791:, and furthermore, that there are certain differences in language and style between the First Epistle of John on the one hand and the Second and Third on the other. One argument against the identity of the authors being the same is that the true identity of the First epistle's author is not stated anywhere in the letter. Since the author of the other two letters referred to himself as "the elder," one might expect him to do the same in this letter if he had written it. Moreover, unlike the other letters, the First Epistle of John lacks the typical features of a proper letter. Its contents partially differ from that of the other two letters. However, even if it's possible that the letters have different authors, there are strong reasons to believe they were written by one person. Since the First Epistle of John is not a typical letter, one cannot expect the author to identify himself in the same way as in the other two, which follow the typical Greco-Roman letter format. The differences between the letters do not necessarily preclude them from having been written by one person. The obvious similarities in vocabulary, theme, and language have convinced most scholars that the same person wrote all three letters.
446:
691:. Support for this is garnered from, besides Christian tradition, the similar vocabulary and worldview. The terminology of the epistle and gospel are similar, and dualism is apparent in both of them. They exhibit a polarised rhetoric, affecting both their portrayal of people and ideas, through word-pairs such as light-darkness, truth-lie, love-hate, life-death, we-them, children of God-children of the Devil, and more. Some argue that this makes it probable that the same person who redacted the Gospel of John also wrote the First Epistle of John, and thus also the other two epistles.
49:
409:
characteristic markings and instead resembles a sermon or an exhoratory speech. Despite these differences, most scholars consider the personal and warm tone, the fact that the author discusses a certain problem, and the wish to bridge distance, to connect it with regular letter composition, granting that it was meant for a larger audience. While the First
Epistle of John is the longest of all the catholic letters, the Second and Third Epistles are the shortest of all New Testament books.
604:, wrote both the Gospel of John and the First and Second Epistles of John. Since at least the middle of the third century, this has been thought to be true for the Third Epistle of John too. However, beginning in the 19th century, this consensus has come to be more and more debated, with suggestions ranging from one author who wrote all three letters (who can but doesn't have to be John, son of Zebedee) to three individual authors for the epistles, and a fourth for the Gospel.
620:, style, and vocabulary) are more important, usually think that different authors lie behind the writings. These suggestions vary between four authors writing the letters and the gospel, the same author writing the Second and Third Epistles of John, the same author writing the First and Second Epistles of John, to the same author writing all three letters, with another author writing the gospel. With more authors come also more candidates. These include
260:
755:, without him being especially old. It is also a strange thing to call oneself, since there are many elders, and thus should be followed by a name. A possibility is that the term referred to a well-known and unmistakeable figure, and that it wasn't felt necessary to write the name. Many argue that for the two shorter letters (2 and 3 John) to be preserved and made canon, it's required that they would have been written by a famous figure in the
878:
scholars argue that the letters were written before the final redaction of the gospel, or that at least the first two letters were. Thusly, the epistles are usually dated to around the year 100. Those who argue that the final redaction of the Gospel of John happened simultaneously, or slightly after, the writing of the epistles, date the letters to the very end of the first century. They are thus usually dated to 95-100.
427:
focusing on God as light and the need to walk in that light (1:5-3:10). The next section focuses on the command of love: to walk like children to the God of love who has loved humanity in Christ, and to show love to each other. It also discusses recognising false prophets (3:11-5:12). The letter ends with an affirmation that those who believe in God's son's name will know that they have eternal life (5:13-21).
383:. All of the writings concern an undergoing schism or conflict, where enemies are threatening the recipients', and their communities', identity and rules. What separates the Gospel and the Epistles is not time, place, or content, but author. However, while the texts have a Jewish character, many argue that the three letters are still addressed to
653:
is written by a group of people with similar worldviews, then the letters could have been written by someone within this group. Many scholars argue that the Gospel of John and the
Johannine Epistles share tangible theological and stylistic characteristics, and if they have different authors, then all
726:
has argued that it is no longer possible to trust tradition on who wrote the epistles. It is now known if they were written by the same author as the Gospel of John, or even if they were written by the same author at all. Because of the language and themes, it is likely that both the letters and the
533:
While most of them are general and not written to a specific church or person, the Second and Third
Epistles of John obviously form an exception. They're written to the elect lady and Gaius, but since they were considered to belong with the First Epistle of John they came to be regarded as catholic.
