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2058:
3190:
5350:
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1513:
2398:
2657:
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42:
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3531:
1717:
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1960:
1275:
1099:
5738:
1451:. Ryujun Tajima divides the tantras into those which were "a development of Mahāyānist thought" and those "formed in a rather popular mould toward the end of the eighth century and declining into the esoterism of the left", this "left esoterism" mainly refers to the Yogini tantras and later works associated with wandering yogis. This practice survives in Tibetan Buddhism, but it is rare for this to be done with an actual person. It is more common for a yogi or yogini to use an imagined consort (a buddhist tantric deity, i.e. a yidam).
2772:
6115:
6079:
5887:
5395:
5325:
1213:
made from parts of the human body, so that control may be exercised over the forces hindering the natural abilities of the siddha to manipulate the cosmos at will. At their most extreme, siddhas also represented a defensive position within the
Buddhist tradition, adopted and sustained for the purpose of aggressive engagement with the medieval culture of public violence. They reinforced their reputations for personal sanctity with rumors of the magical manipulation of various flavors of demonic females (
5313:
4049:(1932-1980) was one important modern promoter of Esoteric Buddhism. He is known for translating a collection of Esoteric Buddhist texts, contributing to the dissemination of Esoteric Buddhism in Vietnam. Thích Viên Đức promoted esoteric Buddhist teachings as the fastest path to enlightenment. He established numerous communities in southern Vietnam and was also known as a healer. He also met with Tibetan lamas and Japanese Buddhists. Another modern Vietnamese esoteric organization is
84:
5197:
16488:
11457:
4096:
2117:
11468:
5678:
16498:
3924:
2383:
8866:
8853:
2170:
3975:. According to Quang Minh Thich "at present, it is still the norm in Vietnamese Buddhist temples, both in Vietnam and abroad, that these mantras, as elements of the Mantrayana, are recited either in their distinctive chanted sessions or in conjunction with other popular Buddhist scriptures. In function, the Vietnamese Tantric practices serve as a complement to the practices of Zen and Pure Land, not as an independent tradition."
2923:
3384:
8843:
2825:
8790:
3262:
into
Tibetan, and a smaller part into Chinese. Aside from these, there are perhaps another two thousand or more works that are known today only from such translations. We can be certain as well that many others are lost to us forever, in whatever form. Of the texts that survive a very small proportion has been published; an almost insignificant percentage has been edited or translated reliably.
2151:) which required interpretation and guidance from a teacher. The teachings may also be considered "self-secret", meaning that even if they were to be told directly to a person, that person would not necessarily understand the teachings without proper context. In this way, the teachings are "secret" to the minds of those who are not following the path with more than a simple sense of curiosity.
1253:
2543:) are allowed to practice the more advanced esoteric methods. In tantric deity yoga, mantras or bijas are used during the ritual evocation of deities which are said to arise out of the uttered and visualized mantric syllables. After the deity's image and mandala has been established, heart mantras are visualized as part of the contemplation in different points of the deity's body.
3808:, a Japanese monk who studied in China in the 9th century during the Tang dynasty and brought back Vajrayana scriptures, techniques and mandalas then popular in China. The school was merged into other schools in China towards the end of the Tang dynasty but was sectarian in Japan. Shingon is one of the few remaining branches of Buddhism in the world that continues to use the
5449:, when Shinto was declared an independent state religion separate from Buddhism, Shugendō was banned as a superstition not fit for a new, enlightened Japan. Some Shugendō temples converted themselves into various officially approved Shintō denominations. In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly by Tendai and Shingon sects, retaining an influence on modern
2774:
2779:
2777:
2773:
1588:. Sanderson's comparison of them shows similarity in "ritual procedures, style of observance, deities, mantras, mandalas, ritual dress, Kapalika accouterments like skull bowls, specialized terminology, secret gestures, and secret jargons. There is even direct borrowing of passages from Shaiva texts." Sanderson gives numerous examples such as the
2778:
2140:) and their practice requires initiation in a ritual space containing the mandala of the deity. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that secrecy itself is not important and only a side-effect of the reality that the techniques have no validity outside the teacher-student lineage.
5562:
initiation procedure in the highest class of tantra (such as the
Kalachakra), students must take the tantric vows which commit them to such secrecy. "Explaining general tantra theory in a scholarly manner, not sufficient for practice, is likewise not a root downfall. Nevertheless, it weakens the effectiveness of our tantric practice."
1764:
being no less real than everyday reality, but a process of transforming reality itself, including the practitioner's identity as the deity. As
Stephan Beyer notes, "In a universe where all events dissolve ontologically into Emptiness, the touching of Emptiness in the ritual is the re-creation of the world in actuality".
2776:
2885:
The seats are well-known on earth to be spots within the lotus mandala; by abiding within it there is great bliss, the royal nature of nondual joy. Therefore the lotus seat is supreme: filled with a mixture of semen and uterine blood, one should especially kiss it, and lolling with the tongue take it
5578:
and may have passed through other cultures, notably those of Japan and Tibet, before translation for the modern reader. Further complications arise as seemingly equivalent terms can have subtle variations in use and meaning according to context, the time and place of use. A third problem is that the
3177:) can be made, special chanting techniques can be used, and in elaborate offering rituals or initiations, many more ritual implements and tools are used, each with an elaborate symbolic meaning to create a special environment for practice. Vajrayana has thus become a major inspiration in traditional
1652:
and other Saiva movements, but the influence was apparently mutual. Perhaps a more nuanced model would be that the various lines of transmission were locally flourishing and that in some areas they interacted, while in others they maintained concerted hostility. Thus the influence was both sustained
1487:
According to Ronald M. Davidson, the rise of
Tantric Buddhism was a response to the feudal structure of Indian society in the early medieval period (ca. 500–1200 CE) which saw kings being divinized as manifestations of gods. Likewise, tantric yogis reconfigured their practice through the metaphor of
2230:
states "You should kill living beings, speak lying words, take what is not given, consort with the women of others". While some of these statements were taken literally as part of ritual practice, others such as killing were interpreted in a metaphorical sense. In the
Hevajra, "killing" is defined
3261:
Though we do not know precisely at present just how many Indian tantric
Buddhist texts survive today in the language in which they were written, their number is certainly over one thousand five hundred; I suspect indeed over two thousand. A large part of this body of texts has also been translated
2507:
These elements are brought together in the practice of tantric deity yoga, which involves visualizing the deity's body and mandala, reciting the deity's mantra and gaining insight into the nature of things based on this contemplation. Advanced tantric practices such as deity yoga are taught in the
1212:
Buddhist siddhas demonstrated the appropriation of an older sociological form—the independent sage/magician, who lived in a liminal zone on the borders between fields and forests. Their rites involved the conjunction of sexual practices and
Buddhist mandala visualization with ritual accoutrements
5561:
Buddhist tantric practice is categorized as secret practice; this is to avoid misinformed people from harmfully misusing the practices. A method to keep this secrecy is that tantric initiation is required from a master before any instructions can be received about the actual practice. During the
1763:
is central to the
Tantric Buddhist view and practice. The Buddhist emptiness view sees the world as being fluid, without an ontological foundation or inherent existence, but ultimately a fabric of constructions. Because of this, tantric practice such as self-visualization as the deity is seen as
3266:
Vajrayāna texts exhibit a wide range of literary characteristics—usually a mix of verse and prose, almost always in a
Sanskrit that "transgresses frequently against classical norms of grammar and usage," although also occasionally in various Middle Indic dialects or elegant classical Sanskrit.
2913:
Because of its adoption by the monastic tradition, the practice of sexual yoga was slowly transformed into one which was either done with an imaginary consort visualized by the yogi instead of an actual person, or reserved to a small group of the "highest" or elite practitioners. Likewise, the
1636:
venues, despite their presence in lists employed by both traditions." Davidson further adds that like the Buddhists, the Shaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of Hindu and non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions, an example being "village or tribal divinities like Tumburu".
3700:
A recent development is known as the "tantric revival movement" (mijiao fuxing yundong 密教復興運動) which involved the revival of Chinese Esoteric schools by Chinese students of Japanese Shingon. Some important figures of this revival include Wang Hongyuan 王弘願 (1876–1937), and Guru Wuguang (悟光上師
1140:, these tantric figures thrived during the latter half of the first millennium CE. According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, the mahasiddhas date to the medieval period in North India and used methods that were radically different from those used in Buddhist monasteries, including practicing on
2831:
2829:
2827:
2097:
In the vehicle of Sutra Mahayana, the "path of the cause" is taken whereby a practitioner starts with his or her potential Buddha-nature and nurtures it to produce the fruit of Buddhahood. In the Vajrayāna, the "path of the fruit" is taken whereby the practitioner takes his or her innate
2830:
2248:): "Bliss melts the conceptual mind, heightens sensory awareness, and opens the practitioner to the naked experience of the nature of mind." This tantric experience is not the same as ordinary self-gratifying sexual passion since it relies on tantric meditative methods using the
2098:
Buddha-nature as the means of practice. The premise is that since we innately have an enlightened mind, practicing seeing the world in terms of ultimate truth can help us to attain our full Buddha-nature. Experiencing ultimate truth is said to be the purpose of all the various
2094:. As with the Mahayana, motivation is a vital component of Vajrayāna practice. The Bodhisattva-path is an integral part of the Vajrayāna, which teaches that all practices are to be undertaken with the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings.
4019:). Another promoter of esoteric Buddhism during this period was Sùng Phạm (1004-1078) of Phap Van pagoda who studied in India for nine years before returning to Vietnam and was the teacher of the influential esoteric master Tri Bat. Phap Loa (1284-1330), a leader of the
2644:
This dissolution into emptiness is then followed by the visualization of the deity and re-emergence of the yogi as the deity. During the process of deity visualization, the deity is to be imaged as not solid or tangible, as "empty yet apparent", with the character of a
3374:
which is currently fully accessible online in discrete digitized manuscripts. With the Wylie transcription of the manuscripts they are to be made discoverable online in the future. These 350 texts are just a small portion of the vast cache of the Dunhuang manuscripts.
2634:). In the generation stage, one dissolves one's reality into emptiness and meditates on the deity-mandala, resulting in identification with this divine reality. In the completion stage, the divine image along with the illusory body is applied to the realization of
1781:, was also an important theory which became the basis for Tantric views. As explained by the Tantric commentator Lilavajra, this "intrinsic secret (behind) diverse manifestation" is the utmost secret and aim of Tantra. According to Wayman this "Buddha embryo" (
3018:. As a secondary meaning, "vajra" symbolizes the ultimate nature of things which is described in the tantras as translucent, pure and radiant, but also indestructible and indivisible. It is also symbolic of the power of tantric methods to achieve its goals.
2653:. This visualization is to be combined with "divine pride", which is "the thought that one is oneself the deity being visualized." Divine pride is different from common pride because it is based on compassion for others and on an understanding of emptiness.
2828:
7714:
Cousins, L.S. (1997), "Aspects of Southern Esoteric Buddhism", in Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.), Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakd Papers from the Annual Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Luzac Oriental, London: 185-207, 410.
3701:(1918–2000), both trained in Shingon and went on to spread Shingon teachings in the Chinese speaking world. These revivalist lineages exist in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia. Though they draw mainly from Shingon teachings, they have also adopted some
2057:
1835:
Those things by which evil men are bound, others turn into means and gain thereby release from the bonds of existence. By passion the world is bound, by passion too it is released, but by heretical Buddhists this practice of reversals is not
2684:
outlines two main types of completion practice: a formless and image-less contemplation on the ultimate empty nature of the mind and various yogas that make use of the illusory body to produce energetic sensations of bliss and warmth.
3900:, Esoteric Buddhist schools were forced to merge with the Seon and Kyo schools, becoming the ritual specialists. With the decline of Buddhism in Korea, Esoteric Buddhism mostly died out, save for a few traces in the rituals of the
2775:
1818:
is that of transformation. In Vajrayāna, negative mental factors such as desire, hatred, greed, pride are used as part of the path. As noted by French Indologist Madeleine Biardeau, the tantric doctrine is "an attempt to place
975:
which was said to be indestructible and unbreakable (like a diamond) and extremely powerful (like thunder). Thus, the term is variously translated as Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Indestructible Vehicle and so on.
2264:
Feminine deities and forces are also increasingly prominent in Vajrayāna. In the Yogini tantras in particular, women and female yoginis are given high status as the embodiment of female deities such as the wild and nude
2476:, Buddhist esotericism is centered on what is known as "the three mysteries" or "secrets": the tantric adept affiliates his body, speech, and mind with the body, speech, and mind of a Buddha through mudra, mantras and
5369:
Some traditions are related to Vajrayana, but are not to be seen as "Vajrayana" or "Mantrayana" proper. Vajrayana here referring to the Buddhist tradition based on the tantric literature of North Indian Mahayana, the
3488:) or mantrayana methods to a lesser extent. In many Asian Mahayana Buddhist traditions, esoteric methods are used as a complement, not as the central practice. This mainly involves the recitation of mantras (like the
1102:
Mahasiddhas, Palpung monastery. Note the figure of the great adept Putalipa at center, seated in a cave and gazing at an image of the meditational deity Samvara and the figure at the bottom left holding a skull-staff
1627:
tantras is by no means so well established" and that "the available evidence suggests that received Saiva tantras come into evidence sometime in the ninth to tenth centuries with their affirmation by scholars like
3680:
Today, esoteric traditions are deeply embedded in mainstream Chinese Buddhism and expressed through various rituals which make use of tantric mantra and dhāraṇī and the veneration of certain tantric deities like
5653:, not Buddhism Tantric Buddhism is a name for a phenomenon which calls itself, in Sanskrit, Mantranaya, Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna or Mantramahāyāna (and apparently never Tantrayāna). Its practitioners are known as
7299:
3915:(眞 覺). According to Henrik H. Sørensen, "they have absolutely no historical link with the Korean Buddhist tradition per se but are late constructs based in large measures on Japanese Shingon Buddhism."
5057:
tantras' include many transgressive elements, such as sexual and mortuary symbolism that is not shared by the earlier tantras that are studied in East Asian Buddhism. These texts were translated into
2231:
as developing concentration by killing the life-breath of discursive thoughts. Likewise, while actual sexual union with a physical consort is practiced, it is also common to use a visualized consort.
7353:
2568:
2215:). Since the ultimate state is in some sense non-dual, a practitioner can approach that state by "transcending attachment to dual categories such as pure and impure, permitted and forbidden". As the
1648:
The Buddhist-Kapalika connection is more complex than a simple process of religious imitation and textual appropriation. There can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by
3060:. The union of the two sets of spokes at the center of the wheel is said to symbolize the unity of wisdom (prajña) and compassion (karuna) as well as the sexual union of male and female deities.
2826:
5603:
In the Vajrayana tradition, now preserved mainly in Tibetan lineages, it has long been recognized that certain important teachings are expressed in a form of secret symbolic language known as
3761:("Esoteric (or Mystery) Teaching"), which are similar in concept to those in Vajrayana Buddhism. The lineage for Shingon Buddhism differs from that of Tibetan Vajrayana, having emerged from
1563:, various classes of Vajrayāna literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Shaivism. The relationship between the two systems can be seen in texts like the
2875:
The practice of ingestion of sexual fluids is mentioned by numerous tantric commentators, sometimes euphemistically referring to the penis as the "vajra" and the vagina as the "lotus". The
7461:
Sørensen. Esoteric Buddhism under the Koryŏ in the Light of the Greater East Asian Tradition. International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture September 2006, Vol.7, pp. 55-94.
2196:, though some of these are often replaced with less taboo substances such as yogurt. Tantric feasts and initiations sometimes employed substances like human flesh as noted by Kahha's
2763:
1750:
schools. The major difference seen by Vajrayana thinkers is the superiority of Tantric methods, which provide a faster vehicle to liberation and contain many more skillful means (
5665:. Thus, our use of the anglicised adjective “Tantric” for the Buddhist religion taught in Tantras is not native to the tradition, but is a borrowed term which serves its purpose.
5182:. It has also spread to Western countries and there are now international networks of Tibetan Buddhist temples and meditation centers in the Western world from all four schools.
2460:, and are seen as their manifestations in sonic form. They are traditionally believed to have spiritual power, which can lead to enlightenment as well as supramundane abilities (
3115:
as well as of the inner workings of the human person. The macrocosmic symbolism of the mandala then, also represents the forces of the human body. The explanatory tantra of the
3832:
Although the Tendai school in China and Japan does employ some esoteric practices, these rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the exoteric teachings of the
4046:
7797:
1789:), an effortless fount of good qualities" that resides in the mindstream but is "obscured by discursive thought". This doctrine is often associated with the idea of the
2864:"), as well as the sacramental ingestion of "power substances" such as the mingled sexual fluids and uterine blood (often performed by licking these substances off the
3677:
the official religion of China, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court. Imperial support of Tibetan Vajrayana continued into the Ming and Qing dynasties.
3157:
All ritual in Vajrayana practice can be seen as aiding in this process of visualization and identification. The practitioner can use various hand implements such as a
8153:
The Six Yogas Of Naropa, Tsongkhapa's Commentary Entitled A Book Of Three Inspirations A Treatise On The Stages Of Training In The Profound Path Of Naro's Six Dharmas
1294:
already contained some elements which are emphasized in the Tantras, such as mantras and dharani. The use of protective verses or phrases actually dates back to the
696:
1374:, some of which can be traced to at least the 7th century CE but might be older. The dating of the tantras is "a difficult, indeed an impossible task" according to
1229:), and other things that go bump in the night. Operating on the margins of both monasteries and polite society, some adopted the behaviors associated with ghosts (
1934:(1308–1364) expanded on these philosophies in their tantric commentaries and treatises. The status of the tantric view continued to be debated in medieval Tibet.
5517:
sources. As such, it has no direct connection to the Indian "Vajrayana" of the Buddhist tantras, the Indian mahasiddhas and the Nalanda-Vikramashila traditions.
803:
Vajrayāna practices are connected to specific lineages in Buddhism, through the teachings of lineage holders. Others might generally refer to these texts as the
8764:Āryadeva's Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa): The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition
7061:(2007). Catalogue of the Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts from Dunhuang in the Stein Collection . Second electronic edition. International Dunhuang Project. Source:
4015:. He also spread esoteric teachings throughout Vietnam and liberalized their practice, making them less dependent on reincarnation lineages (similar to Tibetan
3366:
also contain Tibetan Tantric manuscripts. Dalton and Schaik (2007, revised) provide an excellent online catalogue listing 350 Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts] from
1573:, and states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by
2338:. The special tantric vows vary depending on the specific mandala practice for which the initiation is received and also depending on the level of initiation.
4023:
school, was another very influential Vietnamese esoteric master. He is known for establishing esoteric abhiseka (initiation) ceremonies as well as Huayan (
2306:
In India, there is evidence to show that women participated in tantric practice alongside men and were also teachers, adepts and authors of tantric texts.
9607:
2890:
According to David Gray, these sexual practices probably originated in a non-monastic context, but were later adopted by monastic establishments (such as
2626:
In the Unsurpassed Yoga Tantras, the most widespread tantric form in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, this method is divided into two stages, the generation stage (
2508:
context of an initiation ceremony by tantric gurus or vajracharyas (vajra-masters) to the tantric initiate, who also takes on formal commitments or vows (
2456:). Mantras are words, phrases or a collection of syllables used for a variety of meditative, magical and ritual ends. Mantras are usually associated with
1408:), classed as a "Yoga tantra", is one of the first Buddhist tantras which focuses on liberation as opposed to worldly goals. In another early tantra, the
2724:("wheels"). These subtle energies are seen as "mounts" for consciousness, the physical component of awareness. They are engaged by various means such as
12901:
10522:
8997:
5426:
back in the 7th century, Shugendō evolved as a sort of amalgamation between Esoteric Buddhism, Shinto and several other religious influences including
4998:
3303:, a large number of tantric works are widely studied and different schools focus on the study and practice of different cycles of texts. According to
12992:
7639:
J. Takakusu (2005). A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)/I-Tsing. New Delhi, AES.
7082:
833:). However, traditionally, the adherents and texts of Vajrayāna claim these teachings have been passed down by an unbroken lineage going back to the
15441:
5641:"Tantric Buddhism" is not the transcription of a native term, but a rather modern coinage, if not totally occidental. For the equivalent Sanskrit
5349:
2956:
thinking. In Vajrayāna, symbols, and terms are multi-valent, reflecting the microcosm and the macrocosm as in the phrase "As without, so within" (
2045:
is sometimes portrayed as a method for those of inferior abilities. However the practitioner of the mantra still has to adhere to the vows of the
1941:(1012–1088) held that the views of sutra such as Madhyamaka were inferior to that of tantra, which was based on basic purity of ultimate reality.
