2249:* The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source.
1335:, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish
293:
1136:. Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. Healthy humans fed artificially composed diets that are deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. Choline was not initially classified as essential because the human body can produce choline in small amounts through phosphatidylcholine metabolism.
1316:
interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater than normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion. Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of a nutrient does harm to an organism.
1315:
An inadequate amount of a nutrient is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism. Some of the conditions that can
1235:
alcohol, 17.5 g and 513 kJ (122.5 kcal). Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of 150 and 350 mL (5 and 12 US fl oz), respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A 150 mL
264:
of intake. In many countries, regulations require that food product labels display information about the amount of any macronutrients and micronutrients present in the food in significant quantities. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects. Edible plants also
2318:
and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C),
1244:
grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered
1023:) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids.
2273:
Population
Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed.
1236:(5 US fl oz) serving of wine contains 420 to 540 kJ (100 to 130 kcal). A 350 mL (12 US fl oz) serving of beer contains 400 to 840 kJ (95 to 200 kcal). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on
2539:
1339:, also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date from 1997 to 2004.
898:. The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as
1280:
that are present in numerous plant foods. Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health. However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties
256:. Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States
1319:
In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the
2310:
Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.
1208:
OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately 29 kilojoules (7 kilocalories) of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.) a standard serving in the United States is 44 millilitres
2319:
oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients; iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
1144:
Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include
3851:
3203:
1331:
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for
982:). The requirement for vitamin D is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin.
754:
is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a
4109:
782:. In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states.
4096:, 2010-12-03, accessed 5 December 2010. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats, and DNA."
736:
amounts. The importance of each dietary vitamin was first established when it was determined that a disease would develop if that vitamin was absent from the diet.
3956:
3915:"Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. pp.283-295 (2009)"
3858:
197:
or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as
4144:
770:
and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs. The nutrients considered essential for humans comprise nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen
3031:
232:, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts (
1328:
of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".
598:, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed
2910:
Carver J (2006). "Conditionally essential nutrients: choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides". In
Thureen PJ, Hay WW (eds.).
1110:
which is essential. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as
1185:
is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a
722:
amounts. As plants obtain minerals from the soil, dietary minerals derive directly from plants consumed or indirectly from edible animal sources.
2568:"Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide"
1291:
level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to provide antioxidant benefits.
1027:
is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids
2261:
U.S. Recommended
Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.
4087:
3950:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
3334:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 305, Choline. Retrieved February 17, 2022 from
193:) is essential to humans and some animal species but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be
609:
3880:
260:, are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and
4065:
4031:
3997:
3811:
3741:
3072:
2784:
2516:
2476:
802:
by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be
17:
3174:
357:
182:. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves.
3949:
2292:
EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).
134:. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy such as for
2927:
1325:
376:
329:
3914:
3718:
3374:
3035:
3699:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016
3649:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016
1256:
include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional constituents are
42:
3626:
3155:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 11 February 2021
3674:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. August 2016
336:
4124:
2429:
906:. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g.
433:
The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as
314:
2567:
1336:
261:
3671:
4154:
3696:
1133:
94:
used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to
1169:
are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.
343:
269:
which have unknown effects on disease or health including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called
2736:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
2711:. Corvallis, OR: Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2023
3296:
2943:
Kendler BS (2006). "Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy".
683:
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve
624:, a standard serving in the U.S. is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80
2267:
U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
1321:
325:
310:
38:
3536:"Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals"
3308:
860:
that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot
2424:
1288:
796:
An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized
257:
162:. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the
2755:
1177:
Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health.
2808:
2439:
2434:
303:
3646:
2508:
475:, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.
2419:
2414:
1043:
468:
249:
213:
3579:
3064:
3058:
2774:
2466:
4021:
3987:
3283:. The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 17 August 2016
1186:
212:
A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into
3742:"New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part Report on Current Regulations and the State of Science"
3321:
Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "choline". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2013,
2987:
2672:
865:
851:
791:
699:
599:
553:
3348:
8:
4139:
4092:
3901:
3534:
Brownawell AM, Caers W, Gibson GR, Kendall CW, Lewis KD, Ringel Y, Slavin JL (May 2012).
2988:"Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations"
77:
2676:
4149:
4134:
3768:
3596:
3429:
3404:
3255:
3230:
3134:
2968:
2841:
2759:
2636:
2611:
2501:
1309:
1305:
991:
899:
877:
869:
775:
561:
179:
143:
91:
3454:"Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy"
350:
4061:
4027:
3993:
3857:. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Archived from
3817:
3807:
3772:
3601:
3557:
3516:
3475:
3434:
3405:"Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data"
3260:
3246:
3152:
3126:
3068:
3010:
2960:
2956:
2923:
2887:
2845:
2833:
2780:
2690:
2641:
2512:
2472:
2364:
1587:
935:
798:
767:
703:
445:. Water must be also consumed in large quantities but does not provide caloric value.
