37:
2567:—and into Canada and Mexico. The Underground Railroad was initially an escape route that would assist fugitive enslaved African Americans in arriving in the Northern states; however, with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, as well as other laws aiding the Southern states in the capture of runaway slaves, it became a mechanism to reach Canada. Canada was a haven for enslaved African-Аmericans because it had already abolished slavery by 1783. Black Canadians were also provided equal protection under the law. The well-known Underground Railroad "conductor" Harriet Tubman is said to have led approximately 300 enslaved people to Canada. In some cases, freedom seekers immigrated to Europe and the
131:
2580:
2433:
2549:
2236:
4704:
2345:
free state citizen bystanders to aid in the capturing of runaway slaves. Many free state citizens perceived the legislation as a way in which the federal government overstepped its authority because the legislation could be used to force them to act against abolitionist beliefs. Many free states eventually passed "personal liberty laws", which prevented the kidnapping of alleged runaway slaves; however, in the court case known as
2529:, a Quaker from Philadelphia, and a group of people from North Carolina established a network of stations in their local area. In 1831, when Tice David was captured going into Ohio from Kentucky, his enslaver blamed an "Underground Railroad" who helped in the escape. Eight years later, while being tortured for his escape, a man named Jim said he was going north along the "underground railroad to Boston."
2506:
2606:, around 1822, Tubman as a young adult, escaped from her enslaver's plantation in 1849. Between 1850 and 1860, she returned to the South numerous times to lead parties of other enslaved people to freedom, guiding them through the lands she knew well. She aided hundreds of people, including her parents, in their escape from slavery. Tubman followed north–south flowing rivers and the
2404:
2532:
Fellow enslaved people often helped those who had run away. They gave signals, such as the lighting of a particular number of lamps, or the singing of a particular song on Sunday, to let escaping people know if it was safe to be in the area or if there were slave hunters nearby. If the freedom seeker
2610:
to make her way north. She preferred to guide runaway slaves on
Saturdays because newspapers were not published on Sundays, which gave her a one-day head-start before runaway advertisements would be published. She preferred the winters because the nights were longer when it was the safest to travel.
2323:
that allowed for runaway slaves to be captured and returned to their enslavers. Congress passed the measure in 1793 to enable agents for enslavers and state governments, including free states, to track and capture bondspeople. They were also able to penalize individuals with a $ 500 (equivalent to $
2423:
into the business of returning enslaved people to their enslavers; a former enslaved person could be brought back into a slave state to be sold back into slavery if they were without freedom papers. In 1851, there was a case of a black coffeehouse waiter whom federal marshals kidnapped on behalf of
2344:
enter as a free state, the free states agreed to pass the
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Congress passed the act on September 18, 1850, and repealed it on June 28, 1864. The act strengthened the federal government's authority in capturing fugitive slaves. The act authorized federal marshals to require
2374:
the acts or prevent the capture of escaped enslaved people by setting up laws to protect their rights. The most notable is the
Massachusetts Liberty Act. This act was passed to keep escaped slaves from being returned to their enslavers through abduction by federal marshals or bounty hunters.
2324:
11,390 in 2023) fine if they assisted slaves in their escape. Slave hunters were obligated to obtain a court-approved affidavit in order to apprehend an enslaved individual, giving rise to the formation of an intricate network of safe houses commonly known as the
Underground Railroad.
2544:
to give escaped enslaved people places to stay on their way. People who maintained the stations provided food, clothing, shelter, and instructions about reaching the next "station". Often, enslaved people had to make their way through southern slave states on their own to reach them.
2457:, the latter was charged with aiding Joshua Glover's escape in Wisconsin by preventing his capture by federal marshals. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was unconstitutional, requiring states to violate their laws.
1629:
2388:
In order to throw off the tracking dogs off the trail, escaped slaves rubbed turpentine on their shoes, or scattered "soil from a graveyard" on their tracks. Another technique for scent masking was the use of wild onions or other pungent weeds.
2419:.) Enslavers would put up flyers, place advertisements in newspapers, offer rewards, and send out posses to find them. Under the Fugitive Slave Act, enslavers could send federal marshals into free states to kidnap them. The law also brought
3275:
3044:
2415:, with one enslaver arguing that "They are indeed happy, and if let alone would still remain so". (A new name was invented for the supposed mental illness of an enslaved person that made them want to run away:
4062:
3899:
1624:
2185:
4019:
3646:
3186:
Trial of Rev. John B. Mahan, for felony : in the Mason
Circuit Court of Kentucky : commencing on Tuesday, the 13th, and terminating on Monday the 19th of November, 1838
2411:
Enslavers were outraged when an enslaved person was found missing, many of them believing that slavery was good for the enslaved person, and if they ran away, it was the work of
3914:
4349:
3849:
3804:
3719:
2296:
4354:
4344:
3759:
3724:
4966:
2351:, the personal liberty laws were ruled unconstitutional because the capturing of fugitive slaves was a federal matter in which states did not have the power to interfere.
2251:. Maryland and Virginia passed laws to reward people who captured and returned enslaved people to their enslavers. Slavery was abolished in five states by the time of the
4384:
5010:
1755:
4297:
4843:
4292:
4136:
4079:
2178:
1614:
1145:
3639:
3989:
1851:
1499:
871:
608:
95:
increased penalties against runaway slaves and those who aided them. Because of this, some freedom seekers left the United States altogether, traveling to
3974:
2304:
1235:
876:
4983:
4976:
4141:
4004:
3608:
3223:
2398:
4994:
2171:
4742:
4268:
4232:
4067:
3632:
2914:
568:
4057:
2375:
Wisconsin and
Vermont also enacted legislation to bypass the federal law. Abolitionists became more involved in Underground Railroad operations.
