1768:
2667:
The table below shows U.S. Estimated
Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date to 1997–2004.
3164:
2331:"lifestyle factor", such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin. People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency, but may be consuming less than the recommended amounts; a national food and supplement survey conducted in the US over 2003–2006 reported that over 90% of individuals who did not consume vitamin supplements were found to have inadequate levels of some of the essential vitamins, notably vitamins D and E.
1744:; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it. That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by
60:
2134:. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the
3619:
3244:(CFR) Title 21, part III took effect, regulating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Even though product registration is not required, these regulations mandate production and quality control standards (including testing for identity, purity and adulterations) for dietary supplements. In the European Union, the
2338:), vitamin C (scurvy), folate (neural tube defects) and vitamin D (rickets). In much of the developed world these deficiencies are rare due to an adequate supply of food and the addition of vitamins to common foods. In addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin deficiency and a number of different disorders.
1695:. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life." However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor,
2327:(niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks. For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months, depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores.
2070:, in 1942, to describe the appeal of relying on nutritional supplements rather than on obtaining vitamins from a varied diet of foods. The continuing preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle led to an obsessive consumption of vitamins and multi-vitamins, the beneficial effects of which are questionable. As one example, in the 1950s, the
1795:). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal. When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist
2666:
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the
European Union.
2377:
has conducted extensive studies on the percentage losses of various nutrients from food types and cooking methods. Some vitamins may become more "bio-available" – that is, usable by the body – when foods are cooked. The table below shows whether various vitamins are susceptible to loss from heat—such
4724:
The word "vitamine" is coined on p. 342: "It is now known that all these diseases, with the exception of pellagra, can be prevented and cured by the addition of certain preventative substances; the deficient substances, which are of the nature of organic bases, we will call "vitamines"; and we will
3206:
supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions. They may
1844:
for their contributions to the discovery of vitamins. Thirty-five years earlier, Eijkman had observed that chickens fed polished white rice developed neurological symptoms similar to those observed in military sailors and soldiers fed a rice-based diet, and that the symptoms were reversed when the
489:
All the vitamins were discovered between 1913 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
2330:
Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a
2232:
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help
3136:
Population
Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin the PRIs are expressed as amounts per MJ of calories consumed. MJ = megajoule = 239 food calories.
3524:
The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F–J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins.
2364:
with 72% of these exposures in children under the age of five. In the US, analysis of a national diet and supplement survey reported that about 7% of adult supplement users exceeded the UL for folate and 5% of those older than age 50 years exceeded the UL for vitamin A.
2378:
as heat from boiling, steaming, frying, etc. The effect of cutting vegetables can be seen from exposure to air and light. Water-soluble vitamins such as B and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded.
243:
can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of
1647:
for
British sailors. However, during the 19th century, limes grown in the West Indies were substituted for lemons; these were subsequently found to be much lower in vitamin C. As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other
1811:
a friend and Reader of
Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the "vitamine" name (from "vital amine"). The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are
2114:, because it appeared that these organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases were required for life, hence "vital", and were chemical amines, hence "amine". This was true of
3187:
Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the
1984:
were awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Medicine "...for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye." Wald's contribution was discovering the role vitamin A had in the process.
3225:, not drugs. As a result, the manufacturer, and not the government, has the responsibility of ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Regulation of supplements varies widely by country. In the
469:
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The
1740:, observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two
2280:
is the only vitamin or nutrient not available from plant sources. The Food
Fortification Initiative lists countries which have mandatory fortification programs for vitamins folic acid, niacin, vitamin A and vitamins
3528:
The Danish-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the
3183:
for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful. A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.
5860:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (February 2007). "Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis".
1820:
proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, hence "vitamin", after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, vitamin A) have an amine component.
3991:
3179:. Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included
1833:"for his studies on the constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins", the first person to receive an award mentioning vitamins, even though it was not specifically about vitamin D.
2352:
Some vitamins have documented acute or chronic toxicity at larger intakes, which is referred to as hypertoxicity. The
European Union and the governments of several countries have established
4429:"The relative content of antiscorbutic principle in limes and lemons, together with some new facts and some old observations concerning the value of "lime juice" in the prevention of scurvy"
2212:
from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things,
6188:
Pekelharing CA (1905). "Over onze kennis van de waarde der voedingsmiddelen uit chemische fabrieken" [About our knowledge of the value of food products from chemical factories].
6223:
5482:
Boy E, Mannar V, Pandav C, de
Benoist B, Viteri F, Fontaine O, Hotz C (May 2009). "Achievements, challenges, and promising new approaches in vitamin and mineral deficiency control".
5736:"Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
2360:) from dietary supplements does occur. In 2016, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 63,931 individuals to the
3233:
of 1994. There is no FDA approval process for dietary supplements, and no requirement that manufacturers prove the safety or efficacy of supplements introduced before 1994. The
4712:"The etiology of the deficiency diseases. Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra"
3937:"Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies"
486:. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.
5780:"Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive services Task Force recommendation statement"
5950:
3603:"Vitamin N" is a term popularized for the mental health benefits of spending time in nature settings. "Vitamin I" is slang among athletes for frequent/daily consumption of
3568:), are biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science, such as the highest-numbered, which some
5706:
Dietary
Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at
3537:). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable. The table
2356:(ULs) for those vitamins which have documented toxicity (see table). The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but excessive intake (
2254:
produce vitamin K and biotin; and one form of vitamin D is synthesized in skin cells when they are exposed to a certain wavelength of ultraviolet light present in
2224:. If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage.
5690:
3988:
3192:(UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription (
5708:
5898:"Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
6025:
3588:
that are not recognized as vitamins. There are other "D vitamins" now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same type number up to D
4931:
4401:
Kögl F, Tönnis B (1936). "Über das Bios-Problem. Darstellung von krystallisiertem Biotin aus Eigelb. 20. Mitteilung über pflanzliche Wachstumsstoffe".
3765:
1896:
2205:
Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a
1799:, working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine". It was later to be known as vitamin B
3541:
lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex.
1352:
resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews.
7056:
2013:
cakes, a source of B vitamins, on the basis of scientifically determined nutritional value, rather than taste or appearance. In 1942, when flour
5979:
4905:
2017:
with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the
4201:
2361:
5657:"Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research"
4114:
6220:
4011:
3600:. There appears to be no consensus on the existence of substances that may have at one time been named as vitamins Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z.
1807:). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins.
5069:"Urinary water-soluble vitamins and their metabolite contents as nutritional markers for evaluating vitamin intakes in young Japanese women"
1767:
7495:
4344:
5286:
3230:
3124:
US Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.
5684:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
2118:, but after it was found that vitamin C and other such micronutrients were not amines, the word was shortened to "vitamin" in English.
2037:, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name
2059:. Researchers also focused on the need to ensure adequate nutrition, especially to compensate for what was lost in the manufacture of
6948:
5564:"2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report"
5109:
5947:
5308:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
4144:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2250:
For the most part, vitamins are obtained from the diet, but some are acquired by other means: for example, microorganisms in the
2103:
1705:
4460:"Medical aspects of polar exploration: sixtieth anniversary of Scott's last expedition. State of knowledge about scurvy in 1911"
5524:
6144:
4957:
3902:
1845:
chickens were switched to whole-grain rice. He called this "the anti-beriberi factor", which was later identified as vitamin B
6892:
6046:
5315:
4377:
4252:
4159:
3847:
3716:
3687:
1837:
7807:
1911:
scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943,
7049:
498:, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments have mandated the addition of some vitamins to
6266:
4523:
4071:
3883:
3248:
requires that only those supplements that have been proven safe can be sold without a prescription. For most vitamins,
5683:
2009:, a source of vitamin D, as "bottled sunshine", and bananas as a "natural vitality food". They promoted foods such as
5274:
4751:
4711:
4293:
Rohde LE, de Assis MC, Rabelo ER (January 2007). "Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients".
182:
128:
6007:
5340:"Medical experiments carried out in Sheffield on conscientious objectors to military service during the 1939–45 war"
7488:
6909:
5712:
5663:
4847:
2172:; it is deactivated by cooking. Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine,
2033:
for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from
7359:
7327:
7131:
7073:
6581:
4644:
3770:. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2004. pp. 340–341.
705:
3171:
In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to
7942:
7042:
3775:
3678:
3256:(USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the
6215:
4872:
4087:
1803:(niacin), though he described it as "anti-beri-beri-factor" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B
1332:
The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The
6019:
3207:
also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food.
2353:
1760:
postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" – in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats
1700:
1044:
5611:
4927:
4825:
4044:
3130:
US and EFSA Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
2258:. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from
1679:. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the
8044:
7802:
7136:
6941:
4016:
3781:
3234:
3189:
2018:
7947:
7481:
7406:
6590:
6572:
3795:
3241:
3202:
often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals.