3335:
2972:
2588:
4129:
3799:
3789:
3764:
3591:
3547:
3506:
3465:
3424:
3416:
3250:
3242:
3138:
3116:
3006:
3002:
2952:
2915:
2877:
2823:
2680:
2631:
2623:
2589:"Chapter 3: Calculation Of The Energy Content Of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors"
2399:
2389:
1620:
1000:
943:
755:
621:
541:
399:
253:
194:
69:
2612:"Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention"
4055:
2919:
2610:
Gernand, A. D; Schulze, K. J; Stewart, C. P; West Jr, K. P; Christian, P (2016).
2340:
2301:
707:
695:
605:
591:
515:
123:
73:
65:
3792:"Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes. What are dietary reference intakes?"
3791:
189:
Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (
2394:
2344:
2315:
1249:
foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients.
1039:
519:
491:
186:
live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
159:
3121:
3104:
4118:
3796:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
3511:
3494:
3322:
2882:
2865:
1253:
1246:
1182:
1178:
1146:
1132:
Choline is an essential nutrient. The cholines are a family of water-soluble
873:
807:
625:
595:
587:
472:
266:
217:
3382:
582:
attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched
3821:
3798:. Institute of Medicine, US National Academies of Science. pp. 21–22.
3605:
3561:
3520:
3479:
3470:
3453:
3438:
3278:
3264:
3130:
2964:
2837:
2694:
2645:
2627:
2409:
2368:
861:
549:
503:
483:
434:
241:
147:
135:
3776:
3552:
3535:
3420:
3014:
2891:
2828:
2733:
2708:
3032:"Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements"
1273:
1166:
915:
903:
763:
583:
490:. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units:
131:
3921:
2661:"Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging"
2685:
2660:
2324:
2305:
2108:
2080:
1653:
1554:
1492:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1095:
1063:
1028:
951:
927:
911:
857:
831:
823:
819:
803:
766:
in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular
688:
684:
617:
616:(29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per
579:
545:
419:
317: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
270:
245:
209:, while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars and vitamins.
171:
163:
111:
2809:"Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration"
3755:
Campbell TC, Allison RG, Fisher KD (June 1981). "Nutrient toxicity".
2404:
2356:
2136:
2052:
2023:
1750:
1464:
1436:
1408:
1380:
1332:
1269:
1162:
1149:, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states.
1079:
1067:
1047:
997:
975:
907:
839:
815:
733:
729:
719:
715:
531:
460:
456:
282:
237:
233:
190:
115:
552:. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed
292:
2320:
2164:
1923:
1867:
1839:
1158:
1150:
1099:
1091:
1051:
1032:
1016:
1008:
919:
895:
575:
565:
527:
499:
464:
411:
407:
202:
3803:
3034:. Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board. Archived from
1189:
function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria.
3580:"Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease"
2866:"Deficiencies of essential and conditionally essential nutrients"
2376:
2360:
2352:
1811:
1783:
1521:
1301:
1283:
1197:
1154:
1127:
1115:
1059:
889:
864:
them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans:
827:
779:
771:
725:
613:
557:
537:
511:
507:
495:
448:
438:
423:
175:
167:
155:
151:
127:
107:
2314:
Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from air and soil as
2914:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–311.
2332:
2331:
are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, the "
2328:
2192:
1951:
1895:
1717:
1684:
1277:
1237:
1231:
proof) would be 14 grams and 410 kJ (98 kcal). At 50%
1103:
1087:
1083:
1055:
1024:
1012:
1004:
967:
959:
835:
811:
608:
is not an essential nutrient, but it does provide calories.The
523:
452:
427:
415:
403:
183:
103:
95:
1240:
2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8
714:, and cannot be synthesized. They are required in the diet in
2773:
Vaughan JG, Geissler C, Nicholson B, Dowle E, Rice E (2009).
2772:
2372:
2348:
1111:
759:
711:
487:
225:
139:
99:
3790:
Panel on
Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (2017).
3533:
3092:(11th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 154.
2609:
3396:
2574:
2220:
1979:
1075:
1071:
1020:
221:
206:
198:
119:
3719:"Nutrient content claims--general principles; 21CFR101.13"
3229:
Zeisel, Steven H; da Costa, Kerry-Ann (November 1, 2009).
471:
because they are required in large quantities compared to
3492:
3375:"High-Fiber Diet - Colon & Rectal Surgery Associates"
3063:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. pp.
