1780:
1772:
36:
440:, but when the god became separated from these representatives, the destruction or slaying was regarded as a sacrifice to the god, and myths arose telling how he had once slain the animal. In this case, tree and bull, really identical, would be mythically regarded as destroyed by the god whom they had once represented. If Esus was a god of vegetation, once represented by a tree, this would explain why, as the scholiast on
452:; a coin with the name Ăsus was found in England; and personal names like Esugenos, "son of Esus," and Esunertus, "he who has the strength of Esus," occur in England, France, and Switzerland. Thus the cult of this god may have been comparatively widespread. But there is no evidence that he was a Celtic
700:> . . .The symbolism of the two monuments, whilst not identical, is sufficiently similar and idiosyncratic for it to be possible to identify the presence of Esus on both. . . .In addition to the image of the woodman, the willow, the marsh birds and bull appear on the Paris and Trier images. . . .
501:
suggests that the willow-tree that Esus hews may symbolize "the Tree of Life with its associations of destruction and death in winter and rebirth in the spring". She further suggests that the cranes might represent "the flight of the soul (perhaps the soul of the tree)".
720:> . . .there is a natural association between bulls, birds, and willows: egrets feed on parasites in cattle hide; they, like the willow, are inhabitants of marsh or water margin, and egrets nest in willows. . . .
771:( Alan James ) < *áșž:s > . . .Early Celtic *Äs- or *ais- > Br *áșč:s-; Latinised as Esus, Ăsus, Hesus. . . .It may be present in the river-names . . .Ăsius in Bithynia, Asia Minor (â Black Sea).
526:
Both Hu and HUON were no doubt originally identical with the HEUS of
Lactantius, and the HESUS of Lucan, described as gods of the Gauls. The similarity of the last name to IESU is obvious and striking.
732:( Alan James ) < *áșž:s > . . .Early Celtic *Äs- or *ais- > Br *áșč:s-; Latinised as Esus, Ăsus, Hesus.. . .It may be present in the river-names . . .Ăsis (Esino) in Piceno, Italy (â Adriatic).
656:>. . .Essentially similar iconography recurs on a 1st c. AD stone at Trier, where an unnamed woodcutter attacks a willow in which repose three egrets and the head of a bull. . . .
1309:
132:('strength of Esus') occurs in a number of Gallo-Roman inscriptions, including one votive inscription dedicated to Mercury, while other theophoric given names such as
843:
1496:
472:
does not refer to the gods as a triad, nor as gods of all the Celts, or even of one tribe. He lays stress merely on the fact that they were worshipped with
267:, a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words. The work contains a
1354:
L. Markey, Thomas; Egetmeyer, Markus; Muller, Jean-Claude (2013). "The boar's tusk of Istres (Bouches-du-RhĂŽne): a
Lepontic talismanic inscription".
1004:
L. Markey, Thomas; Egetmeyer, Markus; Muller, Jean-Claude (2013). "The boar's tusk of Istres (Bouches-du-RhĂŽne): a
Lepontic talismanic inscription".
268:
1114:
1779:
570:( James MacKillop ) < Esus > . . .Although Esus was worshipped in many parts of Gaul, he appears to have been the eponymous god of the
1141:
468:. Had such a great triad existed, some instance of the occurrence of the three names on one inscription would certainly have been found.
1415:. Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome (in French). Vol. 116. Rome: Ăcole Française de Rome. pp. 275-287 (here, 282-284).
1062:
830:
228:. Variant spellings, or readings, of the name Esus in the manuscripts of Lucan include Hesus, Aesus, and Haesus. Among a pair of later
1489:
1433:"Ăsus en Afrique: Ă propos d'une inscription fragmentaire de Caesarea Mauretaniae commĂ©morant l'exĂ©cution d'une injonction d'Ăsus"
404:
and tree are perhaps both divine, and if the animal, like the images of the divine bull, is three-horned, then the three cranes (
397:
1482:
1469:
1426:. Publications de l'Ăcole française de Rome (in French). Vol. 116. Rome: Ăcole Française de Rome. pp. 463â470.
952:
Le nom de ce dieu est connu sous des formes assez diverses ... Relevons ici les variantes Esus, Aesus, Aisus, Haesus ...
1344:
1298:
1045:
747:> " 1. A river in Picenum that flows into the Adriatic Sea between Ancon and Sena Gallica, now the river Esino "
1058:
826:
954:[The god's name is known in many forms ... We list here the variations Esus, Aesus, Aisus, Haesus ...]
1316:
1195:
Olmsted, Garrett S., The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, University of
Innsbruck, 1994, p. 321.