3618:
4971:
4538:
4374:
2359:
923:
4730:
4444:
4024:
2978:
1703:
3613:
3118:
4953:
4034:
4009:
1619:
1469:
45:
2340:, was a federal law that declared that all fugitive slaves should be returned to their enslavers. Because the slave states agreed to have
36:
4725:
4489:
4212:
2536:
Hiding places called "stations" were set up in private homes, churches, and schoolhouses in border states between slave and free states.
950:
3588:
5097:
4202:
3930:
3714:
2509:
1696:
448:
2303:, and the prohibition on prohibiting the importation of "such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit" (
5107:
2252:
898:
2448:
Enslavers often harshly punished those they successfully recaptured, such as by amputating limbs, whipping, branding, and hobbling.
5122:
4166:
2199:
2157:
1983:
1669:
1489:
662:
4712:
4563:
4074:
3994:
2221:
1832:
4875:
4812:
933:
351:
5117:
5058:
4484:
4434:
4247:
2649:
2067:
1511:
1188:
960:
88:. Most slave laws tried to control slave travel by requiring them to carry official passes if traveling without an enslaver.
2533:
stayed in a slave cabin, they would likely get food and learn good hiding places in the woods as they made their way north.
4628:
4573:
4555:
4394:
3864:
3829:
3598:
2655:
2239:
An animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789–1861 (see separate yearly maps below). The
1870:
1708:
1307:
4773:
4439:
4389:
4379:
4084:
3949:
3904:
3809:
3769:
3158:
2264:
2256:
1750:
1382:
1042:
893:
689:
598:
3402:
4988:
4904:
4720:
4531:
4317:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3834:
2482:
2272:
1993:
1770:
1459:
1213:
5112:
5026:
4929:
4860:
4429:
4146:
4109:
3784:
3699:
3310:
3101:
2903:
2412:
2371:
2268:
2056:
1898:
1587:
1464:
888:
657:
524:
3470:
4958:
4089:
3999:
3819:
3814:
3689:
2977:
Mitchell, Mary Niall; Rothman, Joshua D.; Baptist, Edward E.; Holden, Vanessa; Jeffries, Hasan Kwame (2019-02-20).
2031:
1723:
928:
913:
859:
544:
534:
529:
358:
214:
1434:
5102:
4934:
4737:
4449:
3909:
3874:
3779:
3754:
1718:
1484:
290:
77:
to avoid implying that the enslaved person had committed a crime and that the slaveholder was the injured party.
4779:
4094:
3894:
3844:
3824:
3799:
3789:
3774:
3764:
3749:
3729:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3559:
2842:
1183:
1171:
751:
563:
209:
3375:
5127:
4825:
4524:
4302:
4181:
4176:
3889:
3794:
3734:
3709:
3679:
3669:
2808:
2260:
2062:
1760:
1538:
399:
17:
3221:
2291:, ratified in 1788, never uses the words "slave" or "slavery" but recognized its existence in the so-called
5073:
4909:
4454:
4307:
4052:
4029:
4014:
3966:
3744:
3674:
3655:
2934:
2579:
2478:
2248:
2097:
1765:
1604:
1474:
1135:
903:
883:
443:
411:
62:
2461:
was appealed by the federal government to the US Supreme Court, which upheld the act's constitutionality.
130:
4499:
4332:
4119:
3879:
3603:
2832:
2661:
2619:, to indicate whether it was safe for freedom seekers to come out of hiding. Many people called her the "
2603:
1978:
1825:
1775:
1494:
1412:
539:
320:
140:
5034:
4897:
4758:
4653:
4406:
4337:
4327:
4273:
4242:
4207:
4171:
3884:
3839:
3739:
2789:
2736:
2726:
2333:
2316:
2288:
1958:
1923:
1679:
1531:
1516:
1407:
603:
273:
92:
70:
66:
3135:"Image 238 of Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 4, Georgia, Part 2, Garey-Jones"
2635:
Notable people who gained or assisted others in gaining freedom via the
Underground Railroad include:
4880:
4568:
4459:
4312:
2848:
2645:
2537:
2209:
2037:
2021:
1780:
1674:
1205:
1193:
783:
756:
261:
3250:
4253:
3019:
2776:
2640:
2320:
2085:
1998:
1973:
1938:
1913:
1555:
1424:
977:
766:
251:
152:
3116:
431:
5042:
4279:
4222:
2541:
1963:
1745:
1479:
1429:
1357:
1130:
908:
852:
835:
266:
3068:
2473:
was a network of black and white abolitionists between the late 18th century and the end of the
4623:
4322:
4286:
3944:
2865:
2451:
Individuals who aided fugitive slaves were charged and punished under this law. In the case of
2284:
2126:
2119:
1918:
1818:
1787:
1287:
1028:
940:
788:
512:
478:
473:
5018:
4870:
4683:
4678:
4643:
4227:
4217:
4131:
3984:
3300:
3134:
2741:
2564:
2347:
2292:
2152:
2107:
2026:
1988:
1649:
1504:
1417:
1402:
1084:
1072:
818:
803:
588:
363:
285:
256:
5002:
4798:
4618:
4547:
4479:
4114:
3979:
2711:
2691:
2470:
2355:
2217:
2091:
2044:
1948:
1908:
1792:
1691:
1654:
1582:
1526:
1395:
1352:
1166:
1096:
771:
551:
453:
337:
244:
30:
2358:
operators and abolitionists who helped people escape slavery. It is considered one of the
8:
4892:
4638:
4474:
2756:
2300:
2243:
began in 1861. The 13th
Amendment, effective December 1865, abolished slavery in the U.S.
