592:. As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics. Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.
678:, thought that Perth, as he had now become, was convinced that the harsh attitude of France towards Italy was unreasonable. Furthermore, Perth tried to convince the Italians that the British government was "conciliatory" and even went so far as " Italian policy." Ciano, whose Italian secret service efficiency allowed him to read many of Perth's reports, states in his diary that the British ambassador had been opposed to the fascist regime when he came to Rome but had developed into a "sincere convert" who "understood and even loved Fascism". Caution must always be employed in using Ciano's statements, but Perth's reports suggested that there was a certain amount of truth in the remarks:
282:
739:
ambassador to Italy, was one of the actors who failed to anticipate the negative results of the
British appeasement policy. According to Gordon Craig and Felix Gilbert "His handling of the political tasks of the League has been criticized as over cautious, but he did not lack courage for decisive action when such action was necessary for the maintenance of the authority of the League. His slow somewhat hesitant approach was useful in avoiding disappointments and setbacks and contributed to the League's steady gain in prestige."
485:
77:
476:
Drummond was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the
Foreign Office, which helped him to be considered the best choice available. After some initial doubt in which Drummond expressed anxiety about organising the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as the first secretary-general of the League of Nations.
1746:
544:. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
1621:
603:
from outside the League of
Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
684:, who describes Drummond as "peculiarly obtuse even by diplomatic standards", points out that as late as February 1935 he was assuring the Foreign Office that the Italians had "no aggressive intentions" but were "genuinely afraid of overwhelming Abyssinian attack". The Foreign Office was to rebuke him for his feebleness due to his meek protest following the Italian invasion on Ethiopia.
599:'s policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat-impotent leader.
575:. The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues by the secretariats and its main officers was enormous and could not be overlooked. However, that was not recognised by Drummond before the 1950s and until then had readily defended the notion of nonpolitical character of international secretariats.
644:
When the crisis reached its peak, Stimson advised
Drummond to "strengthen and support treaty obligations" the Japanese action had caused British discomfort. He was advised to try not to arouse nationalist feelings in Japan. Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis but was mostly outplayed
610:
early in his career. He strongly urged for a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being
Catholic. Aldo, Drummond seemed to be pro-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a
500:
The personnel staffing the secretariat came from over 30 countries and differed in language, religion and training, all of whom were appointed by the League, not by national governments. That once again underscored the difference between the new international body and previous national secretariats.
714:
His involvement in setting the organizational infrastructure in areas such as the dealing with refugees, the minority regime and the mandate system could be seen more positively since during his time, especially during the first half of the 1920s, had some successes in resolving and tackling issues,
587:
During
Drummond's secretary-generalship were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse
640:
According to
Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic western leader but that of a bureaucrat. Somewhat limited in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the United States, which more or less stated that
559:
understanding of bureaucracy that was also seen in
Protestant-secular rationalism, the idea of a non-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat. Drummond admitted, "It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is
496:
One of the secretary-general's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly-international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted, and prewar secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere in both the context of who supplied them and the civil servants who
331:
On 20 August 1937 Drummond's half-brother died and so
Drummond became the 7th Earl of Perth and inherited these titles: Lord Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, Lord Maderty, 12th Viscount Strathallan, Lord Drummond of Cromlix, Hereditary thegn of Lennox, Hereditary Steward of Menteith and Strathearn
524:
Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to
697:
During the Second World War, Perth worked for the
Ministry of Information as a senior bureaucrat. After the war, he served until his death as a deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords. His involvement with the party did not slow its decline in electoral and ideological influence.
602:
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keep them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming
463:
Cecil, who played an important role in drafting the Covenant and organising the League, initially wanted a person with a background in politics for the post; but despite the existence of several candidates, none accepted his proposal. He believed that only somebody of the highest ability would be
323:
in Perthshire. James Eric Drummond was the eldest and the only son but Drummond had two half-sisters and one half-brother, William Huntley Drummond, from his father's first marriage to Ellen Thornhill. Drummond's brother William succeeded their father as Viscount Strathallan in 1893 and, in 1902,
738:
of fascist regimes that he served could account as a failure and quite possibly the darkest period of his career. The non-resolution of the Ethiopian Crisis had the effects of undermining League's security role and sending the wrong signals to both Mussolini and Hitler. Drummond, as the British
528:
He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many
563:
The ideal was not always upheld, and national preferences were never really abandoned. New under-secretaries-general who were appointed were more often than not of the same nationality, with candidates of smaller powers excluded. Drummond did not practice what he preached, which created small
475:
As early as 1915, Drummond expressed himself favourably towards the establishment of an international organisation. As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition, he was also a British national, which Cecil valued very highly.
