201:
987:
Lori Price, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, Don Weeden, Kierán
Suckling, Crystal Davis, Nigel Sizer, Rebecca Moore, David Thau, Tanya Birch, Peter Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Alexandra Tyukavina, Nadia de Souza, Lilian Pintea, José C. Brito, Othman A. Llewellyn, Anthony G. Miller, Annette Patzelt, Shahina A. Ghazanfar, Jonathan Timberlake, Heinz Klöser, Yara Shennan-Farpón, Roeland Kindt, Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø, Paulo van Breugel, Lars Graudal, Maianna Voge, Khalaf F. Al-Shammari, Muhammad Saleem, An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545,
335:
367:
revised the ecoregion system in the highlands, following the map of potential natural vegetation of eastern Africa developed by VECEA. The ecoregion boundary corresponds to the dry evergreen afromontane forest and grassland complex which covers most of the highlands, except for the more humid forests
986:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, Anup Joshi, Carly Vynne, Neil D. Burgess, Eric Wikramanayake, Nathan Hahn, Suzanne Palminteri, Prashant Hedao, Reed Noss, Matt Hansen, Harvey Locke, Erle C Ellis, Benjamin Jones, Charles Victor Barber, Randy Hayes, Cyril Kormos, Vance Martin, Eileen Crist, Wes Sechrest,
379:
Afromontane forests are found in more humid areas of the highlands, generally between 1,500 and 2,700 meters elevation with annual rainfall from 700 to 1100 mm. These forest patches are widely separated by areas of grassland, shrubland, and cultivation. The Anabe and
Denkoro forests, in former
355:
followed White's vegetation types in the
Ethiopian Highlands, with the "Ethiopian montane forests" ecoregion corresponding to White's "Evergreen and semi-evergreen bushland and thicket - East African", the "Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands" to the "Undifferentiated montane vegetation (A)
721:
Much of the highlands have been densely populated for centuries, and the vegetation has been much altered by fire, livestock grazing, conversion to agriculture, and overharvesting firewood and timber. Much of the original woodland and forest is now replaced with grassland and shrubland. In other
350:
identified three vegetation types in the
Ethiopian highlands – "Evergreen and semi-evergreen bushland and thicket - East African" from 1000 to 1800 meters elevation, "Undifferentiated montane vegetation (A) Afromontane" from 1,800 to about 3800 meters elevation, and "Altimontane vegetation in
306:
The ecoregion includes the middle elevations of the
Ethiopian Highlands, between 1,000 and 3,000 meters elevation. It excludes the higher-rainfall southwestern and southeastern portions of the highlands, which constitute the separate
1041:
Lillesø J-PB, et al. 2011. Potential
Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia): Volume 1: The Atlas. Forest & Landscape Working Paper No 61/2011, University of
643:
Afromontane woodland, wooded grassland, and grassland includes both primary woodlands and secondary woodlands and wooded grasslands in disturbed areas. Acacias are the predominant trees in the primary woodlands, including
913:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
730:
Several bird and mammal species are near-endemic, dwelling in both the montane grasslands and woodlands and the high-elevation
Ethiopian montane moorlands. These include the mammals
1030:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545,
204:
Potential vegetation map of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands ecoregion encompasses the dry evergreen afromontane forest and grassland complex (DAF).
571:
722:
areas plantations of exotic trees have replaced native plant communities. Ethiopian highland agriculture developed on the ecoregion's fertile basalt-derived black soils.
477:
509:
429:
670:
612:
583:
549:
471:
449:
860:
654:
608:
453:
616:
539:
485:
89:
666:
527:
499:
465:
695:
Kolla is an open woodland found at lower elevations, in the transition to the lowland savannas and dry woodlands. Characteristic trees are species of
405:
are the predominant canopy trees, sometimes mixed and sometimes single-dominant, forming a canopy 20–30 meters tall. Broadleaved canopy trees include
650:
561:
543:
521:
513:
481:
319:
680:. Both primary and secondary woodlands and wooded grasslands also include afromontane forest trees and shrubs. Bushland dominated by species of
762:) is limited to the upper montane belt of the Harenna Forest and other nearby forests in the southern highlands. Its diet consists mostly of
718:
460 species, subspecies, and varieties of woody plants have been recorded in the ecoregion, of which 128 (28%) are endemic to the ecoregion.
1121:
368:
of the southwestern and southeastern highlands. The revised ecoregion boundaries were adopted by One Earth, and later by the WWF.
1015:
640:) and adjoin the ericaceous belt, the transition between the montane forests and the high-elevation subalpine moorlands.
175:
46:
1116:
929:
351:
tropical Africa" above 3,800 meters elevation. The 2001 Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World system adopted by the
1151:
1141:
1126:
848:
376:
The natural vegetation includes grassland, open woodlands, shrubland including thorn scrub, and areas of forest.