464:
The third epistle, also a short letter from "the elder", is addressed to a man named Gaius and mentioned as "a dear friend". It talks about a man named
Diotrephes who has resisted missionaries, including those sent by the elder. Diotrephes's hostility and lack of hospitality has spurned the elder to
694:
Other reasons for the identification is that the author of 1 John claims to be an eyewitness to Christ. This circumstance, along with the direct and authoritative language, is argued by some scholars to support the idea that the author really was an eyewitness. Also, there were no other suggestions
844:
Others prefer the order 1-2-3, since the content of the epistles proceed from a more theoretical perspective to one a concrete problem. According to the Third
Epistle of John, "the elder" has already written to Gaius's congregation. Some assume that this writing is the First Epistle of John, which
720:
language. If one only considers these two letters, there's no reason to ascribe them the same author. It is only when considered with the Second
Epistle of John, with its strong connection to the First, and dito with the Third, that it emerges that all three letters probably share the same author.
686:
The author of the First
Epistle of John never identifies himself. If they are the same person who wrote the Gospel of John or the other two Johannine epistles, is debated. Some scholars argue that the First Epistle and the Gospel were written by the same author, who is then usually identified with
698:
However, the majority of scholars argue that the Gospel of John and the
Johannine Epistles were written by different people. The Gospel of John and the First Epistle of John exhibit differences in vocabulary and style, their theological worldview, and their circumstances. This points to different
719:
The First
Epistle of John is closer to the Second than the Third. The Second Epistle of John thus forms the link which unites the Johannine epistles, by being closely connected to both the First and the Third. The Third Epistle of John seems to be independent of the First Epistle of John in its
426:
This epistle, unlike the other two, is written more as a sermon, one to help strengthen people's faith in Jesus, to help them understand why a being as great as the Son of God would have a mortal life and a mortal's agonizing death. It begins with a prologue (1:1-4) and continues with a section
408:
The First
Epistle of John stands out from the others due to its form, but they're united by language, style, contents, themes, and worldview. The Second and Third Epistles of John are composed as regular greco-roman letters, with greetings and endings, while the First Epistle of John lacks such
877:
All three Johannine epistles are assumed to have been written simultaneously, in a span of at most 10 years. Their dating depends partly on the Gospel of John. Most scholars think that the main parts of the Gospel of John, and some even think that the entire gospel, preceded the epistles. Some
648:
The Gospel of John and the First Epistle of John do not claim to be written by the same person. While they resemble each other in style and language, there is not enough evidence to decide if they share author. The similarities can be explained by two authors belonging to the same school. Many
787:, the same person who presumably wrote both the Second and Third Epistles of John. The main argument for a common authorship of the three Johannine epistles is that they all exhibit a similar style. However, some argue that these similarities could also be due to a shared sociolect within the
715:
The Second and Third Epistles of John stand closer to each other than do they to the First Epistle of John. While all the Johannine writings share vocabulary, idiom, perspective, and worldview, the First Epistle of John stands closer to the Gospel of John. The endings of the both epistles are
441:
This epistle is written as a short letter from "the elder" to an unnamed "elect lady" whom he loves and her children. Within the letter, John warns about opening her home to false teachers and to always practice truth, avoiding secrecy. Many interpret the elect lady and her children to be a
607:
Those who emphazise the similarities between the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles (in e.g. vocabulary, style, and theology) often argue that one author wrote all three letters and the Gospel. Those who argue that the differences between the Gospel and the epistles (e.g. concerning
853:
seems to consider them to be one single letter. Others argue that there is nothing speaking for the First Epistle of John being addressed to the same congregation as the other two epistles. Otherwise, it's hard to understand why the Second and Third epistles took so long to be canonised.
649:
scholars argue that multiple authors have had their hand in the Gospel of John, pointing amongst other things to the ending of the gospel: "This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true." (Jn 21:24). If the
560:, an agnostic atheist, argues that the letter should still be seen as one, as the author lies about being a witness (1 Jn 1:1-4) and having belonged to Jesus's inner circle. The purpose seems to have been to bolster the author's claim to authority and to counter the opponents'
677:
is considered Johannine literature. Of these five writings it's only the Book of Revelation which connects the literature to Anatolia. However, many argue against counting the Book of Revelation amongst the Johannine writings, due to its different genre, style, and theology.