1644:) mingled and discussed their paths at various pilgrimage places and that there were conversions between the different groups. Thus he concludes:
15290:
10526:
7064:
7037:
3893:) schools. During the era of the Mongol occupation (1251–1350s), Tibetan Buddhism also existed in Korea though it never gained a foothold there.
3189:
1195:. It was dominated by long-haired, wandering mahasiddhas who openly challenged and ridiculed the Buddhist establishment. The mahasiddhas pursued
7768:
16347:
10750:
920:
In India, the initial term was Mantranāya (Path of Mantras), and Mantrayāna (Mantra Vehicle). Later, other terms were adopted, like Vajrayāna.
2132:
Vajrayāna Buddhism is esoteric in the sense that the transmission of certain teachings only occurs directly from teacher to student during an
1398:), teach the use of mantras and dharanis for mostly worldly ends including curing illness, controlling the weather and generating wealth. The
2798:, often termed "formless practices" or the path of self-liberation. These techniques do not rely on deity visualization per se but on direct
2037:
leads one to Buddhahood in a single lifetime. According to the literature, the mantra is an easy path without the difficulties innate to the
1632:(c. 1000 c.e.)" Davidson also notes that the list of pithas or sacred places "are certainly not particularly Buddhist, nor are they uniquely
8170:
Orzech, Charles D. (2006). "The 'Great Teaching of Yoga', the Chinese Appropriation of the Tantras, and the Question of Esoteric Buddhism".
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during the "New translation period" (10th–12th centuries). Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous native Tibetan developments, such as the
2260:
This practice is not taught for the sake of enjoyment, but for the examination of one's own thought, whether the mind is steady or waving.
1708:
and that his arrival was predicted by the Buddha. Some accounts also maintain Padmasambhava is a direct reincarnation of Buddha Shakyamuni.
16299:
13642:
8967:
1844:
further states that "one knowing the nature of poison may dispel poison with poison." As Snellgrove notes, this idea is already present in
1512:
7374:
3150:, are central to many Vajrayana mandalas as they represent the "five wisdoms", which are the five primary aspects of primordial wisdom or
2560:
2357:
vows in the same way as his students. Proper conduct is considered especially necessary for a qualified Vajrayana guru. For example, the
1165:
substances like alcohol, urine, and meat. At least two of the mahasiddhas cited in the Buddhist literature are comparable with the Shaiva
2914:
drinking of sexual fluids was also reinterpreted by later commentators to refer illusory body anatomy of the perfection stage practices.
2910:
being expelled from their monasteries for performing them, shows that supposedly celibate monastics were undertaking these sexual rites.
2004:
as the path. Vajrayāna can also be distinguished from the paramitayana. According to this schema, Indian Mahayana revealed two vehicles (
5952:
5551:
Due to the esoteric initiatory nature of the tradition, many practitioners will not divulge information or sources of their information.
1976:
Various classifications are possible when distinguishing Vajrayāna from the other Buddhist traditions. Vajrayāna can be seen as a third
15335:
15262:
12426:
11527:
9075:
8337:
Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
2576:). Visualizing deities in the form of seed syllables is a common Vajrayana meditation. In Shingon, one of the most common practices is
2397:
1673:
According to several Buddhist tantras as well as traditional Tibetan Buddhist sources, the tantras and the Vajrayana was taught by the
1548:
has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a “pan-Indian religious substrate” which is not specifically Buddhist,
8810:
1868:, rather they exist in a continuum. All individuals are seen as containing the seed of enlightenment within, which is covered over by
15135:
11505:
8832:
7433:
5386:. However, these related traditions may have been influenced by Vajrayana proper and have borrowed practices from Vajrayana schools.
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8276:
1911:
brought Tantra to Tang China (716 to 720), tantric philosophy continued to be developed in Chinese and Japanese by thinkers such as
16542:
15426:
15300:
15285:
335:
2656:
2411:
While all the Vajrayāna Buddhist traditions include all of the traditional practices used in Mahayana Buddhism such as developing
11342:
10794:
7838:
Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 8
7731:
Kate Crosby, Traditional Theravada Meditation and its Modern-Era Suppression Hong Kong: Buddha Dharma Centre of Hong Kong, 2013,
3215:
There is an extended body of texts associated with Buddhist Tantra, including the "tantras" themselves, tantric commentaries and
3111:, is another unique feature of Buddhist Tantra. Mandalas are symbolic depictions of the sacred space of the awakened Buddhas and
1540:, which, according to scholars like David B. Gray and Alexis Sanderson, appropriated numerous elements from nondual Shaiva Tantra
3546:
sometimes include material not usually thought of as tantric outside the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, such as the widely recited
10997:
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4991:
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2843:
An important element in some of these rituals (particularly initiations and tantric feasts) seems to have been the practice of
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The Elements of Tantric Practice:A General Exposition of the Process of Meditation in the Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra
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and received sanction from the emperors of the Tang dynasty. During this time, three great masters came from India to China:
3399:
1825:, desire, in every meaning of the word, in the service of liberation." This view is outlined in the following quote from the
1317:
3869:
during the initial introduction of Buddhism to the region in 372 CE. Esoteric Buddhism was supported by the royalty of both
1899:
continued the tradition of Buddhist philosophy and adapted it to their commentaries on the major Tantras. Abhayakaragupta's
16547:
15911:
12896:
9160:
9002:
8228:
5312:
3416:
5238:
and this tradition has preserved many Vajrayana texts in this language. Its priests do not follow celibacy and are called
1945:(1357–1419) on the other hand, held that there is no difference between Vajrayāna and other forms of Mahayana in terms of
16532:
16029:
15310:
14906:
11337:
4371:
3728:
3665:
to adopt various esoteric practices over time, leading to a merging of teachings between the various schools. During the
3040:), enfolding either end of the rod. The vajra is often traditionally employed in tantric rituals in combination with the
2952:
Vajrayāna uses a rich variety of symbols, terms, and images that have multiple meanings according to a complex system of
1476:
developed in the 10th century. It is farthest removed from the earlier Buddhist traditions, and incorporates concepts of
703:
8341:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series. Vol. 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo.
7268:"From China to Japan and Back Again: An Energetic Example of Bidirectional Sino-Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Transmission"
5554:
As with many different subjects, it must be studied in context and with a long history spanning many different cultures.
16239:
15969:
15851:
15305:
13880:
11790:
11234:
10784:
8879:
7736:
7597:(1970). "Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development".
7406:
4970:
1498:) of a mandala palace of divine vassals, an imperial metaphor symbolizing kingly fortresses and their political power.
1470:
tantras" and represent the final form of development of Indian Buddhist tantras in the ninth and tenth centuries. The
5637:
The term Tantric Buddhism was not one originally used by those who practiced it. As scholar Isabelle Onians explains:
5471:"Southern Esoteric Buddhism" or Borān kammaṭṭhāna ('ancient practices') is a term for esoteric forms of Buddhism from
4009:. He brought back various texts and practices from Burma. He became famous as a powerful magician. He was fond of the
1147:
Since the practice of Tantra focuses on the transformation of poisons into wisdom, the yogic circles came together in
826:
According to contemporary historical scholarship, Vajrayāna practice originated in the tantric era of medieval India (
16289:
15110:
12311:
9080:
8714:
8519:
8463:
8160:
7951:
7894:
7826:
7644:
7092:
6527:
6507:
5777:
4984:
17:
11327:
3496:. However, certain revival movements have attempted to establish new esoteric schools in mainland East Asia such as
1344:
16342:
13890:
11012:
10757:
7720:
5524:. However, esoteric Buddhist practices remain in some contemporary South East Asian traditions, including the Thai
5346:. The few Buddhist artifacts that have been found in the islands reflect the iconography of Srivijaya's Vajrayana.
5047:
This tradition practices and studies a set of tantric texts and commentaries associated with the more "left hand" (
4291:
2499:
Secret of Speech: Speech exactly appropriate to the lineage of the creature, as in the language of the yaksas, etc.
7354:
Reformulating the Appropriated and Relinking the Chain: Challenges of Lineage and Legitimacy in Zhenyan Revivalism
7224:
572:
16304:
16199:
15325:
15320:
15276:
14901:
13740:
12960:
11945:
11404:
11394:
9223:
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Journey and Goal: An Analysis of the Spiritual Paths and Levels to be Traversed and the Consummate Fruition state
8220:
5082:
4908:
4122:
4050:
3312:
1677:, but only to some individuals. There are several stories and versions of how the tantras were disseminated. The
4040:
Collection of Essentials for the Attainment of Buddhahood by Total Penetration of the Esoteric and the Exoteric,
3142:, the Dalai Lama describes mandalas thus: "This is the celestial mansion, the pure residence of the deity." The
2546:
Most Tantric Buddhists believe nirvana is achievable in a single lifetime with "vigorous study and meditation".
168:
16159:
15984:
15257:
14266:
14207:
14094:
13973:
13905:
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11927:
11846:
11349:
11002:
10804:
10695:
10640:
9213:
8690:. The Treasury of Knowledge (books 9 & 10). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 159–251, 333–451.
4030:
Chinese Buddhist esotericism also influenced Vietnamese esotericism during the medieval period, especially the
2728:(breath control) to produce blissful experiences that are then applied to the realization of ultimate reality.
2240:
and the bodhisattva's quest for enlightenment is likened to a lover seeking union with the mind of the Buddha.
2144:
1849:
1342:
which might have served as a central source of visual imagery for Tantric texts. Later Mahāyāna texts like the
14391:
14261:
5548:
Although a large number of Tantric scriptures are extant, they have not been formally ordered or systematized.
5262:
Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism refers to the traditions of Esoteric Buddhism found in the Indonesian islands of
3850:
that one is innately an enlightened being, and that one can attain enlightenment within the current lifetime.
3777:) and is based on earlier versions of the Indian texts than the Tibetan lineage. Shingon shares material with
2767:
A Newari Buddhist mandala used for Guru Puja, Nepal, 19th century, gilt copper inlaid with semiprecious stones
2154:
Because of their role in giving access to the practices and guiding the student through them, the role of the
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15724:
15461:
15120:
14969:
14891:
14502:
14313:
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12859:
11498:
11319:
11017:
10700:
8992:
8825:
4065:. Vietnamese esotericism can also be quite sycretic, borrowing from Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan Buddhism.
2099:
1564:
1387:
565:
320:
7131:
Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, Brill, Page 296.
5324:
2516:, advanced practices like deity yoga are usually preceded by or coupled with "preliminary practices" called
1580:
Sanderson notes that the Vajrayāna Yogini tantras draw extensively from the material also present in Shaiva
16367:
16169:
13372:
12078:
10902:
10774:
10745:
10447:
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195:
125:
119:
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15856:
14374:
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13885:
13799:
13367:
13073:
11695:
10593:
10502:
9972:
9617:
9130:
9025:
5962:
5570:
The terminology associated with Vajrayana Buddhism can be confusing. Most of the terms originated in the
5544:
Serious Vajrayana academic study in the Western world is in early stages due to the following obstacles:
5343:
4946:
4586:
31:
14406:
14396:
10137:
8010:
Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra
5445:
issued a regulation obliging Shugendō temples to belong to either Shingon or Tendai temples. During the
3690:
3604:
and Southeast Asian Maritime trade routes sometime during the first half of the 7th century, during the
3391:
throughout Asia. Vajrayana (in the form of Tibetan Buddhism) dominates the Himalayan regions and in the
15150:
15095:
14791:
13526:
13063:
11690:
11632:
11442:
10922:
10398:
9884:
9007:
8840:
8794:
5580:
5466:
2334:
for the lower levels of tantra, and are taken during initiations into the empowerment for a particular
1075:
13112:
10332:
8805:
7062:
7029:
5096:
In the pre-modern era, Tibetan Buddhism spread outside of Tibet primarily due to the influence of the
4006:
3928:
2244:
notes the importance of the psycho-physical experiences arising in sexual yoga, termed "great bliss" (
16402:
16191:
16049:
15501:
14384:
14158:
13789:
13419:
12940:
12072:
11824:
11661:
11616:
11332:
11145:
11135:
11007:
9990:
9570:
9331:
9306:
8728:. Translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. San Francisco, California: HarperCollinsPublishers.
7760:
7665:
Fontein, Jan. Entering the Dharmadhātu: A Study of the <Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur, page 233.
4077:
3567:
3530:
3276:
3271:
3022:
2755:, in which the yogi ceremonially offers their body to be eaten by tantric deities in a ritual feast.
1658:
1400:
979:
897:
579:
136:
14281:
9356:
5483:
once practiced forms of tantra which were popular in the island. Another tradition of this type was
4413:
3348:
2611:), which involves the recitation of mantras, prayers and visualization of the deity, the associated
1653:
and reciprocal, even in those places where Buddhist and Kapalika siddhas were in extreme antagonism.
15906:
15866:
15821:
15611:
15601:
15406:
15155:
14980:
14916:
14886:
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14541:
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13164:
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12342:
11812:
11797:
11491:
11437:
10789:
10603:
10581:
10574:
10477:
10010:
9630:
9446:
9391:
9012:
8818:
8446:
7554:
5748:
5706:
5278:(650 CE–1377 CE) was a major center of Esoteric Buddhist learning which drew Chinese monks such as
4544:
4485:
4396:
4117:
3248:
3240:
2976:
2799:
2406:
769:
663:
216:
35:
30:"Buddhist tantra" and "Esoteric Buddhism" redirect here. For the esoteric Buddhist scriptures, see
12849:
16357:
16294:
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is a term denoting someone who follows the teachings of scriptures known as Tantras, but only in
4304:
4273:
3877:(918–1392). During the Goryeo Dynasty esoteric practices were common within large sects like the
3343:
2877:
2527:
2133:
1619:
Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's arguments for direct influence from Shaiva
1605:
1537:
1283:
1202:
537:
5510:
5053:) tantras, which are not part of East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. These tantras (sometimes termed '
3689:. One example of esoteric teachings still practiced in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries is the
558:
41:
16224:
16119:
16079:
16059:
15916:
15891:
15796:
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15689:
15679:
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15561:
15546:
15531:
15486:
15421:
15090:
15021:
14926:
14921:
14662:
14585:
14347:
14224:
14148:
13945:
13935:
13794:
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13700:
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12581:
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10427:
10375:
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10132:
9953:
9850:
9602:
9597:
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8800:
7366:
5583:, a means of instruction that is deliberately coded. These obscure teaching methods relying on
5294:
also reflects strong Tantric or at least proto-tantric influences, particularly of the cult of
4866:
4824:
4705:
4532:
4441:
3210:
2810:
2619:, along with consorts and attendant Buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the Tibetan scholar
2523:
2069:
1609:
468:
9714:
3527:
through the sea route. Medieval monks were a prime factor in the spread of esoteric Buddhism.
3068:
3006:, or an indestructible substance which could, therefore, pierce and penetrate any obstacle or
2234:
Alex Wayman points out that the symbolic meaning of tantric sexuality is ultimately rooted in
1892:
16465:
16410:
16327:
16279:
16254:
16054:
15876:
15871:
15739:
15729:
15551:
15227:
15165:
14985:
14931:
14352:
14330:
14244:
14185:
13851:
13290:
13127:
12269:
11868:
11780:
11389:
11359:
10940:
10872:
10705:
10620:
10615:
10539:
10534:
10452:
8982:
8440:
8284:
6736:
5026:
4632:
4178:
4160:
3646:, and unlike Tibetan Buddhism, it does not employ the antinomian and radical tantrism of the
3572:
2696:
make use of energetic schemas of human psycho-physiology composed of "energy channels" (Skt.
2689:
2111:
1938:
1853:
and therefore it is possible that he was aware of Tantric techniques, including sexual yoga.
1716:
656:
453:
202:
13142:
13107:
10005:
8484:
Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: The Arcane Lore of Forty Verses: a Buddhist Tantra Commentary
5209:
2226:, union with a physical consort as part of advanced practices. Some tantras go further, the
1908:
1593:
1426:
16455:
16445:
16430:
16337:
16264:
16234:
16209:
16174:
16134:
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15846:
15826:
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15704:
15651:
15626:
15476:
15471:
15451:
15416:
15401:
15345:
15115:
15048:
15016:
14896:
14831:
14697:
14575:
14428:
14308:
14202:
14114:
14082:
14077:
13925:
13657:
13068:
12908:
12492:
12252:
11863:
11807:
11758:
11743:
11596:
11412:
11379:
11364:
10882:
10779:
10725:
10610:
10549:
10517:
10512:
10497:
10482:
10472:
10437:
10350:
10042:
9965:
9268:
9208:
8957:
8924:
8874:
8603:
7989:
Duckworth, Douglas (2015). "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).
5533:
5525:
5200:
Somapura Buddhist Vihar dates back to the 8th century AD during the rule of the Pala empire
5163:
5147:
4951:
4384:
4339:
4045:
Some modern teachers and organizations focus specifically on Vietnamese esoteric Buddhism.
3643:
3363:
3286:
2564:
An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization
2080:
The goal of spiritual practice within the Mahayana and Vajrayāna traditions is to become a
1420:
1299:
1083:
172:
13230:
12105:
11252:
9867:
9736:
9662:
9538:
9276:
8415:. Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
7674:
Laszlo Legeza, "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art," Arts of Asia, 1988, 4:129-133.
7426:
5629:, those mysterious devices and diagrams that were so much in vogue in the pseudo-Buddhist
3036:) at its centre, and a variable number of spokes, 3, 5 or 9 at each end (depending on the
1959:
1773:
1681:, for example, has the Buddha state that the tantras will be explained by the bodhisattva
1532:
1105:
551:
8:
16460:
16435:
16415:
16392:
16319:
16269:
16249:
16164:
16154:
16109:
16069:
16024:
16019:
16009:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15979:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15921:
15831:
15806:
15684:
15674:
15636:
15606:
15591:
15576:
15566:
15556:
15521:
15516:
15466:
15411:
15386:
15330:
15187:
15170:
15058:
15053:
15043:
14911:
14712:
14625:
14570:
14546:
14433:
14318:
14271:
14066:
13915:
13543:
13335:
13215:
12987:
12774:
12659:
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12477:
12398:
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11548:
11219:
11098:
10932:
10907:
10897:
10857:
10834:
10717:
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10414:
9845:
9702:
9483:
9461:
9413:
9233:
9033:
8889:
8869:
7427:"Georgieva-Russ, Nelly. Esoteric Buddhist Ritual Objects of the Koryŏ Dynasty (936-1392)"
5716:
5711:
5584:
4963:
4958:
4527:
4105:
3846:
maintains that one is able to understand sense experiences as taught by the Buddha, have
3794:
3648:
3481:
3392:
3388:
3131:
2731:
Other methods which are associated with the completion stage in Tibetan Buddhism include
2420:
2335:
2241:
1739:
1570:
1545:
1415:
1274:
1098:
530:
9193:
9120:
8646:
Esoteric Instructions: A Detailed Presentation of the Process of Meditation in Vajrayana
8559:
As Long As Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama
8302:
Establishing Appearances as Divine: Rongzom Chözang on Reasoning, Madhyamaka, and Purity
3423:
above), today the Vajrayāna exists primarily in the form of the two major traditions of
2182:
1981:
868:
16522:
16440:
16420:
16387:
16284:
16274:
16219:
16214:
16144:
16124:
16114:
16099:
16094:
16074:
16044:
16039:
16014:
16004:
15936:
15901:
15886:
15791:
15764:
15754:
15714:
15699:
15694:
15646:
15641:
15581:
15536:
15496:
15391:
15378:
15180:
15160:
15085:
14958:
14781:
14455:
14413:
14249:
14217:
14192:
14119:
14099:
13920:
13868:
13856:
13834:
13426:
13384:
13257:
13080:
13058:
13053:
12869:
12653:
12629:
12008:
11932:
11680:
11626:
11282:
11187:
11029:
10992:
10987:
10917:
10867:
10814:
10809:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10660:
10645:
10630:
10625:
10564:
10544:
10507:
10432:
10237:
9938:
9862:
9740:
9682:
9523:
9423:
9351:
9326:
8972:
8902:
7622:
7614:
7398:
Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China
7216:
7208:
5701:
5691:
5521:
5476:
5442:
5375:
5371:
5291:
5155:
5131:
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4644:
4603:
4458:
4424:
4408:
3956:
3810:
3800:
3782:
3291:
3206:
3053:
2744:
2573:
2534:
1968:
1869:
1720:
1641:
1409:
1260:
1247:
689:
586:
544:
356:
209:
176:
65:
13538:
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12681:
12411:
11081:
3932:
1544:
The question of the origins of early Vajrayāna has been taken up by various scholars.