706:
In regards to the security role of the League, his role could be assessed as negligible, especially for the second half of his tenureship, which was characterised by the systematic undermining competition of the great powers, notably Britain and France and the security structure impaired by
726:
However, it was the technical issues, such as humanitarian aid and the supervision of a series of "technical organizations and committees", in which he had the most enduring positive legacy. Drummond was part of an international technocratic elite of experts that favoured the initiation of
520:
Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.
578:
Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat came to be widely recognised as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services, such as seen in the United Nations.
516:
Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.
533:'s policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.
809:
and the 16th descendant of the lineage established by the creation of the Earldom of Perth in 1605. However, he was only the 7th Earl of Perth to hold a recognised peerage because of the forfeiture of the peerage from 1716 to 1853 by the attainder of the 4th Earl's
387:
Drummond is best known for his 13 years as secretary-general in the League of Nations. Before accepting that prestigious position, however, he had served mainly as a private secretary for various British politicians and diplomats, including the Prime Minister
688:"Perth may have misjudged Mussolini's attitude to Germany but, in the last analysis, even here he was not far wrong, for the limitations of Italian power made it impossible for Mussolini, in 1939, to carry out his intention of siding with Germany in the war".
668:, allegedly because Drummond had converted to Roman Catholicism at 27. Instead, he was appointed British ambassador to Rome in October 1933 and he served there until he left Italy in April 1939. He retired from foreign politics a month later, in May 1939.
464:
sufficient for this role. However, after the office would not be given as many powers as initially thought, Cecil reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached
1975:
497:
worked there. The creation of an international civil service was not without problems, and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established.
501:
In total, the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: a Mandate Section, an Economic and Financial Section, a Section for Transit and Communication, a Social Section, a Political Section, a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section.
525:
established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.
265:
Quiet and unassuming, he succeeded in building an effective international staff. However he failed to resolve major international disputes because of pressure from Britain and France, the most powerful League members. He moved on to become
707:
19th-century imperialism of the League: its council. His pragmatic and co-operative approach resulted in some successes in the early years of the League, but his role is considered inadequate when it was confronted with issues such as the
380:, where he graduated in 1895. There, he learned French, which later would become an important tool in his diplomatic career. His upbringing in the British establishment helped to pave the way into the diplomatic world as a
632:
One of the less successful moments for Drummond's was one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career, the Mukden Incident. China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan then used as an excuse to invade
468:, who for some time showed interest in the position but in the end rejected the offer only ten days prior to the Paris plenary session. In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil and the American
853:
Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations. 1st–15th session, Jan. 16, 1920–19 Nov. 1921.
606:
Another issue that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. A devout Catholic, that had a significant impact in his dealings with the
343:
vetoed his appointment as ambassador at Washington in 1933. His conversion was most likely caused by his wish to marry a Catholic, the Hon. Angela Mary Constable-Maxwell (1877–1965), the daughter of
1950:
671:
Throughout his time in Rome, Drummond found it "difficult to get close to Mussolini". He noted that "... had to be treated with great caution when he in 'a highly sensitive condition'"
829:"The International Secretariat of the Future; Lessons from Experience by a Group of Former Officials of the League of Nations." (1944), book, co-authored by Drummond, English.
1985:
773:
344:
233:
45:
727:
international standards in health and labour issues, the gathering and the sharing of statistical information and a spirit of internationalism to deal with problems.
540:. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against
1930:
508:) that great powers would bring their own national staff to the secretariat. Drummond wanted the secretariat to hire staff who owed their allegiance to the League.
664:
After leaving the League, Drummond was chosen as candidate to the post of British ambassador to Washington, but his candidacy was vetoed by British Prime Minister
1857:
1687:
614:
Another important factor of his secretary-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the
1910:
1552:
1935:
348:
860:
Les réfugiés Russes : Lettre du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge et réponse du Secrétaire Général by League of Nations (1921). Book in French
1579:
767:
17:
866:
Speech made by Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary-general of the League of nations by Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930). Book
618:
near the very end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.