699:
authors. The author of the First Epistle of John does not show the same linguistic dexterity as the author of the Gospel of John. The First Epistle of John is written in the same spirit as the Gospel of John, but doesn't cite anything from it. Because of this,
835:
Some prefer the order 3-2-1, since the Third Epistle of John discusses a conflict which seems to be solved in the First Epistle of John. However, it is not known if the letters are to the same congregation, and if it is the same conflict which is referred to.
751:"). It mainly means "the elder" as in a man who enjoys social prestige due to the experiences of a long life. However, nothing in the letters indicates that the writer's authority stems from his old age. The term presbyter could then be used to designate a
346:
Most scholars assume the letters to have been written simultaneously and after the Gospel of John, dating them between AD 85 and 100. Most scholars agree that all three letters are written by the same author, although there is debate on
897:
A few scholars argue for a much earlier compositional date, before the year 70, and a few for a much later date, in the middle of the second century and as late as 170-180, but these datings have not won much support in academia.
330:
and part of Jesus's closest circle. The third epistle is mentioned beginning in the middle of the third century, and due to its similarity with the Second Epistle of John (e.g. both being written by someone referred to as
716:
parallel, and are strong marks of similar authorship. They are united by their epistolary form, their ascription to "the elder", and their shared subjects. Both discuss hospitality in regards to missionary work.
387:
and that the congregations to which the letters are written are probably not dominated by Jews. Others see similarities between the Johannine Epistles' dualism and the sectarian Jewish group connected to the
555:
The First Epistle of John is not normally considered a forgery, not even by scholars critical of the traditional ascription of it to John, since the author never claims to be any specific person. However,
826:
Nobody knows in which order the three Johannine epistles were written. Neither church tradition nor internal evidence give any sure leads, and they are placed in order of length, with the longest first.
552:
were most popular during the second and third centuries. They were also mostly accepted by the early church, and have the highest amount of scholars today arguing for their authenticity.
865:
Furthermore others argue for the order 2-3-1, since the Third Epistle of John seems to refer to the Second, and that the title "the elder" points to an early period within the
503:
afford the First Epistle of John a high status, but they had a lesser view of the Second Epistle of John, and especially the Third Epistle of John. In the fourth century, the
343:. While the second and third epistles appear to be real letters, the first epistle lacks both introduction and ending, more resembling an exhoratory writing or a sermon.
2078:
48:
703:
argues that the First Epistle of John was written after the other Johannine Epistles, but before the Gospel of John, around the year 95 and in close proximity to
857:
The Second Epistle of John seems to be summarising the First. This would imply that the First preceded the Second, which in turn preceded the Third.
818:(whom he accepted as the Evangelist and author of the Johannine epistles) could have written such a different book as the Book of Revelation.
1763:
2695:
2577:
849:
thinks that there are good reasons to assume that the Second Epistle of John was an introduction to the first, which would explain why
375:
The Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles were written in a short timespan to address the same set of questions. They deal with
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596:
The question of who wrote the epistles is one of the most debated questions in Johannine studies. At least since the bishop
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The Johannine Epistles, especially the First, usually belong to a Koine Greek learner's first reading and study.
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600:'s days in the late second century and since, there has been an understanding that Jesus's disciple
445:
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2034:
2680:
2552:
2409:
2270:
2010:
1307:. The Anchor Yale Bible reference library (Abridged ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
772:
400:. They argue that the Johannine community can have developed from a similar schismatic Judaism.
2536:
2419:
2404:
2394:
1986:
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549:
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This may have been done because the number of catholic letters, with them included, was seven.
487:
The First Epistle of John and probably the Second Epistle of John occur in the old canons. The
436:
335:) it was included with the other two, creating the collection known as the Johannine epistles.
284:
92:
1114:
1087:
355:, most often a letter redactor of the Gospel. A popular theory is that they were written by a
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97:
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624:, a later redactor of the Gospel of John, an unknown presbyter in the Johaninne Community,
512:
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109:
67:
810:
as the author of the epistles and the Book of Revelation also. In the late third century,
8:
2627:
2592:
2389:
2068:
1851:
1821:
1222:. Blackwell companions to religion. Chichester, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
866:
807:
788:
756:
728:
655:
621:
578:. It is missing from the earliest manuscripts and appears first in later editions of the
508:
488:
352:
197:
141:
1585:. Sacra pagina series / Daniel J. Harrington, ed. Collegeville, Minn: Liturgical Press.