2229:
1903:
1893:
1275:
1255:
1140:
1125:
994:
965:
955:
845:
793:
761:
558:
416:
384:
379:
332:
189:
80:
Generally, they tried to reach states or territories where slavery was banned, including
3568:
4673:
4593:
4588:
4494:
4469:
4421:
3538:
3530:
3353:
2671:
2624:
2474:
2337:
2240:
1953:
1856:
1521:
1367:
1342:
1332:
1297:
1292:
1260:
1225:
1218:
1159:
1152:
1009:
828:
823:
813:
583:
436:
394:
389:
342:
310:
300:
237:
3376:"6 Strategies Harriet Tubman and Others Used to Escape Along the Underground Railroad"
458:
404:
5077:
4837:
3542:
3522:
3345:
3306:
3097:
2731:
2721:
2568:
2518:
2225:
2213:
1609:
1327:
1322:
1265:
1250:
1230:
1052:
1047:
982:
945:
778:
744:
573:
426:
315:
194:
3446:
2362:(1861–1865). Congress repealed the Fugitive Acts of 1793 and 1850 on June 28, 1864.
4099:
3924:
3514:
3199:
Schwarz, Frederic D. American
Heritage, February/March 2001, Vol. 52 Issue 1, p. 96
3045:"Slavery and the Making of America. The Slave Experience: Legal Rights & Gov't"
2877:
2595:
2560:
2453:
2432:
2205:
2146:
2003:
1968:
1933:
1928:
1804:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1337:
1302:
1270:
1240:
1113:
1101:
1079:
1057:
1004:
840:
808:
110:
3619:"Millard Fillmore on the Fugitive Slave and Kansas-Nebraska Acts: Original Letter"
3210:
Voices of the
Fugitives: Runaway Slave Stories and Their Fictions of Self Creation
4785:
4598:
4258:
4186:
4124:
3583:
3563:
3227:
3122:
2983:
2908:
2889:
2871:
2815:
2803:
2793:
2766:
2676:
2583:
2556:
2050:
1713:
1599:
1594:
1347:
1317:
1312:
1035:
999:
798:
716:
421:
167:
85:
40:
5050:
4764:
4688:
4658:
4613:
4608:
4603:
3624:
2771:
2751:
2681:
2599:
2437:
1943:
1797:
1686:
578:
219:
177:
3518:
5091:
4924:
4805:
4693:
4668:
4648:
4578:
4411:
4161:
4104:
3573:
3526:
3349:
3184:
2911:, African refugees who escaped slavery in the Americas and formed settlements
2761:
2746:
2716:
2701:
2686:
2420:
2113:
1875:
1735:
1659:
1106:
1089:
864:
694:
684:
468:
118:
2548:
2354:
Many free state citizens were outraged at the criminalization of actions by
4865:
4831:
4791:
4663:
3578:
2706:
2696:
2526:
2416:
2287:
were concerned that free states would protect people who fled slavery. The
1740:
1572:
1548:
1454:
1447:
1178:
706:
679:
642:
620:
507:
224:
204:
182:
172:
162:
157:
147:
61:
were terms used in the 18th and 19th centuries to describe people who fled
2493:, and other religious sects helped in operating the Underground Railroad.
2235:
987:
4917:
4819:
4633:
4583:
4263:
4156:
4151:
3594:
Freedom on the Move (FOTM), a database of Fugitives from American Slavery
2935:"Language of Slavery - Underground Railroad (U.S. National Park Service)"
2883:
2666:
1577:
1565:
918:
721:
711:
669:
483:
3534:
3502:
3357:
3333:
4516:
4464:
2859:
2820:
2607:
2490:
2441:
2341:
1730:
1022:
726:
593:
4400:
2979:"Rediscovering the lives of the enslaved people who freed themselves"
970:
635:
497:
3556:
652:
2652:. He had a hidden room in his tannery building for fugitive slaves.
2611:
Tubman wore disguises. She sang songs in different tempos, such as
2486:
1560:
1118:
1062:
1014:
674:
519:
374:
280:
4703:
2951:
1543:
625:
305:
122:
3593:
2403:
3426:
Reese, Renford (2011). "Canada; The Promised Land for Slaves".
2958:
Renford, Reese (2011). "Canada; The Promised Land for Slaves".
2522:
1245:
1067:
647:
630:
492:
327:
295:
103:. Approximately 100,000 enslaved Americans escaped to freedom.
100:
96:
81:
4020:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
3159:"The Realities of Slavery: To the Editor of the N.Y. Tribune"
2620:
2477:
who helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom. Members of the
502:
488:
463:
4967:
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
2976:
2555:
The network extended throughout the United States—including
3503:"The Fugitive Slave Clause and the Antebellum Constitution"
2510:
Network to Freedom map, in and outside of the United States
369:
199:
3338:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
29:"Runaway slave" redirects here. For the 2012 film, see
3334:"John Brown's Ten Years in Northwestern Pennsylvania"
2525:
tried to free one of his slaves. In the early 1800s,
3990:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1500:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2424:John Debree, who claimed to be the man's enslaver.
4984:Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
4005:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
3299:Stein, R. Conrad; Taylor, Charlotte (2015-07-15).
2627:, Tubman also worked as a spy, cook, and a nurse.