1290:
Many of the elements found in Buddhist tantric literature are not wholly new. Earlier
892:
There are several Buddhist tantric traditions that are currently practiced, including
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16491:
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16382:
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16259:
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15774:
15759:
15734:
15709:
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15571:
15526:
15511:
15491:
15481:
15456:
15396:
15340:
15100:
14876:
14472:
14443:
14367:
14362:
14323:
14256:
14212:
14197:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14109:
13844:
13730:
13496:
13466:
13446:
13267:
13043:
13024:
13019:
12950:
12913:
12634:
12549:
12472:
12370:
12360:
12328:
12316:
12284:
12261:
12243:
12139:
11994:
11902:
11888:
11851:
11839:
11668:
11587:
11539:
11460:
11422:
11118:
11103:
11066:
11051:
10824:
10740:
10655:
10492:
10457:
10442:
10169:
10159:
9840:
9687:
9672:
9543:
9466:
9386:
9321:
9253:
9140:
8897:
8767:
8748:
8729:
8710:
8691:
8668:
8649:
8630:
8611:
8581:
8562:
8534:
8515:
8487:
8459:
8425:
8388:
8360:
8305:
8261:
8212:
8187:
8156:
8130:
8111:
8079:
8060:
8041:
8022:
7994:
7975:
7947:
7928:
7909:
7890:
7867:
7822:
7732:
7716:
7640:
7626:
7402:
7335:
7249:
7220:
7200:
7088:
6740:
6523:
6503:
6456:
5696:
5480:
5450:
5446:
5191:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5058:
4792:
4710:
4654:
4637:
4627:
4598:
4463:
4446:
4434:
3847:
3694:
3577:
3489:
3041:
2790:
Another form of Vajrayana practice are certain meditative techniques associated with
2427:
meditation which are seen as more advanced. These include mantras, mandalas, mudras,
2390:
2148:
1873:
1801:
1472:
1356:
1237:), not only as a religious praxis but also as an extension of their implied threats.
722:
13950:
13548:
13179:
12918:
10404:
9198:
9098:
5599:
add to the difficulties faced by those attempting to understand Vajrayana Buddhism:
4520:
3538:
The distinction between mantrayana traditions is not always rigid. For example, the
2327:
2143:
The secrecy of teachings was often protected through the use of allusive, indirect,
1951:(perfection of insight) itself, only that Vajrayāna is a method which works faster.
1705:
1360:
16450:
16332:
16229:
15841:
15801:
15749:
15744:
15661:
15631:
15541:
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7279:
7248:, pp. 68–71 Sino-American Buddhist Association, Buddhist Text Translation Society.
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5234:. It is the only form of Vajrayana Buddhism in which the scriptures are written in
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Practitioners of Vajrayāna need to abide by various tantric vows or pledges called
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1903:
is a key source in the theory and practice of tantric rituals. After monks such as
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3997:), esoteric Buddhism was widespread in Vietnam, and was especially favored by the
3708:
Another form of esoteric Buddhism in China is the related but unique tradition of
3107:. The use of visual aids, particularly microcosmic/macrocosmic diagrams, known as
2805:
Another distinctive feature of Tantric Buddhism is its unique and often elaborate
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8648:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 4). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
8595:
8227:. Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Padma Gochen Ling: Turtle Hill.
8093:
Isaacson, Harunaga (1998). "Tantric Buddhism in India (from c. 800 to c. 1200)".
7396:
7367:"Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century"
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5683:
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4873:
4698:
4688:
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4366:
4361:
4263:
4183:
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3911:
There are two Esoteric Buddhist schools in modern Korea: the Chinŏn (眞言) and the
3477:
3371:
3304:
3198:
3143:
3015:
2961:
2860:
2450:
A central feature of tantric practice is the use of mantras, and seed syllables (
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1437:
class of Tantra, which features forms of ritual practice considered "left-hand" (
1291:
1111:
864:
10217:
9371:
9361:
8224:
5491:. The Tantric Buddhist 'Yogāvacara' tradition was a major Buddhist tradition in
3534:
A map depicting the spread of Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast and Eastern Eurasia
3057:
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9855:
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8683:
8357:
Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise
8199:
Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra".
8183:
7084:
Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons
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not as something outside or an event in the future, but as immanently present.
1827:
1693:(a figure related to Vajrapani, in some cases said to be an emanation of him).
1674:
1640:
Davidson adds that Buddhists and Kapalikas as well as other ascetics (possibly
1456:
1444:
1174:
1141:
1137:
1133:
905:
793:
773:
512:
150:
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8456:
Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice
8076:
The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India
8036:
Green, Ronald S. (2015). "East Asian Buddhism". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).
7181:"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China"
5415:
3978:
The first Vietnamese monk we know of who studied Vajrayana was Master Van Ky (
3339:
3123:, states: "The body becomes a palace, the hallowed basis of all the Buddhas."
1856:
According to Buddhist Tantra, there is no strict separation of the profane or
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7972:
Masters of Mahāmudrā: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas
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7339:
7204:
6992:
Sacred Interconnections: Postmodern Spirituality, Political Economy, and Art,
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substances, such as blood, semen, alcohol and urine, as ritual offerings and
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7314:"The Reception of the Mantra of Light in Republican Period Chinese Buddhism"
5506:
Southern Esoteric Buddhism is a unique Southeast Asian development based on
4002:
3994:
2849:
2443:
fire ritual. Vajrayana teaches that these techniques provide faster path to
2128:, India. Some empowerment ceremonies can include large numbers of initiates.
908:. Historically, there were also other esoteric Buddhist traditions, such as
489:
15315:
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8766:. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University.
8144:
5484:
5394:
5379:
5100:
5054:
5038:
5033:, some time before 767. Tibetan Buddhism reflects the later stages tantric
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1443:) such as the use of taboo substances like alcohol, consort practices, and
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9376:
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from a master and are often seen as the most advanced and direct methods.
1161:) which included dancing, singing, consort practices and the ingestion of
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8745:
The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice
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to lead one to Buddhahood. The tantra literature, however, says that the
2008:) or methods for attaining enlightenment: the method of the perfections (
1888:
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1732:
1724:
1553:
1364:
1005:
849:
675:
271:
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9707:
8019:
The Cakrasamvara Tantra: The Discourse of Śrī Heruka (Śrīherukābhidhāna)
7819:
The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism
7330:
7313:
7300:
Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism.
7284:
7267:
5434:, and Kūkai's syncretic religion held wide sway up until the end of the
5409:
2940:, after the empowerment, Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism, Boudha,
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engraved on a stele. Temple Fo Ding Shan Chao Sheng in Sanyi Township,
3147:
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that house and contain the uncontainable essence of a central deity or
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Distance yourself from Vajra Masters who are not keeping the three vows
2236:
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2121:
2082:
2001:
1942:
1931:
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Davidson also argues for the influence of non-Brahmanical and outcaste
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Southern Esoteric Buddhism declined after the rise of Southeast Asian
5208:
Buddhism, it's now home to only a small minority who are followers of
3653:
The prestige of this tradition eventually influenced other schools of
2116:
1616:, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.
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180:
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9135:
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7154:
The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism
6712:
6397:
5806:, p. 78, speaks of the tantra divisions of some editions of the
5507:
5398:
5295:
5287:
5275:
5151:
5049:
4923:
4556:
4309:
3986:
3960:
3709:
3601:
3592:
Esoteric and Tantric teachings followed the same route into northern
3524:
2941:
2791:
2725:
2616:
2496:
Secret of Body: Whatever form is necessary to tame the living beings.
2452:
2382:
2219:
states "the wise man who does not discriminate achieves Buddhahood".
2193:
2061:
1989:
1682:
1574:
1521:
1490:
1481:
1439:
1264:
1087:
853:
789:
439:
110:
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12100:
10950:
9786:
9640:
9406:
9188:
9057:
9049:
8404:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors
7610:
4767:
3757:
3497:
3485:
2886:
up. Unite the vajra and lotus, with the rapture of drinking liquor.
2252:
and visualizations as well as the motivation for enlightenment. The
2164:
1090:
doctrines passed down from "supposedly initiated Buddhist masters."
1034:
14948:
14692:
14682:
14537:
14022:
14002:
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13705:
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13206:
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12784:
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10247:
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9721:
9592:
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9491:
9150:
8847:
7857:. Translated by Paul Groner. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
7196:
5677:
5592:
5571:
5500:
5492:
5235:
5205:
5179:
5112:
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4819:
4755:
4480:
4236:
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4127:
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like a legendary weapon and divine attribute that was made from an
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2125:
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1985:
1794:
1760:
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1517:
1434:
1234:
1218:
797:
762:
10292:
10282:
10267:
10090:
9960:
9228:
8627:
Systems of Buddhist Tantra:The Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra
8578:
Tantra in Bengal: A Study in Its Origin, Development and Influence
7963:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
6286:
5283:
4211:
4057:(2004). Esoteric practices are also currently associated with the
3736:
holding a vajra and a mala, 14th century, Art Institute of Chicago
3733:
3697:, which are especially influential in the Chinese Chan tradition.
2922:
2899:
2522:, consisting of five to seven accumulation practices and includes
2491:
Commentary, the secret Body, Speech, and Mind of the Buddhas are:
2368:
who keep on with a root downfall, who are miserly with the Dharma,
1916:
1723:, a major center for the study of Vajrayana philosophy during the
15222:
14821:
14786:
14707:
14620:
14561:
14465:
14163:
14017:
13767:
13720:
13605:
13481:
13300:
12723:
12686:
12497:
12047:
12013:
11856:
11557:
11212:
11155:
11140:
10287:
10277:
10252:
10127:
10122:
10080:
10050:
9982:
9948:
9835:
9776:
9771:
9625:
9528:
9366:
9316:
9103:
8929:
8531:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition
8321:
Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism
8021:. American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University.
7889:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press.
7656:
Levenda, Peter. Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java, page 99.
6921:
6909:
6615:
6613:
6550:
6481:
6067:
6043:
5992:
5807:
5650:
5588:
5267:
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5078:
5066:
4903:
4859:
4854:
4750:
4649:
4615:
4403:
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3955:
and is a common part of Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhism (along with
3842:, maintaining mudras, or practicing certain forms of meditation,
3839:
3786:
3662:
3639:
3543:
3493:
3383:
3322:
3216:
3095:
3037:
3033:
3003:
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2891:
2650:
2638:
2612:
2518:
2477:
2401:
A Japanese Handscroll depicting various mudras, 11th–12th century
2343:
2188:
Some Vajrayāna rituals traditionally included the use of certain
2178:
1912:
1864:
1858:
1370:
Vajrayāna Buddhists developed a large corpus of texts called the
1304:
1268:
1197:
820:
812:
638:
410:
389:
9899:
9667:
8667:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 3). Ithaca: Snow Lion.
8629:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 6 part 4). Ithaca: Snow Lion.
8376:
Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism
8108:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
3072:
2752:
2537:, and thus only those who receive an empowerment or initiation (
15130:
15009:
14994:
14813:
14702:
14687:
14645:
14423:
14301:
13570:
13325:
13315:
12925:
12886:
12728:
12336:
12306:
12030:
11292:
11277:
11113:
10975:
10955:
10730:
10392:
10272:
10262:
10197:
9825:
9781:
9766:
9756:
9726:
9650:
9533:
9301:
9173:
8917:
8912:
8789:
8608:
Creation and Completion: Essential Points of Tantric Meditation
8475:
The Yogini's Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra
6586:
6033:
6031:
5721:
5630:
5529:
5427:
5227:
4804:
4568:
4503:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4137:
4031:
3882:
3843:
3827:
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3642:
during this period. This tradition focused on tantras like the
3625:
3539:
3512:
3462:
3457:
3436:
3408:
3232:
3169:
3163:
3076:
3045:
2903:
2821:) and the goma fire ritual (common in East Asian Esotericism).
2806:
2721:
2646:
2572:
A Japanese depiction of the Amida Triad in Seed Syllable form (
2462:
2339:
2322:
2315:
2296:
2087:
2029:, of which the scriptures say that it takes three incalculable
1845:
1778:
1696:
Other accounts attribute the revelation of Buddhist tantras to
1467:
1327:
1279:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1192:
1186:
991:
936:
808:
766:
670:
628:
621:
616:
611:
417:
396:
313:
248:
234:
54:
13516:
6610:
6452:
Reflections on a Mountain Lake:Teachings on Practical Buddhism
6091:
5360:–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday
4027:) assemblies. He also wrote various texts on esoteric topics.
2603:), meditation on a chosen deity or "cherished divinity" (Skt.
14826:
14600:
14580:
14565:
14136:
13962:
13757:
13620:
13575:
13555:
12713:
12110:
11956:
11738:
11432:
11267:
11125:
11091:
11071:
11041:
10970:
10387:
10232:
10110:
10105:
10075:
10030:
9877:
9872:
9751:
9456:
9281:
9248:
9238:
6361:
5633:
culture of the 1960s, were all examples of Twilight Language
5625:
5488:
5271:
5245:
5231:
5204:
Although, Bengal was once a thriving centre of Vajrayana and
5108:
5090:
5086:
5062:
5018:
4814:
4772:
4762:
4715:
4142:
4132:
4062:
4016:
3940:
3866:
3805:
3774:
3762:
3752:
3686:
3635:
3593:
3585:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3334:
3330:
3089:
3049:
3011:
2994:
2945:
2930:
2865:
2740:
2672:
2662:
2436:
2189:
1923:
1786:
1752:
1295:
1230:
1162:
1028:
1020:密 ("secret, esoteric") is a translation of the Sanskrit term
972:
968:
932:
928:
816:
781:
777:
734:
633:
482:
461:
403:
308:
83:
46:
7457:
7455:
7453:
6262:
6178:
6151:
6028:
5968:
3588:, which promotes the Chinese Zhenyan (Mantrayana) tradition.
14751:
14640:
12544:
11483:
11302:
10095:
9761:
9258:
8724:
Patrul Rinpoche (1994). Brown, Kerry; Sharma, Sima (eds.).
8413:
The History of Buddhism in Vietnam: Institute of Philosophy
7501:
7499:
7497:
7495:
6649:
6598:
6574:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6351:
6349:
5496:
5263:
4745:
2623:, deity yoga is what separates Tantra from Sutra practice.
2350:
2158:
2030:
1821:
1252:
1166:
1125:
424:
50:
7519:
Vietnamese supernaturalism: views from the southern region
5274:
in the region (13–16th centuries). The Buddhist empire of
2881:
commentator Kambala, writing about this practice, states:
2839:, a traditional practice in some sects of Tibetan Buddhism
14650:
14615:
13285:
12620:
10960:
9496:
8663:
Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2008).
8625:
Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2004).
8529:
Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012).
7536:
7450:
7030:"IDP Database - Dalton_vanSchaik_2005 Catalogue Overview"
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6373:
6322:
6016:
5980:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5824:
5414:
Shugendō was founded in 7th-century Japan by the ascetic
3885:
school as well as smaller esoteric sects like the Sinin (
2854:"desire seal", also referred to as "consort observance",
2660:
A Tibetan depiction of the perfection stage practices of
2372:
Those who worship them go to hell and so on as a result.
8330:
Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet
7974:. Ithaca, New York: State University of New York Press.
7492:
7159:
6885:
6637:
6533:
6385:
6346:
6139:
5911:
5130:
The Tibetan Buddhist tradition is today found in Tibet,
5123:
it has spread outside of Asia due to the efforts of the
5077:
literature. There are four major traditions or schools:
1124:
Tantric Buddhism is associated with groups of wandering
8503:
The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism
8129:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Brill.
7558:
7469:
7467:
6974:
6972:
6849:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:
6127:
5810:
as including Sravakayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana texts.
5338:
Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism may have also reached the
2783:
Video of a Shingon Goma Fire Ritual at Yakuōin Yūkiji,
1119:
11526:
8219:
7575:
7421:
7419:
6837:
6666:
6664:
6421:
6292:
6190:
5935:
5923:
5841:
5839:
4005:
school. One famous esoteric master of this period was
3484:
also make use of esoteric (Chinese: mijiao, Japanese:
2502:
Secret of Mind: Knowing all things as they really are.
1996:
is the method of perfecting good qualities, where the
1735:, the philosophical view of the Vajrayana is based on
8458:. Translated by Gareth Sparham. Wisdom Publications.
7302:
Pacific World: Third Series Number 20 (2018): 95-129.
7134:
7113:
6813:
6801:
6765:
6170:
Sanderson, A. (1994). "Buddhism into the Year 2000".
5557:
Ritual, as well as doctrine, need to be investigated.
3989:
from a certain Jñanabhadra (Tri Hien) as reported by
2813:, protection rituals, death rituals, tantric feasts (
1623:
texts are problematic because "the chronology of the
8299:
7817:
Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986).
7563:
7524:
7464:
6997:
6969:
6945:
6933:
6897:
6861:
6825:
6789:
6753:
6688:
6676:
6562:
6403:
6334:
6103:
6055:
5673:
3201:, abbot of the Vikramashila monastery around 1100 CE
1355:–5th century CE) expound the use of mantras such as
1278:
Naked tantrikas dancing and eating from skull cups (
7741:
7416:
6873:
6661:
6409:
6310:
6298:
5899:
5836:
3063:
2423:, they also make use of unique tantric methods and
1330:which contain "proto-tantric" material such as the
1016:(Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching). The Chinese term
990:: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra),
8528:
8300:Rongzom Chözang; Köppl, Heidi I. (trans.) (2008).
7882:
6957:
6927:
6915:
6777:
6718:
6700:
6631:
6619:
6556:
6544:
6487:
6475:
6355:
6073:
6049:
6037:
5998:
5863:
5438:, coexisting with Shinto elements within Shugendō
3918:
2370:and who engage in actions that should be forsaken.
1954:
8348:Buddhism: an outline of its teachings and schools
7101:
7017:Civilized shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan societies,
5875:
5851:
2165:Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo
1930:(1182–28 – 1251), as well as later thinkers like
1685:. One of the most famous legends is that of king
1604:scriptures and mandalas. Sanderson says that the
16514:
8225:"The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava"
8143:
6097:
6004:
5579:Vajrayana texts employ the tantric tradition of
5178:. Tibetan Buddhism is also the main religion in
5017:Vajrayāna Buddhism was initially established in
3552:and even versions of some material found in the
3146:or 'Five Buddhas', along with the figure of the
2595:The fundamental practice of Buddhist Tantra is "
2000:is the method of taking the intended outcome of
57:), which are classic ritual symbols of Vajrayāna
5251:
3099:), or mandala, are often employed as an aid to
3087:Representations of the deity, such as statues (
3052:as well as great bliss and the bell stands for
2577:
2346:school keep a special non-celibate ordination.
1057:
1032:
982:it is generally known by various terms such as
8422:Etude sur le Mahavairocana-sutra (dainichikyo)
5539:
5430:. Buddhism and Shinto were amalgamated in the
5318:Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java.
3792:The primary texts of Shingon Buddhism are the
3284:, the most influential esoteric texts are the
3021:A vajra is also a scepter-like ritual object (
2584:
2203:The use of these substances is related to the
1484:not present elsewhere in Buddhist literature.
1418:is developed. Other early tantras include the
1359:, associated with vastly powerful beings like
1074:The term "Esoteric Buddhism" is first used by
1064:
1041:
823:and the visualization of deities and Buddhas.
11499:
8826:
6169:
5460:
5021:in the 8th century when various figures like
4992:
2898:). He notes that the anxiety of figures like
1883:Indian Tantric Buddhist philosophers such as
1056:), which also refers to a specific school of
697:
9608:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
8707:Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows
8373:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6519:Trungpa, Chögyam and Chödzin, Sherab (1992)
3985:) who received initiation in the kingdom of
3947:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism is known as
3789:– but the actual practices are not related.
3561:
2902:towards these practices, and the stories of
2353:, or teacher is expected to keep his or her
1414:(Vajra Peak), the influential schema of the
859:According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term
7885:The Cult of Tārā: Magic and Ritual in Tibet
7853:Akira, Hirakawa (1993). Paul Groner (ed.).
7167:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.
3963:). Commonly recited esoteric texts include
3257:and so on. According to Harunaga Isaacson,
2326:. These are extensions of the rules of the
1711:
1501:
1316:is also seen in pre-tantric texts like the
1263:, and symbolizing the final realization of
730:
11506:
11492:
8833:
8819:
8453:
8401:
6643:
6521:The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra
6455:. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 224–5.