1847:
1445:
1227:
1165:
1852:
1273:
Letter from Eric Drummond to Thanassis Aghnides, Genava, 12 December 1927 (LN Archives) – adapted from Dykmann, Klaas & Naumann, Katja,
1955:
1915:
1680:
832:
Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations... (Minutes of the Council of the League of Nations (1920–24), Speech. English.
1608:
446:
259:
97:
1925:
826:"Ten Years of World Cooperation" (1930), book, published by the Secretariat of the League of Nations. Foreword by Drummond, English.
823:"The Secretariat of the League of Nations" (1931), Paper read before the institute of public administration, 19 March 1931, English.
1960:
1900:
1837:
786:
572:
460:
in 1919 much work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for secretary-general of the newly established League of Nations.
271:
1995:
1704:
1562:
1945:
1920:
1673:
1463:
1245:
1183:
884:
Sir Eric Drummond, Britain's Ambassador to Italy, and British Foreign Policy during the Italo-Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936
1990:
1341:
Chapman, Michael E. "Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931". Oxford Journals:
1100:"Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della SocietĂ delle Nazioni"
1545:
838:
The organisation of peace and the Dumbarton Oaks proposals (1945), pamphlets on Dumberton Oaks proposals, Vol. 8, no. 1
761:
240:
52:
1665:
844:
Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations (1921).Book
1657:
753:
During his life, Drummond received a variety of titles for his accomplishments. He was awarded the following by King
568:
547:
During his tenure as League Secretary General, Drummond helped to suppress anticolonial claims by indigenous groups.
439:
358:
1121:
1589:
745:
described Drummond as "highly organized, meticulous, good at selecting staff)... and able to mediate disputes."
1895:
275:
247:
59:
426:, which was intended to promote cooperation between the British and the Americans during the First World War.
564:
national islands from which the appointed officials conducted national, rather than international, politics.
1796:
869:
Brief van James Eric Drummond (1876–1951) aan Willem Jan Mari van Eysinga (1878–1961) (1921). Book in Dutch
457:
435:
339:
family but converted to Catholicism in 1903. That became a hindrance during his career when Prime Minister
267:
1842:
742:
1745:
1965:
734:. A combination of his own restricted ability to see the overall situation and Britain's strategy of
607:
1275:
Changes from the "Margins": Non-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations
1262:
Changes from the "Margins": Non-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations
905:
Changes from the "Margins": Non-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations
1970:
414:. From 1912 to 1918, Drummond worked as the private secretary of respectively: the prime minister,
172:
1479:
1455:
1237:
1175:
504:
In establishing the permanent secretariat, Drummond pushed back against ideas (promulgated by Sir
1980:
1940:
281:
956:
319:
who had three children with his second wife, Margaret Smythe, the daughter of William Smythe of
396:
1802:
1572:
1504:
1499:
943:
Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance
720:
258:(17 August 1876 – 15 December 1951), was a British politician and diplomat who was the first
1976:
Principal Private Secretaries to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1048:
850:
Ten years of world co-operation. Published by League of Nations. Foreword by Drummond (1930)
847:
Germany after the war: proposals of a Liberal Party Committee by Eric Drummond (1944). Book.
1905:
1890:
1885:
1519:
411:
406:. Between 1908 and 1910, he occupied two functions: précis writer of the foreign secretary
312:
36:
1415:
976:
8:
1633:
716:
555:
The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a
304:
1820:
1778:
1117:
567:
In 1929, the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the
560:
done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained".
1695:
1524:
1484:
1053:
872:
Correspondence respecting League of Nations matters, Feb. 1918-Oct. 1924 (1924). Book
1700:
1696:
1459:
1241:
1179:
708:
541:
537:
489:
450:
300:
254:
66:
938:. Vol. 157, No. 4, Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations: Part One (Spring 1995).
841:
Annuaire de l'Association yougoslave de droit international: Année (Journal, French)
1451:
1233:
1171:
1107:
806:
665:
596:
530:
403:
340:
946:
627:
589:
484:
469:
423:
407:
898:
Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931.