2863:
2591:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2367:
of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic matter (
571:
442:
229:
64:"Nutrients" redirects here. For nutrition in humans, see
3493:
Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN (February 2001).
467:
ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with
3882:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For
Vitamins And Minerals
2864:
Chipponi JX, Bleier JC, Santi MT, Rudman D (May 1982).
2343:. They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example,
762:, which is universally required for the maintenance of
594:). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of
894:
Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as
3754:
3102:
1264:, whereas those without nutrient status are diverse
1003:
indispensable for life. Although the four elements:
3944:
3942:
3486:
2766:
118:by cells to create non-cellular structures such as
3231:"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health"
2500:
4047:
3966:
3904:National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
3336:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Choline
556:), the diet must supply them. Through digestion,
4116:
3979:
3939:
265:contain thousands of compounds generally called
3721:. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2017
3402:
2806:
2460:
2458:
2456:
110:. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for
3228:
1181:is not absorbed in the human digestive tract.
4145:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
4053:
3902:Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010)
3056:
2779:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 212–.
402:humans consume in the largest quantities are
3985:
3627:""What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014""
3271:
2453:
1294:
602:), they must be obtained through one's diet.
394:Macronutrients are defined in several ways.
4081:
3897:
3895:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3087:
273:which remain poorly understood as of 2024.
23:
3499:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3403:Vital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM (April 2014).
3323:https://www.britannica.com/science/choline
3103:Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999).
2870:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2665:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1287:is that they must first be defined with a
1139:
24:
4013:
3972:Whitney, Elanor and Sharon Rolfes. 2005.
3595:
3573:
3571:
3551:
3510:
3469:
3428:
3254:
3184:. United States Department of Agriculture
3120:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2881:
2827:
2684:
2635:
2464:
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
3892:
3835:
3355:. Oregon State University. 28 April 2014
2728:
2726:
883:
586:chains connected by single bonds alone (
220:. Consumed in relatively large amounts (
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3986:Sizer F, Whitney E (12 November 2007).
3875:
3873:
3871:
3691:
3689:
3666:
3664:
3641:
3639:
2942:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2807:Jéquier E, Constant F (February 2010).
2540:"31.1C: Essential Nutrients for Plants"
2492:
610:United States Department of Agriculture
158:) leading to end-products of water and
61:Substance that an organism uses to live
14:
4117:
3888:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
3577:
3568:
3495:"Prebiotic digestion and fermentation"
3451:
3445:
3060:Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease
3026:
3024:
2909:
2898:
2816:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2658:
2562:
2560:
2503:CRC desk reference on sports nutrition
745:
590:) or by both double and single bonds (
4019:
3989:Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies
3974:Understanding Nutrition, 10th edition
3739:
3733:
2985:
2945:The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
2723:
2701:
2652:
2603:
2255:U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.
3962:from the original on 28 August 2017.
3868:
3686:
3661:
3636:
3105:"Vitamin E: function and metabolism"
2852:
2498:
628:) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.
315:adding citations to reliable sources
286:
3907:
3145:
3021:
2557:
620:) for calculating food energy. For
56:
3992:. Cengage Learning. pp. 26–.
3852:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)"
3769:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1981.tb07453.x
2776:The new Oxford book of food plants
2468:Foods & nutrition encyclopedia
728:are organic compounds required in
486:are compounds made up of types of
248:roles in cellular processes, like
228:), macronutrients (carbohydrates,
57:
4166:
4103:
2912:Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
1326:Food and Agriculture Organization
856:Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are
678:
389:
3353:Micronutrient Information Center
3247:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x
2957:10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004
2756:"What is an essential nutrient?"
1192:
1172:
291:
68:. For nutrition in animals, see
4110:USDA. Dietary Reference Intakes
3783:
3748:
3711:
3619:
3578:Lieber CS (29 September 2004).
3527:
3367:
3341:
3328:
3315:
3222:
3210:. National Institutes of Health
3196:
3167:
3096:
3081:
3050:
2979:
2936:
2800:
2748:
2280:Tolerable upper intake levels.
1042:for humans, listed in order of
740:
479:Macronutrients provide energy:
302:needs additional citations for
72:. For nutrition in plants, see
4054:Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (2007).
3057:Goodhart RS, Shils ME (1980).
2581:
2532:
2430:List of phytochemicals in food
2286:ULs have not been determined.
1223:US fluid ounces), which at 40%
845:
785:
13:
1:
3584:Alcohol Research & Health
2446:
1337:tolerable upper intake levels
1134:quaternary ammonium compounds
1044:Recommended Dietary Allowance
3325:. Accessed 17 February 2022.
3175:"Dietary Intakes of Choline"
3007:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1517S
2920:10.1017/CBO9780511544712.020
2616:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
2471:. CRC Press. pp. 527–.