6379:
6367:
6328:
6022:
5986:
5917:
5479:is dominant. The monks of the Sri Lankan,
5342:, possibly establishing the first form of
5215:
4999:
4985:
3755:and includes practices, known in Japan as
3415:Although there is historical evidence for
2282:Women are heaven, women are the teaching (
1988:. Vajrayāna can be distinguished from the
1785:) is a "non-dual, self-originated Wisdom (
1592:of Padmavajra, a work associated with the
1569:, which later came to be classified under
704:
690:
8644:Kongtrul, Jamgon; Harding, Sarah (2007).
8336:
7988:
7487:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture
7329:
7283:
6391:
6184:
6174:. Dhammakaya Foundation. pp. 87–102.
6157:
6145:
5778:Learn how and when to remove this message
5762:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
3620:who translated key texts and founded the
3329:and terma cycles, and the most important
2688:The illusory body yogas systems like the
2431:, other visualization based meditations,
1184:According to Schumann, a movement called
807:. It includes practices that make use of
14065:
8705:Panchen, Ngari; Dudjom Rinpoche (1996).
8382:
8345:
8274:
8105:
8092:
8078:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7960:
7581:
6978:
6268:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6133:
6121:
6109:
5974:
5946:
5929:
5905:
5803:
5393:
5348:
5195:
4068:
3922:
3727:
3693:and the dhāraṇī revealed within it, the
3571:
3529:
3507:There was strong connection between the
3398:
3382:
3188:
3067:
3048:; symbolically, the vajra may represent
2975:
2921:
2823:
2809:. They include pujas (worship rituals),
2770:
2762:
2655:
2567:
2559:
2396:
2381:
2288:Women indeed are the highest austerity (
2168:
2115:
2105:
2056:
1958:
1715:
1531:
1511:
1273:
1251:
1097:
1024:("secret, hidden, profound, abstruse").
40:
15367:
10795:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
8472:
8054:
7903:
7593:
7365:Huang, Zhengliang; Zhang, Xilu (2013).
7169:York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99.
6655:
6436:
6280:
5830:
5158:that are adjacent to the area, such as
3804:. The founder of Shingon Buddhism was
3723:
3357:
3032:), which has a sphere (and sometimes a
939:, Buddhist Tantra is most often termed
912:, which are no longer practiced today.
14:
16515:
10998:List of Buddhist architecture in China
8500:
8481:
8419:
8410:
8251:
8169:
8095:Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart
8007:
7969:
7941:
7861:
7542:
7505:
7178:
7119:
7019:Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 226.
6951:
6939:
6903:
6831:
6807:
6795:
6771:
6759:
6694:
6682:
6568:
6501:The Complete Guide to Buddhist America
6415:
6340:
6304:
6085:
6061:
5958:
5881:
3861:Esoteric Buddhist practices (known as
3781:– such as the esoteric sutras (called
3193:Three leaves from a manuscript of the
2917:
2712:), "drops" or charged particles (Skt.
1668:
927:practiced in the Himalayan regions of
15366:
14519:
14064:
11525:
11487:
8814:
8762:Wedemeyer, Christian K., ed. (2007).
8509:
8438:
8424:(in French). France: A. Maisonneuve.
8354:
8242:
8127:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism
8073:
8035:
7922:
7880:
7852:
7747:
7569:
7555:Hoà thượng Thích Viên Đức (1932-1980)
7530:
7473:
7265:
7140:
7107:
7003:
6730:
6448:
6316:
6196:
5857:
5645:is found, but not in Buddhist texts.
5364:
3765:during the 9th–11th centuries in the
2743:(the interim state between death and
2309:
1700:, saying that he was an emanation of
1381:Some of the earliest of these texts,
971:is a mythical weapon associated with
34:. For the book by A. P. Sinnett, see
8198:
8016:
7259:
7080:
7071:(accessed: Tuesday February 2, 2010)
6891:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6819:
6670:
6010:
5845:
5731:
3417:Vajrayāna Buddhism in Southeast Asia
3325:specialize in the various so called
3227:(liturgical texts), ritual manuals (
2377:
2301:Women are the Perfection of Wisdom.
2294:Women are the Buddha, women are the
1661:and their feminine deities (such as
1201:, magical powers such as flight and
1120:Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement
8339:Genesis and Development of Tantrism
8327:
8318:
8277:"The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet"
6963:
6843:
6783:
6706:
5893:
5441:In 1613 during the Edo period, the
5422:. With its origins in the solitary
5185:
3740:
3468:Other traditions like contemporary
3079:drum and hand-bell, as well as the
1031:, Buddhist esotericism is known as
863:refers to one of three vehicles or
24:
15336:Religions and spiritual traditions
11528:Religious groups and denominations
10785:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8549:
8124:
8038:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
7991:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
7394:
7311:
5869:
5303:Influences and movements into Java
4469:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
3821:
3197:, a ritual compendium compiled by
3173:), but also ritual hand gestures (
2758:
2747:), transference of consciousness (
2052:
1516:Vajrayana adopted deities such as
25:
16559:
8782:
8510:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000).
8332:. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
8008:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004).
5270:before the rise and dominance of
5069:texts, Tibetan scholastic works,
4055:Quintessence of Esoteric Buddhism
4036:Xianmi yuantong chengfo xinyao ji
3993:. By the 12th century (under the
2739:), practices associated with the
2533:Vajrayana is a system of tantric
2090:); those on this path are termed
1600:guru and initiating members into
1205:as well as spiritual liberation.
831: the 5th century CE onwards
27:Indian Buddhist tantric tradition
16496:
16487:
16486:
16300:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15442:Democratic Republic of the Congo
11466:
11456:
11455:
11013:Thai temple art and architecture
10758:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
8998:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
8864:
8851:
8841:
8788:
8346:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1974).
8254:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism
8221:Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen
8213:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x
8178:(1). Informa UK Limited: 29–78.
8106:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2002).
7904:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
7832:
7811:
7782:
7753:
7725:
7708:
7690:
7677:
7668:
7659:
7650:
7633:
7587:
7548:
7511:
7479:
7401:. USA: Oxford University Press.
7388:
7358:
7346:
7305:
7292:
7238:
7172:
7146:
6928:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6916:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6719:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6632:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6620:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6557:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6545:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6488:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6476:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6404:Rongzom Chözang & Köppl 2008
6356:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6074:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6050:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
6038:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
5999:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012
5760:add missing citation information
5736:
5676:
5565:
5323:
5311:
4094:
3853:
3500:(in China) and the South Korean
3064:Imagery and ritual in deity yoga
3010:. It is the weapon of choice of
2958:yatha bahyam tatha ’dhyatmam iti
1759:The importance of the theory of
1454:These later tantras such as the
1191:developed in the 8th century in
871:(also known pejoratively as the
384:Thought forms and visualisation:
82:
16543:Buddhist philosophical concepts
14902:Evolutionary origin of religion
8865:
8726:The Words of My Perfect Teacher
8557:Arnold, Edward A., ed. (2009).
8359:. University of Hawai'i Press.
8275:Reynolds, John Myrdhin (2007).
8231:from the original on 2022-12-04
7864:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
7800:from the original on 2022-10-06
7771:from the original on 2022-10-06
7489:, p. 174. Abhinav Publications.
7439:from the original on 2017-09-01
7377:from the original on 2016-08-22
7227:from the original on 2021-04-21
7125:
7087:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
7074:
7051:
7040:from the original on 2008-05-28
7022:
7009:
6984:
6724:
6513:
6493:
6442:
6283:, Ch. 7: Origin of Guhyamantra.
6163:
5797:
5226:Newar Buddhism is practiced by
5029:(725–788) were invited by King
4051:Mat Giao Friendship Association
3919:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism
3751:The Shingon school is found in
3712:, which is practiced among the
3544:Tibetan Buddhist canon of texts
3455:(literally "True Speech", i.e.
3370:in the Stein Collection of the
3138:and their retinue. In the book
2676:(transference of consciousness)
2591:, meditating on the syllable A.
2222:Vajrayāna rituals also include
2211:) nature of a Buddha's wisdom (
2161:is indispensable in Vajrayāna.
1955:Place within Buddhist tradition
1596:, which prescribes acting as a
1208:Ronald M. Davidson states that
910:that of maritime Southeast Asia
15258:Separation of church and state
13906:Polytheistic reconstructionism
11003:Japanese Buddhist architecture
10805:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
9885:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
9076:Places where the Buddha stayed
8747:. London: Century Paperbacks.
8514:. Princeton University Press.
8442:Vietnamese Buddhism in America
8304:. Snow Lion. pp. 95–108.
7845:
6172:Vajrayāna: Origin and function
5290:in central Java, built by the
3443:and also internationally) and
1850:Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika
1814:Another fundamental theory of
1791:inherent or natural luminosity
1298:period and can be seen in the
1259:mandala, based on the tantric
915:
13:
1:
12860:Traditional Sabahan religions
11018:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
8402:Snellgrove, David L. (1987).
8374:Simmer-Brown, Judith (2002).
8245:Tantric Buddhism in East Asia
7925:The Prajnaparamita Literature
5727:
5354:
3979:
3378:
3247:), dharanis, poems or songs (
3140:The World of Tibetan Buddhism
2933:drawing lines that close the
2704:), "winds" or currents (Skt.
2549:
2481:
2389:, stones inscribed with the "
1392:
1349:
838:
827:
16538:Buddhism in the Heian period
11513:
10775:Buddhism and the Roman world
10751:Decline of Buddhism in India
10746:History of Buddhism in India
8846: Topics in
8801:An Introduction to Vajrayana
8201:Journal of Religious History
8172:Journal of Chinese Religions
8017:Gray, David B., ed. (2007).
7970:Dowman, Keith (tr.) (1985).
7965:. Columbia University Press.
7961:Davidson, Ronald M. (2002).
7599:The Journal of Asian Studies
6098:Mullin & Tsongkhapa 2005
5817:
5353:A painting by G.B. Hooijer (
5258:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
5252:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
5142:, southwestern and northern
4053:who publishes Phước Triệu's
3498:Mantra School Bright Lineage
3420:
2980:Bronze vajras and bell from
2971:
2630:) and the completion stage (
2102:practiced in the Vajrayana.
2012:) and the method of mantra (
196:Gateway of the Hidden Flower
120:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
7:
16548:Esoteric schools of thought
15111:National religiosity levels
14336:Nauruan Indigenous religion
13886:Hellenism (modern religion)
9973:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
9713:
8806:What is Vajrayana Buddhism?
7908:. Macmillan Reference USA.
7866:. India: Sarup & Sons.
7761:"Information for Beginners"
7179:Orzech, Charles D. (1989).
6990:Griffin, David Ray (1990),
6293:Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992
5669:
5619:
5605:
5540:Academic study difficulties
5389:
5344:Buddhism in the Philippines
4415:
3865:, 密教) and texts arrived in
3075:ritual, showing the use of
2578:
2458:specific deities or Buddhas
2147:and metaphorical language (
2023:consists of the six or ten
1689:(also known as King Ja) of
1058:
1033:
749:('secret mantra vehicle'),
651:Ordination and transmission
32:Buddhist tantric literature
10:
16564:
16533:Buddhism in the Edo period
14520:
10923:The unanswerable questions
8561:. Snow Lion Publications.
8439:Thich, Quang Minh (2007).
8350:. Theosophical Pub. House.
8260:: Snow Lion Publications.
8243:Payne, Richard K. (2006).
8184:10.1179/073776906803525165
8155:. Snow Lion Publications.
7946:. Snow Lion Publications.
7855:History of Indian Buddhism
7790:"Common Root Tantric Vows"
7371:Journal of Dali University
6733:A Day in the Life of China
6731:Cohen, David, ed. (1989).
5503:well into the modern era.
5467:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
5464:
5461:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
5407:
5255:
5219:
5189:
5010:
3825:
3744:
3565:
3445:Japanese Esoteric Buddhism
3204:
3058:wisdom realizing emptiness
2553:
2480:respectively. Padmavajra (
2404:
2361:of Manjushrikirti states:
2313:
2109:
1876:notes that Vajrayana sees
1612:list from the Shaiva text
1505:
1421:Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi
1245:
1241:
1093:
867:, the other two being the
842: the 5th century BCE
126:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism
29:
16482:
16401:
16318:
16190:
15935:
15660:
15377:
15373:
15362:
15271:
15196:
14967:
14875:
14812:
14530:
14526:
14515:
14073:
14060:
13985:
13808:
13790:Transcendental Meditation
13683:
13670:
13635:
13383:
13360:
13349:
13276:
13239:
12939:
12835:
12817:
12761:
12752:
12669:
12597:
12448:
12439:
12397:
12369:
12327:
12260:
12251:
12242:
12208:
12175:
12147:
12138:
12088:
11955:
11642:
11556:
11547:
11538:
11534:
11521:
11451:
11403:
11318:
11233:
11008:Buddhist temples in Korea
10931:
10833:
10716:
10413:
10341:
10168:
10041:
9981:
9616:
9571:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
9482:
9474:Three planes of existence
9422:
9267:
9159:
9089:
9081:Buddha in world religions
8943:
8888:
8860:
8355:Sharf, Robert H. (2002).
8328:Ray, Reginald A. (2001).
8319:Ray, Reginald A. (2000).
8055:Hopkins, Jeffrey (2009).
7312:An, Saiping (July 2023).
7015:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993),
5382:masters and the Buddhist
5282:and Indian scholars like
5044:period (500 to 1200 CE).
4034:Esotericism of Daoshen's
4001:school as well as by the
3785:in Tibetan Buddhism) and
3600:itself, arriving via the
3568:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3562:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3451:), which is found in the
3387:Map showing the dominant
3026:
2585:
2120:Monks attending the 2003
1807:) or purity of the mind (
1798:prakṛti-prabhāsvara-citta
1536:The central deity of the
1326:There are other Mahāyāna
1153:, often in sacred sites (
1065:
1052:(a Japanese rendering of
1042:
1012:(密宗, "Esoteric Sect") or
980:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
898:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
737:vehicle'), also known as
726:
15427:Central African Republic
12407:Vietnamese folk religion
11798:Charismatic Christianity
10790:Persecution of Buddhists
10011:Four stages of awakening
9392:Three marks of existence
8978:Physical characteristics
8447:Florida State University
8383:Skilling, Peter (1998).
7906:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7862:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
7821:. Curzon Press: London.
5790:
5707:Buddhism in the Maldives
5330:Gurjara pilgrims in Java
5286:. The temple complex at
5150:and various constituent
5103:(1271–1368), founded by
4498:Practices and attainment
4486:Pointing-out instruction
4397:Three marks of existence
3184:
2858:and euphemistically as "
2817:), tantric initiations (
2800:pointing-out instruction
2407:Tibetan tantric practice
2359:Ornament for the Essence
1712:Philosophical background
1502:Relationship to Shaivism
1430:(Gathering of Secrets).
1406:Compendium of Principles
1367:also includes a mantra.
1310:visualization of Buddhas
1302:, where they are termed
664:Pointing-out instruction
217:True Awakening Tradition
36:Esoteric Buddhism (book)
15321:New religious movements
14954:Theories about religion
14907:Evolutionary psychology
13931:Modern Finnish paganism
11874:Independent Catholicism
10153:Ten principal disciples
9036:(aunt, adoptive mother)
8743:Snelling, John (1987).
8709:. Wisdom Publications.
8576:Banerji, S. C. (1977).
8486:. Motilal Banarsidass.
8473:Verrill, Wayne (2012).
8420:Tajima, Ryujun (1992).
8411:Tai Tu, Nguyen (2008).
7942:Cozort, Daniel (2005).
7923:Conze, Edward (1978) .
7881:Beyer, Stephan (1973).
7485:Upendra Thakur (1986),
7244:Shi, Hsüan Hua (1977).
5609:, 'Twilight Language'.
5216:Nepalese Newar Buddhism
3716:of China and venerates
3431:and other parts of the
3411:. Erected in June 2005.
2694:Six Yogas of Kalachakra
2526:and recitations of the
2336:Unsurpassed Yoga Tantra
2181:union with his consort
2075:
1203:extrasensory perception
1109:) and a flaying knife (
865:routes to enlightenment
844:) or to other mythical
15970:Bosnia and Herzegovina
13946:Erzyan native religion
13795:Unitarian Universalism
13155:Native American Church
11918:Oneness Pentecostalism
10863:Buddhism and democracy
10376:Tibetan Buddhist canon
10371:Chinese Buddhist canon
9603:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
9598:Early Buddhist schools
8610:. Wisdom Publication.
7352:Bahir, Cody R. (2018)
7152:Faure, Bernard (1997)
6449:Palmo, Tenzin (2002).
5667:
5635:
5487:, which was common in
5420:Queen's Peacocks Sutra
5405:
5361:
5201:
4867:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3944:
3737:
3589:
3535:
3523:, and the kingdoms in
3492:) and various popular
3412:
3396:
3355:
3264:
3211:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3202:
3167:) or a ritual dagger (
3084:
2985:
2949:
2888:
2840:
2787:
2768:
2677:
2592:
2565:
2505:
2402:
2394:
2375:
2304:
2271:Candamaharosana Tantra
2262:
2185:
2129:
2072:
1973:
1838:
1728:
1655:
1584:tantras classified as
1541:
1529:
1447:practices which evoke
1287:
1271:
1239:
1116:
943:(Tib. རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ་,
97:Historical traditions:
58:
16290:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15587:São Tomé and Príncipe
15447:Republic of the Congo
13643:Aboriginal Australian
12270:Chinese folk religion
10873:Eight Consciousnesses
8983:Life of Buddha in art
8501:Wayman, Alex (2008).
8482:Wayman, Alex (1977).
8387:. Pali Text Society.
8252:Powers, John (2007).
8247:. Simon and Schuster.
7081:Acri, Andrea (2016).
6499:Morreale, Don (1998)
5639:
5601:
5397:
5374:and the works of the
5352:
5199:
5025:(8th century CE) and
4442:Dependent origination
4069:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
3926:
3731:
3575:
3533:
3425:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
3402:
3386:
3309:
3259:
3192:
3071:
2979:
2925:
2883:
2834:
2782:
2766:
2690:Six Dharmas of Naropa
2659:
2571:
2563:
2493:
2439:and rituals like the
2400:
2385:
2363:
2279:
2258:
2172:
2119:
2112:Esoteric transmission
2106:Esoteric transmission
2060:
1971:of All-Reaching Union
1962:
1939:Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo
1833:
1771:, as outlined in the
1719:
1646:
1594:Guhyasamaja tradition
1535:
1515:
1506:Further information:
1433:The Guhyasamāja is a
1401:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra
1277:
1255:
1210:
1101:
657:Esoteric transmission
580:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra
44:
15912:United Arab Emirates
14698:Religious experience
14067:Historical religions
13069:Four Mothers Society
12427:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
11759:Schwenkfelder Church
11350:East Asian religions
10780:Buddhism in the West
10351:Early Buddhist texts
9966:Four Right Exertions
9432:Ten spiritual realms
8925:Noble Eightfold Path
8797:at Wikimedia Commons
8445:(PhD dissertation).
8074:Huber, Toni (2008).
7559:https://quangduc.com
7266:Bahir, Cody (2021).
7246:The Shurangama Sutra
7185:History of Religions
7057:Dalton, Jacob &
6894:, pp. 121, 127.
6658:, pp. 220, 251.
6634:, pp. 198, 242.
6478:, pp. 198, 231.
6271:, pp. 228, 231.
5977:, pp. 228, 234.
5747:needs more complete
5574:language of tantric
5526:Dhammakaya tradition
4941:History and overview
4340:Samding Dorje Phagmo
4205:Second dissemination
4012:Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī
3931:wearing an esoteric
3724:Japanese esotericism
3649:Anuttarayoga Tantras
3644:Mahavairocana tantra
3634:was also brought to
3421:History of Vajrayāna
3364:Dunhuang manuscripts
3358:Dunhuang manuscripts
3287:Mahavairocana Tantra
2868:, a practice termed
1416:five Buddha families
1320:Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
1300:early Buddhist texts
1225:), cemetery ghouls (
1084:Alfred Percy Sinnett
753:('tantra vehicle'),
745:('path of mantra'),
741:('mantra vehicle'),
203:New Kadampa Buddhism
16305:Trinidad and Tobago
16200:Antigua and Barbuda
15368:Religion by country
14424:Cult of Magna Mater
12897:Philippine Dayawism
12478:Nimbarka Sampradaya
12226:Chinese Manichaeism
11898:Jehovah's Witnesses
11703:Proto-Protestantism
11473:Religion portal
11220:Temple of the Tooth
11099:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
10138:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
9631:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
9414:Two truths doctrine
9234:Mahapajapati Gotamī
9034:Mahapajapati Gotamī
8454:Tsongkhapa (2005).
8406:. London: Serindia.
8125:Lü, Jianfu (2017).