316:
Both sources show consistent symbolic images of riverside scenery that have been interpreted to include
1771:
2251:
534:
circles. Modern scholars consider the resemblance between the names Esus and Jesus to be coincidental.
385:
John Arnott MacCulloch summarized the state of scholarly interpretations of Esus in 1911 as follows:
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800:
498:
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71:
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hews the Tree of the Bull with Three Cranes." The whole represents some myth unknown to us, but
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623:. The block from Paris was found with five others in 1711 on the site of Notre-Dame. . . .
464:, of a pan-Celtic triad, or that this triad, introduced by Gauls, was not accepted by the
8:
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1586:
898:
616:
373:
260:
237:
191:
118:
1420:
Duval, Paul-Marie (1989). "Esus et ses outils sur des bas-reliefs Ă TrĂȘves et Ă Paris".
1262:
1142:"Name of Unknown Iron Age Ruler Discovered on 2000-Year-old Coin Found in English Field"
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1310:"The Brittonic Language in the Old North, A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, Volume 2"
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relates, human sacrifices to Esus were suspended from a tree. Esus was worshipped at
401:
187:
63:
1466:, including photographs and a capitulation of primary and secondary source material.
1033:
J. A. MacCulloch (1911). âChapter III. The Gods of Gaul and the
Continental Celts.â
905:
36 (1960) 193â197; Pierre-Yves
Lambert, âLes formules de Marcellus de Bordeaux,â in
178:
with similar iconography. In both of these, Esus is portrayed cutting branches from
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186:. Esus is accompanied, on different panels of the Pillar of the Boatmen, alongside
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A contemporary Dutch-language story of struggle between Esus and Tarvos
Trigaranus
927:
910:
844:"Rare 2,100-year-old gold coin bears name of obscure ruler from pre-Roman Britain"
480:
James McKillop cautions that Arbois de
Jublainville's identification of Esus with
275:
which appears to invoke the aid of Esus (spelled Aisus) in curing throat trouble.
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492:
473:
389:
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The iconography suggests an association with wetlands, water margin, and rivers.
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1463:
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on the strength of the similarity of their names. He also linked them both with
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finds in it some allusion to events in the CĂșchulainn saga. In the imagery, the
2015:
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might all be representatives of a god of vegetation. In early ritual, human,
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1985:
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615:>. . .The more significant stone forms part of the pillar dedicated to
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216:(61â65 CE) refers to gory sacrifices offered to a triad of Celtic deities:
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672:> . . .One temple features three symbolic representations of
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applies one formula to the subjects of these altarsâ"The Divine
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136:('born from Esus') are also attested. It is possible that the
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to whom human victims were said to be sacrificed by hanging.
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Jan de Vries finds grounds of comparison between Esus and
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1201:
183:
170:, on which Esus is identified by name, and a pillar from
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74:. He is known from two monumental statues and a line in
1409:
Duval, Paul-Marie (1989). "«Teutates, Esus, Taranis»".
1222:
1220:
1198:
256:
to Esus by being tied to a tree and flogged to death.
1085:(1). SociĂ©tĂ© dâĂtudes Latines de Bruxelles: 102â109.
308:, Germany â Stone pillar with similar iconography to
125:, which he glosses as 'well-being, energy, passion'.
1217:
964:
263:may offer another textual reference to Esus in his
1154:
154:also occurs on a Celtic gold coin dated c. 50 BC.
2243:
1238:
162:The two sculptures where Esus appears are the
1490:
1180:
1076:
530:This identification is still made in certain
1159:. London: Hamlyn Publishing. pp. 32â35.
1102:
1100:
1029:
1027:
786:> " 1. A river in Bithynia, mentioned by
1504:
1077:Jean Gricourt (1958). "L'Esus de PĂ©trone".
1497:
1483:
1430:
1183:Symbol & Image in Celtic Religious Art
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1072:
1070:
278:
1330:
1128:
1097:
1024:
897:; Gustav Must, âA Gaulish Incantation in
1431:Leveau, Philippe; Remy, Bernard (2014).
926:
886:
884:
821:
819:
66:who was worshipped primarily in ancient
34:
1167:
1067:
909:(Ăditions Errance 2003), p.179, citing
865:
863:
636:, inhabitants during the Roman period.
595:, inhabitants during the Roman period.
150:, took their name from this deity. The
2244:
1185:. London: Routledge. pp. 103â104.