166:that are combined to create
7:
4057:Handbook of plant nutrition
4026:. CRC Press. pp. 34–.
3452:Lupton JR (February 2004).
3088:Ellie W, Rolfes SR (2008).
2382:
1106:is a component of Vitamin B
1046:(expressed as a mass), are
985:
918:): vitamins A, C, D, E, K,
568:back into free amino acids.
10:
4171:
3976:, p. 6. Thomson-Wadsworth.
2577:. August 2013. p. 14.
2299:
1125:
1121:
989:
902:, metabolic regulators or
887:
849:
789:
280:
63:
4088:New Link in Chain of Life
3122:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145
1363:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1322:World Health Organization
1295:Deficiencies and toxicity
710:, are elements native to
3740:Gross P (1 March 2009).
3540:The Journal of Nutrition
3458:The Journal of Nutrition
3001:(8 Suppl): 1517S–1523S.
2995:The Journal of Nutrition
2986:Young VR (August 1994).
2758:. NetBiochem Nutrition,
2425:List of nutrition guides
2295:
1289:Dietary Reference Intake
640:Kilocalories per 1 gram
276:
258:Dietary Reference Intake
39:latest accepted revision
3744:. Nutraceuticals World.
3090:Understanding Nutrition
2440:Table of food nutrients
2435:River Continuum Concept
1140:Conditionally essential
1038:The essential nutrient
806:synthesized by humans:
689:physiological functions
592:unsaturated fatty acids
76:. For the journal, see
4023:Plant nutrition manual
3512:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.415s
3505:(2 Suppl): 415S–420S.
2883:10.1093/ajcn/35.5.1112
2628:10.1038/nrendo.2016.37
2507:. CRC Press. pp.
2499:Kern M (12 May 2005).
2420:List of micronutrients
2415:List of macronutrients
612:uses a figure of 6.93
4125:Chemical oceanography
3864:on 11 September 2018.
3553:10.3945/jn.112.158147
3421:10.1128/mBio.00889-14
2829:10.1038/ejcn.2009.111
2659:Tucker, K. L (2016).
2465:Ensminger AH (1994).
884:Vitamins and vitamers
600:essential fatty acids
588:saturated fatty acids
554:essential amino acids
3471:10.1093/jn/134.2.479
2335:" are the elemental
866:alpha-linolenic acid
852:Essential fatty acid
792:Essential amino acid
578:molecule with three
311:improve this article
240:); they have subtle
4155:Essential nutrients
4093:Wall Street Journal
3379:www.colonrectal.org
2876:(5 Suppl): 1112–6.
2677:2016NYASA1367...38T
900:enzymatic cofactors
768:metabolic processes
758:source. Apart from
746:Essential nutrients
633:
29:Page version status
18:Essential nutrients
2760:University of Utah
2686:10.1111/nyas.13062
2544:Biology LibreTexts
2365:diatomic molecules
1310:Protein (nutrient)
1306:Mineral (nutrient)
992:Mineral (nutrient)
878:omega-6 fatty acid
870:omega-3 fatty acid
752:essential nutrient
632:
250:vascular functions
112:metabolic purposes
35:
4067:978-0-8247-5904-9
4033:978-1-884015-31-1
4020:Jones JB (1998).
3999:978-0-495-39065-7
3813:978-0-309-06935-9
3757:Nutrition Reviews
3297:cite encyclopedia
3235:Nutrition Reviews
3074:978-0-8121-0645-9
2786:978-0-19-954946-7
2518:978-0-8493-2273-0
2478:978-0-8493-8980-1
2247:
2246:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1001:chemical elements
996:Minerals are the
676:
675:
622:distilled spirits
542:organic compounds
400:chemical elements
387:
386:
379:
361:
47:24 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
4162:
4097:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3920:. Archived from
3919:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3647:"Phytochemicals"
3643:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3599:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3381:. Archived from
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3124:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3019:
3018:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2861:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2462:
2400:Nutrient density
2390:Food composition
2004:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1621:Pantothenic acid
1342:
1341:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1102:. Additionally,
944:pantothenic acid
696:Dietary minerals
634:
631:
544:that consist of
516:oligosaccharides
426:, summarized as
382:
375:
371:
368:
362:
360:
319:
295:
287:
254:nerve conduction
70:Animal nutrition
21:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3927:on 15 June 2016
3924:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3861:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3814:
3788:
3784:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3576:
3569:
3532:
3528:
3491:
3487:
3450:
3446:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3241:(11): 615–623.
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3115:(10): 1145–55.