740:
3661:
3433:
3253:
3245:
3237:
must rely on its Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor adverse events that occur with supplements.
2164:
Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example,
4897:
3813:
3665:
1841:
1774:'s single-paragraph article in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins
1672:
4198:
1787:, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it
7917:
7429:
6403:
6088:
4111:
3544:
The missing numbered B vitamins were reclassified or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B
2022:
1885:
1191:
33:
17:
4675:
4022:
3196:) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs.
2191:
Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.
235:
in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the
7518:
7141:
6934:
6897:
5643:
5631:
4725:
speak of a beri-beri or scurvy vitamine, which means a substance preventing the special disease."
4428:
4217:
2200:
1930:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B
507:
475:
1892:
655:-beta-carotene: orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach
7922:
7219:
6259:
4341:
3257:
3176:
2135:
1981:
1808:
1737:
1729:
1606:
687:
682:
539:
6085:
5139:
Maqbool A, Stallings VA (November 2008). "Update on fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis".
4511:
7548:
7379:
7312:
7180:
5752:
5735:
5299:
4739:
4131:
3873:
3221:
Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of
3193:
2082:
telling the audience, "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways", referring to the number of
1912:
908:
796:
734:
479:
3163:
7937:
7533:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7261:
7242:
6988:
6858:
6638:
6362:
6210:
4275:
3935:
Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, et al. (June 2015).
3336:
2234:
2209:
983:
276:
272:
5819:
Jenkins DJ, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim YI, Josse R, Vieth R, et al. (June 2018).
8:
7817:
7396:
7384:
7374:
6752:
5549:
4546:
3561:
3211:
3203:
1817:
1676:
1653:
8049:
7988:
7902:
7877:
7847:
7842:
7704:
7588:
7568:
7543:
7504:
7447:
7304:
7103:
7008:
6998:
6531:
6426:
6233:
6126:
5922:
5897:
5593:
5459:
5432:
5408:
5383:
5243:
5218:
5164:
5117:
4484:
4459:
4318:
3740:
3632:
3513:
3260:(Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market.
3199:
2302:
2146:. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in
2014:
1745:
1649:
1282:
1178:
fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines), fish liver oils, eggs from hens fed vitamin D
1129:
763:
640:
511:
503:
491:
343:
268:
264:
228:
6165:
4444:
3953:
3936:
8039:
7892:
7626:
7419:
7414:
7369:
7364:
7206:
7193:
6818:
6793:
6252:
6118:
5927:
5878:
5842:
5801:
5757:
5585:
5499:
5495:
5464:
5413:
5361:
5311:
5270:
5248:
5199:
5156:
5090:
5027:
5000:
4803:
4747:
4616:
4572:
4519:
4489:
4383:
4373:
4310:
4253:"Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure? (Literature Review & Commentary)"
4181:
4173:
4165:
4155:
4067:
3958:
3879:
3843:
3771:
3722:
3712:
3705:
3703:
Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).
3683:
3481:
2918:
2357:
2323:
in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B
2263:
2079:
2001:
1962:
1958:
1904:
1757:
1333:
1033:
819:
6130:
5597:
5168:
4322:
4238:
7827:
7635:
7332:
7247:
6828:
6803:
6723:
6152:
6110:
5917:
5909:
5870:
5832:
5791:
5747:
5575:
5491:
5454:
5444:
5403:
5395:
5351:
5238:
5230:
5191:
5148:
5080:
5023:
4996:
4793:
4687:
4606:
4562:
4479:
4471:
4440:
4410:
4365:
4302:
4147:
4121:. Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (15 September 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2013.
3948:
3910:
3637:
3417:
2951:
2347:
2143:
2142:(fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous
1993:
Once discovered, vitamins were actively promoted in articles and advertisements in
1696:
1692:
1349:
1244:
1025:
840:
354:
236:
212:
150:
144:
81:
7154:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6057:
5580:
5563:
4414:
4260:
7887:
7562:
7538:
7354:
7349:
6833:
6390:
6375:
6227:
6029:
5954:
5152:
4348:
4306:
4205:
4118:
3995:
3642:
3530:
3180:
2147:
2060:
1966:
1733:
1341:
1170:
1029:
755:
627:
506:, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during
75:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
5562:
Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W (December 2017).
4611:
4594:
4369:
3167:
Calcium combined with vitamin D (as calciferol) supplement tablets with fillers.
2334:
Well-researched human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (
2319:, and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B
7972:
7927:
7671:
7389:
6957:
6903:
6823:
6536:
6349:
5837:
5820:
5399:
4475:
3500:
3081:
2127:
1950:
1865:
1784:
1668:
1482:
1458:
1441:
1211:
1146:
1104:
1021:
914:
786:
631:
603:
595:
59:
5042:
4692:
4208:. Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (24 June 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2013.
4135:
1919:
were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of
8033:
8008:
7837:
7822:
7557:
7424:
7322:
6978:
6968:
6672:
6662:
6647:
6367:
5966:
5195:
4177:
3307:
3249:
3226:
2259:
2131:
2083:
2006:
1977:
1869:
1857:
1830:
1771:
1476:
1378:
1271:
1066:
987:
635:
613:
599:
580:
447:
409:
6310:
6305:
5913:
4798:
4781:
3726:
306:
8013:
7523:
7342:
7317:
7271:
7065:
6973:
6878:
6798:
6757:
6710:
6677:
6657:
6652:
6513:
6441:
6431:
6421:
6279:
5931:
5882:
5874:
5846:
5805:
5761:
5589:
5503:
5468:
5417:
5365:
5252:
5160:
5094:
4807:
4576:
4567:
4550:
4314:
4185:
4049:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health
3962:
3393:
2159:
2071:
1954:
1927:
1796:
1753:
1688:
1630:
1590:
1337:
1124:
889:
495:
437:
232:
6122:
6114:
5449:
5384:"Examination of vitamin intakes among US adults by dietary supplement use"
5303:
5203:
4620:
4493:
4387:
7932:
7912:
7907:
7867:
7462:
7452:
7337:
7093:
7083:
6810:
6667:
6488:
6380:
5356:
5339:
3673:
3669:
3624:
2274:
2075:
1995:
1973:
1942:
1877:
1861:
1853:
1788:
1580:
1500:
1307:
1232:
1013:
991:
864:
791:
609:
499:
483:
451:
433:
253:
6101:
Welch AD (1983). "Folic acid: discovery and the exciting first decade".
5656:
5085:
5068:
1752:
instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent a kind of
1660:, the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted"
1002:
8003:
7957:
7759:
7754:
7644:
7617:
7603:
7528:
7112:
6748:
6740:
6733:
6697:
6690:
6617:
6563:
6545:
6461:
6436:
6410:
6385:
6344:
5734:
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013).
3585:
3569:
3549:
3487:
3468:
3455:
3401:
3376:
3357:
3351:
2984:
2885:
2823:
2308:
2270:
2267:
2173:
2099:
2095:
1916:
1908:
1880:. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B
1741:
1717:
1638:
1445:
1299:
1263:
1228:
1203:
1183:
1162:
1138:
1108:
1095:
972:
944:
885:
877:
850:
829:
775:
729:
718:
666:
661:
591:
533:
490:
This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and marketing of
423:
387:
365:
332:
310:
249:
224:
50:
7473:
5234:
1783:
In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist
713:
pork, wholemeal grains, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
8018:
7967:
7897:
7872:
7812:
7764:
7749:
7744:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7598:
7553:
6993:
6853:
6845:
6762:
6728:
6554:
6523:
6453:
6330:
6320:
6297:
5821:"Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment"
5796:
5779:
4241:
Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.
3604:
3323:
2795:
2767:
2739:
2711:
2251:
1920:
1900:
1713:
1657:
1395:
1345:
1258:
1223:
1090:
1061:
948:
893:
845:
759:
584:
559:
471:
455:
443:
429:
419:
413:
402:
286:
245:
240:
6216:
Health Canada Dietary Reference Intakes Reference Chart for Vitamins
4360:
Jacob RA (1996). "Introduction: Three Eras of Vitamin C Discovery".
1907:, who proved its activity counter to scurvy in his long-established
1617:
is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the
1613:
foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which
200:
7852:
7832:
7769:
7729:
7714:
7608:
7457:
7167:
7126:
7088:
6631:
3998:
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
3593:
3389:
2335:
2255:
2115:
2034:
1721:
1614:
1600:
1288:
810:
701:
677:
321:
220:
5310:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 123–149.
5182:
Roth KS (September 1981). "Biotin in clinical medicine—a review".
4645:"Packed full of questions: Who benefits from dietary supplements?"