1478:
1419:
1408:
1333:Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
1307:
1281:
1226:
1211:
881:
841:
816:
666:Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
568:Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
339:River names that may be derived from
1383:
1356:Zeitschrift fĂŒr celtische Philologie
1287:Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
1006:Zeitschrift fĂŒr celtische Philologie
860:
710:Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
690:Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
646:Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
619:by Parisian sailors in the reign of
605:Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
510:The 18th century Druidic revivalist
13:
1778:
1770:
1376:
1260:(1862, ed. J. Williams Ab Ithel).
505:
416:), or more probably three-headed (
380:
201:
14:
2283:
1457:
1036:The Religion of the Ancient Celts
913:, âSur quelques textes gaulois,â
676:;he is also associated with the
320:and wetland birds that might be
39:Image of Esus on the Gallo-Roman
1423:Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986)
1412:Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986)
1241:A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
232:on Lucan's work, one identifies
190:(the âbull with three cranesâ),
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1040:New York: Dover Publications.
997:
958:
920:
835:
334:
1:
965:T. F. O'Rahilly (1946). "Ir.
932:"Sur quelques textes gaulois"
549:
146:, in the area of present-day
1263:The Barddas of Iolo Morganwg
985:. Royal Irish Academy: 1â6.
809:
117:, and other names, from the
7:
1386:"Esus et les trois "grues""
1317:Scottish Place-Name Society
1155:Proinsias Mac Cana (1970).
537:
10:
2288:
1274:
1243:. Oxford University Press.
842:Jarus, Owen (2023-10-28).
259:The Gallic medical writer
157:
18:
2206:
2178:
2130:
2112:
2014:
1941:
1908:
1790:
1768:
1534:
1513:
1331:MacKillop, James (2004).
1012:(1): 129 (entry nr. 13).
668:( James MacKillop ) <
484:"now seems ill-founded".
1239:James MacKillop (2000).
801:List of rivers of Turkey
554:
206:A well-known section in
20:Not to be confused with
1449:10.3406/antaf.2014.1561
1402:10.3406/ecelt.1961.1475
1337:Oxford University Press
1308:James, Alan G. (2019).
1248:(retrieved 2016-08-17).
1164:(retrieved 2016-08-17).
948:10.3406/ecelt.1974.1519
758:List of rivers of Italy
364:The unidentified river
283:Esus is known from two
279:Association with rivers
87:
1784:
1776:
1181:Miranda Green (1992).
580:Department of Calvados
528:
478:
376:(modern-day Turkey).
271:charm decipherable as
44:
1782:
1774:
1437:Antiquités africaines
1368:10.1515/zcph.2013.008
1106:Jan de Vries (1954).
1018:10.1515/zcph.2013.008
899:Marcellus of Bordeaux
524:
514:identified Esus with
387:
310:Pillar of the Boatmen
298:Pillar of the Boatmen
261:Marcellus of Bordeaux
164:Pillar of the Boatmen
41:Pillar of the Boatmen
38:
29:Esus (disambiguation)
1144:. 10 September 2023.
895:Niedermann's edition
780:See WiKtionary <
741:See WiKtionary <
408:, "crane") may be a
95:derives the theonym
27:For other uses, see
1516:Ancient deities of
1384:Ross, Anne (1961).
1291:Thames & Hudson
1131:, pp. 194â195.
1113:, Stuttgart. p.98.
1108:Keltische Religion.
374:Bithynia and Pontus
351:, now known as the
244:. According to the
224:form of Esus), and
119:Proto-Indo-European
16:Gaulish logging god
2132:Gallia Narbonensis
1785:
1777:
907:La langue gauloise
893:15.106, p. 121 in
870:M. Annaeus Lucanus
769:Brittonic Language
730:Brittonic Language
456:or a member, with
412:for three-horned (
361:region of Italy.
198:, and other gods.
128:The personal name
45:
43:, first century CE
2252:Agricultural gods
2239:
2238:
2188:Matronae Aufaniae
2180:Germania Inferior
1657:Ialonus Contrebis
1214:, pp. 93â94.
420:). In this case,
188:Tarvos Trigaranus
2279:
2114:Gallia Cisalpina
1910:Gallia Aquitania
1506:Celtic mythology
1499:
1492:
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936:Ătudes Celtiques
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915:Ătudes celtiques
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265:De medicamentis
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93:T. F. O'Rahilly
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1458:External links
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1396:(2): 405â438.
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1362:(1): 128â131.