7944:Highest Yoga Tantra
7685:Shugendo in History
7331:10.3390/rel14070818
7285:10.3390/rel12090675
6994:SUNY Press, p. 199.
6858:, pp. 108–118.
6846:, pp. 112–113.
6721:, pp. 223–224.
6622:, pp. 98, 240.
6595:, pp. 217–219.
6370:, pp. 125–126.
6187:, pp. 144–145.
6160:, pp. 129–131.
6040:, pp. 205–206.
5833:, pp. 875–876.
5717:Malaysian Vajrayana
5712:Eastern esotericism
5246:diamond-thunderbolt
4728:Institutional roles
4167:First dissemination
3965:Uṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī
3795:Mahavairocana Sutra
3734:Kobo Daishi (Kukai)
3624:(真言, "true word", "
3482:Vietnamese Buddhism
3419:and elsewhere (see
3161:, bell, hand-drum (
3132:sacred architecture
3083:(thighbone trumpet)
3056:, specifically the
2918:Symbols and imagery
2878:Cakrasamvara Tantra
2528:100 syllable mantra
2242:Judith Simmer-Brown
1740:Buddhist philosophy
1679:Jñana Tilaka Tantra
1669:Traditional legends
1546:David Seyfort Ruegg
1538:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra
1494:) as the overlord (
1488:being consecrated (
1388:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
1046:, secret teachings)
573:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti
566:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
538:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra
531:Anuttarayoga Tantra
16240:Dominican Republic
15286:Abrahamic prophets
14375:Proto-Indo-Iranian
12870:Aliran Kepercayaan
12073:Non-denominational
11995:Modernist Salafism
11681:Oriental Orthodoxy
11395:Western philosophy
10993:Dzong architecture
10815:Vipassana movement
10810:Buddhist modernism
10238:Emperor Wen of Sui
10006:Pratyekabuddhayāna
9939:Threefold Training
9741:Vipassana movement
9457:Hungry Ghost realm
9277:Avidyā (Ignorance)
9224:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
8973:Great Renunciation
8968:Eight Great Events
8850:
8682:Kongtrul, Jamgon;
8512:Tantra in Practice
8057:Tantric Techniques
7545:, pp. 54–156.
7395:Wu, Jiang (2011).
7067:2008-05-28 at the
5702:Buddhism in Russia
5692:Buddhism in Bhutan
5534:Cambodian Buddhism
5522:Buddhist modernism
5477:Theravada Buddhism
5443:Tokugawa Shogunate
5406:
5365:Related traditions
5362:
5292:Shailendra dynasty
5210:Theravāda Buddhism
5202:
4919:Tree of physiology
4459:Four Tenets system
3983: 7th century
3969:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
3945:
3801:Vajrasekhara Sutra
3738:
3720:as a major deity.
3590:
3536:
3413:
3405:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
3397:
3389:Buddhist tradition
3315:specialize in the
3293:Vajraśekhara Sūtra
3207:Tantras (Buddhism)
3203:
3126:Mandalas are also
3117:Guhyasamaja tantra
3085:
3014:, the King of the
2986:
2950:
2841:
2788:
2769:
2678:
2670:, inner heat) and
2593:
2566:
2487:) explains in his
2485: 7th century
2403:
2395:
2310:Vows and behaviour
2217:Guhyasamaja Tantra
2186:
2130:
2100:tantric techniques
2073:
1974:
1862:and the sacred or
1809:prakrti-parisuddha
1729:
1721:Nalanda Mahavihara
1608:texts adopted the
1542:
1530:
1396: 6th century
1345:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
1308:. The practice of
1288:
1272:
1261:Vajrasekhara Sutra
1248:Tantras (Buddhism)
1117:
959:, Tib. གསང་སྔགས་,
772:that developed in
587:Vajrasekhara Sutra
545:Guhyagarbha Tantra
357:Anuttarayogatantra
329:Fourfold division:
321:Tantric techniques
210:Shambhala Buddhism
75:Vajrayana Buddhism
59:
16510:
16509:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16473:
15462:Equatorial Guinea
15358:
15357:
15354:
15353:
14892:Cognitive science
14511:
14510:
14444:Mysteries of Isis
14056:
14055:
14052:
14051:
14048:
14047:
13800:White Brotherhood
13666:
13665:
13631:
13630:
13074:Keetoowah Society
12931:Sundanese Wiwitan
12748:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12473:Brahma Sampradaya
12435:
12434:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12216:Assianism/Uatsdin
12134:
12133:
11903:British Israelism
11889:Nontrinitarianism
11852:Plymouth Brethren
11847:Nondenominational
11781:Congregationalism
11669:Eastern Orthodoxy
11617:Reconstructionist
11481:
11480:
11119:Om mani padme hum
10825:Women in Buddhism
10741:Buddhist councils
10611:Western countries
10399:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
10160:Shaolin Monastery
9737:Samatha-vipassanā
9347:Pratītyasamutpāda
9151:Metteyya/Maitreya
9069:
9061:
9053:
9045:
9037:
9029:
9021:
8898:Four Noble Truths
8793:Media related to
8773:978-0-9753734-5-3
8754:978-0-7126-1554-9
8735:978-0-06-066449-7
8697:978-1-55939-360-7
8674:978-1-55939-305-8
8655:978-1-55939-284-6
8636:978-1-55939-210-5
8617:978-0-86171-312-7
8587:978-81-85425-63-4
8568:978-1-55939-303-4
8540:978-0-415-57179-1
8493:978-81-208-0872-0
8431:978-2-7200-1084-2
8394:978-0-86013-374-2
8366:978-0-8248-2443-3
8311:978-1-55939-288-4
8267:978-1-55939-282-2
8256:(Rev. ed.).
8136:978-90-04-34050-3
8117:978-0-7007-1762-0
8101:. Hamburg: 23–49.
8085:978-0-226-35648-8
8066:978-1-55939-320-1
8047:978-1-119-14466-3
8028:978-0-9753734-6-0
8000:978-1-119-14466-3
7981:978-0-88706-158-5
7934:978-81-215-0992-3
7915:978-0-02-865910-7
7873:978-81-7625-152-5
7794:studybuddhism.com
7765:kalachakranet.org
7704:on March 4, 2016.
7683:Miyake, Hitoshi.
7517:Thiện Đỗ (2003),
7508:, pp. 98–99.
7254:978-0-917512-17-9
6822:, pp. 73–74.
6746:978-0-00-215321-8
6735:. San Francisco:
6605:Simmer-Brown 2002
6593:Simmer-Brown 2002
6581:Simmer-Brown 2002
6462:978-1-55939-175-7
6199:, pp. 94–95.
5872:, pp. 72–82.
5788:
5787:
5780:
5697:Buddhism in Nepal
5581:twilight language
5481:Abhayagiri vihara
5451:Japanese religion
5447:Meiji Restoration
5401:priests at Gose,
5192:Bengali Buddhists
5059:Classical Tibetan
5009:
5008:
4971:Index of articles
4587:Major monasteries
4545:Tantra techniques
4464:Rangtong-Shentong
4372:10th Panchen Lama
4161:Key personalities
3490:ten small mantras
3128:sacred enclosures
2832:
2780:
2735:(which relies on
2680:The Tibetologist
2415:, practicing the
2391:om mani padme hum
2378:Tantra techniques
2149:twilight language
1874:Douglas Duckworth
1805:’od gsal gyi sems
1774:Ratnagotravibhāga
1675:Buddha Shakyamuni
1566:Mañjusrimulakalpa
1473:Kalachakra tantra
1357:Om mani padme hum
1078:writers, such as
1076:Western occultist
1004:Esotericism" or "
835:historical Buddha
759:Esoteric Buddhism
714:
713:
606:Symbols and tools
552:Kulayarāja Tantra
366:
364:Twofold division:
331:
18:Esoteric Buddhism
16:(Redirected from
16555:
16500:
16490:
16489:
16368:Papua New Guinea
16343:Marshall Islands
16170:Northern Ireland
15375:
15374:
15364:
15363:
15248:Secular theology
15243:Secular humanism
14528:
14527:
14517:
14516:
14392:Ancestral Pueblo
14062:
14061:
13681:
13680:
13358:
13357:
12759:
12758:
12515:Shaiva Siddhanta
12446:
12445:
12379:Korean shamanism
12258:
12257:
12249:
12248:
12145:
12144:
12058:Mahdawi movement
11928:Swedenborgianism
11908:Christadelphians
11554:
11553:
11545:
11544:
11536:
11535:
11523:
11522:
11508:
11501:
11494:
11485:
11484:
11471:
11470:
11459:
11458:
11298:Sacred languages
11146:Maya Devi Temple
11109:Mahabodhi Temple
10913:Secular Buddhism
10878:Engaged Buddhism
9718:
9566:Tibetan Buddhism
9517:Vietnamese Thiền
9116:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
9067:
9059:
9051:
9043:
9035:
9027:
9019:
8868:
8867:
8855:
8845:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8812:
8811:
8792:
8777:
8758:
8739:
8720:
8701:
8678:
8659:
8640:
8621:
8600:Thrangu Rinpoche
8596:Kongtrul, Jamgon
8591:
8572:
8544:
8525:
8506:
8497:
8478:
8469:
8450:
8435:
8416:
8407:
8398:
8379:
8370:
8351:
8342:
8333:
8324:
8315:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8287:on 13 March 2015
8283:. Archived from
8271:
8258:Ithaca, New York
8248:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8216:
8195:
8166:
8145:Mullin, Glenn H.
8140:
8121:
8102:
8089:
8070:
8051:
8032:
8013:
8004:
7985:
7966:
7957:
7938:
7919:
7900:
7888:
7877:
7858:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7729:
7723:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7700:. Archived from
7694:
7688:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7657:
7654:
7648:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7490:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7462:
7459:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7414:
7412:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7309:
7303:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7263:
7257:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7176:
7170:
7163:
7157:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7078:
7072:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7026:
7020:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6531:
6517:
6511:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5848:, pp. ix–x.
5843:
5834:
5828:
5811:
5801:
5783:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5622:
5608:
5597:word association
5530:Weizza tradition
5372:Buddhist tantras
5359:
5356:
5327:
5315:
5186:Bengali Buddhism
5168:Zabaykalsky Krai
5127:(1959 onwards).
5125:Tibetan diaspora
5013:Tibetan Buddhism
5001:
4994:
4987:
4924:Festival thangka
4418:
4391:General Buddhist
4098:
4088:
4087:Tibetan Buddhism
4073:
4072:
3984:
3981:
3973:Śūraṅgama mantra
3889:) and Ch'ongji (
3779:Tibetan Buddhism
3747:Shingon Buddhism
3741:Shingon Buddhism
3703:Tibetan Buddhist
3695:Śūraṅgama Mantra
3675:Tibetan Buddhism
3655:Chinese Buddhism
3542:sections of the
3470:Chinese Buddhism
3301:Tibetan Buddhism
3280:), and Japanese
3028:
3023:Standard Tibetan
2966:Nispannayogavali
2929:'s hand holds a
2927:Dagchen Rinpoche
2847:or sexual yoga (
2833:
2811:prayer festivals
2781:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2514:Tibetan Buddhism
2489:Tantrarthavatara
2486:
2483:
2332:Bodhisattva vows
2086:(fully awakened
2068:associated with
1936:Tibetan Buddhist
1816:Tantric practice
1767:The doctrine of
1659:tribal religions
1561:Alexis Sanderson
1526:Tibetan Buddhism
1508:Kashmir Shaivism
1466:are classed as "
1449:wrathful deities
1397:
1394:
1376:David Snellgrove
1372:Buddhist Tantras
1354:
1351:
1282:), closeup of a
1177:) who practiced
1080:Helena Blavatsky
1070:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
925:Tibetan Buddhism
902:Shingon Buddhism
894:Tibetan Buddhism
843:
840:
832:
829:
805:Buddhist Tantras
786:Himalayan states
755:Tantric Buddhism
732:
728:
706:
699:
692:
594:Yuthok Nyingthig
362:
327:
302:Completion stage
297:Generation stage
86:
76:
61:
60:
21:
16563:
16562:
16558:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16513:
16512:
16511:
16506:
16470:
16397:
16378:Solomon Islands
16314:
16186:
16090:North Macedonia
15931:
15656:
15369:
15350:
15311:Mass gatherings
15279:
15274:
15267:
15206:
15201:
15192:
15126:Religiocentrism
15106:National church
14974:
14971:
14963:
14878:
14871:
14808:
14730:Bodies of water
14522:
14507:
14292:Jamaican Maroon
14069:
14044:
13981:
13811:
13804:
13675:
13673:
13662:
13627:
13601:Trinidad Orisha
13386:
13379:
13352:
13345:
13272:
13235:
13226:Washat Dreamers
12942:
12935:
12831:
12813:
12740:
12714:Srilankan Vedda
12665:
12593:
12468:Sri Vaishnavism
12431:
12393:
12365:
12323:
12230:
12204:
12171:
12130:
12084:
12009:Twelver Shi'ism
11951:
11813:Neo-charismatic
11786:Presbyterianism
11638:
11530:
11517:
11512:
11482:
11477:
11465:
11447:
11399:
11314:
11229:
10966:Ordination hall
10927:
10829:
10800:Buddhist crisis
10712:
10409:
10361:Mahayana sutras
10337:
10333:Thích Nhất Hạnh
10164:
10037:
9977:
9927:Bodhisattva vow
9612:
9478:
9418:
9377:Taṇhā (Craving)
9312:Five hindrances
9263:
9155:
9085:
8939:
8884:
8856:
8839:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8761:
8755:
8742:
8736:
8723:
8717:
8704:
8698:
8684:Barron, Richard
8681:
8675:
8662:
8656:
8643:
8637:
8624:
8618:
8594:
8588:
8575:
8569:
8556:
8552:
8550:Further reading
8547:
8541:
8522:
8494:
8466:
8432:
8395:
8367:
8312:
8290:
8288:
8268:
8234:
8232:
8163:
8137:
8118:
8086:
8067:
8048:
8029:
8001:
7982:
7954:
7935:
7916:
7897:
7874:
7848:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7816:
7812:
7803:
7801:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7774:
7772:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7746:
7742:
7730:
7726:
7713:
7709:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7682:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7638:
7634:
7611:10.2307/2943086
7592:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7568:
7564:
7553:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7516:
7512:
7504:
7493:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7465:
7460:
7451:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7393:
7389:
7380:
7378:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7310:
7306:
7298:Bahir, Cody R.
7297:
7293:
7264:
7260:
7243:
7239:
7230:
7228:
7177:
7173:
7164:
7160:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7069:Wayback Machine
7059:van Schaik, Sam
7056:
7052:
7043:
7041:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6870:, p. 118..
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6739:. p. 193.
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6644:Tsongkhapa 2005
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6534:
6518:
6514:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6447:
6443:
6435:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6380:Snellgrove 1987
6378:
6374:
6368:Snellgrove 1987
6366:
6362:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6329:Snellgrove 1987
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6168:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6029:
6023:Snellgrove 1987
6021:
6017:
6009:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5987:Snellgrove 1987
5985:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5918:Snellgrove 1987
5916:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5784:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5684:Religion portal
5682:
5675:
5672:
5576:Indian Buddhism
5568:
5542:
5469:
5463:
5432:shinbutsu shūgō
5418:, based on the
5412:
5392:
5367:
5357:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5319:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5260:
5254:
5224:
5218:
5194:
5188:
5176:Khabarovsk Krai
5073:literature and
5035:Indian Buddhism
5015:
5005:
4976:
4975:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4874:Mahayana sutras
4850:
4840:
4839:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4499:
4491:
4490:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4367:14th Dalai Lama
4362:13th Dalai Lama
4346:
4335:
4317:
4299:
4281:
4264:Patrul Rinpoche
4206:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4108:
4086:
4071:
3982:
3933:Five Tathāgatas
3921:
3859:
3830:
3824:
3822:Tendai Buddhism
3749:
3743:
3726:
3691:Śūraṅgama Sūtra
3570:
3564:
3478:Korean Buddhism
3381:
3372:British Library
3360:
3305:Geoffrey Samuel
3213:
3199:Abhayakaragupta
3187:
3144:Five Tathagatas
3066:
2974:
2962:Abhayakaragupta
2920:
2835:A video of the
2824:
2771:
2761:
2759:Other practices
2615:of the deity's
2582:
2558:
2552:
2484:
2409:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2167:
2124:empowerment in
2114:
2108:
2078:
2055:
2053:Characteristics
1957:
1897:Abhayakaragupta
1783:tathāgatagarbha
1714:
1706:Avaloketishvara
1671:
1602:Saiva Siddhanta
1510:
1504:
1395:
1361:Avalokiteshvara
1352:
1292:Mahāyāna sutras
1250:
1244:
1142:charnel grounds
1136:. According to
1122:
1096:
1062:
1048:or by the term
1039:
949:rdo rje theg pa
918:
841:
830:
747:Guhyamantrayāna
710:
681:
680:
652:
644:
643:
607:
599:
598:
559:Mahāmāyā Tantra
526:
518:
517:
503:
495:
494:
469:Luminosity yoga
292:
284:
283:
262:
254:
253:
230:
222:
221:
94:
74:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16561:
16551:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16508:
16507:
16505:
16504:
16494:
16483:
16480:
16479:
16476:
16475:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16407:
16405:
16399:
16398:
16396:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16324:
16322:
16316:
16315:
16313:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16196:
16194:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16160:United Kingdom
16157:
16152:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16112:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15941:
15939:
15933:
15932:
15930:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15788:
15787:
15782:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15666:
15664:
15658:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15383:
15381:
15371:
15370:
15360:
15359:
15356:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15282:
15280:
15272:
15269:
15268:
15266:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15253:Secularization
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15233:Deconstruction
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15209:
15207:
15197:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15190:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15081:Fundamentalism
15078:
15077:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15035:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15014:
15013:
15012:
15007:
15002:
14988:
14983:
14977:
14975:
14968:
14965:
14964:
14962:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14945:
14944:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14883:
14881:
14873:
14872:
14870:
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14818:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14805:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14722:
14721:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14654:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14559:
14557:Call to prayer
14554:
14549:
14544:
14542:Disaffiliation
14534:
14532:
14524:
14523:
14513:
14512:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14469:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14416:
14411:
14410:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14389:
14388:
14387:
14382:
14372:
14371:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14345:
14340:
14339:
14338:
14328:
14327:
14326:
14321:
14311:
14306:
14305:
14304:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14253:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14235:Greco-Buddhism
14232:
14222:
14221:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14195:
14190:
14189:
14188:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14145:
14144:
14139:
14129:
14124:
14123:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14058:
14057:
14054:
14053:
14050:
14049:
14046:
14045:
14043:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13989:
13987:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13979:
13978:
13977:
13965:
13960:
13959:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13859:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13842:
13832:
13827:
13826:
13825:
13816:
13814:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13786:
13785:
13780:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13749:
13748:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13687:
13685:
13678:
13668:
13667:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13639:
13637:
13633:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13625:
13624:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13596:Tambor de Mina
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13522:
13521:
13520:
13519:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13423:
13422:
13417:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13391:
13389:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13373:Guanche church
13364:
13362:
13355:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13282:
13280:
13278:Tibeto-Burmese
13274:
13273:
13271:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13249:
13247:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13212:
13211:
13210:
13209:
13194:
13193:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13172:
13167:
13165:Nuu-chah-nulth
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13091:Muscogee Creek
13088:
13083:
13078:
13077:
13076:
13071:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12958:
12953:
12947:
12945:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12926:Sumbese Marapu
12923:
12922:
12921:
12916:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12864:
12863:
12862:
12857:
12847:
12845:Batak Parmalim
12841:
12839:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12823:
12821:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12794:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12767:
12765:
12756:
12750:
12749:
12746:
12745:
12742:
12741:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12736:
12731:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12694:
12684:
12679:
12673:
12671:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12663:
12656:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12639:
12638:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12609:
12603:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12591:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12553:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12454:
12452:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12403:
12401:
12395:
12394:
12392:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12375:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12333:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12297:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12266:
12264:
12255:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12181:
12179:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12157:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
12153:
12151:
12142:
12136:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12092:
12090:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12082:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12033:
12028:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12001:
12000:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11992:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11961:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11942:
11941:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11894:Bible Students
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11864:Restorationism
11861:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11820:Evangelicalism
11817:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11731:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11714:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11683:
11678:
11677:
11676:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11659:
11648:
11646:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11636:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11590:
11580:
11579:
11578:
11562:
11560:
11551:
11542:
11532:
11531:
11519:
11518:
11511:
11510:
11503:
11496:
11488:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11463:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11409:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11330:
11324:
11322:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11310:
11305:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11239:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11122:
11121:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11030:Greco-Buddhist
11022:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10981:Burmese pagoda
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10937:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10763:Greco-Buddhism
10760:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10722:
10720:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10696:United Kingdom
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10641:Czech Republic
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10531:
10530:
10520:
10515:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10419:
10417:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10405:Abhidharmadīpa
10402:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10347:
10345:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10323:B. R. Ambedkar
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10243:Songtsen Gampo
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10174:
10172:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10047:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9987:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9922:Eight precepts
9919:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9817:
9816:
9811:
9801:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9710:
9700:
9695:
9693:Five Strengths
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9633:
9628:
9622:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9434:
9428:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9332:Mental factors
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9273:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9184:Mahamoggallāna
9181:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9099:Avalokiteśvara
9095:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9063:
9055:
9047:
9039:
9031:
9023:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8949:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8838:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8784:
8783:External links
8781:
8779:
8778:
8772:
8759:
8753:
8740:
8734:
8721:
8715:
8702:
8696:
8679:
8673:
8660:
8654:
8641:
8635:
8622:
8616:
8604:Harding, Sarah
8592:
8586:
8573:
8567:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8539:
8526:
8520:
8507:
8498:
8492:
8479:
8470:
8464:
8451:
8436:
8430:
8417:
8408:
8399:
8393:
8380:
8371:
8365:
8352:
8343:
8334:
8325:
8316:
8310:
8297:
8272:
8266:
8249:
8240:
8217:
8207:(2): 165–177.