2434:
2240:
2235:
2197:
2120:
2083:
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1993:
890:
thinks that the third letter was written shortly after the second, around the year 90.
784:
764:
759:. Such a figure could have been the John that Papias mentions (preserved in Eusebius's
674:
629:
384:
360:
311:, and more than in any other New Testament text, God's love of humanity is emphasised.
239:
169:
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104:
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1703:
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1406:
1405:. Ancient Christian commentary on Scripture. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press.
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1956:
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815:
783:
A common perception is that the author of the First Epistle of John should also be
768:
688:
625:
601:
393:
319:
131:
1435:
Forgery and counterforgery: the use of literary deceit in early Christian polemics
1089:
Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books
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1966:
1916:
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740:
739:
Both the Second and Third Epistles of John claim to be written by "the elder" (
734:
633:
557:
543:
492:
300:
146:
77:
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write to Gaius asking him to take more responsibility for these missionaries.
263:
13th-century manuscript of the Vulgate, showing John writing his first letter.
2758:
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1951:
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1941:
1921:
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1789:
1687:
1544:
1237:
1172:
Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey
617:
336:
296:
232:
1707:
2738:
2638:
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2469:
1931:
1926:
1886:
1856:
1836:
1784:
1524:
1329:
1217:
887:
882:
represents a minority position and dates the letters to the period 85-100.
700:
468:
It is believed that the letter was delivered by a third person, Demetrius.
179:
174:
1256:
Brown, Raymond Edward; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1989).
2621:
2217:
2135:
2130:
2044:
2039:
1871:
695:
than John the Apostle for the author of the epistle in the early church.
59:
2455:
658:. As a rule, this movement, or its congregations, are usually placed in
2610:
1692:. The New American commentary. Nashville, Tenn: Broadman & Holman.
803:
259:
2125:
1741:
748:
356:
507:
came to consider all three letters canonical and attributed them to
2632:
2202:
2189:
2168:
2115:
2110:
1529:(1st ed.). Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press. p. 207.
850:
799:
778:
663:
597:
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which has found its way into many modern bible translations, is an
561:
500:
315:
314:
The letters are anonymous, but since the late second century, when
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2509:
802:'s judgement was hugely influential, and it can be presumed that
704:
659:
579:
548:
Of the seven catholic letters, the First Epistle of John and the
491:
mentions two letters of John, the First and probably the Second.
397:
380:
308:
643:
318:
referred to the first two epistles, they have been connected to
2615:
2492:
1876:
1502:(2nd ed.). New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 199–200.
667:
496:
389:
323:
1040:
Who wrote the New Testament?: the making of the Christian myth
1776:
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writing in the early third century followed him in accepting
304:
1477:(in Swedish) (5th ed.). Malmö: Liber. pp. 11–132.
735:
The Elder as author to the Second and Third Epistles of John
529:
Seven letters of the New Testament are traditionally called
673:
Besides the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles, the
351:. Most often, the letters are attributed to someone in the
339:
is the earliest case of the three letters being counted as
710:
1014:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 472–477.
1723:
The history and theology of the New Testament writings
1629:
The history and theology of the New Testament writings
1353:
The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings
1116:
The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary
794:
1654:
The writings of the New Testament: an interpretation
379:
discussions and focus on the confession of Jesus as
1523:Hill, Charles E.; Kruger, Michael J., eds. (2012).
1376:McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James Alvin (2004).
1255:
1401:Bray, Gerald Lewis; Oden, Thomas C., eds. (2000).
1380:. Peabody (Mass.): Hendrickson. pp. 267–294.
1656:(3rd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
1303:Brown, Raymond Edward; Soards, Marion L. (2016).
1012:The Oxford encyclopedia of the books of the Bible
2756:
1725:. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. p. 448.
1355:. Minneapolis: MN: Fortress Press. p. 443.
779:The Elder as author to the First Epistle of John
771:. Many argue that "the elder" could designate a
1375:
886:dates the letters no later than the year 100.
681:
1757:
767:", and Eusebius separates this John from the
644:The Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles
567:The trinitarian formula in 1 John 5:7-8, the
471:
430:
303:. Specifically in the First Epistle of John,
240:
27:The collection 1-3 John in the New Testament.
1437:. New York (N.Y.): Oxford university press.
1219:The Blackwell companion to the New Testament
453:
415:
1472:
1302:
775:, who would be a second-generation leader.