2399:Fugitive slave advertisements in the United States
4995:The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War
3397:
3395:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
5089:
4743:British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel
4269:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
3654:
3369:
3367:
3096:. Boston Mass: Bedford/St Martins. p. 286.
2915:Slave Trade Compromise and Fugitive Slave Clause
1615:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4058:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
3139:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
4972:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
3392:
3232:
3069:"Article I, Section 9, Constitution Annotated"
2598:and conductors of the Underground Railroad is
2204:Beginning in 1643, slave laws were enacted in
4532:
4025:Slavery at American colleges and universities
3640:
3364:
2927:
2392:
2327:
2310:
2179:
1826:
1704:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
4954:National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
4010:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
2997:
1620:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4490:Family reunification ads after emancipation
3441:
3439:
3437:
3298:
2464:
2247:Over time, the states began to divide into
4539:
4525:
4203:Slavery and the United States Constitution
3647:
3633:
3182:
2594:One of the most notable runaway slaves of
2186:
2172:
1833:
1819:
3183:Reid, JosephB.; Reeder, Henry R. (1838).
2440:during his 1863 medical examination in a
4838:Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children
4546:
4293:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
3471:"Myths & Facts about Harriet Tubman"
3434:
2578:
2431:
2402:
2234:
2200:Fugitive slave laws in the United States
1625:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1490:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1470:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
46:A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves
35:
3995:Indentured servitude in British America
2957:
14:
5090:
4813:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
3331:
65:. The term also refers to the federal
4520:
4435:Slavery during the American Civil War
4248:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
3628:
3500:
3425:
3373:
3091:
2158:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1512:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1189:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2212:and then by several of the original
1709:Slave marriages in the United States
1308:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4440:End of slavery in the United States
3403:"What is the Underground Railroad?"
3273:
1043:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
4989:Underground Railroad Bicycle Route
4780:The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case
4721:List of Underground Railroad sites
4318:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
3501:Baker, H. Robert (November 2012).
2547:
2483:African Methodist Episcopal Church
2068:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1924:End of slavery in British colonies
1697:last survivors of American slavery
25:
5139:
5098:19th century in the United States
5027:Freedom: The Underground Railroad
4930:Songs of the Underground Railroad
4861:Abolitionism in the United States
4485:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
4430:Origins of the American Civil War
4137:African American founding fathers
4080:Education during the slave period
3550:
3073:Congress.gov, Library of Congress
2630:
2574:
2057:The Impending Crisis of the South
1899:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
658:Field slaves in the United States
525:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5108:Escapees from American detention
4936:The Underground Railroad Records
4702:
4233:History of slavery by U.S. state
4000:Slave trade in the United States
3428:Western Journal of Black Studies
2960:Western Journal of Black Studies
2504:
2360:causes of the American Civil War
535:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
530:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
359:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
129:
4738:Underground Railroad in Indiana
3621:, Shapell Manuscript Foundation
3463:
3419:
3325:
3292:
3267:
3215:
3202:
3193:
3176:
3151:
2297:Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3
2278:
1485:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1036:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4095:List of American slave traders
3975:Slavery among Native Americans
3127:
3110:
3085:
3061:
3037:
2970:
2843:Camp Greene (Washington, D.C.)
2783:
1184:Slave raiding in Easter Island
73:. Such people are also called
13:
1:
4303:George Washington and slavery
4182:American Colonization Society
4177:African-American slave owners
2920:
2365:
5118:Slavery in the United States
5074:Slavery in the United States
4910:Reverse Underground Railroad
4774:Kentucky raid in Cass County
4308:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
4053:American proslavery movement
4015:Slave states and free states
3656:Slavery in the United States
2542:a secret room in his tannery
2479:Religious Society of Friends
2249:slave states and free states
2032:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
1994:Secession of Southern states
1475:Temporary Slavery Commission
1136:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5123:Canada–United States border
4333:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
2897:
2662:Elizabeth Margaret Chandler
2650:1859 raid on Harper's Ferry
2648:, who would later lead the
2623:of her people." During the
2617:Bound For the Promised Land
2604:Dorchester County, Maryland
2027:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
1871:End of Atlantic slave trade
1495:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
540:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
67:Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793
10:
5144:
5071:
4876:African-American opponents
4759:Emeline and Samuel Hawkins
4407:Children of the plantation
4338:Andrew Johnson and slavery
4328:Zachary Taylor and slavery
4274:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
4243:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
4208:American slave court cases
4172:Amerindian slave ownership
3494:
3407:U.S. National Park Service
3332:Miller, Ernest C. (1948).
3305:. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
3276:"The Underground Railroad"
3226:November 20, 2008, at the
2790:Black Canadians in Ontario
2787:
2427:
2396:
2393:Advertisements and rewards
2383:
2378:
2334:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2328:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2317:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
2311:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
2289:United States Constitution
2197:
2114:Recapture of Anthony Burns
1984:1860 presidential election
1959:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1680:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1517:Anti-Slavery International
1282:North Africa and West Asia
93:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
28:
5069:
4946:
4853:
4826:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
4751:
4711:
4700:
4554:
4460:Emancipation Proclamation
4420:
4385:Sexual relations and rape
4363:
4313:James Madison and slavery
4195:
4043:
3965:
3958:
3937:
3923:
3662:
3569:Spartacus-educational.com
3519:10.1017/S0738248012000697
3121:October 10, 2009, at the
2849:Theodore Roosevelt Island
2646:John Brown (abolitionist)
2503:
2498:
2253:Constitutional Convention
2220:passed a measure to keep
2210:New England Confederation
2063:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
2038:American Slavery As It Is
1781:Emancipation Proclamation
1448:Opposition and resistance
1206:Sex trafficking in Europe
1194:Blackbirding in Polynesia
757:Trans-Saharan slave trade
5113:Fugitive American slaves
5059:The Underground Railroad
4445:Compensated emancipation
3302:The Underground Railroad
3189:. Cincinnati. p. 4.