1099:
675:
646:
505:
465:
419:
320:
76:
1734:
1018:
929:
472:
had developed a contingency plan to substitute Hankey with Sir Eric Drummond.
1879:
1790:
1728:
1647:
1625:
731:
681:
653:
415:
389:
381:
325:
308:
144:
122:
1765:
730:
After his post at the League, he was assigned to the post of ambassador to
377:
336:
216:
924:
Lorna Lloyd. "Drummond, (James) Eric, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951),"
402:
From 1906 to 1908, he was the private secretary of the under-secretary to
1814:
735:
118:
27:
Scottish diplomat, Secretary General of the League of Nations (1876–1951)
1013:
Lorna Lloyd. Drummond, (James) Eric, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951),
434:
Between 1918 and 1919, he was a member of the British delegation to the
1808:
1772:
316:
934:
Lloyd, Lorna. "The League of Nations and the Settlement of Disputes"
886:(1982), master's thesis about Drummond as British ambassador to Italy.
1426:
For the origins of the League and its main architects, see Mazower's
1309:
Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925
964:
Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925
692:
634:
615:
479:
1111:
919:
Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933
754:
556:
270:(1933–1939) and then the chief adviser on foreign publicity in the
1868:
Provisional Secretary-General prior to the election of Trygve Lie.
1784:
410:
and the private secretary of the parliamentary under-secretary,
347:
and Hon. Angela Mary Charlotte Fitzalan-Howard (daughter of the
1620:
900:
Oxford Journals: Diplomatic History, Volume 37, Issue 4 (2013).
189:
536:
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the
1447:
The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire
1229:
The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire
1167:
The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire
1951:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
863:
Dix ans de coopération intellectuelle (1930). Book in French
774:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
637:. China appealed to the League for measures against Japan.
488:
Organization chart of the International Secretariat of the
351:), which he did on 20 April 1904. They had four children:
345:
Marmaduke Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles
1303:
1301:
1017:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011
659:
1298:
977:
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/inf3.htm
928:
Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed, January 2011
941:
Macfadyen, D.; Davies, M.; Carr, M.; Burley, J. 2019.
641:
they were 'too busy' to deal with the crisis at hand.
550:
1264:, Leipzig, 2014, pp. 33–34; Barros (1979), pp. 60–61.
529:
governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with
324:
succeeded their distant cousin, George Drummond, 5th
274:(1939–1940). In 1946, he became deputy leader of the
1553:
Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary
652:
He resigned in 1933 and was succeeded by his deputy
418:, and the foreign secretaries, Sir Edward Grey and
1986:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
835:The League of Nations BBC National Lectures (1933)
768:Knight Commander Order of St Michael and St George
693:Second World War and domestic politics (1939–1951)
480:Establishment of permanent secretariat (1919–1920)
1931:Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
1877:
805:Eric Drummond was the 13th Duke of Perth in the
1848:Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
857:The aims of the League of Nations (1929). Book
438:, where he was engaged in the drafting of the
422:. In April to May 1917 he was a member of the
1853:Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
1681:
1597:Positions in intergovernmental organisations
1379:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1363:
371:
1911:Secretaries general of the League of Nations
1328:
1326:
1132:
1130:
311:. His father was James David Drummond, 10th
1066:
1064:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
910:Craig, Gordon A., and Gilbert, Felix. eds.
429:
315:(1839–1893), an army officer of Machany in
1936:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Italy
1688:
1674:
1609:Secretary-General of the League of Nations
1396:, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2000, p. 316.
1374:
1360:
1353:
1351:
903:Dykmann, Klaas & Naumann, Katja, eds.
447:Secretary-General of the League of Nations
260:Secretary-General of the League of Nations
98:Secretary-General of the League of Nations
75:
1580:Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Italy
1488:(Supplement). 19 June 1914. p. 4877.
1456:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001
1345:, Volume 37, Issue 4 (2013): pp. 727–748.
1323:
1238:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001
1176:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001
1127:
1097:
359:John David Drummond, Viscount Strathallan
1518:
1498:
1478:
1443:
1394:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s
1225:
1163:
1061:
1047:
988:
926:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
787:United Kingdom and the League of Nations
573:Permanent Court of International Justice
492:(here in 1930), established by Drummond.