3101:
3097:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3022:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2908:
2899:
2862:
2853:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2657:
2653:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2385:
2308:
2302:Plant nutrition
2300:Main articles:
2298:
2002:
1991:
1756:
1723:
1690:
1657:
1626:
1593:
1560:
1527:
1357:
1352:
1297:
1252:By definition,
1241:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1175:
1147:premature birth
1142:
1130:
1124:
1109:
994:
988:
981:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
892:
886:
854:
848:
794:
788:
748:
743:
681:
520:polysaccharides
492:monosaccharides
392:
383:
372:
366:
363:
320:
318:
308:
296:
285:
279:
84:
74:Plant nutrition
66:Human nutrition
62:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4104:External links
4102:
4099:
4098:
4080:
4066:
4046:
4032:
4012:
3998:
3978:
3965:
3938:
3906:
3891:
3867:
3834:
3812:
3782:
3747:
3732:
3710:
3685:
3660:
3635:
3618:
3567:
3526:
3485:
3444:
3395:
3366:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3305:|website=
3270:
3221:
3195:
3166:
3144:
3095:
3080:
3073:
3049:
3038:on 5 July 2014
3020:
2978:
2935:
2928:
2897:
2851:
2799:
2785:
2765:
2747:
2722:
2700:
2651:
2622:(5): 274–289.
2602:
2580:
2556:
2531:
2517:
2491:
2477:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Nutrient cycle
2392:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2345:carbon dioxide
2337:macronutrients
2316:carbon dioxide
2297:
2294:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:1.6 mg/MJ
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:0.1 mg/MJ
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1296:
1293:
1254:phytochemicals
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1174:
1171:
1141:
1138:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1107:
1040:trace elements
990:Main article:
987:
984:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
888:Main article:
885:
882:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
723:
680:
679:Micronutrients
677:
674:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
630:
629:
603:
596:cell membranes
569:
535:
477:
476:
473:micronutrients
469:macronutrients
446:
431:
391:
390:Macronutrients
388:
385:
384:
299:
297:
290:
281:Main article:
278:
275:
267:phytochemicals
218:micronutrients
214:macronutrients
170:, a subset of
160:carbon dioxide
60:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4167:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4060:. CRC Press.
4059:
4058:
4050:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3804:10.17226/9810
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:(6): 249–56.
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3736:
3720:
3714:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3672:"Carotenoids"
3667:
3665:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3628:
3622:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3590:(3): 220–31.
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3546:(5): 962–74.
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:(2): 479–82.
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:(2): e00889.
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3385:on 2020-09-26
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3298:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:FASEB Journal
3106:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2929:9780511544712
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2822:(2): 115–23.
2821:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:carbohydrates
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1247:empty calorie
1239:
1199:
1193:Non-nutrients
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:Soluble fiber
1180:
1179:Dietary fiber
1173:Non-essential
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
993:
983:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
881:
879:
875:
874:linoleic acid
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:phenylalanine
805:
801:
800:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
693:
692:
690:
686:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:Carbohydrate
652:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:consist of a
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:peptide bonds
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:disaccharides
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Carbohydrates
482:
481:
480:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
444:
440:
436:
435:carbohydrates
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
395:
381:
378:
370:
367:December 2022
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328: –
327:
323:
322:Find sources:
316:
312:
306:
305:
300:This section
298:
294:
289:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:physiological
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:carbohydrates
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
82:
80:
75:
71:
67:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
4091:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4056:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4022:
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3988:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3929:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3909:
3881:
3859:the original
3825:. Retrieved
3795:
3785:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:"Flavonoids"
3676:. Retrieved
3651:. Retrieved
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3587:
3583:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3387:. Retrieved
3383:the original
3378:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3352:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3287:13 September
3285:. Retrieved
3279:
3273:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3181:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3147:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3059:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3036:the original
2998:
2994:
2981:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2911:
2873:
2869:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2775:
2768:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2671:(1): 38–49.
2668:
2664:
2654:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2583:
2548:. Retrieved
2546:. 2018-07-16
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2502:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2410:Nutritionism
2336:
2313:
2309:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
1493:α-tocopherol
1351:Highest U.S.
1330:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1251:
1196:
1176:
1143:
1131:
1037:
995:
916:tocotrienols
904:antioxidants
893:
855:
804:endogenously
797:
795:
751:
749:
741:Essentiality
682:
637:Biomolecule
614:kilocalories
478:
393:
373:
364:
354:
347:
340:
333:
321:
309:Please help
304:verification
301:
262:upper limits
211:
188:
178:and certain
148:fermentation
132:exoskeletons
87:
85:
78:
58:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3931:31 December
3827:31 December
3725:31 December
3703:31 December
3678:31 December
3653:31 December
3153:"Vitamin D"
2951:(1): 9–16.