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1147:
1133:
1129:MacKillop 2004
1118:
1096:
1066:
1050:
1023:
996:
957:
928:Fleuriot, LĂ©on
919:
880:
859:
834:
814:
813:
811:
808:
805:
804:
792:
773:
761:
749:
734:
722:
702:
682:
658:
638:
625:
597:
593:Parisii (Gaul)
584:
559:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
536:
507:
504:
382:
379:
378:
377:
370:Roman province
362:
336:
333:
314:
313:
303:
280:
277:
269:magico-medical
240:and Esus with
203:
200:
159:
156:
89:
86:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2268:
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2255:
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2209:
2205:
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2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2129:
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2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2090:
2087:
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2077:
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2062:
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2052:
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2037:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
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2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
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1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
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1979:
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1946:
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1934:
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1926:
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1911:
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1898:
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1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(in French).
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(in French).
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:0-19-860967-1
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:9780500279755
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:Iolo Morganwg
1254:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
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1208:
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1204:
1202:
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1184:
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1158:
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1143:
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1130:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1111:W. Kohlhammer
1109:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1046:0-486-42765-X
1043:
1039:
1037:
1030:
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1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:(in French).
937:
933:
929:
923:
916:
912:
911:LĂ©on Fleuriot
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
877:
876:
875:Bellum civile
871:
866:
864:
849:
845:
838:
832:
829:
828:
822:
820:
815:
802:
796:
789:
785:
784:
777:
770:
765:
759:
753:
746:
745:
738:
731:
726:
719:
715:
711:
706:
699:
695:
691:
686:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
655:
651:
647:
642:
635:
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
594:
588:
581:
577:
574:of northwest
573:
569:
564:
560:
545:
542:
541:
535:
533:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:Iolo Morganwg
503:
500:
499:Miranda Green
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
357:river in the
356:
355:
350:
346:
345:
344:
342:
332:
329:
327:
323:
319:
311:
307:
304:
301:
299:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:human victims
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
213:Bellum civile
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
103:
99:, as well as
98:
94:
85:
83:
82:
81:Bellum civile
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
30:
23:
2262:Gaulish gods
1986:Iovantucarus
1825:Belatucadros
1775:Celtic wheel
1641:
1557:Anextiomarus
1515:
1440:
1436:
1422:
1411:
1393:
1389:
1359:
1355:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1286:
1261:
1253:
1240:
1234:
1191:
1182:
1156:
1150:
1136:
1107:
1082:
1078:
1057:
1053:
1035:
1009:
1005:
999:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
960:
951:
942:(1): 59â60.
939:
935:
922:
914:
906:
902:
890:
873:
872:(61-65 CE).
851:. Retrieved
848:Live Science
847:
837:
825:
795:
782:
776:
768:
764:
752:
743:
737:
729:
725:
717:
709:
705:
697:
689:
685:
669:
665:
661:
653:
645:
641:
628:
612:
604:
600:
587:
567:
563:
529:
525:
509:
497:
486:
479:
417:
413:
405:
388:
384:
365:
353:
348:
340:
338:
330:
318:willow trees
315:
309:
295:
294:, France â
282:
264:
258:
230:commentators
220:, Hesus (an
211:
205:
161:
137:
133:
129:
127:
122:
112:
107:
101:
96:
91:
79:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
2257:Celtic gods
2221:Endovelicus
1971:Icovellauna
1870:Ricagambeda
1747:Telesphorus
1702:Nantosuelta
1115:Cited here.
1063:XIII, 11644
831:XIII, 03026
532:Neo-Druidic
522:, writing:
482:CĂș Chulainn
398:M. D'Arbois
335:River names
2246:Categories
2198:Nehalennia
2155:Cathubodua
2122:Ambisagrus
2069:Moritasgus
2034:Atepomarus
1991:Veraudunus
1933:Sexarbores
1805:Alaisiagae
1322:20 January
1246:Cited here
1227:James 2019
1212:Green 1992
1162:Cited here
971:ufel, uwel
853:2023-10-29
550:References
418:trikarenos
390:M. Reinach
347:The river
285:monumental
254:sacrificed
248:on Lucan,
174:among the
64:Celtic god
2208:Gallaecia
2193:Gebrinius
2099:Smertrios
2006:Xulsigiae
1996:Vindonnus
1981:Intarabus
1890:Vinotonus
1845:Coventina
1830:Britannia
1820:Arnemetia
1800:Abandinus
1792:Britannia
1757:Virotutis
1672:Loucetios
1622:Dis Pater
1607:Cissonius
1602:Cicolluis
1597:Cernunnos
1587:Brigantia
1528:by region
1526:Gallaecia
1443:: 85â92.