2833:List of Freedmen's towns
2777:Charles Augustus Wheaton
2465:The Underground Railroad
2275:had become free states.
2086:Trial of Reuben Crandall
1999:Peace Conference of 1861
1974:Caning of Charles Sumner
1556:Compensated emancipation
767:Indian Ocean slave trade
4960:Harriet Tubman Memorial
4280:Partus sequitur ventrem
4223:Three-fifths Compromise
3165:. 1863-12-03. p. 4
3092:White, Deborah (2013).
2602:. Born into slavery in
2255:in 1787. At that time,
1979:Lincoln–Douglas debates
1845:
1480:1926 Slavery Convention
1236:Germany in World War II
853:North and South America
375:Contract of manumission
49:, 1863, Brooklyn Museum
5103:19th century in Canada
4355:Supreme Court Justices
4323:John Tyler and slavery
4298:Presidents and slavery
4287:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3599:Library.thinkquest.org
3507:Law and History Review
3251:"Underground Railroad"
3208:Bland, Lecater (200).
2658:, father of John Brown
2591:
2552:
2445:
2408:
2285:Southern United States
2244:
2208:, initially among the
2127:Virginia v. John Brown
2120:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2022:Nat Turner's Rebellion
961:British Virgin Islands
513:Circassian slave trade
479:Safavid imperial harem
474:Ottoman Imperial Harem
53:In the United States,
50:
5019:The Quest for Freedom
4684:Charles Turner Torrey
4679:Harriet Beecher Stowe
4644:Harriet Forten Purvis
4228:Slave and free states
4218:Fugitive Slave Clause
4132:List of abolitionists
3985:Slavery in New France
3478:National Park Service
3020:"Fugitive Slave Acts"
2742:Alexander Milton Ross
2582:
2565:Western United States
2551:
2435:
2406:
2370:Many states tried to
2348:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
2293:fugitive slave clause
2283:Legislators from the
2238:
2153:Battle of Fort Sumter
2108:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
1989:Crittenden Compromise
1200:Europe and North Asia
1160:Australia and Oceania
860:Pre-Columbian America
432:Slave raid of Suðuroy
364:Slavery in al-Andalus
286:Black Sea slave trade
215:21st-century jihadism
39:
5128:Underground Railroad
5003:A Woman Called Moses
4871:opponents of slavery
4844:Thirteenth Amendment
4806:Joshua Glover rescue
4619:Laura Smith Haviland
4548:Underground Railroad
4254:Gag rule (1836–1840)
4115:Underground Railroad
4090:Domestic slave trade
4075:Mandatory illiteracy
3980:Slavery in New Spain
3931:District of Columbia
2712:Roger Hooker Leavitt
2692:Laura Smith Haviland
2590:, oil painting, 1861
2471:Underground Railroad
2407:Runaway slave poster
2356:Underground Railroad
2319:is the first of two
2305:Article I, Section 9
2218:Province of New York
2092:Commonwealth v. Aves
1949:Nashville Convention
1939:Mexican–American War
1909:Nullification crisis
1655:Indentured servitude
1583:Underground Railroad
1383:United Arab Emirates
772:Zanzibar slave trade
739:By country or region
552:Atlantic slave trade
454:Ma malakat aymanukum
338:Venetian slave trade
31:Runaway Slave (film)
5011:Roots of Resistance
4893:Fugitive slave laws
4639:William Cooper Nell
4475:Radical Republicans
4422:Civil War and after
4350:Members of Congress
4167:List of plantations
3950:U.S. Virgin Islands
3026:. February 11, 2008
2757:James Lindsay Smith
2301:three-fifths clause
1964:Kansas–Nebraska Act
1904:Missouri Compromise
1894:Northwest Ordinance
1859:
1746:Slave Route Project
872:Americas indigenous
762:Red Sea slave trade
752:Contemporary Africa
615:Topics and practice
385:Crimean slave trade
380:Bukhara slave trade
333:Genoese slave trade
210:Contemporary Africa
190:Forced prostitution
5014:(1989 documentary)
4674:Calvin Ellis Stowe
4594:Frederick Douglass
4589:Richard Dillingham
4470:Reconstruction era
3589:Slaveryamerica.org
3562:2016-04-20 at the
3374:Greenspan, Jesse.
3274:IHB (2020-12-15).
3094:Freedom on my Mind
2672:Frederick Douglass
2625:American Civil War
2592:
2553:
2521:complained that a
2475:American Civil War
2446:
2409:
2338:Compromise of 1850
2245:
2241:American Civil War
1954:Compromise of 1850
1857:American Civil War
1850:
1522:Blockade of Africa
829:Somali slave trade
745:Sub-Saharan Africa
437:Turkish Abductions
395:Khivan slave trade
390:Khazar slave trade
343:Balkan slave trade
301:Prague slave trade
84:, or, until 1821,
51:
5085:
5084:
5078:Slavery in Canada
5062:(2021 miniseries)
5030:(2013 board game)
5006:(1978 miniseries)
4799:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4480:Freedmen's Bureau
3604:Query.nytimes.com
3557:Maap.columbia.edu
3212:Greenwood Press,
2799:Colonial America
2732:John Wesley Posey
2722:Dangerfield Newby
2641:Henry "Box" Brown
2588:The Hunted Slaves
2569:Caribbean islands
2519:George Washington
2515:
2514:
2214:Thirteen Colonies
2196:
2195:
2045:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852:Events leading to
1843:
1842:
1793:Freedmen's Bureau
1610:Third Servile War
1605:International law
1172:Human trafficking
934:Human trafficking
609:Thirteen colonies
427:Sack of Baltimore
195:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
5135:
5046:(2016 TV series)
4706:
4564:William Brinkley
4541:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4196:Law and politics
4120:Freedmen's towns
4100:Runaway slave ad
3963:
3962:
3925:Federal district
3649:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3546:
3513:(4): 1133–1174.