8196:
8167:
8161:
8141:
8135:
8122:
8116:
8103:
8090:
8084:
8071:
8065:
8052:
8046:
8033:
8027:
8014:
8005:
7999:
7986:
7980:
7967:
7958:
7952:
7939:
7933:
7920:
7914:
7901:
7895:
7878:
7872:
7859:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7831:
7810:
7781:
7752:
7740:
7737:978-9881682024
7724:
7707:
7689:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7632:
7605:(4): 761–778.
7595:Bechert, Heinz
7586:
7574:
7562:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7510:
7491:
7478:
7463:
7449:
7415:
7408:978-0199895564
7407:
7387:
7357:
7345:
7304:
7291:
7258:
7237:
7197:10.1086/463182
7171:
7158:
7145:
7143:, p. 268.
7133:
7124:
7122:, p. 170.
7112:
7100:
7093:
7073:
7050:
7021:
7008:
7006:, p. 120.
6996:
6983:
6968:
6966:, p. 130.
6956:
6944:
6932:
6930:, p. 219.
6920:
6918:, p. 217.
6908:
6896:
6884:
6882:, p. 126.
6872:
6860:
6848:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6810:, p. 273.
6800:
6788:
6786:, p. 218.
6776:
6774:, p. 271.
6764:
6752:
6745:
6723:
6711:
6709:, p. 178.
6699:
6687:
6675:
6673:, p. 132.
6660:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6609:
6607:, p. 219.
6597:
6585:
6583:, p. 217.
6573:
6561:
6559:, p. 237.
6549:
6547:, p. 236.
6532:
6512:
6492:
6490:, p. 198.
6480:
6468:
6461:
6441:
6439:, p. 875.
6420:
6408:
6396:
6394:, p. 100.
6392:Duckworth 2015
6384:
6382:, p. 126.
6372:
6360:
6358:, p. 202.
6345:
6333:
6331:, p. 125.
6321:
6309:
6297:
6285:
6273:
6261:
6259:, p. 217.
6249:
6247:, p. 214.
6237:
6235:, p. 207.
6225:
6223:, p. 206.
6213:
6211:, p. 204.
6201:
6189:
6185:Sanderson 2009
6177:
6162:
6158:Sanderson 2009
6150:
6148:, p. 124.
6146:Sanderson 2009
6138:
6136:, p. 171.
6126:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6076:, p. 212.
6066:
6054:
6052:, p. 210.
6042:
6027:
6025:, p. 147.
6015:
6003:
6001:, p. 225.
5991:
5989:, p. 122.
5979:
5967:
5951:
5934:
5932:, p. 163.
5922:
5920:, p. 168.
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5835:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5744:
5742:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5671:
5668:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5541:
5538:
5528:, the Burmese
5473:Southeast Asia
5465:Main article:
5462:
5459:
5408:Main article:
5391:
5388:
5366:
5363:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5256:Main article:
5253:
5250:
5222:Newar Buddhism
5220:Main article:
5217:
5214:
5190:Main article:
5187:
5184:
5107:, which ruled
5042:Early Medieval
5031:Trisong Detsen
5011:Main article:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Wall paintings
4906:
4901:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:Nyingma Gyubum
4876:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4810:Galdan Namchot
4807:
4802:
4800:Chotrul Duchen
4796:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:Avalokiteśvara
4518:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:5th Dalai Lama
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4292:Rangjung Dorje
4289:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4194:Trisong Detsen
4191:
4189:Songtsen Gampo
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4070:
4067:
4047:Thích Viên Đức
3920:
3917:
3898:Joseon dynasty
3875:Goryeo Dynasty
3873:(668–935) and
3858:
3852:
3838:. By chanting
3826:Main article:
3823:
3820:
3814:script of the
3745:Main article:
3742:
3739:
3725:
3722:
3673:emperors made
3628:") tradition.
3610:Śubhakarasiṃha
3578:Jing'an Temple
3566:Main article:
3563:
3560:
3380:
3377:
3359:
3356:
3318:Hevajra Tantra
3186:
3183:
3093:), paintings (
3065:
3062:
2973:
2970:
2919:
2916:
2760:
2757:
2737:lucid dreaming
2632:nispanna-krama
2574:Siddham Script
2554:Main article:
2551:
2548:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2280:
2254:Hevajra tantra
2228:Hevajra tantra
2166:
2163:
2110:Main article:
2107:
2104:
2083:Sammāsambuddha
2077:
2074:
2054:
2051:
1956:
1953:
1948:prajnaparamita
1909:Śubhakarasiṃha
1893:Ratnākaraśānti
1828:Hevajra tantra
1713:
1710:
1670:
1667:
1665:and Janguli).
1614:Tantrasadbhāva
1606:Samvara tantra
1503:
1500:
1457:Hevajra Tantra
1445:charnel ground
1363:. The popular
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1175:Matsyendranath
1157:) and places (
1150:tantric feasts
1138:Robert Thurman
1134:medieval India
1121:
1118:
1095:
1092:
1086:, to describe
917:
914:
906:Newar Buddhism
794:Southeast Asia
776:and spread to
774:Medieval India
712:
711:
709:
708:
701:
694:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
667:
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
625:
624:
619:
614:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
576:
575:
569:
568:
562:
561:
555:
554:
548:
547:
541:
540:
534:
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
513:Ullambana Puja
510:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
479:
478:
472:
471:
465:
464:
458:
457:
450:
449:
443:
442:
436:
435:
421:
420:
414:
413:
407:
406:
400:
399:
393:
392:
381:
380:
374:
373:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
339:
338:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
269:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
238:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
213:
212:
206:
205:
199:
198:
187:
186:
185:
184:
165:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
130:
129:
123:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
105:Burmese-Bengal
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
70:
69:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16560:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16503:
16499:
16495:
16493:
16485:
16484:
16481:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16408:
16406:
16404:
16403:South America
16400:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16325:
16323:
16321:
16317:
16311:
16310:United States
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16197:
16195:
16193:
16192:North America
16189:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16050:Liechtenstein
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15938:
15934:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15667:
15665:
15663:
15659:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15502:Guinea-Bissau
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15384:
15382:
15380:
15376:
15372:
15365:
15361:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15326:Organizations
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15270:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15151:Vegetarianism
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15096:Homosexuality
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15056:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15019:
15018:
15015:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14997:
14996:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14966:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14943:
14940:
14939:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14917:Neurotheology
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14880:
14874:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14819:
14817:
14815:
14811:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14726:
14723:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14638:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14611:Folk religion
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14539:
14536:
14535:
14533:
14529:
14525:
14518:
14514:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14453:
14452:
14449:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14434:Imperial cult
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14421:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14394:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14373:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14350:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14337:
14334:
14333:
14332:
14329:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14316:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14303:
14300:
14299:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14227:
14226:
14223:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14200:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14187:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14134:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14084:
14081:
14080:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14072:
14068:
14063:
14059:
14039:
14036:
14035:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13998:Discordianism
13996:
13994:
13993:Anthroposophy
13991:
13990:
13988:
13984:
13976:
13975:
13971:
13970:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13941:Mari religion
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13923:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13853:
13850:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13837:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13813:
13807:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13778:Neo-Theosophy
13776:
13775:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13716:New Acropolis
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13669:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13634:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13536:
13535:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13524:
13523:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13412:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13390:
13388:
13382:
13374:
13371:
13370:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13363:
13361:North African
13359:
13356:
13354:
13348:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13279:
13275:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13208:
13205:
13204:
13203:
13200:
13199:
13198:
13195:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13130:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13113:Kwakwakaʼwakw
13111:
13109:
13106:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13066:
13065:
13062:
13061:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12995:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12948:
12946:
12944:
12938:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12852:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12838:
12834:
12828:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12820:
12819:Austroasiatic
12816:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12795:
12791:
12790:Vattisen Yaly
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12776:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12751:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12709:Kirat Mundhum
12707:
12705:
12702:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12689:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12674:
12672:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12648:
12645:
12644:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12614:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12600:
12596:
12590:
12589:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12512:
12511:
12508:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12460:
12459:
12456:
12455:
12453:
12451:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12438:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12396:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12368:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12345:
12344:
12340:
12339:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12308:
12305:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12292:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12241:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12207:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12137:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12093:
12091:
12087:
12081:
12080:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12068:Milah Abraham
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11967:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11948:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11841:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11724:Protestantism
11722:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11670:
11667:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11581:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11509:
11504:
11502:
11497:
11495:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11462:
11454:
11453:
11450:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11402:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11317:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11235:Miscellaneous
11232:
11226:
11225:Vegetarianism
11223:
11221:
11218:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11120:
11117:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11047:Buddha in art
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:United States
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10609:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10580:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10340:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10258:Padmasambhava
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10170:Major figures
10167:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10116:Western tulku
10114:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10040:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9980:
9974:
9971:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9917:Five precepts
9915:
9914:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9895:Dhamma vicaya
9893:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9883:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9663:Buddhābhiṣeka
9661:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9472:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9421:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9307:Enlightenment
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9297:Dhamma theory
9295:
9293:
9292:Buddha-nature
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9131:Samantabhadra
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9048:
9046:
9040:
9038:
9032:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8836:
8831:
8829:
8824:
8822:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8786:
8775:
8769:
8765:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8716:0-86171-083-5
8712:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8555:
8554:
8542:
8536:
8533:. Routledge.
8532:
8527:
8523:
8521:0-691-05779-6
8517:
8513:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8465:0-86171-290-0
8461:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8303:
8298:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8241:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8164:
8162:1-55939-234-7
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8110:. Routledge.
8109:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8059:. Shambhala.
8058:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8039:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7953:1-55939-235-5
7949:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7896:0-520-02192-4
7892:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7835:
7828:
7827:0-312-82540-4
7824:
7820:
7814:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7686:
7680:
7671:
7662:
7653:
7646:
7645:81-206-1622-7
7642:
7636:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7583:
7582:Davidson 2002
7578:
7572:, p. 21.
7571:
7566:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7544:
7539:
7533:, p. 46.
7532:
7527:
7520:
7514:
7507:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7488:
7482:
7476:, p. 51.
7475:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7435:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7391:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7295:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7191:(2): 87–114.
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7165:Nan Huaijin.
7162:
7155:
7149:
7142:
7137:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7094:9789814695091
7090:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7054:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7018:
7012:
7005:
7000:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6979:Isaacson 1998
6975:
6973:
6965:
6960:
6954:, p. 83.
6953:
6948:
6942:, p. 42.
6941:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6912:
6906:, p. 62.
6905:
6900:
6893:
6888:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6840:
6834:, p. 45.
6833:
6828:
6821:
6816:
6809:
6804:
6798:, p. 57.
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6762:, p. 37.
6761:
6756:
6748:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6697:, p. 36.
6696:
6691:
6685:, p. 63.
6684:
6679:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6657:
6652:
6646:, p. 46.
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6606:
6601:
6594:
6589:
6582:
6577:
6571:, p. 39.
6570:
6565:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6529:
6528:0-87773-654-5
6525:
6522:
6516:
6509:
6508:1-57062-270-1
6505:
6502:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6464:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6445:
6438:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6343:, p. 56.
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6319:, p. 69.
6318:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6270:
6269:Davidson 2002
6265:
6258:
6257:Davidson 2002
6253:
6246:
6245:Davidson 2002
6241:
6234:
6233:Davidson 2002
6229:
6222:
6221:Davidson 2002
6217:
6210:
6209:Davidson 2002
6205:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6181:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6134:Davidson 2002
6130:
6123:
6122:Davidson 2002
6118:
6111:
6110:Schumann 1974
6106:
6100:, p. 70.
6099:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6064:, p. 19.
6063:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6019:
6012:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5975:Davidson 2002
5971:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5949:, p. 80.
5948:
5947:Kitagawa 2002
5943:
5941:
5939:
5931:
5930:Schumann 1974
5926:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5906:Reynolds 2007
5902:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5809:
5805:
5804:Skilling 1998
5800:
5796:
5782:
5779:
5771:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5745:This article
5743:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5674:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5606:saṃdhyā-bhāṣā
5600:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5537:
5535:
5532:and in rural
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5515:Pali language
5512:
5509:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:Tuva Republic
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5023:Padmasambhāva
5020:
5014:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4778:Western tulku
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Je Tsongkhapa
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Sakya Pandita
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Dudjom Lingpa
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Yeshe Tsogyal
4247:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Padmasambhāva
4172:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4063:Greater Hanoi
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:Vô Ngôn Thông
3996:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:practice and
3958:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3935:Crown in the
3934:
3930:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:Unified Silla
3868:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
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3797:
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3759:
3754:
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3623:
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3599:
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3454:
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3446:
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3394:
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3346:
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3328:
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3308:
3306:
3302:
3297:
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3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
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3252:
3251:
3246:
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3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3152:Buddha-nature
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:visualization
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
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3024:
3019:
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3009:
3005:
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2991:
2983:
2978:
2969:
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2959:
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2943:
2939:
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2897:
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2879:
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2838:
2822:
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2808:
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2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2682:David Germano
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:utpatti-krama
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:According to
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:illusory body
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2356:
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2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:illusory body
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2198:Yogaratnamala
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Chakrasamvara
2171:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:Sakya Pandita
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:Buddha-nature
1765:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1742:, mainly the
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:According to
1726:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Padmasambhava
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:Abhinavagupta
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:According to
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:Chakrasamvara
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:Kriya tantras
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1284:Chakrasamvara
1281:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Diamond Realm
1254:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:Esotericism")
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Secret mantra
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
887:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
836:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:tradition of
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
724:
720:
719:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
687:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:Tantric texts
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
499:
498:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
426:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
394:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
379:
378:Outer Tantras
376:
375:
372:
371:Inner Tantras
369:
368:
367:
365:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:
332:
330:
325:
324:
322:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:New branches:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
15907:Turkmenistan
15867:Saudi Arabia
15612:South Africa
15602:Sierra Leone
15407:Burkina Faso
15316:Names of God
15263:Unaffiliated
15218:Antireligion
15074:Universalism
15022:Assimilation
14887:Anthropology
14762:Supernatural
14757:Spirituality
14725:Sacred space
14713:Purification
14586:Denomination
14540: /
14348:Paleo-Balkan
14314:Mesopotamian
14149:Cook Islands
14120:Old Prussian
14033:UFO religion
13972:
13968:Zalmoxianism
13896:Neoshamanism
13753:Spiritualism
13636:Other ethnic
13525:
13351:Traditional
13311:Bongthingism
13180:Acoma Pueblo
13128:Mesoamerican
12837:Austronesian
12658:
12654:Neo-Buddhism
12641:
12586:
12582:Neo-Hinduism
12503:Swaminarayan
12341:
12290:Salvationist
12275:Confucianism
12126:Samaritanism
12096:Ali-Illahism
12077:
11944:
11938:Unitarianism
11879:Old Catholic
11686:Nestorianism
11644:Christianity
11631:
11597:Conservative
11413:Bodhisattvas
11333:Christianity
11328:Baháʼí Faith
11193:Dharmachakra
11183:Prayer wheel
11173:Prayer beads
10941:Architecture
10820:969 Movement
10604:Saudi Arabia
10582:Central Asia
10575:South Africa
10397:
10380:
10313:Panchen Lama
10218:Buddhapālita
9814:Satipatthana
9809:Mindful Yoga
9722:Recollection
9636:Brahmavihara
9560:
9507:Japanese Zen
9502:Chinese Chan
9462:Animal realm
9269:Key concepts
9091:Bodhisattvas
8903:Three Jewels
8763:
8744:
8725:
8706:
8687:
8664:
8645:
8626:
8607:
8577:
8558:
8530:
8511:
8505:. Routledge.
8502:
8483:
8474:
8455:
8441:
8421:
8412:
8403:
8384:
8375:
8356:
8347:
8338:
8329:
8320:
8301:
8289:. Retrieved
8285:the original
8280:
8253:
8244:
8233:. Retrieved
8223:(May 1992).
8204:
8200:
8175:
8171:
8152:
8126:
8107:
8098:
8094:
8075:
8056:
8037:
8018:
8009:
7990:
7971:
7962:
7943:
7927:. Reiyukai.
7924:
7905:
7884:
7863:
7854:
7834:
7818:
7813:
7802:. Retrieved
7793:
7784:
7773:. Retrieved
7764:
7755:
7750:, p. 9.
7743:
7727:
7721:1-898942-153
7710:
7702:the original
7692:
7684:
7679:
7670:
7661:
7652:
7635:
7602:
7598:
7589:
7584:, p. 2.
7577:
7565:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7518:
7513:
7486:
7481:
7441:. Retrieved
7397:
7390:
7379:. Retrieved
7370:
7360:
7348:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7294:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7245:
7240:
7229:. Retrieved
7188:
7184:
7174:
7166:
7161:
7153:
7148:
7136:
7127:
7115:
7103:
7083:
7076:
7053:
7042:. Retrieved
7033:
7024:
7016:
7011:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6959:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6732:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6656:Hopkins 2009
6651:
6639:
6627:
6600:
6588:
6576:
6564:
6552:
6520:
6515:
6500:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6453:
6450:
6444:
6437:Buswell 2004
6418:, p. 5.
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6307:, p. 3.
6300:
6288:
6281:Verrill 2012
6276:
6264:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6171:
6165:
6153:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5963:Introduction
5954:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5865:
5860:, p. 6.
5853:
5831:Buswell 2004
5826:
5799:
5774:
5765:
5758:Please help
5753:verification
5746:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5624:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5569:
5560:
5543:
5519:
5505:
5485:Ari Buddhism
5470:
5440:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5380:Vikramashila
5368:
5337:
5261:
5248:carriers").