1764:
1750:
1522:
894:dates the letters to around the year 100.
247:
233:
299:. In content and style they resemble the
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1574:
1432:
1330:"A Timely Study: The Epistles of John"
1321:
1169:
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1009:
949:
821:
747:sometimes rendered in English as "the
483:Development of the New Testament canon
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1001:
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711:The Second and Third Epistles of John
1685:
1305:An introduction to the New Testament
1260:(2nd ed.). London: G. Chapman.
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1165:
1163:
1140:Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978).
1086:Kruger, Michael J. (30 April 2012).
1056:
1042:. HarperSan Francisco. p. 207.
1037:
1033:
1031:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
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945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
518:
2696:Other books referenced in the Bible
2655:New Testament manuscript categories
1670:
1631:. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
1526:The early text of the New Testament
1327:
210:Holy Spirit in Johannine literature
24:
2226:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1599:
1551:
1451:
1419:
1258:The new Jerome biblical commentary
1244:
1062:
795:Christian tradition after Irenaeus
25:
2781:
1500:Introduction to the New Testament
1188:
1160:
1028:
968:
934:
908:Authorship of the Johannine works
592:Authorship of the Johannine works
1403:James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude
1284:. www.earlychristianwritings.com
1216:Aune, David Edward, ed. (2010).
47:
2711:Biblical and Quranic narratives
1714:
1645:
1516:
1491:
1394:
1369:
1344:
1296:
845:would put it before the third.
666:on the western coast of modern
337:Athaneus's festal letter of 367
220:New Testament people named John
215:John's vision of the Son of Man
1652:Johnson, Luke Timothy (2010).
1133:
1106:
1079:
1010:Coogan, Michael David (2011).
307:is identified with the divine
13:
1:
928:
370:
1473:Gerhardsson, Birger (1989).
537:
7:
1170:Powell, Mark Allan (2009).
954:. Stockholm: EFS-förlaget.
901:
727:gospel are products of the
654:authors have come from the
582:and very late Greek texts.
403:
10:
2786:
2691:English Bible translations
2079:Song of the Three Children
1113:Brown, Raymond E. (1988).
589:
541:
522:
480:
472:Reception and authenticity
457:
434:
431:The Second Epistle of John
419:
2729:
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2545:
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2187:
2149:
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2001:
1985:
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1475:En bok om Nya testamentet
872:
682:The First Epistle of John
454:The Third Epistle of John
416:The First Epistle of John
396:, often considered to be
55:Saint John the Evangelist
1686:Akin, Daniel L. (2001).
1498:Koester, Helmut (1995).
1433:Ehrman, Bart D. (2013).
1038:Mack, Burton L. (1995).
476:
2553:Intertestamental period
1067:. www.abideinchrist.com
950:Olsson, Birger (2008).
816:Apostle, son of Zebedee
662:or its surroundings in
322:, who according to the
2537:Apocalyptic literature
2174:Paralipomena of Baruch
1721:Schnelle, Udo (1998).
1627:Schnelle, Udo (1998).
1581:Painter, John (2002).
1351:Schnelle, Udo (1998).
1282:"THE EPISTLES OF JOHN"
1065:"THE EPISTLES OF JOHN"
913:Johannine Christianity
763:). Papias mentions a "
550:First Epistle of Peter
450:
437:Second Epistle of John
285:Second Epistle of John
264:
2701:Additional Scriptures
2665:New Testament uncials
753:congregational leader
586:Author and background
460:Third Epistle of John
448:
422:First Epistle of John
289:Third Epistle of John
281:First Epistle of John
262:
2770:Johannine literature
2686:Bible version debate
2660:New Testament papyri
2606:Samaritan Pentateuch
2231:Testament of Abraham
2169:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1143:The Epistles of John
923:Johannine literature
861:The order 2-3-1 John
840:The order 1-2-3 John
831:The order 3-2-1 John
651:Johannine literature
602:John, son of Zebedee
320:John, son of Zebedee
68:Johannine literature
2628:Muratorian fragment
2563:New Testament canon
2558:Old Testament canon
2451:Chapters and verses
2069:Additions to Daniel
2035:Additions to Esther
822:Chronological order
808:John the Evangelist
622:John the Evangelist
509:John the Evangelist
353:Johannine community
198:Johannine community
2765:Canonical epistles
2241:Testament of Jacob
2236:Testament of Isaac
2121:Prayer of Manasseh
2084:Bel and the Dragon
2064:Letter of Jeremiah
1174:. Baker Academic.