4151:
4146:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 150–195.
2273:. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others.
1317:
7998:
7952:
7882:
7862:
7709:
7266:
7013:
6926:
6315:
6244:
3291:
2852:
1873:
1680:
1661:
1618:
1603:
1120:
576:
572:
528:
463:
294:
216:
5859:
4169:
3907:
Food Fortification Initiative, Enhancing Grains for Better Lives
1764: – that are necessary for the functions of the human body.
7993:
7857:
7779:
7774:
7734:
7724:
7719:
7662:
7653:
7255:
7034:
6983:
6788:
6775:
6705:
4782:"The discovery of vitamin D: the contribution of Adolf Windaus"
4676:"Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis"
3767:
Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition 2nd Edition
3449:
3370:
3172:
3048:
3015:
2311:
stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B
2221:
2180:
2169:
2168:
is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of
2165:
2005:, and other media outlets. Marketers enthusiastically promoted
1634:
1610:
1533:
1408:
1077:
968:
960:
933:
925:
904:
391:
376:
7023:
7003:
5969:. Fda.gov (15 September 2009). Retrieved on 12 November 2010.
4239:
The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction
3702:
2316:
2206:
2139:
2010:
1813:
1643:
1626:
1555:
1155:
815:
3618:
2194:
7962:
7784:
7739:
5818:
2374:
2233:
process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for
2217:
2213:
1749:
1437:
165:
159:
117:
96:
5632:
Comparison of Vitamin Levels in Raw Foods vs. Cooked Foods
4280:
Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center
4064:
Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
1253:
many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and seed oils
1250:
possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure.
5984:
5481:
5287:"Pieces of the Puzzle: Aging Research Today and Tomorrow"
5101:
4744:
The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health
4364:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 25. pp. 1–16.
4088:"Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements"
3934:
3875:
Vitamania: Our obsessive quest for nutritional perfection
2388:
Is substance susceptible to losses under given condition?
1756:
that was the equivalent of beriberi. The following year,
1684:
171:
102:
90:
4295:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1860:, the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other
824:
meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
5561:
5526:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
5381:
4673:
1872:
and made significant contributions to the chemistry of
5733:
5382:
Bailey RL, Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, Dwyer JT (May 2012).
4516:
Terrors of the table: the curious history of nutrition
4199:
Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B12
2066:
Robert W. Yoder is credited with first using the term
1829:
The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1928 was awarded to
1621:, severe pain, and death. In 1753, Lind published his
1356:
The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources
5612:"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6"
5298:
4130:
4112:
Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B6
955:
raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
649:-retinol: fish in general, liver and dairy products;
183:
174:
129:
105:
6168:. Medical News Today. Retrieved on 30 November 2015.
4403:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
3614:
1824:
1348:
deficiency. The advance of ocean voyages during the
162:
156:
120:
114:
93:
87:
6032:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved on 12 November 2010.
5678:
5676:
4292:
1988:
986:and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with
282:Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins:
168:
153:
111:
99:
84:
4595:"Vitamine – vitamin. The early years of discovery"
4551:"Vitamin A as "anti-infective" therapy, 1920–1940"
3704:
2094:The term "vitamin" was derived from "vitamine", a
1778:
5896:Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L (December 2017).
5552:National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
5388:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
5066:
3252:have been established. In the United States, the
2315:are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the
1748:, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished
8031:
5673:
5138:
4928:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967"
4012:"Vitamin A: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
1720:was the common staple food of the middle class,
770:dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus
27:Nutrients required by organisms in small amounts
5895:
5073:Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology
4898:"The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins"
4826:"The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins"
3580:. There are also lettered B substances (e.g., B
1840:for 1929 was awarded to Christiaan Eijkman and
7688:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
6221:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets
4045:"Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements"
2362:American Association of Poison Control Centers
2227:
1868:confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of
1008:leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
215:(or a set of closely related molecules called
7489:
7050:
6942:
6260:
5825:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5550:Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010)
4890:
4733:
4731:
4061:
3930:
3928:
3842:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3682:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1899:suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually
5646:. Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013.
5634:. Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013.
5433:"Nutritional therapies for mental disorders"
5430:
5132:
5060:
4819:
4817:
4588:
4586:
4464:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
3941:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
3897:
3895:
3229:, a dietary supplement is defined under the
1945:for direct and indirect studies of vitamin B
1816:, the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920,
917:, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)
6187:
6080:
6078:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5043:"Wonder Bread: The Most Famous White Bread"
5016:Journal of the American Medical Association
4989:Journal of the American Medical Association
4066:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 992.
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3231:Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
263:does not include the three other groups of
7496:
7482:
7057:
7043:
6949:
6935:
6386:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
6267:
6253:
6040:
6038:
6008:CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
5773:
5771:
5292:
5219:"Uptake of pyrithiamine by tissue of rats"
5216:
5184:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4920:
4770:. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company.
4728:
4505:
4503:
4400:
4342:"The Past, Present and Future of Vitamins"
4336:
4334:
4332:
3925:
3552:and five of the folates are in the range B
3398:Catechol nonessential; flavin reclassified
3216:
1736:, a British-trained medical doctor of the
58:
6145:"Vitamins and minerals – names and facts"
6094:
5921:
5836:
5795:
5751:
5579:
5458:
5448:
5407:
5355:
5337:
5242:
5084:
4823:
4814:
4797:
4691:
4610:
4592:
4583:
4566:
4483:
4220:(3 March 2017). Retrieved on 2 June 2020.
4062:Hardman, J.G.; et al., eds. (2001).
3952:
3892:
2195:On fetal growth and childhood development
1709:in 1905, but it was not widely reported.
1344:, an illness now known to be caused by a
1082:stomach pain, diarrhoea, and flatulence.
869:diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.
6075:
5753:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729
5727:
5536:
5107:
4951:
4949:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4539:
4257:Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
3969:
3840:Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins
3833:
3831:
3816:. Harvard Health Publishing. 9 June 2009
3679:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
3518:Protein metabolite; synthesized in body
3162:
2186:
1766:
651:from plant origin as provitamin A / all-
7503:
6190:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
6035:
5980:"Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)"
5768:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5285:Gavrilov, Leonid A. (10 February 2003)
4958:"The healing power of compressed yeast"
4955:
4705:
4703:
4509:
4500:
4329:
4006:
4004:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3711:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2104:Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine
1706:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
1294:leafy green vegetables such as spinach
482:for them. Vitamins C and E function as
14:
8032:
5943:
5941:
5644:Effects of Cooking on Vitamins (Table)
5532:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
5377:
5375:
5259:
4840:
4273:
4267:
4192:
3837:
3596:was at one point lettered as vitamin B
3343:not fit the definition of a vitamin).
3269:Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins
645:from animal origin as vitamin A / all-
502:such as flour or milk, referred to as
7477:
7038:
6930:
6248:
6100:
5948:Use and Safety of Dietary Supplements
5777:
5431:Lakhan SE, Vieira KF (January 2008).
5344:International Journal of Epidemiology
5141:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
5067:Fukuwatari T, Shibata K (June 2008).
5040:
4946:
4737:
4642:
4627:
4545:
4457:
4359:
4223:
4105:
3871:
3828:
3796:"EUR-Lex - 32006R1925 - EN - EUR-Lex"
3660:
3592:. The controversial cancer treatment
3539:Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins
3473:Many compounds, not proven essential
2661:
2368:
1876:, which led to the identification of
1856:elucidated the correct structure for
1838:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1675:studied the effects of scurvy at the
920:meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
558:
524:
6137:
6103:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
5696:from the original on 28 August 2017.
5510:
5181:
4934:from the original on 4 December 2013
4908:from the original on 16 January 2018
4865:
4779:
4709:
4700:
4250:
4001:
3856:
3438:RNA metabolite; synthesized in body
3312:DNA metabolite; synthesized in body
3296:DNA metabolite; synthesized in body
2670:All values are consumption per day:
1287:decreased anticoagulation effect of
6044:
6023:EUR-Lex – 32002L0046 – EN
6006:U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
5938:
5700:
5649:
5372:
5269:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
4873:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938"
4518:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4211:
3118:US Estimated Average Requirements.
2296:
1637:, which was adopted by the British
517:
462:Some sources include a fourteenth,
64:A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills
24:
6956:
6582:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
6274:
6166:Vitamins: What Vitamins Do I Need?
5957:NIH office of Dietary Supplements.
5669:from the original on 15 June 2016.
4766:Funk, C. and Dubin, H. E. (1922).
4674:Suzuki, U.; Shimamura, T. (1911).