810:Citations
520:Hu Gadarn
438:fertility
287:statues:
222:aspirated
182:with his
130:Esunertus
108:Ăibhleann
102:Aoibheall
2267:War gods
2170:Rudianos
2165:Nemausus
2140:Albiorix
2094:Souconna
2059:Nemetona
2054:Luxovius
2044:Gobannus
2029:Anvallus
1966:Arvernus
1961:Arduinna
1840:Cocidius
1815:Andraste
1762:Visucius
1752:Toutatis
1737:Suleviae
1732:Sucellus
1717:Rosmerta
1612:Condatis
1577:Belisama
1547:Alisanos
1285:(1992).
1091:41518785
991:30007645
973:. Gaul.
969:etc. W.
930:(1974).
903:Language
621:Tiberius
582:. . . .
538:See also
458:Teutates
414:trikeras
234:Teutates
218:Teutates
148:Normandy
134:Esugenus
2150:Buxenus
2145:Artaius
2089:Sequana
2049:Icaunis
2024:Acionna
2001:Vosegus
1976:Inciona
1956:Ancamna
1918:Abellio
1900:Veteris
1895:Verbeia
1875:Satiada
1810:Ancasta
1783:Taranis
1742:Taranis
1692:Matrona
1682:Maponos
1667:Litavis
1652:Grannus
1637:Erecura
1592:Camulus
1572:Belenus
1552:Andarta
1542:Alaunus
1522:Britain
1275:Sources
1267:Vol. I.
1079:Latomus
716:) <
696:) <
652:) <
634:Treveri
617:Jupiter
611:) <
493:Mercury
462:Taranis
454:Jehovah
448:and at
422:woodman
406:garanus
394:Woodman
368:in the
322:egret's
273:Gaulish
238:Mercury
226:Taranis
192:Jupiter
176:Treveri
168:Parisii
158:Imagery
72:Britain
2216:Bandua
2064:Moccus
2039:Bricta
1951:Abnoba
1880:Senuna
1865:Ocelus
1860:Nodens
1727:Sirona
1722:Segomo
1712:Ritona
1707:Ogmios
1697:Mogons
1687:Matres
1627:Divona
1617:Damona
1508:series
1343:
1297:
1089:
1044:
989:
878:I.445.
783:Aesius
674:egrets
572:Esuvii
466:Druids
450:TrĂšves
434:animal
428:, and
366:Aesius
359:Marche
326:cranes
196:Vulcan
139:Esuvii
121:root *
62:was a
2226:Nabia
2084:Robor
2079:Naria
2074:Mullo
1928:Fagus
1885:Sulis
1855:Latis
1850:Iouga
1835:Clota
1677:Lugus
1662:Lenus
1632:Epona
1582:Borvo
1567:Aveta
1562:Artio
1313:(PDF)
1087:JSTOR
987:JSTOR
788:Pliny
744:Aesis
678:crane
555:Notes
544:Lugus
516:Jesus
470:Lucan
446:Paris
442:Lucan
410:rebus
354:Esino
349:Aesis
306:Trier
292:Paris
252:were
236:with
208:Lucan
180:trees
172:Trier
114:Aoife
76:Lucan
60:Aisus
58:, or
56:Hesus
2231:Reue
2104:Telo
1923:Baco
1642:Esus
1524:and
1518:Gaul
1464:Esus
1341:ISBN
1324:2024
1295:ISBN
1042:ISBN
979:Ăriu
975:Esus
799:See
756:See
718:Esus
698:Esus
670:Esus
654:Esus
632:See
613:Esus
591:See
576:Gaul
489:Odin
460:and
430:bull
426:tree
402:bull
341:Esus
242:Mars
152:name
144:Gaul
123:eis-
97:Esus
88:Name
70:and
68:Gaul
52:Esos
48:Esus
22:Asus
1445:doi
1398:doi
1364:doi
1059:CIL
1014:doi
977:".
944:doi
901:,â
827:CIL
372:of
328:.
324:or
210:'s
184:axe
142:of
78:'s
2248::
1520:,
1441:50
1435:.
1388:.
1360:60
1358:.
1339:.
1335:.
1315:.
1293:.
1289:.
1219:^
1200:^
1169:^
1121:^
1099:^
1083:17
1081:.
1069:^
1026:^
1010:60
1008:.
983:14
981:.
950:.
940:14
934:.
883:^
862:^
846:.
818:^
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712:(
692:(
680:.
648:(
607:(
424:,
343::
194:,
111:,
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1400::
1394:9
1370:.
1366::
1349:.
1326:.
1303:.
1265:,
1093:.
1048:.
1038:.
1020:.
1016::
993:.
946::
856:.
312:.
302:.
300:"
296:"
31:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
