4505:
4486:
4472:
4366:Andre Keyser
4341:Alfred Brown
4336:Robert Broom
4128:Nqwebasaurus
4118:Kangnasaurus
4082:Sphenosuchus
4007:Geranosaurus
3987:Dracovenator
3967:Antetonitrus
3911:Ufudocyclops
3896:Tetracynodon
3886:Scymnosaurus
3791:Lystrosaurus
3776:Kannemeyeria
3731:Elliotherium
3630:Silpholestes
3580:Moschorhinus
3560:Leontosaurus
3530:Icticephalus
3520:Euchambersia
3470:Colobodectes
3460:Choerosaurus
3425:Aelurosaurus
3404:Trochosaurus
3384:Simorhinella
3379:Scymnosaurus
3324:Glossopteris
3318:
3309:Eunotosaurus
3187:Serenichthys
3172:Diplacanthus
3152:Africanaspis
2896:Karoo-Ferrar
2335:Trochosuchus
2333:
2328:Trochosaurus
2326:
2321:Trochorhinus
2319:
2312:
2307:Scymnosaurus
2305:
2300:Ictidosaurus
2298:
2291:
2286:Hyaenasuchus
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2245:Nomina dubia
2243:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2168:Antecosuchus
2166:
2146:
2140:Pedaeosaurus
2138:
2131:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2072:Bauriamorpha
2059:
2052:
2045:Regisauridae
2034:Tetracynodon
2032:
2025:
2020:Choerosaurus
2018:
2011:Lycideopidae
1998:
1991:
1971:
1966:Silpholestes
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1861:Ictidosuchus
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1819:Icticephalus
1817:
1810:
1756:
1706:Viatkosuchus
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1678:Megawhaitsia
1676:
1669:
1662:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:Hofmeyriidae
1601:
1590:Whaitsioidea
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1551:Notaelurodon
1549:
1544:Moschorhinus
1542:
1535:
1530:Euchambersia
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1289:Simorhinella
1287:
1280:
1273:Lycosuchidae
1259:
1252:
1245:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1017:
1013:
1003:
984:
980:
948:
944:
898:
894:
860:
856:
846:
837:
833:
799:
795:
789:
785:
747:
743:
733:
702:
698:
690:
689:
684:
671:
668:
663:nasal cavity
655:
634:
633:
615:
603:
598:
562:
561:
553:Paleobiology
541:
537:
533:
531:
514:
513:
491:
488:nasal cavity
479:
476:Robert Broom
471:
469:type species
465:South Africa
461:Late Permian
444:
443:
442:
428:
416:
407:
398:
389:
380:
368:
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
282:
277:
261:
260:
237:
236:
201:
188:
175:
43:Late Permian
35:
29:
4196:Homo naledi
4184:Pleistocene
4133:Paranthodon
4108:Algoasaurus
4087:Tritheledon
4072:Pulanesaura
4002:Fabrosaurus
3977:Coelophysis
3925:Assemblages
3906:Trirachodon
3901:Thrinaxodon
3851:Procolophon
3836:Pentasaurus
3821:Noteosuchus
3811:Micropholis
3786:Lydekkerina
3726:Dinanomodon
3716:Cynognathus
3649:Assemblages
3615:Procolophon
3600:Pristerodon
3595:Polycynodon
3550:Ictidostoma
3545:Ictidodraco
3510:Eohyosaurus
3505:Eodicynodon
3500:Dinanomodon
3450:Broomistega
3319:Glanosuchus
3304:Endothiodon
3289:Dinanomodon
3254:Bulbasaurus
3182:Priscomyzon
2906:Earthquakes
2891:Drakensberg
2846:Pilanesberg
2770:Algoa Basin
2738:Algoa Group
2661:Dwyka Group
2564:Cretaceous
2543:Ordovician
2522:Dwyka Group
2482:Dwyka Group
2293:Ictidoparia
2279:Dongusaurus
2265:Arnognathus
2099:Notictoides
1984:Karenitidae
1973:Yikezhaogia
1910:Rhigosaurus
1903:Polycynodon
1833:Ictidodraco
1655:Whaitsiidae
1644:Mirotenthes
1637:Ictidostoma
1603:Ophidostoma
1489:Ichibengops
1432:Nanictidops
1373:Pardosuchus
1366:Maraisaurus
1359:Koksharovia
1352:Julognathus
1345:Hyorhynchus
1338:Glanosuchus
1331:Eutheriodon
1020:(1): 9–19.