3158:
2126:Vitamins are classified as either
2102:Casimir Funk while working at the
1703:appeared in Dutch medical journal
1652:. In the early 20th century, when
1103:mixture of molecular compounds of
1085:many fruits and vegetables, liver
25:
8061:
6204:
5267:Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones
4362:Three eras of vitamin C discovery
2121:
1825:Nobel Prizes for vitamin research
710:drowsiness and muscle relaxation
7064:
6054:All Vitamins and Pseudo-Vitamins
5496:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00155.x
5028:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100053014
5001:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100049011
3989:Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
3617:
3341:Needed in large quantities (does
3155:EARs have not been established.
2341:
2153:
1989:History of promotional marketing
1724:resulting from lack of vitamin B
1656:made his two expeditions to the
1056:meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
901:1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
301:-retinyl-esters, as well as all-
149:
80:
6181:
6159:
6013:
6000:
5972:
5960:
5889:
5853:
5812:
5637:
5625:
5604:
5555:
5475:
5424:
5331:
5279:
5210:
5175:
5034:
5007:
4980:
4773:
4760:
4667:
4451:
4421:
4394:
4353:
4286:
4244:
4124:
4080:
4055:
4037:
4019:: Office of Dietary Supplements
3903:"Food Fortification Initiative"
3607:as a pain-relieving treatment.
3143:Tolerable upper intake levels.
1154:sunlight-exposed mushrooms and
818:damage (doses > 2g/day) and
223:in small quantities for proper
7009:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
6591:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
6573:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
5217:Rindi G, Perri V (July 1961).
3806:
3788:
3758:
3733:
3696:
3654:
3149:ULs have not been determined.
1941:Five people have been awarded
1243:deficiency is very rare; mild
997:may mask symptoms of vitamin B
540:recommended dietary allowances
13:
1:
6010:. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
5581:10.1080/15563650.2017.1388087
5014:"Niacin and Nicotinic Acid".
4445:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)59026-6
4415:10.1515/bchm2.1936.242.1-2.43
4021:. 5 June 2013. Archived from
3954:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30230-9
3648:
2354:Tolerable upper intake levels
2106:. Funk created the name from
1701:Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing
6211:USDA RDA chart in PDF format
6086:Anthranilic Acid (Vitamin L)
6084:Davidson, Michael W. (2004)
5153:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283136787
4824:Carpenter K (22 June 2004).
4512:"9. The quarry run to earth"
4307:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328011c46c
4017:National Institute of Health
3235:Food and Drug Administration
3190:tolerable upper intake level
2089:
2019:American Medical Association
1923:and its chemical structure.
1279:AI: 110 μg/120 μg
474:vitamins function as enzyme
7:
7132:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
5784:Annals of Internal Medicine
5740:Annals of Internal Medicine
5041:Kelly K (27 October 2021).
4987:"Niacin and Niacin Amide".
4370:10.1007/978-1-4613-0325-1_1
4276:"Vitamin E recommendations"
3745:National Institute on Aging
3610:
3242:Code of Federal Regulations
2380:
2228:On adult health maintenance
2078:television show, with host
1641:. This led to the nickname
1539:Meat, dairy products, Eggs
741:flavin adenine dinucleotide
706:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
551:Overdose syndrome/symptoms
219:) that are essential to an
10:
8066:
7808:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
7698:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
5838:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020
5662:. 2009. pp. 283–295.
5400:10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.026
4848:"Paul Karrer-Biographical"
4593:Rosenfeld L (April 1997).
4476:10.1177/003591577206500116
3254:United States Pharmacopeia
3246:Food Supplements Directive
3209:
2345:
2300:
2245:
2198:
2157:
1625:, which recommended using
1340:to a person may help with
1327:
1242:
941:AI: 30 μg/30 μg
31:
7981:
7793:
7683:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
7582:
7511:
7440:
7405:
7303:
7234:
7137:Wernicke's encephalopathy
7111:
7102:
7072:
6964:
6887:
6871:
6844:
6616:
6607:
6522:
6452:
6381:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
6329:
6296:
6287:
6226:16 September 2008 at the
5338:Pemberton J (June 2006).
5114:Colorado State University
5022:(10): 823. 7 March 1942.
4995:(10): 819. 7 March 1942.
4716:Journal of State Medicine
4693:10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4
4686:: 4–7, 144–146, 335–358.
4612:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680
4458:Lewis HE (January 1972).
4204:23 September 2009 at the
4117:23 September 2009 at the
3994:11 September 2018 at the
3263:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2386:
2383:
2240:
1884:, they both received the
1842:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1463:unrefined vegetable oils
1405:Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
1286:
1281:
1278:
1257:
1222:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1089:
1060:
872:meat, broccoli, avocados
828:
774:
717:
665:
660:
553:
550:
547:
537:
532:
527:
199:
194:
69:
57:
48:
43:
6174:
6089:Florida State University
5110:"Water-Soluble Vitamins"
4786:The Journal of Nutrition
4555:The Journal of Nutrition
4347:30 November 2005 at the
3707:Human Biology and Health
3250:pharmacopoeial standards
2266:is synthesized from the
2023:Food and Nutrition Board
1895:and a fellow researcher
1886:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1192:22-dihydroergocalciferol
1041:2.4 μg/2.4 μg
980:400 μg/400 μg
752:1.3 mg/1.1 mg
698:1.2 mg/1.1 mg
624:900 μg/700 μg
34:Vitamin (disambiguation)
7519:Bodybuilding supplement
6234:"Vitamins and minerals"
5914:10.1001/jama.2017.19344
5778:Moyer VA (April 2014).
5223:The Biochemical Journal
4740:"Discovery of Vitamins"
4439:(4970): 735–738. 1918.
3741:"Vitamins and Minerals"
3280:Reason for name change
3217:Governmental regulation
2201:Nutrition and pregnancy
1903:, and gave a sample to
510:reduced risk of infant
7693:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
5875:10.1001/jama.297.8.842
5621:. USDA. December 2007.
5196:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1967
4962:Distillations Magazine
4649:Distillations Magazine
3434:5′-Methylthioadenosine
3258:European Pharmacopoeia
3194:over-the-counter drugs
3168:
2136:gastrointestinal tract
2098:coined in 1912 by the
2074:company sponsored the
1982:Haldan Keffer Hartline
1775:
1738:Imperial Japanese Navy
1699:. A similar result by
1623:Treatise on the Scurvy
1455:Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
1419:Vitamin D (Calciferol)
1321:, beef, pork, or fish
1240:15 mg/15 mg
1117:15 μg/15 μg
1074:90 mg/75 mg
807:16 mg/14 mg
688:thiamine pyrophosphate
683:thiamine monophosphate
548:Deficiency disease(s)
7313:Electrolyte imbalance
7181:Pyridoxine deficiency
7155:Riboflavin deficiency
6989:Essential fatty acids
6404:Dihydroergocalciferol
6115:10.1353/pbm.1983.0006
6091:. Retrieved 20-02-07.
5953:27 March 2019 at the
5450:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2
5300:Institute of Medicine
5265:Kutsky, R.J. (1973).
4956:Price C (Fall 2015).
4799:10.1093/jn/134.6.1299
4263:on 10 September 2016.
4218:Vitamins and minerals
4132:Institute of Medicine
3814:"Listing of vitamins"
3337:Essential fatty acids
3166:
2187:Biochemical functions
1913:Edward Adelbert Doisy
1779:"Vitamine" to vitamin
1770:
1520:Meat, dairy products
909:peripheral neuropathy
797:nicotinamide riboside
735:flavin mononucleotide
277:essential amino acids
273:essential fatty acids
7893:Japanese honeysuckle
7291:Vitamin K deficiency
7285:Vitamin E deficiency
7262:Vitamin D deficiency
7243:Vitamin A deficiency
7142:Korsakoff's syndrome
6859:Dehydroascorbic acid
6363:7-Dehydrocholesterol
6149:pubquizhelp.34sp.com
6047:"Every Vitamin Page"
5490:(Suppl 1): S24–S30.
5120:on 25 September 2015
5108:Bellows L, Moore R.
4930:. Nobel Foundation.
4780:Wolf G (June 2004).
4568:10.1093/jn/129.4.783
4340:Jack Challem (1997).
4025:on 23 September 2009
3784:on 12 December 2012.
3572:practitioners call B
3328:Synthesized in body
2235:cellular respiration
1893:Albert Szent-Györgyi
984:megaloblastic anemia
861:5 mg/5 mg
32:For other uses, see
8045:Essential nutrients
7818:Chondroitin sulfate
7636:Pantothenic acid (B
7599:Retinol (Vitamin A)
7569:Protein supplements
7505:Dietary supplements
6753:Pyridoxal phosphate
5568:Clinical Toxicology
5086:10.3177/jnsv.54.223
5047:America Comes Alive
4680:Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi
3270:
3212:Megavitamin therapy
3204:Scientific evidence
3200:Dietary supplements
2556:Pantothenic Acid (B
2183:that use thiamine.