814:questioned if the
785:John the Presbyter
675:Book of Revelation
630:John the Presbyter
616:, the identity of
451:
363:, who is named by
361:John the Presbyter
349:who that author is
269:Johannine epistles
265:
161:Related literature
2752:
2751:
2721:Textual criticism
2284:
2283:
2208:Psalms of Solomon
2151:Orthodox Tewahedo
1732:978-0-8006-2952-6
1699:978-0-8054-0138-7
1663:978-0-8006-6361-2
1638:978-0-8006-2952-6
1592:978-0-8146-5973-1
1536:978-0-19-956636-5
1509:978-3-11-014693-6
1444:978-0-19-992803-3
1412:978-0-8308-1496-1
1387:978-1-56563-517-3
1314:978-0-300-17312-3
1267:978-0-225-66588-8
1229:978-1-4051-0825-6
1063:Tenney, Merrill.
1021:978-0-19-537737-8
961:978-91-7085-104-9
773:disciple of Jesus
743:: ὁ πρεσβύτερος,
525:Catholic epistles
519:Catholic epistles
293:catholic epistles
257:
256:
42:John in the Bible
16:(Redirected from
2777:
2601:Dead Sea Scrolls
2583:Dating the Bible
2461:Historical books
2098:Eastern Orthodox
2011:Eastern Orthodox
1999:
1998:
1992:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1597:
1596:
1583:1, 2, and 3 John
1578:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1378:The canon debate
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1328:Missler, Chuck.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1007:
966:
965:
947:
892:Raymond E. Brown
867:Johannine school
789:Johannine school
757:Johannine school
729:Johannine school
689:John the Apostle
656:Johannine school
638:Beloved Disciple
626:John the Apostle
515:followed after.
489:Muratorian canon
394:Dead Sea Scrolls
328:twelve disciples
273:Epistles of John
249:
242:
235:
137:Beloved disciple
51:
30:
29:
21:
18:Epistles of John
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2725:
2669:
2587:
2578:Christian canon
2541:
2476:Prophetic books
2439:
2370:2 Thessalonians
2365:1 Thessalonians
2280:
2247:
2212:
2183:
2145:
2104:
2090:
2018:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1740:
1733:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1684:
1671:
1664:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1625:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1552:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1452:
1445:
1431:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1254:
1245:
1230:
1214:
1189:
1182:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:. p. 105.
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:. p. 272.
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1008:
969:
962:
948:
935:
931:
918:Johannine Comma
904:
875:
863:
842:
833:
824:
797:
781:
745:ho presbyteros,
737:
713:
684:
646:
594:
588:
570:Comma Johanneum
546:
540:
527:
521:
485:
479:
474:
462:
456:
439:
433:
424:
418:
406:
373:
326:was one of the
291:, three of the
277:Letters of John
253:
224:
184:
156:
116:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:Synod of Hippo
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Masoretic Text
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:Minor prophets
2483:
2481:Major prophets
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2259:Pseudepigrapha
2255:
2253:
2252:Classification
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Psalms 152–155
2194:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:1–2 Chronicles
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1713:
1698:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1637:
1598:
1591:
1550:
1535:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1450:
1443:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1273:
1266:
1243:
1228:
1187:
1180:
1159:
1152:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1078:
1055:
1048:
1027:
1020:
967:
960:
952:Johannesbreven
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
903:
900:
880:Daniel L. Akin
874:
871:
862:
859:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
796:
793:
780:
777:
765:Presbyter John
761:Church History
736:
733:
712:
709:
683:
680:
645:
642:
634:John of Patmos
587:
584:
544:Pseudepigrapha
542:Main article:
539:
536:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
513:Eastern Church
505:Western Church
493:Church Fathers
481:Main article:
478:
475:
473:
470:
458:Main article:
455:
452:
442:congregation.