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3447:"Harriet Tubman"
3443:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3247:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3163:New-York Tribune
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3049:www.thirteen.org
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2931:
2878:Elgin settlement
2851:- Civil war camp
2845:- Civil war camp
2596:American history
2561:Indian Territory
2508:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2459:Ableman v. Booth
2454:Ableman v. Booth
2206:Colonial America
2188:
2181:
2174:
2147:Star of the West
2004:Corwin Amendment
1969:Ostend Manifesto
1934:Texas annexation
1929:Texas Revolution
1860:
1849:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1805:Emancipation Day
1633:
1600:Slave Trade Acts
291:Byzantine Empire
133:
106:
105:
21:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5065:
4942:
4888:Fugitive slaves
4849:
4786:Christiana Riot
4747:
4707:
4698:
4599:Calvin Fairbank
4550:
4545:
4515:
4506:
4495:Freedmen's town
4416:
4395:Slave marriages
4368:and procreation
4367:
4365:
4359:
4345:Vice presidents
4259:Nullifier Party
4238:Fugitive slaves
4191:
4187:Slave narrative
4125:Black Canadians
4045:
4039:
3954:
3933:
3919:
3658:
3653:
3564:Wayback Machine
3553:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3372:
3365:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3233:
3228:Wayback Machine
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3123:Wayback Machine
3115:
3111:
3104:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2984:Washington Post
2975:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2909:Maroon (people)
2900:
2895:
2872:Dawn settlement
2816:British Florida
2804:Spanish Florida
2796:
2794:Black Loyalists
2786:
2781:
2767:Sojourner Truth
2677:Calvin Fairbank
2633:
2584:Richard Ansdell
2577:
2557:Spanish Florida
2527:Isaac T. Hopper
2505:
2467:
2436:Fugitive slave
2430:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2368:
2330:
2313:
2281:
2216:. In 1705, the
2202:
2192:
2163:
2162:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2051:Bleeding Kansas
2017:
2009:
2008:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1810:
1809:
1714:Slave narrative
1665:Fugitive slaves
1645:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1595:Slave rebellion
1450:
1440:
1439:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1210:United Kingdom
1146:Yankee princess
740:
732:
731:
459:Avret Pazarları
405:Avret Pazarları
274:Medieval Europe
240:
230:
229:
168:Forced marriage
143:
91:Passage of the
86:Spanish Florida
75:freedom seekers
55:fugitive slaves
41:Eastman Johnson
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5035:The North Star
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4977:visitor center
4969:
4964:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4809:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4689:Harriet Tubman
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:Hetty Reckless
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:Frances Harper
4611:
4609:Thomas Garrett
4606:
4604:Isaac S. Flint
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Colored Troops
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4390:Slave breeding
4387:
4382:
4380:Female slavery
4377:
4375:Sexual slavery
4371:
4369:
4366:sexual slavery
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:Slave quarters
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4046:social history
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:South Carolina
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:North Carolina
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Slavenorth.com
3576:
3571:
3566:
3552:
3551:External links
3549:
3548:
3547:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3462:
3433:
3418:
3391:
3363:
3324:
3311:
3291:
3266:
3231:
3214:
3201:
3192:
3175:
3150:
3126:
3109:
3102:
3084:
3060:
3036:
2996:
2969:
2950:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2828:United States
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Harriet Tubman
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Samuel Seawell
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Thomas Garrett
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2631:Notable people
2629:
2600:Harriet Tubman
2576:
2575:Harriet Tubman
2573:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2499:External image
2466:
2463:
2429:
2426:
2421:bounty hunters
2397:Main article:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2336:, part of the
2329:
2326:
2312:
2309:
2280:
2277:
2198:Main article:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Wilmot Proviso
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Tariff of 1828
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:List of slaves
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:Dutch Republic
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
948:
943:
938:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
880:
879:
869:
868:
867:
856:
855:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
832:
831:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
775:
774:
764:
759:
754:
748:
747:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
702:
698:
697:
692:
690:Child soldiers
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:
655:
650:
645:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
617:
616:
612:
611:
606:
601:
599:Spanish Empire
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Middle Passage
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
554:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
441:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
409:
408:
407:
400:Ottoman Empire
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
355:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
335:
330:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
276:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
247:
241:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
220:Sexual slavery
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
186:
185:
180:
178:Child marriage
175:
165:
160:
155:
153:Child soldiers
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
126:
125:
115:
114:
59:runaway slaves
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5140:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Slave catcher
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4761:flight (1845)
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4694:Delia Webster
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:William Still
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Robert Purvis
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Daniel Hughes
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Samuel Burris
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4412:Shadow family
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Freedom suits
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Planter class
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Slave catcher
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:West Virginia
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:New Hampshire
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Massachusetts
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Eca.state.gov
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3314:
3312:9780766070141
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3103:9780312648831
3099:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2966:(3): 208–217.