2179:, and inhibits the
1818:Jack Cecil Drummond
1677:University of Tartu
1654:Robert Falcon Scott
1650:deficiency diseases
1411:, most fresh foods
1375:Vitamin A (Retinol)
1357:
1247:in newborn infants
512:neural tube defects
492:vitamin supplements
478:(coenzymes) or the
265:essential nutrients
229:Essential nutrients
7989:Codex Alimentarius
7878:Grape seed extract
7539:Herbal supplements
7305:Mineral deficiency
7104:Vitamin deficiency
6914:Never to phase III
6427:Dihydrotachysterol
6240:. 23 October 2017.
6063:on 24 October 2019
6028:9 May 2013 at the
5357:10.1093/ije/dyl020
4902:www.nobelprize.org
4599:Clinical Chemistry
4510:Gratzer W (2006).
3838:Bender DA (2003).
3633:Vitamin deficiency
3560:. Others, such as
3514:S-Methylmethionine
3268:
3169:
2662:Recommended levels
2420:relatively stable
2369:Effects of cooking
2303:Vitamin deficiency
2057:
2049:
2045:
1776:
1746:Christiaan Eijkman
1496:(Pantothenic acid)
1355:
1336:knew that feeding
1315:poultry and eggs,
1283:bleeding diathesis
1130:hypervitaminosis D
764:angular stomatitis
641:hypervitaminosis A
504:food fortification
8027:
8026:
7672:Cyanocobalamin (B
7589:chemical elements
7471:
7470:
7420:Failure to thrive
7415:Delayed milestone
7299:
7298:
7277:Harrison's groove
7207:Folate deficiency
7194:Biotin deficiency
7032:
7031:
6924:
6923:
6867:
6866:
6819:Adenosylcobalamin
6794:Dihydrofolic acid
6603:
6602:
5908:(24): 2466–2482.
5831:(22): 2570–2584.
5574:(10): 1072–1252.
5484:Nutrition Reviews
5437:Nutrition Journal
5394:(5): 657–663.e4.
5317:978-0-309-06554-2
5235:10.1042/bj0800214
4379:978-1-4613-7998-0
4274:Higdon J (2011).
4161:978-0-309-06554-2
3878:. Penguin Press.
3849:978-0-521-80388-5
3800:eur-lex.europa.eu
3718:978-0-13-981176-0
3689:978-0-521-15255-6
3522:
3521:
3141:UL or Upper Limit
3113:
3112:
2659:
2658:
2592:< 160 °C
2509:> 100 °C
2394:Soluble in Water
2358:vitamin poisoning
2138:with the help of
2080:Buffalo Bob Smith
2055:
2047:
2043:
2041:was derived from
2002:Good Housekeeping
1963:Alexander R. Todd
1959:William P. Murphy
1905:Charles Glen King
1758:Frederick Hopkins
1716:, where polished
1597:
1596:
1361:Year of discovery
1334:ancient Egyptians
1325:
1324:
1049:deficiency anemia
1034:adenosylcobalamin
213:organic molecules
206:
205:
16:(Redirected from
8057:
7982:Related articles
7888:Iron supplements
7828:Copper gluconate
7498:
7491:
7484:
7475:
7474:
7109:
7108:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7036:
7035:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6928:
6927:
6829:Hydroxocobalamin
6804:Levomefolic acid
6724:Pantothenic acid
6614:
6613:
6537:Phylloquinone (K
6294:
6293:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6151:. Archived from
6141:
6135:
6134:
6098:
6092:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6056:. Archived from
6051:
6042:
6033:
6017:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5988:. 20 August 2009
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5797:10.7326/M14-0198
5775:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5711:. Archived from
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5688:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5583:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5521:
5508:
5507:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5452:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5296:
5290:
5289:. fightaging.org
5283:
5277:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5190:(9): 1967–1974.
5179:
5173:
5172:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5116:. Archived from
5105:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4828:. Nobelprize.org
4821:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4792:(6): 1299–1302.
4777:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4738:Combs G (2008).
4735:
4726:
4723:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4643:Wendt D (2015).
4640:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4357:
4351:
4338:
4327:
4326:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4259:. Archived from
4251:Gaby AR (2005).
4248:
4242:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4128:
4122:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4008:
3999:
3986:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3909:. Archived from
3899:
3890:
3889:
3872:Price C (2015).
3869:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3780:. Archived from
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3710:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3658:
3638:Hypervitaminosis
3627:
3622:
3621:
3486:Reclassified as
3454:Reclassified as
3418:Anthranilic acid
3375:Reclassified as
3356:Reclassified as
3271:
3267:
3240:In 2007, the US
2952:Pantothenic acid
2692:Upper limit (UL)
2673:
2672:
2381:
2348:Hypervitaminosis
2297:Deficient intake
2144:hypervitaminosis
2021:approved of the
1697:Gustav von Bunge
1609:discovered that
1572:Leaf vegetables
1358:
1354:
1350:Age of Discovery
1245:hemolytic anemia
1026:hydroxocobalamin
841:pantothenic acid
522:
521:
518:List of vitamins
355:pantothenic acid
186:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
148:
136:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
79:
62:
41:
40:
21:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8023:
7977:
7795:
7789:
7675:
7666:
7657:
7648:
7639:
7630:
7621:
7612:
7590:
7587:
7578:
7563:Bifidobacterium
7507:
7502:
7472:
7467:
7436:
7401:
7295:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7203:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7151:
7123:
7098:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7033:
7028:
6960:
6955:
6925:
6920:
6919:
6904:Clinical trials
6883:
6863:
6840:
6834:Methylcobalamin
6814:
6785:
6772:
6744:
6720:
6701:
6687:
6642:
6628:
6609:
6599:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6546:Menaquinones (K
6540:
6518:
6448:
6414:
6400:
6391:Calcitroic acid
6376:Cholecalciferol
6371:
6359:
6341:
6325:
6289:
6283:
6273:
6232:
6228:Wayback Machine
6207:
6202:
6201:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6155:on 4 July 2007.
6143:
6142:
6138:
6099:
6095:
6083:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6049:
6043:
6036:
6030:Wayback Machine
6018:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5955:Wayback Machine
5946:
5939:
5894:
5890:
5858:
5854:
5817:
5813:
5776:
5769:
5746:(12): 824–834.
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5537:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5480:
5476:
5429:
5425:
5380:
5373:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5297:
5293:
5284:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5215:
5211:
5180:
5176:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5102:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5039:
5035:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4954:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4736:
4729:
4710:Funk C (1912).
4708:
4701:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4641:
4628:
4591:
4584:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4508:
4501:
4456:
4452:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4399:
4395:
4380:
4358:
4354:
4349:Wayback Machine
4339:
4330:
4291:
4287:
4272:
4268:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4206:Wayback Machine
4197:
4193:
4162:
4139:
4129:
4125:
4119:Wayback Machine
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4060:
4056:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3996:Wayback Machine
3987:
3970:
3933:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3913:on 4 April 2017
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3870:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3778:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3719:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3643:Human nutrition
3623:
3616:
3613:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3491:
3459:
3446:
3430:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3320:
3304:
3288:
3266:
3219:
3214:
3161:
3159:Supplementation
3087:
3054:
3021:
2988:
2957:
2924:
2891:
2858:
2688:
2683:
2664:
2642:
2621:
2600:
2580:
2559:
2538:
2517:
2496:
2400:Light Exposure
2371:
2350:
2344:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2248:
2243:
2230:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2148:cystic fibrosis
2124:
2092:
2084:added nutrients
2061:processed foods
1991:
1967:Dorothy Hodgkin
1948:
1937:
1933:
1897:Joseph Svirbely
1883:
1848:
1827:
1809:Max Nierenstein
1806:
1802:
1781:
1734:Takaki Kanehiro
1727:
1671:medical doctor
1584:
1568:
1550:
1531:
1516:
1504:
1495:
1483:Leaf vegetables
1474:
1462:
1433:
1391:
1342:night blindness
1330:
1303:
1267:
1207:
1187:
1171:cholecalciferol
1166:
1142:
1099:
1048:
1030:methylcobalamin
1017:
1000:
964:
929:
881:
855:
833:
801:
779:
756:ariboflavinosis
746:
722:
692:
670:
628:night blindness
618:
544:
542:
520:
400:
385:
374:
363:
352:
341:
330:
319:
239:. For example,
184:
152:
143:
142:
141:
134:
130:
110:
83:
74:
73:
65:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8063:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7973:Zinc gluconate
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7948:St John's wort
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:Red yeast rice
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7486:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7422:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7390:Keshan disease
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7309:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7074:Protein-energy
7070:
7069:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7039:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6958:Food chemistry
6954:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6824:Cyanocobalamin
6821:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6532:Naphthoquinone
6528:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6350:Ergocalciferol
6347:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6213:
6206:
6205:External links
6203:
6200:
6199:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6136:
6093:
6074:
6034:
6012:
5999:
5971:
5959:
5937:
5888:
5869:(8): 842–857.