2278:Upper Limit
1361:Upper limit
1274:resveratrol
1266:polyphenols
1262:carotenoids
1227:ethanol (80
1167:nucleotides
912:tocopherols
858:fatty acids
846:Fatty acids
786:Amino acids
764:homeostasis
584:hydrocarbon
580:fatty acids
562:broken down
546:amino acids
271:polyphenols
242:biochemical
172:fatty acids
164:amino acids
4140:Edaphology
4119:Categories
4039:14 October
4005:12 October
3389:2020-08-16
2792:13 October
2734:"Vitamins"
2709:"Minerals"
2550:2020-08-16
2524:12 October
2484:12 October
2447:References
2357:phosphates
2325:phosphorus
2306:Fertilizer
2109:Phosphorus
2081:Molybdenum
1555:Riboflavin
1356:Highest EU
1270:flavonoids
1258:provitamin
1096:molybdenum
1064:phosphorus
1029:methionine
952:pyridoxine
928:riboflavin
862:synthesize
832:isoleucine
824:methionine
820:tryptophan
774:, fifteen
698:, such as
548:joined by
420:phosphorus
337:newspapers
326:"Nutrient"
238:micrograms
234:milligrams
150:products (
4150:Nutrition
4135:Nutrients
4073:17 August
3611:2 January
3349:"Choline"
3307:ignored (
3204:"Choline"
2846:205129670
2405:Nutrition
2341:organisms
2212:3000-3600
2156:2700-3000
2137:Potassium
2053:Manganese
2024:Magnesium
2000:(females)
1989:(females)
1751:Cobalamin
1654:Vitamin B
1465:Vitamin K
1437:Vitamin D
1409:Vitamin C
1381:Vitamin A
1358:PRI or AI
1353:RDA or AI
1333:vitamin C
1187:prebiotic
1163:glutamine
1080:manganese
1068:magnesium
1048:potassium
998:exogenous
976:cobalamin
910:includes
908:vitamin E
840:histidine
816:threonine
734:milligram
730:microgram
720:milligram
716:microgram
700:potassium
685:metabolic
566:proteases
532:cellulose
522:(such as
506:(such as
494:(such as
461:magnesium
457:potassium
283:Nutrition
191:vitamin C
92:substance
81:(journal)
79:Nutrients
3957:Archived
3955:. 2017.
3822:25077263
3606:15535450
3562:22457389
3521:11157351
3480:14747692
3439:24757212
3265:19906248
3182:usda.gov
3159:14 March
3131:10385606
2973:28748412
2965:16407731
2838:19724292
2695:27116240
2646:27032981
2595:30 March
2383:See also
2377:proteins
2361:sulfates
2353:nitrates
2339:for all
2321:nitrogen
2165:Selenium
1924:Fluoride
1868:Chromium
1840:Chloride
1742:900-1000
1590:* (Vit B
1348:U.S. EAR
1345:Nutrient
1159:arginine
1151:Inositol
1100:selenium
1092:chromium
1052:chloride
1033:cysteine
1017:nitrogen
1009:hydrogen
986:Minerals
920:thiamine
896:vitamers
776:minerals
772:vitamins
726:Vitamins
661:Ethanol
645:Protein
576:glycerin
558:proteins
538:Proteins
528:glycogen
500:fructose
465:chloride
439:proteins
412:nitrogen
408:hydrogen
203:selenium
180:minerals
176:vitamins
168:proteins
144:proteins
128:feathers
116:excreted
108:protists
88:nutrient
43:reviewed
4130:Ecology
3777:7312225
3597:6668875
3430:3994512
3280:Choline
3256:2782876
3208:nih.gov
3139:7031925
3065:134–138
3042:14 July
3015:8064412
2892:6805293
2673:Bibcode
2637:4927329
2333:Big Six
2184:330-460
2100:450-550
2005:(males)
1994:(males)
1812:Calcium
1784:Choline
1522:Thiamin
1513:650-900
1495:(Vit E)
1302:Vitamin
1284:in vivo
1278:lignans
1218:⁄
1198:Ethanol
1155:taurine
1128:Choline
1122:Choline
1116:silicon
1060:calcium
974:), and
890:Vitamin
828:leucine
799:de novo
780:choline
756:dietary
606:Ethanol
512:lactose
508:sucrose
496:glucose
449:Calcium
424:sulphur
351:scholar
195:organic
156:vinegar
152:ethanol
96:animals
4064:
4030:
3996:
3820:
3810:
3775:
3604:
3594:
3560:
3519:
3478:
3437:
3427:
3359:May 8,