2965:
2961:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:- Nova Scotia
2867:
2864:
2862:- Nova Scotia
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:William Still
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:David Ruggles
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Samuel J. May
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Josiah Henson
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Shields Green
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:Go Down Moses
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:abolitionists
2405:
2400:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:Massachusetts
2262:
2258:
2257:New Hampshire
2254:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:Panic of 1857
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Slave catcher
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Forced labour
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:Abolitionists
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:comfort women
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:Chukri System
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
978:Latin America
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
929:interregional
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:prison labour
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:United States
882:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:White slavery
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Slave raiding
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
653:Corvée labour
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Abbasid harem
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
412:Barbary Coast
410:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
142:
137:
136:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:Forced labour
117:
116:
112:
108:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
47:
42:
38:
32:
27:
19:
18:Escaped slave
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4959:
4935:
4887:
4881:publications
4866:Abolitionism
4832:Tilly Escape
4811:
4797:
4792:Jerry Rescue
4765:
4664:Gerrit Smith
4624:David Hudson
4399:
4285:
4278:
4237:
4147:Field slaves
4110:Abolitionism
4044:Cultural and
4035:Bibliography
3870:South Dakota
3860:Rhode Island
3855:Pennsylvania
3835:North Dakota
3609:Wicourts.gov
3510:
3506:
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3427:
3421:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3344:(1): 24–33.
3341:
3337:
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3301:
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3185:
3178:
3167:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:
3129:
3112:
3093:
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3023:
2988:. Retrieved
2982:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2904:Abolitionism
2890:Queen's Bush
2854:
2837:
2827:
2798:
2707:Isaac Hopper
2697:Lewis Hayden
2634:
2616:
2612:
2593:
2587:
2554:
2535:
2531:
2516:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2417:drapetomania
2410:
2387:
2369:
2353:
2346:
2331:
2321:federal laws
2314:
2282:
2279:Constitution
2273:Rhode Island
2246:
2203:
2145:
2125:
2118:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2055:
2043:
2036:
1741:Slave patrol
1664:
1573:Freedom suit
1549:Sierra Leone
1539:Colonization
1455:Abolitionism
1435:Baháʼí Faith
1408:Christianity
1358:Saudi Arabia
1214:Penal Labour
1179:Blackbirding
1085:Debt bondage
1073:penal system
899:Contemporary
889:Field slaves
877:U.S. Natives
836:South Africa
707:Galley slave
680:Slave market
670:House slaves
643:Blackbirding
621:Conscription
545:21st century
508:Umm al-walad
352:Muslim world
321:Emancipation
225:Wage slavery
205:Penal labour
183:Wife selling
173:Bride buying
158:Conscription
148:Child Labour
141:Contemporary
90:
79:
74:
58:
54:
52:
44:
26:
5054:(2019 film)
5043:Underground
5038:(2016 film)
5022:(1992 film)
4998:(1932 book)
4939:(1872 book)
4918:lawn jockey
4820:Dover Eight
4816:(1856 book)
4802:(1852 book)
4654:John Rankin
4634:Peg Leg Joe
4584:Levi Coffin
4264:Fire-Eaters
4157:Task system
4152:Gang system
4142:Plantations
3945:Puerto Rico
3938:Territories
3785:Mississippi
3700:Connecticut
3024:History.com
2939:www.nps.gov
2884:Fort Malden
2784:Communities
2737:John Rankin
2727:John Parker
2667:Levi Coffin
2481:(Quakers),
2269:Connecticut
2228:north into
2222:bondspeople
1756:court cases
1628: [
1578:Slave Power
1566:Manumission
1413:Catholicism
1288:Afghanistan
1029:Puerto Rico
941:The Bahamas
919:Slave codes
722:Shanghaiing
712:Impressment
604:Slave Coast
484:Qajar harem
444:Concubinage
417:slave trade
5092:Categories
5072:See also:
4574:Owen Brown