5852:
5811:
5790:(8): 558–564.
5767:
5726:
5715:on 5 July 2014
5699:
5672:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5603:
5554:
5535:
5509:
5474:
5423:
5371:
5350:(3): 556–558.
5330:
5316:
5291:
5278:
5258:
5229:(1): 214–216.
5209:
5174:
5147:(6): 574–581.
5131:
5100:
5079:(3): 223–229.
5059:
5033:
5006:
4979:
4945:
4919:
4889:
4877:Nobelprize.org
4864:
4852:Nobelprize.org
4839:
4813:
4772:
4759:
4752:
4727:
4699:
4666:
4626:
4605:(4): 680–685.
4582:
4561:(4): 783–791.
4549:(April 1999).
4538:
4525:978-0199205639
4524:
4499:
4450:
4420:
4409:(1–2): 43–73.
4393:
4378:
4352:
4328:
4301:(1): 120–124.
4285:
4266:
4243:
4222:
4210:
4191:
4160:
4137:
4123:
4104:
4079:
4073:978-0071354691
4072:
4054:
4036:
4000:
3968:
3947:(6): 534–552.
3924:
3891:
3885:978-1594205040
3884:
3855:
3848:
3827:
3805:
3787:
3776:
3757:
3732:
3717:
3695:
3688:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:Salicylic acid
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3443:Vitamin M or B
3440:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:Chemical name
3275:
3274:Previous name
3265:
3262:
3218:
3215:
3160:
3157:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:Cyanocobalamin
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:1.6 mg/MJ
2932:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:0.1 mg/MJ
2866:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:very unstable
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2403:Heat Exposure
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2370:
2367:
2343:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2199:Main article:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2175:
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2123:
2122:Classification
2120:
2091:
2088:
1990:
1987:
1951:George Whipple
1946:
1935:
1931:
1881:
1866:Norman Haworth
1846:
1826:
1823:
1804:
1800:
1785:Umetaro Suzuki
1780:
1777:
1725:
1595:
1594:
1589:Meat, organs (
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:in many foods
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:Wheat germ oil
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:dairy products
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:Cod liver oil
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:sitocalciferol
1209:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:ergocalciferol
1144:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:ergocalciferol
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1022:cyanocobalamin
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
998:
995:
981:
978:
975:
966:
962:
957:
956:
953:
951:
942:
939:
936:
931:
927:
922:
921:
918:
915:proprioception
913:impairment of
911:
902:
899:
896:
883:
879:
874:
873:
870:
867:
862:
859:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
837:
835:
831:
826:
825:
822:
820:other problems
813:
808:
805:
802:
800:
799:
794:
789:
787:nicotinic acid
783:
781:
777:
772:
771:
768:
766:
753:
750:
747:
745:
744:
738:
732:
726:
724:
720:
715:
714:
711:
708:
699:
696:
693:
691:
690:
685:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
658:
657:
643:
638:
632:hyperkeratosis
625:
622:
619:
617:
616:
607:
604:gamma-carotene
596:alpha-carotene
588:
564:
562:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
536:
531:
526:
519:
516:
460:
459:
448:phylloquinones
441:
427:
417:
406:
398:
395:
383:
380:
372:
369:
361:
358:
350:
347:
339:
336:
328:
325:
317:
314:
313:A carotenoids)
204:
203:
197:
196:
192:
191:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8062:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8009:Nutraceutical
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7838:Dietary fiber
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7823:Cod liver oil
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7794:Other common
7792:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7670:
7668:
7663:Folic acid (B
7661:
7659:
7652:
7650:
7645:Pyridoxine (B
7643:
7641:
7634:
7632:
7625:
7623:
7618:Riboflavin (B
7616:
7614:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7558:Lactobacillus
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7494:
7492:
7487:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:Short stature
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7248:Bitot's spots
7246:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Fortification
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6974:Carbohydrates
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6940:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6879:Multivitamins
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6854:Ascorbic acid
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6673:Prosultiamine
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6663:Fursultiamine
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:Acefurtiamine
6646:
6645:
6644:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6606:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6580:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6553:
6551:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6167:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6003:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5968:
5963:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5772:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5714:
5710:
5709:"DRI Reports"
5703:
5692:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:0-442-24549-1
5272:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4950:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4827:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4768:The Vitamines
4763:
4755:
4753:9780121834937
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4152:10.17226/6015
4149:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:Jones, Daniel
3657:
3653:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3571:
3563:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:Nonessential
3504:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:Nonessential
3421:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:Adenylic acid
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:United States
3224:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:heart disease
3174:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2634:at high temp
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2618:Folic Acid (B
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:quite stable
2562:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2514:Riboflavin (B
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:Air Exposure
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2342:Excess intake
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2294:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:beta carotene
2257:
2253:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2154:Anti-vitamins
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:water-soluble
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:'s new names
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:cod-liver oil
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:Ragnar Granit
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:ascorbic acid
1867:
1864:. Karrer and
1863:
1859:
1858:beta-carotene
1855:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:Adolf Windaus
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1772:Jack Drummond
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:carbohydrates
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Nikolai Lunin
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:In 1747, the
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:Phylloquinone
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:Cod liver oil
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1272:phylloquinone
1270:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:ascorbic acid
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:other effects
996:
993:
989:
988:birth defects
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
970:
967:
965:
959:
958:
954:
952:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
924:
923:
919:
916:
912:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
895:
891:
887:
884:
882:
876:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
857:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
834:
827:
823:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
806:
803:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:
773:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
725:
723:
716:
712:
709:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
673:
671:
663:
659:
656:
654:
648:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:keratomalacia
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
615:
614:cryptoxanthin
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:beta-carotene
597:
593:
590:provitamin A
589:
586:
582:
581:retinoic acid
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
563:
561:
557:
554:Food sources
541:
535:
530:
523:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:multivitamins
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
465:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
415:
411:
410:ascorbic acid
407:
404:
396:
393:
389:
381:
378:
370:
367:
359:
356:
348:
345:
337:
334:
326:
323:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
198:
193:
189:
188:
179:
146:
139:
138:
125:
77:
72:
70:Pronunciation
68:
61:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8014:Multivitamin
7938:Saw palmetto
7918:Milk thistle
7591:("minerals")
7583:
7573:
7524:Energy drink
7272:Osteomalacia
7076:malnutrition
7066:Malnutrition
7018:
6872:Combinations
6799:Folinic acid
6758:Pyridoxamine
6729:Dexpanthenol
6678:Sulbutiamine
6658:Benfotiamine
6653:Allithiamine
6555:Menadione (K
6514:Tocofersolan
6442:Paricalcitol
6432:Calcipotriol
6422:Alfacalcidol
6418:D analogues
6368:Previtamin D
6275:
6237:
6193:
6192:(in Dutch).
6189:
6183:
6161:
6153:the original
6148:
6139:
6109:(1): 64–75.
6106:
6102:
6096:
6065:. Retrieved
6058:the original
6053:
6020:
6015:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5983:
5974:
5962:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5787:
5783:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5713:the original
5702:
5651:
5639:
5627:
5618:
5606:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5525:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5391:
5387:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5307:
5294:
5281:
5266:
5261:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:the original
5113:
5103:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5050:. Retrieved
5046:
5036:
5019:
5015:
5009:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4970:. Retrieved
4965:
4961:
4936:. Retrieved
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4851:
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4789:
4785:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4746:. Elsevier.
4743:
4719:
4715:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4657:. Retrieved
4652:
4648:
4602:
4598:
4558:
4554:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4515:
4470:(1): 39–42.
4467:
4463:
4453:
4436:
4432:
4423:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4361:
4355:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4279:
4269:
4261:the original
4256:
4246:
4213:
4194:
4143:
4126:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4091:
4082:
4063:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4015:
3944:
3940:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:the original
3906:
3874:
3839:
3818:. Retrieved
3808:
3799:
3790:
3782:the original
3766:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3706:
3698:
3677:
3674:Esling, John
3670:Setter, Jane
3666:Roach, Peter
3656:
3602:
3584:) listed at
3543:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3239:
3222:
3220:
3198:
3186:
3170:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
2824:α-tocopherol
2682:Highest U.S.