435:Main article:
432:
429:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
405:
402:
372:
369:
301:Gospel of John
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
200:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
177:
172:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
125:
124:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
112:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
80:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
37:of articles on
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2782:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:2 Corinthians
2331:
2329:
2328:1 Corinthians
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2290:New Testament
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:New Testament
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2179:Broader canon
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Song of Songs
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:Old Testament
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1484:91-40-61019-5
1480:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1362:0-8006-2952-3
1358:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1181:9780801028687
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1153:9781467422321
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1126:9780814612835
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1099:9781433530814
1095:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1049:0-06-065517-8
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
963:
957:
953:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
933:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:Lars Hartmann
881:
870:
868:
858:
855:
852:
848:
837:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
792:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
725:
721:
717:
708:
706:
702:
696:
692:
690:
679:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:the paraclete
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
593:
583:
581:
577:
576:interpolation
573:
571:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
545:
535:
532:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
484:
469:
466:
461:
449:First Epistle
447:
443:
438:
428:
423:
413:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
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2466:Wisdom books
2444:Subdivisions
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2062: /
1987:Deuterocanon
1907:Lamentations
1887:Ecclesiastes
1794:(protocanon)
1785:Hebrew Bible
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2593:Manuscripts
2546:Development
2348:Philippians
2218:Beta Israel
2136:4 Maccabees
2131:3 Maccabees
2045:2 Maccabees
2040:1 Maccabees
1822:Deuteronomy
614:eschatology
564:teachings.
558:Bart Ehrman
60:Domenichino
2759:Categories
2681:Authorship
2611:Septuagint
2456:Pentateuch
2435:Revelation
2359:Laodiceans
2353:Colossians
1842:1–2 Samuel
929:References
804:Tertullian
590:See also:
385:Christians
371:Recipients
287:, and the
170:Apocryphon
142:Evangelist
122:Authorship
105:Revelation
2520:Johannine
2380:2 Timothy
2375:1 Timothy
2343:Ephesians
2338:Galatians
2126:Psalm 151
1994:apocrypha
1972:Zechariah
1962:Zephaniah
1847:1–2 Kings
1812:Leviticus
1545:760975631
1238:430678992
812:Dionysios
749:Presbyter
610:salvation
538:Forgeries
531:catholic.
359:, called
357:presbyter
333:the elder
275:, or the
152:Presbyter
2734:Category
2633:Peshitta
2530:Catholic
2525:Pastoral
2510:Epistles
2503:Synoptic
2390:Philemon
2203:2 Baruch
2190:Peshitta
2164:Jubilees
2116:2 Esdras
2111:1 Esdras
2006:Catholic
1957:Habakkuk
1902:Jeremiah
1882:Proverbs
1862:Nehemiah
1708:46461055
902:See also
851:Irenaeus
800:Irenaeus
664:Anatolia
598:Irenaeus
501:Eusebius
404:Contents
392:and the
341:catholic
316:Irenaeus
279:are the
189:See also
83:Epistles
35:a series
33:Part of
2706:Studies
2674:Related
2645:Vulgate
2515:Pauline
2493:Gospels
2410:2 Peter
2405:1 Peter
2395:Hebrews
2298:Matthew
2188:Syriac
2074:Susanna
1977:Malachi
1937:Obadiah
1912:Ezekiel
1817:Numbers
1802:Genesis
1775:of the
705:Ephesus
660:Ephesus
640:, etc.
580:Vulgate
562:docetic
398:Essenes
381:Messiah
324:gospels
295:in the
132:Apostle
2739:Portal
2616:Targum
2425:3 John
2420:2 John
2415:1 John
2323:Romans
2276:Jewish
2101:Others
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2055:Sirach
2050:Wisdom
2030:Judith
2015:Others
1967:Haggai
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309:Christ
283:, the
271:, the
147:Patmos
110:Events
93:Second
78:Gospel
2400:James
2385:Titus
2159:Enoch
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1952:Nahum
1947:Micah
1942:Jonah
1922:Hosea
1777:Bible
1773:Books
741:Greek
495:like
477:Canon
305:Jesus
204:Logos
98:Third
88:First
2498:List
2430:Jude
2318:Acts
2313:John
2308:Luke
2303:Mark
2264:list
2141:Odes
1932:Amos
1927:Joel
1857:Ezra
1837:Ruth
1727:ISBN
1704:OCLC
1694:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1531:ISBN
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1479:ISBN
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1407:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1338:2012
1309:ISBN
1290:2012
1262:ISBN
1234:OCLC
1224:ISBN
1176:ISBN
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1121:ISBN
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1073:2012
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1016:ISBN
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499:and
267:The
175:Acts
1991:and
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