1131:
856:
406:
314:
The ecoregion extends through central Eritrea to border with Sudan, and includes two northern outliers in the
151:
384:
at 2100–2200 meters elevation, are the northernmost forests in Ethiopia. Evergreen forests are found in the
1146:
1136:
948:
The vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa
840:
836:
357:
300:
200:
186:
79:
590:
At higher elevations between 3,000 and 3,400 meters is a woodland or evergreen bushland with the trees
772:
1073:) in southern Ethiopia: effects of habitat degradation and life in fragments. BMC Ecol 18, 4 (2018).
308:
74:
64:
299:
The Ethiopian Highlands lie mostly in Ethiopia, extending into Eritrea and Sudan to the north. The
535:
293: Salt pans, saline/brackish and intermittent wetlands and salt-lake shore vegetation (SLV/SSS)
859:
national parks, and Eastern Hararghe and Mizan-Teferi controlled hunting areas, in Ethiopia, and
84:
820:
347:
192:
The ecoregion includes montane grasslands, open woodlands, shrublands, and pockets of forest.
755:
620:
69:
844:
827:) are endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea, and near-endemic to the ecoregion.
646:
441:
417:
8:
1099:
598:
401:
352:
182:
29:
634:. These upper montane woodlands and bushlands are interspersed with thickets of bamboo (
1001:
852:
812:
697:
592:
461:
457:
437:
433:
34:
1011:
796:
660:
392:
1098:"Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 7 March 2022.
1069:
Mekonnen, A., Fashing, P.J., Bekele, A. et al. Dietary flexibility of Bale monkeys (
281: Freshwater marshes and swamps, floodplains and lake shore vegetation (FLV/MFS)
804:
788:
676:
531:
505:
385:
1052:
893:
1005:
764:
636:
630:
517:
489:
445:
1086:
739:
624:
493:
381:
1110:
780:
747:
604:
315:
1074:
427:
spp. Small and mid-sized trees form a stratum below the canopy, and include
1007:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
835:
About 9% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include
1031:
988:
915:
303:
bisects the highlands, separating it into eastern and western portions.
977:. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen, Denmark
731:
701:
323:
295:(Adapted from Ib Friis, Sebsebe Demissew and Paulo van Breugel (2010).)
705:
577:
178:
682:
118:
950:. Natural Resources Research. Vol. 20. Paris, France: UNESCO.
221: Dry evergreen afromontane forest and grassland complex (DAF)
389:
123:
999:
711:
239: Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland (CTW)
566:
555:
423:
334:
128:
41:
688:
189:
and lowland woodlands, savannas, shrublands, and thickets.
1087:
Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Central Ethiopian highlands.
251: Acacia-Commiphora woodland and bushland proper (ACB)
245: Wooded grassland of the western Gambela region (WGG)
973:
Ib Friis, Sebsebe Demissew, and Paulo van Breugel (2010)
257: Acacia wooded grassland of the Rift Valley (ACB/RV)
787:), which also range into the montane moorlands, and the
360:
to White's "Altimontane vegetation in tropical Africa".
338:
Former ecoregion boundaries as defined by the WWF (2001)
287: Salt-water lakes - open water vegetation (SLV/OW)
275: Freshwater lakes - open water vegetation (FLV/OW)
181:
in Ethiopia. It occupies the middle elevations of the
575:. Epiphytes include ferns, orchids, and species of
1108:
90:Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets
1000:Burgess, Neil D.; Hales, J.D.; Underwood, E.;
602:along with smaller trees and shrubs including
227: Moist evergreen afromontane forest (MAF)
975:Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia
894:"Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands"
503:(endemic). Smaller trees and shrubs include
263: Desert and semi-desert scrubland (DSS)
930:Ethiopian Montane Grasslands and Woodlands
924:
922:
909:
907:
172:Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands
19:Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands
1075:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0161-4
980:
333:
329:
199:
107:245,895 km (94,941 sq mi)
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
919:
904:
1109:
1035:
993:
945:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
692:grows on slopes grazed by livestock.
1092:
954:
939:
233: Transitional rain forest (TRF)
13:
873:
830:
326:on the border of Egypt and Sudan.
14:
1163:
1122:Montane grasslands and shrublands
176:montane grasslands and shrublands
47:montane grasslands and shrublands
928:Martin, Emma and Burgess, Neil.
1079:
1063:
1045:
1085:BirdLife International (2024)
1024:
269: Riverine vegetation (RV)
1:
866:
185:, between the high-elevation
195:
7:
1053:"Ethiopian montane forests"
771:Near-endemic birds include
553:. Scrambling of species of
358:Ethiopian montane moorlands
187:Ethiopian montane moorlands
80:Ethiopian montane moorlands
10:
1168:
664:, and the endemic species
572:Scepocarpus hypselodendron
215: Ericaceous belt (EB)
209: Afroalpine belt (AB)
1071:Chlorocebus djamdjamensis
760:Chlorocebus djamdjamensis
478:Lepidotrichilia volkensii
309:Ethiopian montane forests
160:
150:
145:
137:
111:
103:
98:
75:Ethiopian montane forests
65:Djibouti xeric shrublands
52:
40:
28:
23:
18:
936:. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
725:
536:Pittosporum viridiflorum
510:Discopodium penninervium
371:
363:In 2017 Eric Dinerstein
344:Vegetation Map of Africa
1117:Afrotropical ecoregions
85:Sahelian Acacia savanna
1152:Grasslands of Ethiopia
1142:Afromontane ecoregions
1127:Ecoregions of Ethiopia
1089:Retrieved 28 May 2024.