2669:
2665:
2639:Cobalamin (B
2527:in solution
2387:
2372:
2351:
2333:
2329:
2306:
2249:
2231:
2204:
2190:
2163:
2160:Antinutrient
2125:
2111:
2107:
2093:
2072:Wonder Bread
2067:
2065:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2031:niacin amide
2030:
2026:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1971:
1965:(1957), and
1955:George Minot
1943:Nobel Prizes
1940:
1928:Richard Kuhn
1925:
1890:
1851:
1849:, thiamine.
1835:
1828:
1797:Casimir Funk
1792:
1782:
1761:
1754:polyneuritis
1711:
1704:
1666:
1642:
1622:
1598:
1586:(Cobalamins)
1569:(Folic acid)
1517:(Pyridoxine)
1501:whole grains
1434:(Riboflavin)
1367:Food source
1331:
1316:
1233:tocotrienols
1125:osteomalacia
1053:none proven
1001:deficiency;
890:pyridoxamine
652:
650:
646:
568:
545:ages 19–70)
500:staple foods
494:, including
488:
484:antioxidants
468:
461:
452:menaquinones
438:tocotrienols
302:
298:
290:
281:
260:
258:
254:tocotrienols
208:
207:
195:Legal status
49:
38:
29:
7933:Royal jelly
7913:Lipoic acid
7908:Linseed oil
7868:Glucosamine
7796:ingredients
7609:Thiamine (B
7534:Fatty acids
7463:Underweight
7453:Weight loss
7094:Catabolysis
7084:Kwashiorkor
6900:from market
6711:Niacinamide
6668:Octotiamine
6489:Tocotrienol
6045:Bennett D.
5992:12 November
5967:Legislation
5052:26 February
4912:15 February
4092:MedlinePlus
3625:Food portal
3564:(formerly B
3535:Koagulation
3478:Vitamin PP
2826:(Vitamin E)
2493:Thiamine (B
2132:fat-soluble
2096:portmanteau
2076:Howdy Doody
1974:George Wald
1878:lactoflavin
1862:carotenoids
1854:Paul Karrer
1789:aberic acid
1742:battleships
1732:. In 1884,
1662:canned food
1308:menaquinone
1229:tocopherols
992:neural-tube
865:paresthesia
792:niacinamide
610:xanthophyll
592:carotenoids
434:tocopherols
424:calciferols
408:Vitamin C (
250:tocopherols
233:synthesized
201:In Wikidata
8034:Categories
8004:Herbal tea
7958:Wheatgrass
7858:Folic acid
7760:Phosphorus
7755:Molybdenum
7604:B vitamins
7554:Probiotics
7549:Prebiotics
7529:Energy bar
7430:Idiopathic
7380:Molybdenum
7224:deficiency
7113:B vitamins
6789:Folic acid
6749:Pyridoxine
6734:Pantethine
6691:Riboflavin
6564:Various (K
6462:Tocopherol
6437:Tacalcitol
6345:Ergosterol
6311:β-Carotene
6306:α-Carotene
6196:: 111–124.
5124:7 December
4968:(3): 17–23
4722:: 341–368.
4655:(3): 41–45
4531:5 November
4433:The Lancet
4136:"Vitamin B
3777:9241546123
3649:References
3586:B vitamins
3570:naturopath
3550:folic acid
3510:Vitamin U
3497:Vitamin S
3469:Flavonoids
3465:Vitamin P
3386:Vitamin J
3367:Vitamin H
3352:Riboflavin
3348:Vitamin G
3333:Vitamin F
3210:See also:
3084:(Vitamin B
3051:(Vitamin B
3018:(Vitamin B
2954:(Vitamin B
2921:(Vitamin B
2888:(Vitamin B
2886:Riboflavin
2855:(Vitamin B
2687:Highest EU
2476:Vitamin K
2459:Vitamin E
2442:Vitamin D
2425:Vitamin C
2417:partially
2414:partially
2408:Vitamin A
2346:See also:
2301:See also:
2271:tryptophan
2268:amino acid
2100:biochemist
2015:enrichment
1917:Henrik Dam
1909:guinea pig
1718:white rice
1639:Royal Navy
1607:James Lind
1392:(Thiamine)
1109:lumisterol
973:folic acid
945:dermatitis
886:pyridoxine
851:pantethine
730:riboflavin
534:Solubility
480:precursors
456:menadiones
414:ascorbates
403:cobalamins
388:folic acid
366:pyridoxine
333:riboflavin
311:provitamin
309:and other
307:β-carotene
231:cannot be
227:function.
51:Drug class
8050:Nutrition
8019:Nutrition
7968:Yohimbine
7963:Wolfberry
7943:Spirulina
7923:Melatonin
7898:Krill oil
7873:Glutamine
7843:Echinacea
7813:Carnitine
7765:Potassium
7750:Manganese
7745:Magnesium
7654:Biotin (B
7627:Niacin (B
7360:Manganese
7338:Potassium
7333:Phosphate
7328:Magnesium
7220:Vitamin B
6969:Additives
6910:Phase III
6898:Withdrawn
6763:Pyritinol
6643:analogues
6321:Tretinoin
5323:29 August
4857:8 January
4832:5 October
4178:475527045
4097:5 October
3917:18 August
3605:ibuprofen
3556:through B
3488:Vitamin B
3456:Vitamin B
3427:Vitamin L
3411:Vitamin L
3402:Vitamin B
3377:Vitamin B
3358:Vitamin B
3324:Carnitine
3317:Vitamin B
3301:Vitamin B
3285:Vitamin B
2985:Vitamin B
2796:Vitamin K
2768:Vitamin D
2740:Vitamin C
2712:Vitamin A
2689:PRI or AI
2684:RDA or AI
2631:when dry
2604:somewhat
2597:Biotin (B
2577:Vitamin B
2535:Niacin (B
2521:slightly
2275:Vitamin B
2252:gut flora
2174:vitamin B
2090:Etymology
2068:vitamania
1972:In 1967,
1926:In 1938,
1921:vitamin K
1901:vitamin C
1891:In 1931,
1888:in 1937.
1852:In 1930,
1714:East Asia
1667:In 1881,
1658:Antarctic
1633:to avoid
1581:Vitamin B
1565:Vitamin B
1547:Vitamin B
1528:Vitamin B
1513:Vitamin B
1492:Vitamin B
1471:Vitamin K
1430:Vitamin B
1396:Rice bran
1388:Vitamin B
1346:vitamin A
1045:vitamin B
994:defects)
949:enteritis
894:pyridoxal
846:panthenol
760:glossitis
585:retinoids
508:pregnancy
476:cofactors
472:B complex
444:Vitamin K
430:Vitamin E
420:Vitamin D
397:Vitamin B
382:Vitamin B
371:Vitamin B
360:Vitamin B
349:Vitamin B
338:Vitamin B
327:Vitamin B
316:Vitamin B
287:Vitamin A
259:The term
252:and four
246:vitamin E
241:vitamin C
225:metabolic
8040:Vitamins
7853:Fish oil
7833:Creatine
7770:Selenium
7730:Fluorine
7715:Chromium
7584:Vitamins
7574:Vitamins
7544:Minerals
7458:Cachexia
7448:Anorexia
7397:Fluorine
7385:Selenium
7375:Chromium
7323:Chloride
7168:Pellagra
7127:Beriberi
7089:Marasmus
7019:Vitamins
7014:Proteins
6979:Coloring
6632:Thiamine
6276:Vitamins
6224:Archived
6131:31993927
6026:Archived
5951:Archived
5932:29279934
5883:17327526
5847:29852980
5806:24566474
5762:24217421
5691:Archived
5689:. 2017.
5664:Archived
5598:28547821
5590:29185815
5504:19453674
5469:18208598
5418:22709770
5366:16510534
5304:"Niacin"
5302:(1998).
5253:13741739
5169:37143703
5161:18812835
5095:18635909
4972:20 March
4932:Archived
4906:Archived
4808:15173387
4659:22 March
4577:10203551
4547:Semba RD
4345:Archived
4323:20484616
4315:17143047
4202:Archived
4186:23193625
4170:00028380
4134:(1998).
4115:Archived
4029:3 August
3992:Archived
3963:26334606
3727:32308337
3676:(eds.).
3664:(2011).
3611:See also
3594:laetrile
3390:Catechol
3073:900–1000
2679:U.S. EAR
2676:Nutrient
2384:Vitamin
2336:pellagra
2256:sunlight
2210:develops
2116:thiamine
2046:cotinic
2035:nicotine
1996:McCall's
1969:(1964).