483:
445:In 1919 he accepted the position of the
364:Lady Angela Alice Maryel Drummond (1912)
289:
280:
1450:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
1348:
1170:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
1015:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
395:On 20 April 1900, Drummond entered the
14:
1878:
1232:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
660:British ambassador in Rome (1933–1939)
229:James Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth
1669:
1260:Dykmann, Klaas & Naumann, Katja,
1157:
582:
361:(1907), inherited his father's titles
1437:
110:1 August 1920 – 2 July 1933
1956:Companions of the Order of the Bath
1916:Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers
1311:. Oxford Scholarship Online (2009).
914:(Princeton University Press, 1994).
551:National allegiance of League staff
511:
355:Lady Margaret Gwendolyn Mary (1905)
328:, to become the 6th Earl of Perth.
24:
1219:
966:. Oxford Scholarship Online (2009)
955:, Oxford University Press, 1952. (
953:A History of the League of Nations
876:
762:Companion of the Order of the Bath
621:
595:One example was his dealings with
367:Lady Gillian Mary Drummond (1920).
25:
2007:
1405:Craig and Gilbert (1994), p. 547.
1383:Craig and Gilbert (1994), p. 546.
1371:Craig and Gilbert (1994), p. 545.
970:
569:International Labour Organization
440:Covenant of the League of Nations
18:Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth
1926:Members of HM Diplomatic Service
1838:Leaders of the League of Nations
1744:
1619:
1961:Deputy lieutenants of Hampshire
1901:People educated at Eton College
1528:. 30 January 1934. p. 675.
1512:
1492:
1472:
1420:
1408:
1399:
1386:
1335:
1314:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1148:
1139:
817:
1996:20th-century British diplomats
1091:
1082:
1073:
1057:. 20 April 1900. p. 2556.
1041:
1032:
1023:
799:
674:The Italian foreign minister,
13:
1:
1946:Scottish representative peers
1921:Members of HM Foreign Service
1508:. 2 January 1917. p. 58.
982:
208:Angela Mary Constable-Maxwell
82:
1858:UN Secretary General memoirs
332:and Chief of Clan Drummond.
7:
1991:Burials at Sweetheart Abbey
780:
449:, on the recommendation of
349:1st Baron Howard of Glossop
299:Drummond was born into the
268:British Ambassador to Italy
10:
2012:
1843:United Nations Secretariat
1320:Lloyd (1995): pp. 160–174.
1154:Walters (1952), pp. 76–77.
1136:Walters (1952), pp. 75–76.
1098:Grandjean, Martin (2017).
890:
882:Araceli Julia P. Gelardi:
748:
719:in 1925 and the 1932–1933
625:
372:Education and early career
1866:
1830:
1753:
1742:
1711:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1569:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1295:Barros (1979), pp. 71–74.
1286:Barros (1979), pp. 68–69.
701:
376:Drummond was educated at
294:
222:
212:
204:
196:
179:
159:
154:
150:
138:
128:
114:
103:
96:
92:
74:
34:
1444:Pedersen, Susan (2015).
1226:Pedersen, Susan (2015).
1164:Pedersen, Susan (2015).
792:
770:(KCMG) 21 December 1916.
717:Greek–Bulgarian Conflict
430:League of Nations career
1797:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
1642:William Huntly Drummond
1277:, Leipzig, 2014, p. 34.
1019:accessed 7 October 2014
930:accessed 7 October 2014
912:The Diplomats 1919–1939
776:(GCMG) 30 January 1934.
272:Ministry of Information
1079:Walters (1952), p. 18.
1070:Walters (1952), p. 11.
493:
458:Paris Peace Conference
436:Paris Peace Conference
397:British Foreign Office
286:
278:in the House of Lords.
1896:Politicians from York
1803:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1505:The Edinburgh Gazette
1216:Barros (1979), p. 38.
1207:Barros (1979), p. 35.
1198:Barros (1979), p. 34.
1145:Barros (1979), p. 84.
1088:Walters (1952), p. 1.
1038:Barros (1979), p. 20.
1029:Barros (1979), p. 15.
645:by Henry Stimson and
608:Polish–Lithuanian War
588:of empires after the
487:
290:Early life and career
284:
896:Chapman, Michael E.