5244:(literally "
5239:
5225:
5203:
5129:
5115:and eastern
5101:Yuan dynasty
5095:
5065:system, new
5055:Anuttarayoga
5048:
5046:
5027:Śāntarakṣita
5016:
4914:Ashtamangala
4899:Sand mandala
4739:Panchen Lama
4706:Tashi Lhunpo
4539:
4338:
4259:Jigme Lingpa
4179:Śāntarakṣita
4054:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4024:
4010:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3913:Jingak Order
3910:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3833:
3831:
3809:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3771:Central Asia
3767:Pala Dynasty
3756:
3750:
3732:Portrait of
3707:
3699:
3679:
3667:Yuan dynasty
3647:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3606:Tang dynasty
3591:
3553:
3547:
3537:
3506:
3502:Jingak Order
3474:Japanese Zen
3467:
3456:
3414:
3361:
3349:
3344:Cakrasaṃvara
3338:
3337:tantras are
3316:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3113:Bodhisattvas
3108:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3029:
3020:
2998:" denoted a
2993:
2987:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2912:
2896:Vikramashila
2889:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2789:
2748:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2617:Buddha field
2608:
2605:Iṣṭa-devatā,
2604:
2600:
2594:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2524:prostrations
2517:
2509:
2506:
2488:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2416:
2410:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2153:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2096:
2092:Bodhisattvas
2081:
2079:
2042:
2039:Paramitayana
2038:
2034:
2024:
2021:Paramitayana
2020:
2018:
2013:
2010:Paramitayana
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1946:
1922:Likewise in
1921:
1900:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1730:
1695:
1678:
1672:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:Kriya tantra
1565:
1558:
1543:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1411:Vajrasekhara
1410:
1405:
1399:
1386:
1385:such as the
1380:
1369:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1289:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1171:Gorakshanath
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1123:
1110:
1104:
1088:theosophical
1073:
1053:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
997:
992:
983:
978:
965:gsang sngags
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
922:
919:
891:
886:Pāramitāyāna
884:
878:
872:
860:
858:
850:bodhisattvas
825:
802:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
717:
716:
715:
423:
422:
383:
382:
363:
361:
328:
326:
319:
318:
189:
188:
101:Ari-Acharya
96:
73:
16358:New Zealand
16295:Saint Lucia
16245:El Salvador
16150:Switzerland
16085:Netherlands
15857:Philippines
15785:South Korea
15780:North Korea
15670:Afghanistan
15617:South Sudan
15507:Ivory Coast
15291:Deification
15238:Objectivism
15213:Agnosticism
15166:Persecution
15156:Video games
15121:Populations
15032:Proselytism
15000:Monasticism
14991:Clericalism
14981:Agriculture
14972:and society
14937:Soteriology
14897:Comparative
14867:Transtheism
14852:Panentheism
14636:Monasticism
14429:Gallo-Roman
14331:Micronesian
14297:Manichaeism
14240:Hermeticism
14208:Continental
14203:Anglo-Saxon
14083:Paleolithic
14078:Prehistoric
14028:Scientology
13891:Italo-Roman
13746:Radha Soami
13726:New Thought
13566:Espiritismo
13507:Waaqeffanna
13447:Fon and Ewe
13385:Sub-Saharan
13268:Satsana Phi
13035:Ghost Dance
12993:Californian
12961:Anishinaabe
12887:Karo Pemena
12866:Indonesian
12540:Lingayatism
12488:Mahanubhava
12458:Vaishnavism
12389:Jeungsanism
12312:Folk Taoism
12295:Xiantiandao
12149:Zoroastrian
11808:Charismatic
11803:Pentecostal
11766:Anglicanism
11717:Waldensians
11652:Catholicism
11258:Dharma talk
11087:Asalha Puja
10883:Eschatology
10686:Switzerland
10666:New Zealand
10594:Middle East
10503:Philippines
10423:Afghanistan
10228:Bodhidharma
10213:Buddhaghosa
10133:Householder
10043:Monasticism
9996:Bodhisattva
9851:Prostration
9804:Mindfulness
9732:Anapanasati
9715:Kammaṭṭhāna
9512:Korean Seon
9452:Asura realm
9447:Human realm
9387:Ten Fetters
9342:Parinirvana
9244:Uppalavanna
9209:Mahākaccana
9194:Mahākassapa
9126:Kṣitigarbha
9121:Ākāśagarbha
9018:Suddhodāna
8963:Four sights
8890:Foundations
8580:. Manohar.
7846:Works cited
7543:Tai Tu 2008
7506:Tai Tu 2008
7120:Baruah 2000
6952:Wayman 2008
6940:Garson 2004
6904:Wayman 1977
6832:Garson 2004
6808:Powers 2007
6796:Cozort 2005
6772:Powers 2007
6760:Garson 2004
6695:Wayman 2008
6683:Wayman 1977
6569:Wayman 2008
6416:Wayman 2008
6341:Wayman 1977
6305:Wayman 2008
6124:, p. .
6088:, p. .
6086:Tajima 1992
6062:Wayman 2008
5959:Dowman 1985
5896:, p. .
5882:Orzech 2006
5587:as well as
5566:Terminology
5416:En no Gyōja
5384:mahasiddhas
5358: 1916
5340:Philippines
5241:vajracharya
5160:Amur Oblast
5134:, northern
5105:Kublai Khan
4633:Mindrolling
4430:Bodhisattva
4232:Sukhasiddhi
4222:Abhayakirti
4059:Thầy Temple
4038:(顯密圓通成佛心要集
4007:Từ Đạo Hạnh
3937:Thầy Temple
3929:Từ Đạo Hạnh
3906:Taego Order
3902:Jogye Order
3896:During the
3879:Seon school
3835:Lotus Sutra
3618:Amoghavajra
3549:Heart Sutra
3447:(mostly in
3340:Guhyasamāja
3327:Old Tantras
3270:In Chinese
3179:Tibetan art
3008:obfuscation
3000:thunderbolt
2982:Itsukushima
2856:vidyavrata,
2785:Mount Takao
2474:Alex Wayman
2435:yogas like
2421:meditations
2387:Mani stones
2267:Vajrayogini
2224:sexual yoga
2213:buddhajñana
2183:Vajravārāhī
2156:Vajracharya
2134:empowerment
2066:bodhisattva
2047:Bodhisattva
1982:Śrāvakayāna
1967:Auspicious
1889:Vimalamitra
1885:Buddhaguhya
1870:defilements
1733:Alex Wayman
1663:Parnasabari
1590:Guhyasiddhi
1520:, known as
1496:rājādhirāja
1427:Guhyasamāja
1365:Heart Sutra
1339:Dasabhumika
1130:mahasiddhas
1059:Shingon-shū
1000:(唐密 - 漢密, "
957:Guhyamantra
945:dorje tekpa
916:Terminology
869:Śrāvakayāna
792:, parts of
676:Vajracharya
272:Bodhisattva
158:Inner Asian
133:East Asian
16517:Categories
16348:Micronesia
16225:Costa Rica
16120:San Marino
16080:Montenegro
16060:Luxembourg
15917:Uzbekistan
15892:Tajikistan
15797:Kyrgyzstan
15770:Kazakhstan
15720:East Timor
15690:Bangladesh
15680:Azerbaijan
15597:Seychelles
15562:Mozambique
15547:Mauritania
15532:Madagascar
15422:Cape Verde
15204:irreligion
15199:Secularism
15101:Minorities
15069:Toleration
15064:Syncretism
15049:Fanaticism
15039:Disability
15027:Missionary
15017:Conversion
15005:Ordination
14927:Psychology
14922:Philosophy
14862:Polytheism
14842:Monotheism
14837:Henotheism
14678:Orthopraxy
14668:Ordination
14631:Meditation
14626:Indigenous
14591:Entheogens
14576:Conversion
14402:Pueblo III
14319:Babylonian
14309:Melanesian
14230:Gnosticism
14115:Lithuanian
14008:Fourth Way
13862:Circassian
13840:Dievturība
13763:Tensegrity
13696:Falun Gong
13341:Sanamahism
13321:Donyi-Polo
12909:Polynesian
12855:Kaharingan
12780:Burkhanism
12719:Ravidassia
12697:Śvetāmbara
12483:Pushtimarg
12463:Krishnaism
12399:Vietnamese
12384:Cheondoism
12317:Yao Taoism
12253:East Asian
12019:Isma'ilism
11975:Maturidism
11754:Mennonites
11749:Hutterites
11734:Anabaptism
11627:Humanistic
11375:Psychology
11355:Gnosticism
11343:Comparison
11338:Influences
11320:Comparison
11203:Bhavacakra
11161:Kushinagar
11136:Pilgrimage
11082:Māgha Pūjā
11037:Bodhi Tree
10853:Buddhology
10843:Abhidharma
10835:Philosophy
10768:Menander I
10636:Costa Rica
10587:Uzbekistan
10428:Bangladesh
10382:Dhammapada
10366:Pali Canon
10328:Ajahn Chah
10308:Dalai Lama
10208:Kumārajīva
10203:Vasubandhu
10178:The Buddha
10086:Zen master
10021:Sakadagami
10001:Buddhahood
9932:Pratimokṣa
9747:Shikantaza
9703:Meditation
9678:Deity yoga
9549:Madhyamaka
9442:Deva realm
9337:Mindstream
9287:Bodhicitta
9199:Aṅgulimāla
9066:Devadatta
9042:Yaśodharā
8945:The Buddha
8935:Middle Way
8385:Mahasutras
8281:Vajranatha
8235:2022-12-20
8149:Tsongkhapa
7804:2022-10-06
7775:2022-10-06
7748:Akira 1993
7687:. pp45–52.
7570:White 2000
7531:Thich 2007
7474:Thich 2007
7443:2017-09-01
7381:2016-08-18
7324:(7): 818.
7278:(9): 675.
7231:2021-05-14
7141:Sharf 2002
7108:Conze 1978
7044:2010-02-02
7004:Green 2015
6317:Beyer 1973
6197:Huber 2008
5858:Payne 2006
5768:March 2024
5728:References
5511:Abhidhamma
5436:Edo period
5121:modern era
5039:post-Gupta
4929:Mani stone
4734:Dalai Lama
4574:Buddhahood
4562:Dream yoga
4552:Deity yoga
4528:Meditation
4516:Bodhicitta
4254:Longchenpa
4184:Kamalaśīla
4025:Hoa Nghiêm
4003:Vinitaruci
3995:Lý dynasty
3927:Statue of
3881:, and the
3818:language.
3714:Bai people
3705:elements.
3614:Vajrabodhi
3555:Pali Canon
3379:Traditions
3272:Mantrayana
3205:See also:
3148:Adi-Buddha
3105:deity yoga
3004:adamantine
2954:analogical
2850:karmamudra
2845:ritual sex
2837:Cham dance
2815:ganachakra
2733:dream yoga
2621:Tsongkhapa
2601:devatayoga
2597:deity yoga
2556:Deity yoga
2550:Deity yoga
2471:Indologist
2445:Buddhahood
2429:deity yoga
2417:paramitas,
2413:bodhicitta
2405:See also:
2349:A tantric
2328:Prātimokṣa
2277:) states:
2275:viii:29–30
2237:bodhicitta
2194:sacraments
2177:statue in
2122:Kalachakra
2043:Mantrayana
2035:Mantrayana
2014:Mantrayana
2002:Buddhahood
1980:, next to
1943:Tsongkhapa
1932:Longchenpa
1905:Vajrabodhi
1878:Buddhahood
1744:Madhyamaka
1687:Indrabhuti
1625:Vidyapitha
1621:Vidyapitha
1586:Vidyapitha
1478:messianism
1353: 4th
1333:Gandavyuha
1267:Buddha in
1179:Hatha Yoga
751:Tantrayāna
743:Mantranāya
739:Mantrayāna
508:Ganachakra
483:Death yoga
476:Dream yoga
462:Inner heat
447:Deity yoga
350:Yogatantra
343:Charyayoga
279:Kalachakra
267:Buddhahood
242:Mahasiddha
93:Traditions
16523:Vajrayana
16466:Venezuela
16411:Argentina
16328:Australia
16280:Nicaragua
16255:Guatemala
16055:Lithuania
15877:Sri Lanka
15872:Singapore
15852:Palestine
15740:Indonesia
15730:Hong Kong
15552:Mauritius
15273:Overviews
15228:Criticism
15181:Sectarian
15171:Terrorism
15146:Theocracy
15091:Happiness
15059:Pluralism
15044:Education
14970:Religion
14942:Salvation
14932:Sociology
14877:Religious
14857:Pantheism
14847:Nontheism
14740:Mountains
14718:Sacrifice
14673:Orthodoxy
14663:Mythology
14658:Mysticism
14547:Behaviour
14456:Canaanite
14439:Mithraism
14407:Pueblo IV
14397:Pueblo II
14302:Mazdakism
14272:Hungarian
14245:Mysteries
14154:Dravidian
13936:Hungarian
13852:Caucasian
13823:Godianism
13783:Agni Yoga
13773:Theosophy
13736:Rastafari
13711:Modekngei
13691:Brahmoism
13684:Syncretic
13676:movements
13674:religious
13586:Quimbanda
13534:Candomblé
13527:Diasporic
13306:Bathouism
13296:Benzhuism
13216:Tsimshian
13143:Purépecha
13081:Longhouse
13039:Sun Dance
12988:Blackfoot
12976:Wabunowin
12971:Midewiwin
12892:Malaysian
12882:Kapitayan
12692:Digambara
12677:Ayyavazhi
12642:Vajrayana
12607:Theravada
12520:Ganapatya
12493:Ramanandi
12422:Hoahaoism
12300:Yiguandao
12195:Yarsanism
12190:Shabakism
12177:Yazdânism
12167:Zurvanism
12162:Mazdaznan
12121:Rastafari
12116:Mandaeism
11990:Wahhabism
11970:Ash'arism
11933:Tolstoyan
11923:Spiritual
11913:Mormonism
11884:Judaizers
11857:Quakerism
11835:Methodist
11825:Irvingism
11776:Calvinism
11729:Adventism
11712:Moravians
11549:Abrahamic
11443:Festivals
11423:Buddhists
11385:Theosophy
11188:Symbolism
11178:Hama yumi
11151:Bodh Gaya
10918:Socialism
10893:Evolution
10868:Economics
10706:Venezuela
10621:Australia
10616:Argentina
10540:Sri Lanka
10535:Singapore
10453:Indonesia
10415:Countries
10356:Tripiṭaka
10318:Ajahn Mun
10193:Nagarjuna
10188:Aśvaghoṣa
10071:Anagārika
10066:Śrāmaṇerī
10061:Śrāmaṇera
10056:Bhikkhunī
10016:Sotāpanna
9905:Passaddhi
9846:Offerings
9821:Nekkhamma
9698:Iddhipada
9618:Practices
9588:Theravada
9561:Vajrayana
9554:Yogachara
9524:Pure Land
9437:Six Paths
9424:Cosmology
9204:Anuruddha
9179:Sāriputta
9169:Kaundinya
9161:Disciples
9136:Vajrapāṇi
8988:Footprint
8953:Tathāgata
8795:Vajrayana
8192:0737-769X
8040:. Wiley.
7993:. Wiley.
7627:154554678
7521:, p. 245.
7340:2077-1444
7318:Religions
7272:Religions
7221:162235701
7205:0018-2710
7034:idp.bl.uk
6892:Gray 2007
6880:Gray 2007
6868:Gray 2007
6856:Gray 2007
6820:Gray 2007
6671:Gray 2007
6011:Osto 2009
5846:Gray 2007
5818:Citations
5749:citations
5585:symbolism
5508:Theravada
5399:Yamabushi
5296:Vairocana
5288:Borobudur
5276:Srivijaya
5152:republics
5119:. In the
5050:vamachara
4793:Festivals
4557:Guru yoga
4540:Vajrayana
4509:Pāramitās
4409:Cosmology
4385:Teachings
4310:Taranatha
3987:Srivijaya
3957:Pure Land
3710:Azhaliism
3602:Silk Road
3525:East Asia
3521:Nusantara
3517:Srivijaya
3465:schools.
3393:Mongolian
3350:Kālacakra
3323:Nyingmapa
3195:Vajrāvalī
3121:Vajramala
2972:The vajra
2942:Kathmandu
2792:Mahāmudrā
2726:pranayama
2639:emptiness
2246:mahasukha
2062:Manjushri
2026:paramitas
1998:Vajrayāna
1994:Sutrayana
1990:Sutrayana
1901:Vajravali
1761:emptiness
1683:Vajrapani
1642:Pasupatas
1575:Manjushri
1554:Vaishnava
1522:Yamantaka
1482:astrology
1440:vamachara
1265:Vairocana
1106:khaṭvāṅga
961:sang ngak
941:Vajrayāna
861:Vajrayāna
854:Vajrapani
790:East Asia
718:Vajrayāna
502:Festivals
454:Six yogas
440:Guru yoga
336:Kriyayoga
291:Practices
16492:Category
16456:Suriname
16446:Paraguay
16431:Colombia
16338:Kiribati
16265:Honduras
16235:Dominica
16210:Barbados
16175:Scotland
16135:Slovenia
16130:Slovakia
16105:Portugal
15975:Bulgaria
15897:Thailand
15847:Pakistan
15827:Mongolia
15822:Maldives
15817:Malaysia
15705:Cambodia
15652:Zimbabwe
15627:Tanzania
15477:Ethiopia
15472:Eswatini
15452:Djibouti
15417:Cameroon
15402:Botswana
15346:Timeline
15341:Scholars
15301:Founders
15161:Violence
15116:Politics
14986:Business
14949:Theology
14693:Prophecy
14683:Paganism
14571:Covenant
14538:Apostasy
14473:Scythian
14414:Rapa Nui
14368:Thracian
14363:Illyrian
14353:Albanian
14324:Sumerian
14282:Illinois
14262:Harappan
14213:Frankish
14198:Germanic
14193:Georgian
14186:Selk'nam
14171:Etruscan
14159:Egyptian
14137:Druidism
14100:Armenian
14023:Satanism
14003:Eckankar
13926:Estonian
13911:Romanian
13901:Ossetian
13881:Germanic
13830:Armenian
13819:African
13812:paganism
13741:Sant Mat
13731:Rajneesh
13706:Meivazhi
13701:Japanese
13658:Siberian
13591:Santería
13561:Convince
13427:Bushongo
13331:Kiratism
13258:Hmongism
13207:Wocekiye
13108:Jivaroan
13064:Cherokee
13059:Iroquois
13054:Ho-Chunk
12943:American
12914:Hawaiian
12827:Sarnaism
12797:Tungusic
12785:Tengrism
12775:Mongolic
12704:Sarnaism
12635:Nichiren
12612:Mahayana
12599:Buddhism
12577:Sant Mat
12567:Sauraism
12562:Smartism
12557:Shaktism
12550:Balinese
12535:Kaumaram
12530:Kapalika
12525:Kashmiri
12510:Shaivism
12450:Hinduism
12417:Caodaism
12361:Ryukyuan
12356:Tenrikyo
12351:Shugendō
12329:Japanese
12200:Yazidism
12185:Ishikism
12063:Quranism
12036:Khawarij
11985:Salafism
11980:Atharism
11869:Esoteric
11840:Holiness
11830:Lutheran
11791:Reformed
11771:Baptists
11744:Brethren
11708:Hussites
11696:Assyrian
11612:Haymanot
11566:Orthodox
11515:Religion
11461:Category
11390:Violence
11360:Hinduism
11308:Sanskrit
11263:Hinayana
11248:Amitābha
11208:Swastika
11077:Uposatha
11067:Holidays
11052:Calendar
10898:Humanism
10736:Kanishka
10726:Timeline
10550:Thailand
10518:Kalmykia
10513:Buryatia
10498:Pakistan
10483:Mongolia
10478:Maldives
10473:Malaysia
10438:Cambodia
10303:Shamarpa
10298:Nichiren
10248:Xuanzang
10183:Nagasena
10101:Rinpoche
9831:Pāramitā
9673:Devotion
9593:Navayana
9581:Dzogchen
9544:Nichiren
9492:Mahayana
9484:Branches
9362:Saṅkhāra
9111:Mañjuśrī
9068:(cousin)
9060:(cousin)
9028:(mother)
9020:(father)
9008:Miracles
8958:Birthday
8875:Glossary
8848:Buddhism
8686:(2010).
8606:(2002).
8229:Archived
8151:(2005).
7798:Archived
7769:Archived
7698:"密教と修験道"
7434:Archived
7375:Archived
7225:Archived
7065:Archived
7038:Archived
6964:Ray 2001
6844:Ray 2001
6784:Ray 2001
6707:Ray 2001
6406:, ch. 4.
5894:Ray 2000
5670:See also
5663:sādhakas
5655:mantrins
5647:Tāntrika
5643:tāntrika
5620:maṇḍalas
5593:metaphor
5572:Sanskrit
5501:Thailand
5493:Cambodia
5475:, where
5410:Shugendō
5390:Shugendō
5236:Sanskrit
5206:Mahayana
5180:Kalmykia
5164:Buryatia
5148:Mongolia
5113:Mongolia
5071:Dzogchen
4952:Timeline
4820:Dosmoche
4756:Rinpoche
4645:Narthang
4604:Dzogchen
4481:Dzogchen
4334:Bodongpa
4237:Milarepa
4199:Ralpacan
4078:a series
4076:Part of
4042:T1955).
4021:Truc Lam
3971:and the
3953:Mật Tông
3949:Mật giáo
3816:Sanskrit
3787:mandalas
3718:Mahakala
3657:such as
3598:Buddhism
3582:Shanghai
3494:dharanis
3395:regions.
3368:Dunhuang
3331:Kagyudpa
3290:and the
3224:sadhanas
3218:shastras
3109:mandalas
3081:Kangling
3027:རྡོ་རྗེ་
2990:Sanskrit
2908:Maitripa
2870:yonipuja
2819:abhiseka
2796:Dzogchen
2692:and the
2636:luminous
2540:abhiseka
2535:lineages
2425:Dzogchen
2393:" mantra
2205:non-dual
2173:Tibetan
2145:symbolic
2138:abhiṣeka
2126:Bodhgaya
1986:Mahayana
1846:Asanga's
1748:Yogacara
1737:Mahayana
1725:Pala era
1702:Amitabha
1691:Oddiyana
1650:Kapalika
1634:Kapalika
1582:Bhairava
1518:Bhairava
1491:abhiśeka
1460:and the
1435:Mahayoga
1424:and the
1336:and the
1314:Amitābha
1312:such as
1169:saints (
1010:, Mìzōng
883:(a.k.a.