1961:(1934),
1793:Orizanin
1722:beriberi
1681:proteins
1615:collagen
1601:Scottish
1593:), Eggs
1551:(Niacin)
1289:warfarin
811:pellagra
702:beriberi
678:thiamine
529:Vitamers
525:Vitamin
322:thiamine
295:retinols
269:minerals
221:organism
217:vitamers
209:Vitamins
133:-ə-min,
18:Vitamins
7999:Hadacol
7953:Taurine
7903:Lingzhi
7883:Guarana
7863:Ginseng
7848:Ephedra
7710:Choline
7705:Calcium
7441:General
7318:Calcium
7267:Rickets
6994:Flavors
6984:Enzymes
6610:soluble
6316:Retinol
6290:soluble
6123:6359053
6067:24 July
5923:5820727
5719:14 July
5460:2248201
5409:3593649
5244:1243973
5204:6116428
4938:28 July
4621:9105273
4494:4552518
4485:1644345
4388:8821966
3292:Adenine
3181:smokers
2853:Thiamin
2844:650–900
2500:highly
2246:Sources
2181:enzymes
1874:flavins
1791:(later
1730:endemic
1669:Russian
1604:surgeon
1364:Vitamin
1328:History
1121:rickets
990:(e.g.,
969:folates
577:retinal
573:retinol
543:per day
464:choline
392:folates
261:vitamin
248:: four
187:-tə-min
44:Vitamin
7994:Enzyte
7780:Sulfur
7775:Sodium
7735:Iodine
7725:Copper
7720:Cobalt
7407:Growth
7370:Iodine
7365:Copper
7343:Sodium
7256:Scurvy
7004:Lipids
6893:WHO-EM
6776:Biotin
6706:Niacin
6608:Water
6238:nhs.uk
6129:
6121:
5930:
5920:
5881:
5845:
5804:
5760:
5596:
5588:
5502:
5467:
5457:
5416:
5406:
5364:
5314:
5273:
5251:
5241:
5202:
5167:
5159:
5093:
4882:5 July
4806:
4750:
4619:
4575:
4522:
4492:
4482:
4386:
4376:
4321:
4313:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4158:
4070:
3961:
3882:
3846:
3820:12 May
3774:
3750:12 May
3725:
3715:
3686:
3531:Danish
3482:Niacin
3450:Folate
3394:Flavin
3371:Biotin
3264:Naming
3173:cancer
3049:Folate
3016:Biotin
2919:Niacin
2706:Japan
2309:body's
2264:niacin
2262:; and
2241:Intake
2222:muscle
2220:, and
2170:biotin
2166:avidin
2140:lipids
2039:niacin
2027:niacin
1814:amines
1691:, and
1635:scurvy
1627:lemons
1611:citrus
1556:grains
1554:Meat,
1534:Biotin
1499:Meat,
1409:Citrus
1111:, 1:1
1078:scurvy
1071:water
1038:water
977:water
938:water
934:biotin
905:anemia
898:water
858:water
804:water
749:water
695:water
634:, and
454:, and
377:biotin
344:niacin
297:, all-
275:, and
190:
7512:Types
7235:Other
7024:Water
6508:Delta
6504:Gamma
6494:Alpha
6482:Delta
6477:Gamma
6467:Alpha
6175:Notes
6127:S2CID
6061:(PDF)
6050:(PDF)
5694:(PDF)
5687:(PDF)
5667:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5615:(PDF)
5594:S2CID
5530:(PDF)
5443:: 2.
5165:S2CID
4319:S2CID
3576:and B
3533:word
3223:foods
3007:40–60
2943:60–85
2695:Unit
2317:liver
2289:and B
2207:fetus
2112:amine
2108:vital
2054:vitam
2011:yeast
1934:and B
1693:salts
1644:limey
1631:limes
1591:Liver
1338:liver
1318:nattō
1156:yeast
1107:with
816:liver
743:(FAD)
737:(FMN)
653:trans
647:trans
612:beta-
569:trans
538:U.S.
303:trans
299:trans
291:trans
289:(all-
7803:AAKG
7785:Zinc
7740:Iron
7355:Zinc
7350:Iron
6499:Beta
6472:Beta
6288:Fat
6119:PMID
6069:2008
5994:2010
5928:PMID
5902:JAMA
5879:PMID
5863:JAMA
5843:PMID
5802:PMID
5758:PMID
5721:2014
5619:USDA
5586:PMID
5500:PMID
5465:PMID
5414:PMID
5362:PMID
5325:2018
5312:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5249:PMID
5200:PMID
5157:PMID
5126:2008
5091:PMID
5054:2022
4974:2018
4940:2007
4914:2018
4884:2018
4859:2013
4834:2009
4804:PMID
4748:ISBN
4661:2018
4617:PMID
4573:PMID
4533:2015
4520:ISBN
4490:PMID
4384:PMID
4374:ISBN
4311:PMID
4182:PMID
4174:OCLC
4166:LCCN
4156:ISBN
4099:2009
4068:ISBN
4031:2013
3959:PMID
3919:2018
3880:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3822:2020
3772:ISBN
3752:2020
3723:OCLC
3713:ISBN
3684:ISBN
3562:PABA
3070:1000
3067:1000
2838:1000
2753:2000
2731:2700
2728:3000
2725:3000
2722:1300
2700:U.S.
2652:yes
2646:yes
2625:yes
2589:yes
2583:yes
2572:yes
2542:yes
2485:yes
2468:yes
2465:yes
2431:yes
2375:USDA
2373:The
2307:The
2218:bone
2214:skin
2110:and
2029:and
1980:and
1957:and
1915:and
1836:The
1762:etc.
1750:rice
1728:was
1685:fats
1629:and
1619:gums
1577:1948
1562:1941
1544:1936
1525:1936
1510:1934
1489:1931
1468:1929
1452:1922
1446:eggs
1438:Meat
1427:1920
1416:1920
1402:1920
1385:1910
1372:1913
1312:fat
1276:fat
1237:fat
1216:fat
1196:fat
1175:fat
1151:fat
1123:and
1114:fat
621:fat
567:all-
436:and
412:and
390:and
237:diet
211:are
135:VYTE
7586:and
7289:K:
7283:E:
7260:D:
7254:C:
7241:A:
6280:A11
6111:doi
6021:not
5985:FDA
5918:PMC
5910:doi
5906:318
5871:doi
5867:297
5833:doi
5792:doi
5788:160
5748:doi
5744:159
5576:doi
5492:doi
5455:PMC
5445:doi
5404:PMC
5396:doi
5392:112
5352:doi
5239:PMC
5231:doi
5192:doi
5149:doi
5081:doi
5024:doi
5020:118
4997:doi
4993:118
4794:doi
4790:134
4688:doi
4607:doi
4563:doi
4559:129
4480:PMC
4472:doi
4441:doi
4437:192
4411:doi
4407:242
4366:doi
4303:doi
4148:doi
3949:doi
3548:is
3400:as
3175:or
3134:PRI
3122:RDA
3116:EAR
3109:μg
3097:5.0
3094:2.4
3091:2.0
3076:μg
3064:600
3061:400
3058:320
3043:μg
3010:mg
3001:100
2998:1.8
2995:1.3
2992:1.1
2979:mg
2946:mg
2913:mg
2901:2.0
2898:1.3
2895:1.1
2880:mg
2865:1.2
2862:1.0
2847:mg
2841:300
2818:μg
2803:120
2790:μg
2787:100
2784:100
2781:100
2762:mg
2750:155
2734:μg
2719:900
2716:625
2703:EU
2655:no
2613:no
2569:no
2566:no
2551:no
2548:no
2545:no
2530:no
2524:no
2503:no
2488:no
2482:no
2479:no
2471:no
2462:no
2454:no
2451:no
2448:no
2445:no
2437:no
2434:no
2411:no
2285:, B
2130:or
2063:.
1712:In
131:VIT
8036::
7674:12
7222:12
7215:12
6906::
6813:12
6751:,
6236:.
6194:41
6147:.
6125:.
6117:.
6107:27
6105:.
6077:^
6052:.
6037:^
5982:.
5940:^
5926:.
5916:.
5904:.
5900:.
5877:.
5865:.
5841:.
5829:71
5827:.
5823:.
5800:.
5786:.
5782:.
5770:^
5756:.
5742:.
5738:.
5675:^
5617:.
5592:.
5584:.
5572:55
5570:.
5566:.
5538:^
5512:^
5498:.
5488:67
5486:.
5463:.
5453:.
5439:.
5435:.
5412:.
5402:.
5390:.
5386:.
5374:^
5360:.
5348:35
5346:.
5342:.
5306:.
5247:.
5237:.
5227:80
5225:.
5221:.
5198:.
5188:34
5186:.
5163:.
5155:.
5145:14
5143:.
5112:.
5089:.
5077:54
5075:.
5071:.
5045:.
5018:.
4991:.
4964:.
4960:.
4948:^
4904:.
4900:.
4875:.
4850:.
4816:^
4802:.
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