1059:. World Wildlife Fund.
1057:Terrestrial Ecoregions
900:. World Wildlife Fund.
898:Terrestrial Ecoregions
785:Crithagra ankoberensis
430:Allophylus abyssinicus
356:Afromontane", and the
339:
296:
1132:Ecoregions of Eritrea
777:Myrmecocichla melaena
756:Bale Mountains vervet
621:Myrsine melanophloeos
565:, are common, as are
337:
330:Ecoregion delineation
203:
70:East Sudanian savanna
801:Cyanochen cyanoptera
773:RĂĽppell's black chat
752:Theropithecus gelada
647:Vachellia abyssinica
619:, Myrsine africana,
613:Chrysojasminum stans
584:Peperomia abyssinica
550:Spiniluma oxyacantha
472:Millettia ferruginea
450:Noronhia mildbraedii
442:Cassipourea malosana
418:Croton macrostachyus
1147:Ethiopian Highlands
1137:Ecoregions of Sudan
861:Yob Wildlife Refuge
825:Pternistis harwoodi
821:Harwood's francolin
744:Tragelaphus buxtoni
609:Lasiosiphon glaucus
599:Hypericum revolutum
454:Dovyalis abyssinica
402:Afrocarpus falcatus
353:World Wildlife Fund
183:Ethiopian Highlands
156:Critical/endangered
152:Conservation status
813:Abyssinian catbird
809:Rougetius rougetii
617:Myrica salicifolia
593:Hagenia abyssinica
462:Ekebergia capensis
458:Dracaena steudneri
438:Bersama abyssinica
434:Apodytes dimidiata
340:
318:of eastern Sudan,
297:
1017:978-1-55963-364-2
946:White, F (1983).
849:Chebera Churchura
797:blue-winged goose
540:Ritchiea albersii
486:Olinia rochetiana
397:Juniperus procera
301:Great Rift Valley
168:
167:
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1010:. Island Press.
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978:
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926:
917:
911:
902:
901:
890:
857:Simien Mountains
817:Sylvia galinieri
789:lineated pytilia
677:Senegalia venosa
532:Myrsine africana
528:Lobelia giberroa
506:Carissa spinarum
500:Vepris dainellii
466:Erythrina brucei
386:Simien Mountains
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831:Protected areas
793:Pytilia lineata
768:bamboo shoots.
765:Oldeania alpina
728:
637:Oldeania alpina
631:Rosa abyssinica
562:Rubus steudneri
544:Solanecio gigas
522:Acanthus sennii
518:Halleria lucida
514:Dombeya torrida
490:Prunus africana
482:Maytenus undata
446:Celtis africana
393:African juniper
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1002:Dinerstein, E.
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871:
870:
868:
865:
841:Bale Mountains
837:Arsi Mountains
832:
829:
740:mountain nyala
727:
724:
625:Nuxia congesta
494:Vepris nobilis
382:Wollo Province
373:
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164:19,442 km (9%)
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141:1000 – 3000+ m
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805:Rouget's rail
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781:Ankober serin
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748:gelada baboon
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671:V. bavazzanoi
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605:Erica arborea
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408:Olea europaea
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366:
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321:
320:Mount Erkowit
317:
316:Red Sea Hills
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17:
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982:
974:
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863:in Eritrea.
834:
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759:
751:
743:
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659:
655:V. pilispina
645:
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629:
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560:
559:, including
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343:
342:In the 1983
341:
313:
305:
298:
191:
171:
169:
146:Conservation
35:Afrotropical
1042:Copenhagen.
736:Capra walie
525:(endemic),
475:(endemic),
469:(endemic),
348:Frank White
311:ecoregion.
1111:Categories
867:References
732:walia ibex
702:Commiphora
698:Terminalia
661:V. origena
324:Gabal Elba
934:One Earth
706:Boswellia
667:V. negrii
578:Peperomia
412:cuspidata
196:Geography
179:ecoregion
161:Protected
138:Elevation
112:Countries
99:Geography
1004:(2004).
683:Maytenus
651:V. lahai
390:conifers
119:Ethiopia
819:), and
795:), The
754:). The
746:), and
410:subsp.
124:Eritrea
53:Borders
24:Ecology
1014:
855:, and
845:Borana
779:) and
712:Acacia
709:, and
674:, and
628:, and
567:lianas
547:, and
497:, and
421:, and
399:) and
388:. The
365:et al.
322:, and
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
726:Fauna
581:e.g.
569:like
556:Rubus
424:Ficus
372:Flora
174:is a
129:Sudan
42:Biome
30:Realm
1012:ISBN
853:Maze
689:Rhus
686:and
658:and
596:and
170:The
104:Area
59:List
811:),
803:),
738:),
456:,
1113::
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1020:.
990:.
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