756:10539/35700
699:Glanosuchus
691:Glanosuchus
685:Glanosuchus
672:Glanosuchus
635:Glanosuchus
616:Glanosuchus
604:Glanosuchus
599:Glanosuchus
563:Glanosuchus
542:Glanosuchus
538:Glanosuchus
534:Glanosuchus
502:Description
496:endothermic
492:Glanosuchus
480:Glanosuchus
445:Glanosuchus
385:Broom, 1931
376:Broom, 1912
372:platyrhinus
331:Ptomalestes
317:Broom, 1931
289:Broom, 1904
238:Glanosuchus
36:Glanosuchus
4619:Categories
4298:Geologists
4227:Planolites
4191:Boskop Man
4096:Cretaceous
4062:Pegomastax
4047:Lycorhinus
4032:Ledumahadi
4022:Gyposaurus
3972:Arcusaurus
3891:Shansiodon
3876:Regisaurus
3861:Prolacerta
3801:Mesosuchus
3761:Galesaurus
3721:Diademodon
3711:Bolotridon
3515:Emyduranus
3490:Cynosaurus
3465:Clelandina
3354:Mesosaurus
3349:Lycosuchus
3314:Galechirus
3294:Dinogorgon
3274:Cynosaurus
3121:Notiodella
3114:Ordovician
3008:Kimberlite
2969:Meteorites
2860:Diatremes
2666:Ecca Group
2547:Soom Shale
2106:Ordosiodon
2054:Regisaurus
1924:Scalopodon
1882:Malasaurus
1798:Baurioidea
1785:Baurioidea
1730:see below↓
1721:Baurioidea
1664:Dalongkoua
1461:Cynodontia
1309:Alopecodon
1282:Lycosuchus
1261:Cynodontia
1247:Gorynychus
1188:see below↓
1127:Therapsida
725:References
681:epithelium
643:ectotherms
622:Metabolism
567:middle ear
484:middle ear
472:G. macrops
344:Kuhn, 1958
195:Therapsida
4175:Nummulite
4154:Nummulite
4147:Paleogene
4113:Baculites
3831:Orosaurus
3816:Myosaurus
3635:Tamboeria
3585:Paliguana
3570:Lycideops
3540:Ictidodon
3495:Diictodon
3475:Compsodon
3435:Basilodon
3329:Hofmeyria
3284:Diictodon
3249:Basilodon
3234:Abdalodon
3213:Dadoxylon
3197:Umzantsia
3136:Soomaspis
3131:Promissum
2834:Volcanism
2820:Witteberg
2701:Triassic
2603:Jurassic
2493:Devonian
2472:Paleozoic
2314:Tamboeria
2159:Bauriidae
2027:Lycideops
1993:Karenites
1826:Ictidodon
1630:Hofmeyria
1537:Jiufengia
1167:Synapsida
1152:Synapsida
1118:Synapsida
1101:Kingdom:
895:Evolution
802:: 85–88.
764:2410-4418
750:: 51–87.
711:cynodonts
647:synapsids
591:articular
587:inner ear
478:in 1904.
459:from the
255:Species:
182:Synapsida
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
4562:Q1529208
4556:Wikidata
4521:Glossary
4507:Category
4017:Gryponyx
3992:Eocursor
3957:Aardonyx
3950:Jurassic
3694:Triassic
3409:Youngina
3359:Moschops
3192:Tutusius
3162:Bainella
3145:Devonian
2864:Big Hole
2731:Cenozoic
2558:Mesozoic
2508:Permian
2358:Category
2085:Hazhenia
2061:Urumchia
1446:Purlovia
1417:Caodeyao
1109:Chordata
1107:Phylum:
1103:Animalia
923:28568303
834:Discover
651:Triassic
639:Reptiles
595:quadrate
523:holotype
420:skinneri
322:Walteria
296:Synonyms
217:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
124:holotype
4589:4126748
4576:4975282
4456:Swazian
4163:Neogene
3766:Howesia
3227:Permian
2000:Mupashi
915:2410089
695:Choanae
583:eardrum
571:malleus
558:Hearing
280:†
259:†
230:Genus:
4057:Ngwevu
2175:Bauria
1889:Muchia
921:
913:
762:
703:Bauria
659:concha
579:stapes
577:, and
546:canine
527:matrix
482:had a
467:. The
126:(A-B)
4602:56804
4436:Other
4215:Other
1132:Clade
1123:Clade
1114:Clade
911:JSTOR
575:incus
450:genus
448:is a
244:Broom
202:Clade
189:Clade
176:Clade
4571:GBIF
1165:see
919:PMID
840:(8).
788:and
760:ISSN
593:and
248:1904
48:PreꞒ
1022:doi
989:doi
985:147
953:doi
903:doi
865:doi
804:doi
752:hdl
490:of
463:of
452:of
4621::
4599::
4586::
4573::
4558::
1134::
1125::
1116::
1018:34
1016:.
1012:.
983:.
979:.
967:^
949:40
947:.
943:.
931:^
917:.
909:.
899:48
897:.
879:^
859:.
855:.
838:15
836:.
832:.
816:^
800:15
798:.
794:.
792:)"
772:^
758:.
748:56
746:.
742:.
721:.
653:.
573:,
246:,
204::
191::
178::
98:Pg
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
2143:?
1464:?
1456:?
1427:?
1326:?
1264:?
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
1030:.
1024::
997:.
991::
961:.
955::
925:.
905::
873:.
867::
861:5
810:.
806::
766:.
754::
234:†
221:†
208:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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