3263:
3253:
3214:May 8,
3188:May 8,
3137:
3129:
3071:
3013:
2971:
2963:
2926:
2890:
2844:
2836:
2783:
2740:18 May
2715:18 May
2693:
2644:
2634:
2515:
2475:
2373:lipids
2363:, and
2329:sulfur
2327:, and
2193:Sodium
1952:Iodine
1896:Copper
1753:(Vit B
1720:(Vit B
1718:Folate
1687:(Vit B
1685:Biotin
1623:(Vit B
1588:Niacin
1557:(Vit B
1524:(Vit B
1375:Japan
1276:, and
1242:
1238:NHANES
1233:
1229:
1225:
1104:cobalt
1098:, and
1088:iodine
1084:copper
1056:sodium
1025:Sulfur
1015:, and
1013:oxygen
1005:carbon
968:folate
960:biotin
936:niacin
872:) and
838:, and
836:lysine
812:valine
706:, and
704:sodium
530:, and
524:starch
518:, and
463:, and
453:sodium
441:, and
428:CHNOPS
422:, and
416:oxygen
404:carbon
353:
346:
339:
332:
324:
226:ounces
205:, and
140:lipids
124:scales
100:plants
3960:(PDF)
3953:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3918:(PDF)
3886:(PDF)
3862:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3630:(PDF)
3178:(PDF)
3135:S2CID
2991:(PDF)
2969:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2812:(PDF)
2571:(PDF)
2349:water
2296:Plant
2240:35-45
2015:40-45
1915:10000
1909:10000
1676:40-60
1612:60-85
1364:Unit
1112:boron
760:water
712:Earth
626:proof
488:sugar
358:JSTOR
344:books
277:Types
222:grams
184:Fungi
130:, or
104:fungi
90:is a
4075:2010
4062:ISBN
4041:2010
4028:ISBN
4007:2010
3994:ISBN
3933:2017
3829:2017
3818:PMID
3808:ISBN
3773:PMID
3727:2017
3705:2017
3680:2017
3655:2017
3613:2020
3602:PMID
3558:PMID
3517:PMID
3476:PMID
3435:PMID
3409:mBio
3361:2021
3309:help
3289:2016
3261:PMID
3216:2021
3190:2021
3161:2022
3127:PMID
3069:ISBN
3044:2014
3011:PMID
2961:PMID
2924:ISBN
2888:PMID
2834:PMID
2794:2010
2781:ISBN
2742:2023
2717:2023
2691:PMID
2669:1367
2642:PMID
2597:2017
2575:USDA
2526:2010
2513:ISBN
2486:2010
2473:ISBN
2304:and
2231:16.3
2221:Zinc
2206:2300
2200:1500
2147:4000
2144:4700
2128:3000
2122:4000
2094:2000
1980:Iron
1971:3000
1965:1100
1943:____
1912:5000
1906:1600
1853:3600
1847:2300
1831:2500
1828:2500
1825:2500
1822:1000
1819:1000
1797:3500
1739:1000
1736:1000
1507:1000
1422:2000
1400:2700
1397:3000
1394:3000
1391:1300
1369:U.S.
1324:and
1300:See
1165:and
1114:and
1076:zinc
1072:iron
1031:and
1021:CHON
914:and
876:(an
868:(an
778:and
708:iron
687:and
669:Fat
572:Fats
560:are
540:are
510:and
498:and
443:fats
398:The
330:news
244:and
230:fats
216:and
207:zinc
199:iron
146:and
120:hair
106:and
3800:doi
3765:doi
3592:PMC
3548:doi
3544:142
3507:doi
3466:doi
3462:134
3425:PMC
3417:doi
3251:PMC
3243:doi
3117:doi
3003:doi
2999:124
2953:doi
2916:doi
2878:doi
2824:doi
2681:doi
2632:PMC
2624:doi
2511:–.
2509:117
2379:).
2271:PRI
2259:RDA
2253:EAR
2243:mg
2225:9.4
2215:mg
2187:μg
2181:300
2178:400
2159:mg
2131:mg
2119:640
2116:700
2113:580
2103:μg
2097:600
2075:mg
2063:3.0
2060:2.3
2047:mg
2044:350
2041:250
2038:350
2035:350
2032:420
2029:350
2018:mg
1998:16
1987:18
1974:μg
1968:600
1962:200
1959:150
1946:mg
1934:3.4
1918:μg
1903:900
1900:700
1890:μg
1862:mg
1834:mg
1816:800
1806:mg
1794:520
1791:550
1778:μg
1766:5.0
1763:2.4
1760:2.0
1745:μg
1733:600
1730:400
1727:320
1712:μg
1679:mg
1670:100
1667:1.8
1664:1.3
1661:1.1
1648:mg
1615:mg
1582:mg
1570:2.0
1567:1.3
1564:1.1
1549:mg
1534:1.2
1531:1.0
1516:mg
1510:300
1487:μg
1472:120
1459:μg
1456:100
1453:100
1450:100
1431:mg
1419:155
1403:μg
1388:900
1385:625
1372:EU
966:),
958:),
950:),
942:),
934:),
926:),
880:).