4569:John Brown
4465:Juneteenth
4450:Contraband
3900:Washington
3820:New Mexico
3815:New Jersey
3690:California
3483:2021-06-22
3456:2021-06-23
3412:2021-06-23
3385:2021-06-23
3318:2021-06-23
3285:2021-06-23
3260:2021-06-22
3169:2024-07-24
3144:2024-07-24
3078:2021-06-23
3054:2021-06-23
3030:2021-06-22
2990:2019-02-20
2944:2021-06-22
2921:References
2860:Africville
2838:Civil War
2821:Negro Fort
2788:See also:
2656:Owen Brown
2608:north star
2538:John Brown
2491:Methodists
2366:State laws
2342:California
1771:J.Q. Adams
1761:Washington
1731:Slave name
1675:convention
1650:Common law
1023:Encomienda
819:Seychelles
804:Mauritania
727:Slave ship
594:Panyarring
589:New France
238:Historical
4364:Marriage,
4063:Treatment
3910:Wisconsin
3875:Tennessee
3780:Minnesota
3755:Louisiana
3543:145241006
3527:0738-2480
3451:Biography
3350:0031-4528
2892:- Ontario
2886:- Ontario
2880:- Ontario
2874:- Ontario
2866:Birchtown
2809:Fort Mose
2517:In 1786,
2442:U.S. Army
1888:Political
1766:Jefferson
1418:Mormonism
1353:Palestine
1167:Australia
1097:Indonesia
988:Lei Áurea
971:Code Noir
951:Caribbean
924:Treatment
663:Treatment
636:Devshirme
498:Odalisque
316:In Russia
257:Babylonia
245:Antiquity
4962:(Boston)
4914:Signals
4768:incident
4731:churches
4030:Glossary
3895:Virginia
3845:Oklahoma
3825:New York
3800:Nebraska
3790:Missouri
3775:Michigan
3765:Maryland
3750:Kentucky
3730:Illinois
3705:Delaware
3695:Colorado
3685:Arkansas
3560:Archived
3535:23489468
3358:27766856
3224:Archived
3119:Archived
2898:See also
2487:Baptists
2226:escaping
2140:Military
2080:Judicial
1914:Gag rule
1865:Economic
1798:Iron bit
1788:40 acres
1751:breeding
1561:Freedman
1396:Religion
1256:Portugal
1141:Thailand
1131:Maldives
1126:Malaysia
1119:Kwalliso
1063:Booi Aha
1015:Restavek
995:Colombia
966:Trinidad
956:Barbados
846:Zanzibar
794:Ethiopia
675:Saqaliba
569:Database
520:Saqaliba
281:Ancillae
111:a series
109:Part of
5051:Harriet
4947:Related
4401:Plaçage
3967:History
3915:Wyoming
3890:Vermont
3795:Montana
3735:Indiana
3715:Georgia
3710:Florida
3680:Arizona
3670:Alabama
3584:Pbs.org
3574:Nps.gov
3495:Sources
3380:HISTORY
3255:HISTORY
2855:Canada
2428:Capture
2384:Evasion
2379:Pursuit
2372:nullify
2299:), the
2261:Vermont
2100:Amistad
1776:Lincoln
1644:Related
1544:Liberia
1430:Judaism
1368:Tunisia
1343:Morocco
1333:Lebanon
1298:Bahrain
1293:Algeria
1261:Romania
1226:Denmark
1219:Slavery
1153:Vietnam
824:Somalia
814:Nigeria
789:Comoros
717:Pirates
626:Ghilman
559:Bristol
449:history
422:pirates
311:History
200:Peonage
123:slavery
63:slavery
4905:Quilts
4854:Topics
4846:(1865)
4840:(1859)
4834:(1856)
4828:(1858)
4822:(1857)
4808:(1854)
4794:(1851)
4788:(1851)
4782:(1849)
4776:(1847)
4770:(1848)
4752:Events
4726:houses
4713:Places
4556:People
4250:(1808)
4068:Health
3959:Topics
3850:Oregon
3805:Nevada
3745:Kansas
3720:Hawaii
3675:Alaska
3663:States
3541:
3533:
3525:
3356:
3348:
3309:
3100:
2563:, and
2523:Quaker
2438:Gordon
2230:Canada
2102:affair
2016:Social
1692:owners
1328:Kuwait
1323:Jordan
1276:Sweden
1266:Russia
1251:Poland
1246:Norway
1068:Laogai
1053:Brunei
1048:Bhutan
1010:revolt
983:Brazil
946:Canada
909:partus
894:female
779:Angola
648:Coolie
631:Mamluk
584:Nantes
564:Brazil
493:Cariye
328:Thrall
296:Kholop
262:Greece
101:Mexico
97:Canada
82:Canada
4766:Pearl
3880:Texas
3760:Maine
3725:Idaho
3539:S2CID
3531:JSTOR
3474:(PDF)
3354:JSTOR
2621:Moses
2444:camp.
2224:from
1724:songs
1719:films
1632:]
1588:songs
1425:Islam
1403:Bible
1378:Yemen
1373:Qatar
1363:Syria
1338:Libya
1303:Egypt
1271:Spain
1241:Malta
1114:Korea
1102:Japan
1080:India
1058:China
1005:Haiti
865:Aztec
841:Sudan
809:Niger
701:Naval
574:Dutch
503:Qiyan
489:Jarya
464:Harem
306:Serfs
252:Egypt
5076:and
4898:1850
4500:list
3885:Utah
3840:Ohio
3740:Iowa
3523:ISSN
3346:ISSN
3307:ISBN
3098:ISBN
2792:and
2615:and
2540:had
2469:The
2332:The
2315:The
2271:and
2098:The
1855:the
1846:Laws
1670:laws
1532:U.S.
1527:U.K.
1465:U.S.
1460:U.K.
1348:Oman
1318:Iraq
1313:Iran
1000:Cuba
904:maps
799:Mali
784:Chad
370:Baqt
267:Rome
163:Debt
121:and
71:1850
69:and
3515:doi
3280:IHB
2307:).
99:or
57:or
43:'s
5094::
3537:.
3529:.
3521:.
3511:30
3509:.
3505:.
3476:.
3449:.
3436:^
3405:.
3394:^
3378:.
3366:^
3352:.
3342:15
3340:.
3336:.
3278:.
3253:.
3234:^
3161:.
3137:.
3071:.
3047:.
3022:.
2999:^
2981:.
2964:35
2962:.
2937:.
2586:,
2571:.
2559:,
2489:,
2485:,
2267:,
2263:,
2259:,
2232:.
1630:fa
113:on
4540:e
4533:t
4526:v
3648:e
3641:t
3634:v
3545:.
3517::
3486:.
3459:.
3430:.
3415:.
3388:.
3360:.
3321:.
3288:.
3263:.
3172:.
3147:.
3106:.
3081:.
3057:.
3033:.
2993:.
2947:.
2295:(
2187:e
2180:t
2173:v
1834:e
1827:t
1820:v
1025:)
1021:(
491:/
366:
33:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