880:Mahāyāna
874:Hīnayāna
821:mandalas
813:dharanis
798:Mongolia
784:, other
770:practice
763:Buddhist
723:Sanskrit
490:Sex yoga
235:Tantrism
167:Altaic (
151:Nepalese
142:Japanese
66:a series
64:Part of
16461:Uruguay
16436:Ecuador
16416:Bolivia
16393:Vanuatu
16320:Oceania
16270:Jamaica
16250:Grenada
16205:Bahamas
16165:England
16155:Ukraine
16110:Romania
16070:Moldova
16030:Ireland
16025:Iceland
16020:Hungary
16010:Germany
16000:Finland
15995:Estonia
15990:Denmark
15985:Czechia
15980:Croatia
15965:Belgium
15960:Belarus
15955:Austria
15950:Andorra
15945:Albania
15922:Vietnam
15832:Myanmar
15807:Lebanon
15725:Georgia
15685:Bahrain
15675:Armenia
15637:Tunisia
15607:Somalia
15592:Senegal
15577:Nigeria
15567:Namibia
15557:Morocco
15522:Liberia
15517:Lesotho
15467:Eritrea
15437:Comoros
15412:Burundi
15387:Algeria
15331:Outline
15296:Deities
15223:Atheism
15136:Science
15054:Freedom
14912:History
14879:studies
14832:Dualism
14822:Animism
14787:Worship
14767:Symbols
14708:Liturgy
14621:Goddess
14581:Deities
14562:Laicism
14552:Beliefs
14531:Aspects
14503:Zapotec
14498:Vainakh
14466:Yahwism
14451:Semitic
14380:Iranian
14277:Hurrian
14267:Hittite
14257:Guanche
14250:Orphism
14181:Fuegian
14176:Finnish
14164:Atenism
14110:Latvian
14095:Arabian
14038:Raëlism
14018:Jediism
14013:Goddess
13986:De novo
13874:Druidry
13768:Thelema
13721:New Age
13606:Umbanda
13497:Tumbuka
13482:Odinala
13467:Lugbara
13387:African
13353:African
13301:Bimoism
13291:Burmese
13123:Mapuche
13101:Wyandot
13044:Guarani
13025:Choctaw
13020:Chilote
12956:Alaskan
12951:Abenaki
12902:Tagalog
12875:Kejawèn
12724:Sikhism
12687:Jainism
12647:Tibetan
12630:Amidism
12498:Warkari
12412:Đạo Mẫu
12262:Chinese
12244:Eastern
12221:Roshani
12140:Iranian
12048:Alevism
12041:Ibadism
12014:Zaydism
11691:Ancient
11662:Eastern
11622:Renewal
11607:Karaite
11588:Zionist
11576:Hasidic
11558:Judaism
11540:Western
11438:Temples
11418:Buddhas
11380:Science
11370:Judaism
11365:Jainism
11283:Lineage
11243:Abhijñā
11213:Thangka
11156:Sarnath
11141:Lumbini
11062:Funeral
11057:Cuisine
10933:Culture
10908:Reality
10858:Creator
10848:Atomism
10718:History
10691:Ukraine
10651:Germany
10570:Senegal
10560:Vietnam
10488:Myanmar
10288:Shinran
10278:Karmapa
10253:Shandao
10223:Dignāga
10148:Śrāvaka
10128:Donchee
10123:Kappiya
10081:Sayadaw
10051:Bhikkhu
10026:Anāgāmi
9983:Nirvana
9949:Samadhi
9836:Paritta
9777:Tonglen
9772:Mandala
9727:Smarana
9708:Mantras
9656:Upekkha
9626:Bhavana
9576:Shingon
9529:Tiantai
9382:Tathātā
9372:Śūnyatā
9367:Skandha
9357:Saṃsāra
9352:Rebirth
9327:Kleshas
9317:Indriya
9219:Subhūti
9104:Guanyin
9058:Ānanda
9050:Rāhula
8930:Nirvana
8870:Outline
8291:18 June
7619:2943086
7213:1062679
7156:: p. 85
6737:Collins
6530:p. 144.
5870:Lü 2017
5808:Kangyur
5651:Saivism
5615:mantras
5589:synonym
5455:culture
5376:Nalanda
5268:Sumatra
5117:Siberia
5079:Nyingma
5067:sadhana
5037:of the
4964:Culture
4959:Outline
4947:History
4904:Thangka
4860:Tengyur
4855:Kangyur
4835:Losoong
4830:Sho Dun
4751:Karmapa
4711:Tsurphu
4672:Ramoche
4655:Pabonka
4650:Nechung
4638:Namgyal
4628:Labrang
4616:Jokhang
4599:Drepung
4594:Tradruk
4569:Thukdam
4475:Nyingma
4453:Tibetan
4425:Rebirth
4416:Saṃsāra
4404:Skandha
4345:Gelugpa
4328:Gorampa
4305:Dolpopa
4243:Nyingma
4113:Nyingma
4106:Schools
3891:Dharani
3854:Korean
3840:mantras
3811:siddham
3783:Tantras
3663:Tiantai
3640:Shingon
3632:Zhenyan
3622:Zhenyan
3453:Shingon
3335:Gelugpa
3313:Sakyapa
3282:Shingon
3277:Zhenyan
3229:Chinese
3096:thangka
3038:sadhana
3034:gankyil
2984:, Japan
2960:) from
2938:Mandala
2935:Hevajra
2892:Nalanda
2807:rituals
2745:rebirth
2722:chakras
2718:thig le
2716:, Tib.
2708:, Tib.
2700:, Tib.
2668:candali
2651:rainbow
2613:mandala
2519:ngondro
2478:samadhi
2463:siddhis
2344:Nyingma
2342:of the
2340:Ngagpas
2179:Yab-Yum
1913:Yi Xing
1865:nirvana
1859:samsara
1842:Hevajra
1318:Longer
1305:paritta
1286:mandala
1280:kapalas
1269:Shingon
1242:Tantras
1198:siddhis
1189:-siddhi
1128:called
1112:kartika
1094:History
1054:Zhēnyán
1050:Shingon
988:Chinese
984:Zhēnyán
967:). The
963:, Wyl.
947:, Wyl.
846:Buddhas
809:mantras
767:tantric
761:, is a
727:वज्रयान
639:Yab-Yum
433:Ngöndro
411:Thangka
390:Mandala
261:Pursuit
229:History
177:b, t, k
163:Tibetan
137:Chinese
16528:Tantra
16502:Portal
16441:Guyana
16421:Brazil
16388:Tuvalu
16285:Panama
16275:Mexico
16220:Canada
16215:Belize
16145:Sweden
16125:Serbia
16115:Russia
16100:Poland
16095:Norway
16075:Monaco
16045:Latvia
16040:Kosovo
16015:Greece
16005:France
15937:Europe
15902:Turkey
15887:Taiwan
15792:Kuwait
15765:Jordan
15755:Israel
15715:Cyprus
15700:Brunei
15695:Bhutan
15647:Zambia
15642:Uganda
15582:Rwanda
15537:Malawi
15497:Guinea
15487:Gambia
15392:Angola
15379:Africa
15188:Wealth
15131:Schism
15086:Growth
15010:Priest
14995:Clergy
14814:Theism
14797:Nature
14792:Astral
14735:Groves
14703:Ritual
14688:Prayer
14646:Novice
14596:Ethnic
14521:Topics
14493:Urartu
14488:Tongan
14483:Somali
14478:Slavic
14358:Dacian
14132:Celtic
14127:Basque
14105:Baltic
13956:Udmurt
13921:Uralic
13916:Slavic
13869:Celtic
13857:Abkhaz
13845:Romuva
13835:Baltic
13810:Modern
13653:Papuan
13616:Voodoo
13571:Kumina
13512:Yoruba
13502:Urhobo
13472:Maasai
13457:Lotuko
13405:Baluba
13395:Akamba
13368:Berber
13326:Heraka
13316:Dongba
13202:Lakota
13175:Pueblo
13170:Pawnee
13160:Navajo
13150:Muisca
13118:Lenape
13096:Seneca
13086:Mohawk
13008:Ohlone
12983:Apache
12966:Ojibwe
12941:Native
12807:Manchu
12802:Evenki
12763:Altaic
12754:Ethnic
12729:Khalsa
12682:Kalash
12572:Śrauta
12441:Indian
12371:Korean
12337:Shinto
12307:Taoism
12280:Luoism
12106:Baháʼí
12101:Bábism
12053:Ahmadi
12031:Sufism
12024:Alawis
11674:Church
11602:Reform
11583:Modern
11571:Haredi
11433:Sutras
11428:Suttas
11293:Siddhi
11278:Koliya
11253:Brahmā
11168:Poetry
11114:Mantra
11104:Kasaya
10976:Pagoda
10956:Kyaung
10951:Vihāra
10946:Temple
10888:Ethics
10731:Ashoka
10681:Sweden
10676:Poland
10671:Norway
10661:Mexico
10646:France
10631:Canada
10626:Brazil
10565:Africa
10545:Taiwan
10508:Russia
10433:Bhutan
10393:Vinaya
10273:Naropa
10263:Saraha
10198:Asanga
9954:Prajñā
9863:Refuge
9826:Nianfo
9787:Tertön
9782:Tantra
9767:Ganana
9757:Tukdam
9683:Dhyāna
9651:Mudita
9646:Karuṇā
9539:Risshū
9534:Huayan
9467:Naraka
9407:Anattā
9402:Dukkha
9397:Anicca
9302:Dharma
9254:Channa
9189:Ānanda
9174:Assaji
9141:Skanda
9044:(wife)
9013:Family
8993:Relics
8918:Sangha
8913:Dharma
8908:Buddha
8770:
8751:
8732:
8713:
8694:
8671:
8652:
8633:
8614:
8584:
8565:
8537:
8518:
8490:
8462:
8428:
8391:
8363:
8308:
8264:
8190:
8159:
8133:
8114:
8082:
8063:
8044:
8025:
7997:
7978:
7950:
7931:
7912:
7893:
7870:
7825:
7735:
7719:
7643:
7625:
7617:
7413:p. 441
7405:
7338:
7252:
7219:
7211:
7203:
7091:
6743:
6526:
6506:
6459:
5722:Tukdam
5631:hippie
5626:cakras
5611:Mudrās
5428:Taoism
5424:hijiri
5280:Yijing
5228:Newars
5170:, the
5156:Russia
5132:Bhutan
5098:Mongol
5089:, and
4825:Monlam
4805:Dajyur
4768:Tertön
4667:Ralung
4662:Palcho
4621:Kumbum
4611:Ganden
4504:Lamrim
4435:Dharma
4298:Jonang
4274:Mipham
4227:Niguma
4217:Talika
4138:Jonang
4128:Bodong
4032:Huayan
4017:tulkus
3991:Yijing
3967:, the
3883:Hwaeom
3863:milgyo
3856:milgyo
3844:Tendai
3828:Tendai
3758:Mikkyō
3671:Mongol
3669:, the
3626:mantra
3616:, and
3540:tantra
3513:Bengal
3486:mikkyo
3480:, and
3463:Tendai
3461:) and
3458:mantra
3437:Bhutan
3409:Taiwan
3321:, the
3255:termas
3241:Rōmaji
3233:Pinyin
3231:: 儀軌;
3175:mudras
3170:phurba
3164:damaru
3119:, the
3077:Damaru
3054:wisdom
3050:method
3046:ghanta
2992:term "
2904:Virūpa
2751:) and
2720:) and
2666:(Skt.
2647:mirage
2579:Ajikan
2512:). In
2510:samaya
2355:samaya
2323:samaya
2316:Samaya
2297:Sangha
2284:dharma
2269:. The
2256:says:
2209:advaya
2088:Buddha
2070:prajñā
2064:, the
1992:. The
1969:Tantra
1964:Tangut
1836:known.
1779:Asanga
1598:Shaiva
1550:Shaiva
1468:Yogini
1328:sutras
1235:pisaca
1227:vetala
1223:yogini
1215:dakini
1193:Bengal
1187:Sahaja
1159:ksetra
1035:Mikkyō
1014:Mìjiao
993:Tángmì
955:(Skt.
951:) and
937:Bhutan
935:, and
877:) and
852:(e.g.
817:mudras
757:, and
671:Samaya
629:Phurba
622:Melong
617:Ghanta
612:Damaru
418:Yantra
397:Mantra
314:Tukdam
249:Sahaja
111:Yunnan
55:ghanta
16426:Chile
16383:Tonga
16373:Samoa
16363:Palau
16353:Nauru
16260:Haiti
16180:Wales
16140:Spain
16065:Malta
16035:Italy
15927:Yemen
15882:Syria
15862:Qatar
15837:Nepal
15812:Macau
15775:Korea
15760:Japan
15735:India
15710:China
15622:Sudan
15572:Niger
15527:Libya
15512:Kenya
15492:Ghana
15482:Gabon
15457:Egypt
15397:Benin
15306:Index
15277:lists
15141:State
14959:Women
14827:Deism
14802:Place
14782:Water
14777:Truth
14745:Trees
14601:Faith
14566:Laity
14461:Punic
14419:Roman
14385:Vedic
14343:Olmec
14225:Greek
14218:Norse
14142:Irish
13963:Wicca
13758:Subud
13648:Inuit
13621:Winti
13611:Vodou
13576:Obeah
13556:Comfa
13539:Bantu
13492:Serer
13477:Mbuti
13437:Dogon
13432:Dinka
13415:Kongo
13410:Bantu
13336:Qiang
13231:Yaqui
13197:Sioux
13133:Aztec
13049:Haida
13003:Miwok
12998:Kuksu
12919:Māori
12850:Dayak
12771:Turko
12734:Sects
12670:Other
12625:Thiền
12209:Other
12111:Druze
12089:Other
11965:Sunni
11957:Islam
11739:Amish
11657:Latin
11405:Lists
11273:Kalpa
11268:Iddhi
11131:Music
11126:Mudra
11092:Vassa
11072:Vesak
11042:Budai
10988:Candi
10971:Stupa
10903:Logic
10656:Italy
10555:Tibet
10493:Nepal
10463:Korea
10458:Japan
10448:India
10443:China
10388:Sutra
10343:Texts
10293:Dōgen
10283:Hōnen
10268:Atiśa
10233:Zhiyi
10143:Achar
10111:Tulku
10106:Geshe
10091:Rōshi
10076:Ajahn
10031:Arhat
9991:Bodhi
9961:Vīrya
9878:Sacca
9873:Satya
9868:Sādhu
9856:Music
9799:Merit
9792:Terma
9752:Zazen
9688:Faith
9641:Mettā
9322:Karma
9282:Bardo
9249:Asita
9239:Khema
9229:Upāli
9214:Nanda
9052:(son)
9026:Māyā
9003:Films
8880:Index
7623:S2CID
7615:JSTOR
7437:(PDF)
7430:(PDF)
7217:S2CID
7209:JSTOR
6510:p.215
5791:Notes
5661:, or
5659:yogis
5489:Burma
5284:Atiśa
5272:Islam
5232:Nepal
5144:China
5140:Nepal
5136:India
5109:China
5091:Gelug
5087:Kagyu
5083:Sakya
5075:Terma
5063:tulku
5019:Tibet
4848:Texts
4815:Losar
4773:Tulku
4763:Geshe
4716:Yerpa
4699:Shalu
4689:Sanga
4684:Sakya
4533:Laity
4447:Karma
4316:Sakya
4287:Marpa
4280:Kagyu
4212:Atiśa
4143:Gelug
4133:Kagyu
4123:Sakya
4118:Kadam
3961:Thien
3941:Hanoi
3939:near
3887:mudra
3867:Korea
3848:faith
3806:Kukai
3775:China
3773:(via
3763:India
3753:Japan
3687:Acala
3683:Cundi
3636:Japan
3594:China
3586:China
3509:Palas
3449:Japan
3441:India
3429:Tibet
3250:dohas
3237:Yíguǐ
3185:Texts
3159:vajra
3136:yidam
3103:, in
3090:murti
3030:dorje
3016:Devas
3012:Indra
2995:vajra
2946:Nepal
2931:vajra
2900:Atisa
2866:vulva
2749:phowa
2741:bardo
2714:bindu
2710:rlung
2673:phowa
2663:tummo
2649:or a
2609:yidam
2607:Tib.
2453:bijas
2437:tummo
2290:tapas
2190:taboo
2031:aeons
1924:Tibet
1917:Kūkai
1787:jnana
1753:upaya
1610:pitha
1296:Vedic
1231:preta
1219:yaksi
1163:taboo
1155:pitha
1126:yogis
1029:Japan
1022:Guhya
998:Hanmì
973:Indra
969:vajra
933:Nepal
929:India
782:Nepal
778:Tibet
735:vajra
634:Vajra
404:Mudra
309:Phowa
47:vajra
16451:Peru
16333:Fiji
16230:Cuba
15842:Oman
15802:Laos
15750:Iraq
15745:Iran
15662:Asia
15632:Togo
15542:Mali
15432:Chad
15275:and
15202:and
14772:Text
14752:Soul
14641:Monk
14606:Fire
14287:Inca
14090:Ainu
13974:list
13951:Sámi
13581:Palo
13549:Ketu
13544:Jejé
13462:Lozi
13442:Efik
13420:Zulu
13400:Akan
13253:Ahom
13245:Miao
13243:and
13190:Zuni
13185:Hopi
13138:Maya
13030:Crow
13013:Pomo
12660:list
12617:Chan
12588:list
12545:Nath
12343:list
12079:list
12004:Shia
11946:list
11633:list
11303:Pāḷi
11288:Māra
11198:Flag
10599:Iran
10523:Tuva
10468:Laos
10096:Lama
9944:Śīla
9912:Śīla
9900:Pīti
9890:Sati
9841:Puja
9762:Koan
9668:Dāna
9259:Yasa
9146:Tārā
8768:ISBN
8749:ISBN
8730:ISBN
8711:ISBN
8692:ISBN
8669:ISBN
8650:ISBN
8631:ISBN
8612:ISBN
8582:ISBN
8563:ISBN
8535:ISBN
8516:ISBN
8488:ISBN
8460:ISBN
8426:ISBN
8389:ISBN
8361:ISBN
8306:ISBN
8293:2015
8262:ISBN
8188:ISSN
8157:ISBN
8131:ISBN
8112:ISBN
8080:ISBN
8061:ISBN
8042:ISBN
8023:ISBN
7995:ISBN
7976:ISBN
7948:ISBN
7929:ISBN
7910:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7868:ISBN
7823:ISBN
7733:ISBN
7717:ISBN
7641:ISBN
7403:ISBN
7336:ISSN
7250:ISBN
7201:ISSN
7089:ISBN
6741:ISBN
6524:ISBN
6504:ISBN
6457:ISBN
5751:for
5623:and
5613:and
5595:and
5513:and
5499:and
5497:Laos
5453:and
5403:Nara
5266:and
5264:Java
5174:and
4746:Lama
4694:Sera
4677:Rato
4148:Rimé
3904:and
3798:and
3769:and
3685:and
3661:and
3659:Chan
3576:The
3427:(in
3403:The
3362:The
3347:and
3333:and
3311:the
3245:Giki
3209:and
3073:Chöd
3042:bell
2988:The
2906:and
2894:and
2861:puja
2794:and
2753:Chöd
2706:vayu
2702:rtsa
2698:nadi
2441:goma
2419:and
2351:guru
2330:and
2159:Lama
2076:Goal
2019:The
2006:yana
1984:and
1978:yana
1915:and
1907:and
1895:and
1840:The
1822:kama
1795:Skt:
1746:and
1704:and
1480:and
1173:and
1167:Nath
1082:and
1002:Tang
904:and
848:and
796:and
731:lit.
425:Yoga
51:bell
49:and
15176:War
14651:Nun
14616:God
13672:New
13517:Ifá
13487:San
13286:Bon
13241:Tai
13221:Ute
12621:Zen
12285:Nuo
11025:Art
10961:Wat
9497:Zen
8209:doi
8180:doi
7607:doi
7326:doi
7280:doi
7193:doi
5230:in
5154:of
4892:Art
4061:in
3951:or
3638:as
3596:as
3580:in
3519:in
3511:in
3433:PRC
3299:In
3253:),
3044:or
2964:'s
2872:).
2599:" (
2586:阿字觀
2466:).
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