750:An
732:or
718:or
564:by
514:),
502:),
313:by
252:or
236:or
224:or
154:or
114:or
45:on
4121::
4090:,
3941:^
3894:^
3870:^
3837:^
3816:.
3806:.
3794:.
3771:.
3761:39
3759:.
3688:^
3663:^
3638:^
3600:.
3588:27
3586:.
3582:.
3570:^
3556:.
3542:.
3538:.
3515:.
3503:73
3501:.
3497:.
3474:.
3460:.
3456:.
3433:.
3423:.
3411:.
3407:.
3377:.
3351:.
3301::
3299:}}
3295:{{
3259:.
3249:.
3239:67
3237:.
3233:.
3206:.
3180:.
3133:.
3125:.
3113:13
3111:.
3107:.
3067:.
3023:^
3009:.
2997:.
2993:.
2967:.
2959:.
2949:21
2947:.
2922:.
2900:^
2886:.
2874:35
2872:.
2868:.
2854:^
2840:.
2832:.
2820:64
2818:.
2814:.
2725:^
2689:.
2679:.
2667:.
2663:.
2640:.
2630:.
2620:12
2618:.
2614:.
2573:.
2559:^
2542:.
2455:^
2375:,
2371:,
2359:,
2355:,
2351:,
2347:,
2323:,
2290:NE
2284:ND
2265:AI
2237:25
2234:40
2228:11
2209:ND
2203:NE
2197:NE
2175:70
2172:55
2169:45
2153:ND
2150:ND
2141:NE
2125:ND
2091:65
2088:45
2085:34
2072:11
2069:ND
2066:11
2057:NE
2012:ND
2009:45
2003:11
1956:95
1937:10
1928:NE
1887:ND
1884:ND
1881:ND
1878:NE
1875:35
1872:NE
1859:ND
1856:ND
1850:NE
1844:NE
1803:ND
1800:ND
1788:NE
1775:ND
1772:ND
1769:ND
1755:12
1709:ND
1706:ND
1703:ND
1700:45
1697:30
1694:NE
1673:25
1645:ND
1642:ND
1639:ND
1630:NE
1609:10
1606:35
1600:16
1597:12
1579:ND
1576:ND
1573:ND
1546:ND
1543:ND
1540:ND
1504:13
1501:15
1498:12
1484:ND
1481:ND
1478:ND
1475:70
1469:NE
1447:15
1444:15
1441:10
1428:ND
1425:ND
1416:90
1413:75
1308:,
1304:,
1272:,
1268:,
1260:A
1200:(C
1161:,
1157:,
1153:,
1118:.
1108:12
1094:,
1090:,
1086:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1035:.
1011:,
1007:,
980:12
978:(B
970:(B
962:(B
954:(B
946:(B
938:(B
930:(B
922:(B
842:.
834:,
830:,
826:,
822:,
818:,
814:,
810:,
702:,
691:.
672:9
664:7
656:4
648:4
618:ml
534:).
526:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
437:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
201:,
174:,
142:,
138:,
126:,
122:,
102:,
98:,
86:A
41:,
4077:.
4043:.
4009:.
3935:.
3831:.
3802::
3779:.
3767::
3729:.
3707:.
3682:.
3657:.
3632:.
3615:.
3564:.
3550::
3523:.
3509::
3482:.
3468::
3441:.
3419::
3413:5
3392:.
3363:.
3338:.
3311:)
3291:.
3267:.
3245::
3218:.
3192:.
3163:.
3141:.
3119::
3077:.
3046:.
3017:.
3005::
2975:.
2955::
2932:.
2918::
2894:.
2880::
2848:.
2826::
2796:.
2762:.
2744:.
2719:.
2697:.
2683::
2675::
2648:.
2626::
2599:.
2553:.
2528:.
2488:.
2026:*
1992:8
1984:6
1940:7
1931:4
1757:)
1724:)
1722:9
1691:)
1689:7
1656:6
1636:7
1633:5
1627:)
1625:5
1594:)
1592:3
1561:)
1559:2
1528:)
1526:1
1220:2
1216:1
1213:+
1211:1
1209:(
1206:5
1204:H
1202:2
1019:(
972:9
964:7
956:6
948:5
940:3
932:2
924:1
430:.
380:)
374:(
369:)
365:(
355:·
348:·
341:·
334:·
307:.
83:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.