412:Thomas McKinnon Wood
313:Viscount Strathallan
134:Position established
37:The Right Honourable
1697:Secretaries-General
1658:John David Drummond
1634:Peerage of Scotland
1563:The Lord Vansittart
1432:Governing the World
1428:No Enchanted Palace
1307:Yearwood, Peter J.
962:Yearwood, Peter J.
611:possible solution.
335:He was raised in a
262:from 1920 to 1933.
1525:The London Gazette
1485:The London Gazette
1343:Diplomatic History
1054:The London Gazette
764:(CB) 22 June 1914.
583:Role during crises
494:
287:
200:British (Scottish)
1873:
1872:
1713:League of Nations
1701:League of Nations
1664:
1663:
1655:Succeeded by
1616:Succeeded by
1590:Sir Percy Loraine
1587:Succeeded by
1573:Sir Ronald Graham
1560:Succeeded by
1538:Diplomatic posts
1465:978-0-19-957048-5
1247:978-0-19-957048-5
1185:978-0-19-957048-5
1104:Memoria e Ricerca
945:. Palgrave, 2019
721:Colombia–Peru War
715:such as the 1925
709:Manchurian Crisis
542:international law
538:League of Nations
451:Lord Robert Cecil
301:Scottish nobility
285:Sir Eric Drummond
226:
225:
41:The Earl of Perth
16:(Redirected from
2003:
1966:Diplomatic peers
1821:AntĂłnio Guterres
1779:Dag Hammarskjöld
1769:(United Kingdom)
1748:
1725:(United Kingdom)
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1640:Preceded by
1624:
1623:
1570:Preceded by
1546:The Lord Tyrrell
1543:Preceded by
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1441:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1011:
957:available online
951:Walters, F. P.,
907:(Leipzig, 2014).
811:
807:Jacobite peerage
803:
666:Ramsay MacDonald
597:Benito Mussolini
531:Benito Mussolini
512:Leadership style
404:Lord Fitzmaurice
341:Ramsay MacDonald
257:
252:
245:
238:
186:
183:15 December 1951
169:
167:
155:Personal details
141:
131:
108:
87:
84:
79:
69:
64:
57:
50:
32:
31:
21:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1971:Drummond family
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1826:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1694:
1660:
1651:
1643:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1603:New institution
1592:
1583:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1442:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1392:Piers Brendon,
1391:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1357:Chapman (2013).
1356:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1122:English summary
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1012:
989:
985:
973:
917:Barros, James.
893:
879:
877:Further reading
820:
815:
814:
804:
800:
795:
783:
751:
704:
695:
662:
656:, from France.
630:
628:Mukden Incident
624:
622:Mukden Incident
590:First World War
585:
553:
514:
482:
470:Edward M. House
432:
424:Balfour Mission
408:Sir Edward Grey
374:
297:
292:
250:
243:
236:
232:
188:
184:
171:
165:
163:
139:
129:
121:
109:
104:
88:
85:
70:
62:
55:
48:
44:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Dukes of Perth
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Earls of Perth
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1755:United Nations
1754:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:United Nations
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1436:
1419:
1407:
1398:
1385:
1373:
1359:
1347:
1334:
1322:
1313:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1246:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1184:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1126:
1118:French version
1112:10.14647/87204
1106:(2): 371–393.
1090:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1040:
1031:
1022:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
972:
971:External links
969:
968:
967:
960:
949:
939:
932:
922:
921:(Oxford 1979).
915:
908:
901:
892:
889:
888:
887:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
819:
816:
813:
812:
797:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
782:
779:
778:
777:
771:
765:
750:
747:
743:Susan Pederson
703:
700:
694:
691:
690:
689:
676:Galeazzo Ciano
661:
658:
647:Hugh R. Wilson
626:Main article:
623:
620:
584:
581:
552:
549:
513:
510:
506:Maurice Hankey
481:
478:
466:Maurice Hankey
431:
428:
420:Arthur Balfour
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
362:
356:
321:Methven Castle
296:
293:
291:
288:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:(aged 75)
181:
177:
176:
170:17 August 1876
161:
157:
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151:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
132:
126:
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43:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2008:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1967:
1964:
1962:
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1944:
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1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
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1883:
1881:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1817:(South Korea)
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:Kurt Waldheim
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:Joseph Avenol
1727:
1724:
1723:Eric Drummond
1721:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1648:Earl of Perth
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Joseph Avenol
1622:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1574:
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1457:
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1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1332:Lloyd (1995).
1329:
1327:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
987:
978:
975:
974:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:World Affairs
933:
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
894:
885:
881:
880:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
808:
802:
798:
788:
785:
784:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
758:
756:
746:
744:
740:
737:
733:
732:Fascist Italy
728:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
699:
687:
686:
685:
683:
682:Piers Brendon
679:
677:
672:
669:
667:
657:
655:
654:Joseph Avenol
650:
648:
642:
638:
636:
629:
619:
617:
612:
609:
604:
600:
598:
593:
591:
580:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
558:
548:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
526:
522:
518:
509:
507:
502:
498:
491:
486:
477:
473:
471:
467:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:H. H. Asquith
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
390:H. H. Asquith
385:
383:
382:civil servant
379:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
327:
326:Earl of Perth
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Clan Drummond
306:
302:
283:
279:
277:
276:Liberal Party
273:
269:
263:
261:
256:
249:
242:
235:
230:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
178:
174:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
145:Joseph Avenol
143:
137:
133:
127:
124:
123:Joseph Avenol
120:
117:
113:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
78:
73:
68:
61:
54:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1766:Gladwyn Jebb
1764:
1757:(since 1945)
1722:
1646:
1607:
1602:
1578:
1551:
1523:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1483:
1474:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1342:
1337:
1316:
1308:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1014:
963:
952:
942:
935:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
883:
818:Bibliography
801:
752:
741:
729:
725:
713:
705:
696:
680:
673:
670:
663:
651:
643:
639:
631:
613:
605:
601:
594:
586:
577:
566:
562:
554:
546:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
503:
499:
495:
474:
462:
455:
444:
433:
401:
399:as a clerk.
394:
386:
378:Eton College
375:
337:Presbyterian
334:
330:
298:
264:
228:
227:
217:Eton College
185:(1951-12-15)
140:Succeeded by
105:
29:
1906:Anglo-Scots
1891:1951 deaths
1886:1876 births
1815:Ban Ki-moon
1735:Seán Lester
1715:(1919–1945)
1520:"No. 34019"
1500:"No. 13034"
1480:"No. 28842"
1049:"No. 27184"
736:appeasement
456:Before the
197:Nationality
130:Preceded by
119:Jean Monnet
86: 1918
1880:Categories
1823:(Portugal)
1809:Kofi Annan
1773:Trygve Lie
1652:1937–1951
1613:1920–1933
1584:1933–1939
1557:1915–1919
1120:(PDF) and
983:References
317:Perthshire
166:1876-08-17
81:Drummond,
1793:(Austria)
1737:(Ireland)
1116:See also
635:Manchuria
616:Chaco War
213:Education
192:, England
175:, England
106:In office
1781:(Sweden)
1775:(Norway)
1731:(France)
1703:and the
1416:Archives
781:See also
755:George V
571:and the
557:Weberian
1831:Related
1811:(Ghana)
1805:(Egypt)
1787:(Burma)
1785:U Thant
1699:of the
891:Sources
749:Honours
173:Fulford
1799:(Peru)
1462:
1244:
1182:
947:online
702:Legacy
490:League
305:Chiefs
303:, the
295:Family
205:Spouse
190:Sussex
115:Deputy
810:heir.
793:Notes
253:
251:,
246:
244:,
239:
237:,
65:
63:,
58:
56:,
51:
49:,
1460:ISBN
1430:and
1414:See
1242:ISBN
1180:ISBN
854:Book
234:GCMG
180:Died
160:Born
46:GCMG
1452:doi
1234:doi
1172:doi
1108:doi
307:of
1882::
1522:.
1502:.
1482:.
1458:.
1376:^
1362:^
1350:^
1325:^
1300:^
1240:.
1178:.
1129:^
1102:.
1063:^
1051:.
990:^
757::
723:.
711:.
649:.
453:.
442:.
392:.
384:.
255:DL
248:PC
241:CB
231:,
83:c.
67:DL
60:PC
53:CB
1689:e
1682:t
1675:v
1468:.
1454::
1434:.
1250:.
1236::
1188:.
1174::
1124:.
1114:.
1110::
959:)
168:)
164:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
