1702:, competition, and differential power. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture, and to downgrade all other groups outside one's own culture. Some sociologists, such as Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings, say the origin of ethnic stratification lies in individual dispositions of ethnic prejudice, which relates to the theory of ethnocentrism. Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification. In other words, an inequality of power among ethnic groups means "they are of such unequal power that one is able to impose its will upon another". In addition to differential power, a degree of competition structured along ethnic lines is a prerequisite to ethnic stratification as well. The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory. Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings propose that competition is driven by self-interest and hostility, and results in inevitable stratification and
6824:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non-Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population – the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.
6458:
representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait
Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.
4081:
1853:
been dismantled, the problem of racism became the sole responsibility of already disadvantaged communities. It was assumed that if a Black or Latino community was not "making it" by the standards that had been set by whites, it was because that community did not hold the right values or beliefs, or were stubbornly resisting dominant norms because they did not want to fit in. Omi and Winant's critique of ethnicity theory explains how looking to cultural defect as the source of inequality ignores the "concrete sociopolitical dynamics within which racial phenomena operate in the U.S." It prevents critical examination of the structural components of racism and encourages a "benign neglect" of social inequality.
3814:
1679:" holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change and vanish through the course of history. This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests. Accordingly, ethnicity emerges when it is relevant as a means of furthering emergent collective interests and changes according to political changes in society. Examples of a perennialist interpretation of ethnicity are also found in Barth and Seidner who see ethnicity as ever-changing boundaries between groups of people established through ongoing social negotiation and interaction.
4516:' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them'. In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.
3346:
1665:" is an approach that is primarily concerned with nationhood but tends to see nations and ethnic communities as basically the same phenomenon. It holds that the nation, as a type of social and political organization, is of an immemorial or "perennial" character. Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
6769:
Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the
Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations – some have been used effectively as prisons – but the official language on each is Spanish.
1830:
justify enslavement of
African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all. This was a notion that developed slowly and came to be a preoccupation with scientists, theologians, and the public. Religious institutions asked questions about whether there had been multiple creations of races (polygenesis) and whether God had created lesser races. Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
1288:
1690:, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals. According to Donald Noel, a sociologist who developed a theory on the origin of ethnic stratification, ethnic stratification is a "system of stratification wherein some relatively fixed group membership (e.g., race, religion, or nationality) is used as a major criterion for assigning social positions". Ethnic stratification is one of many different types of social stratification, including stratification based on
3329:
they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent. It is here that women act not just as biological reproducers but also as "cultural carriers", transmitting knowledge and enforcing behaviors that belong to a specific collectivity. Women also often play a significant symbolic role in conceptions of nation or ethnicity, for example in the notion that "women and children" constitute the kernel of a nation which must be defended in times of conflict, or in iconic figures such as
1561:
terms such as "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to smaller groups with shared cultural systems and shared heritage, but that "ethnicity" had the added value of being able to describe the commonalities between systems of group identity in both tribal and modern societies. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.
3799:
2580:
3787:
1535:, whose "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s. Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity. To Barth, ethnicity was perpetually negotiated and renegotiated by both external ascription and internal self-identification. Barth's view is that ethnic groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates or logical
4285:
3637:
1528:(community). Secondly, this belief in shared Gemeinschaft did not create the group; the group created the belief. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race".
3541:
3690:
1316:
1582:... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization." This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation.
70:
3508:. Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans. The history of late-comers to the nation-state model, such as those arising in the Near East and south-eastern Europe out of the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, as well as those arising out of the USSR, is marked by
1747:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although
1617:", holds that ethnicity has existed at all times of human history and that modern ethnic groups have historical continuity into the far past. For them, the idea of ethnicity is closely linked to the idea of nations and is rooted in the pre-Weber understanding of humanity as being divided into primordially existing groups rooted by kinship and biological heritage.
6203:, 1978: "Il est interdit de collecter ou de traiter des données à caractère personnel qui font apparaître, directement ou indirectement, les origines raciales ou ethniques, les opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses ou l'appartenance syndicale des personnes, ou qui sont relatives à la santé ou à la vie sexuelle de celles-ci."
3264:, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another. Members of excluded groups, consequently, will either demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, sometimes even to the extent of complete political separation in their nation-state. Under these conditions
3420:
insulating the higher echelons from competition from below. Capitalism did not create all the distinctions of ethnicity and race that function to set off categories of workers from one another. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values.
6755:
1656:, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences. In Geertz' opinion, ethnicity is not in itself primordial but humans perceive it as such because it is embedded in their experience of the world.
3373:
is applied as a taxonomic grouping, based on physical similarities among groups. Race is a more controversial subject than ethnicity, due to common political use of the term. Ramón
Grosfoguel (University of California, Berkeley) argues that "racial/ethnic identity" is one concept and concepts of race
3240:
In some cases, especially those involving transnational migration or colonial expansion, ethnicity is linked to nationality. Anthropologists and historians, following the modernist understanding of ethnicity as proposed by Ernest
Gellner and Benedict Anderson see nations and nationalism as developing
1644:
ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity. In this way, the myths of common biological ancestry that are a defining feature of ethnic communities are to be understood as representing actual biological history. A problem
6457:
Britain's high commissioner in New
Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's
3409:
National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups: and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. Because serious errors of this kind are habitually committed when the term "race" is used
3328:
In recent decades, feminist scholars (most notably Nira Yuval-Davis) have drawn attention to the fundamental ways in which women participate in the creation and reproduction of ethnic and national categories. Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere,
1852:
Assimilation – shedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culture – did not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others. Once the legal barriers to achieving equality had
1833:
The ethnicity theory was based on the assimilation model. Park outlined four steps to assimilation: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to
1829:
was the dominant paradigm on race. Biological essentialism is the belief that some races, specifically white
Europeans in western versions of the paradigm, are biologically superior and other races, specifically non-white races in western debates, are inherently inferior. This view arose as a way to
1539:
to which people naturally belong. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "Ethnic Groups and
Boundaries", therefore, is a focus on the interconnectedness of ethnic
3983:
A sizeable number of people in the United States have mixed-race identities. In 2021, the number of
Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. The number of Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial was 20.3 million. Over the course of the 2010s decade,
3447:
The term "ethnic" popularly connotes "" in
Britain, only less precisely, and with a lighter value load. In North America, by contrast, "" most commonly means color, and "ethnics" are the descendants of relatively recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. "" is not a noun in Britain. In
4175:
were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania. Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them, although none of
3476:
and Bruce Barry, have argued that the legitimacy of modern states must be based on a notion of political rights of autonomous individual subjects. According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of
1715:" sees both primordialist and perennialist views as basically flawed, and rejects the notion of ethnicity as a basic human condition. It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
980:
Although both organic and performative criteria characterise ethnic groups, debate in the past has dichotomised between primordialism and constructivism. Earlier 20th-century "Primordialists" viewed ethnic groups as real phenomena whose distinct characteristics have endured since the distant past.
6768:
Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the
3377:
Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing. Around 1900 and before, the primordialist understanding of ethnicity predominated: cultural differences between peoples were seen as being the result of inherited traits and tendencies. With Weber's
1588:
rejects the expansive definitions of ethnic identity (such as those that include common culture, common language, common history and common territory), choosing instead to define ethnic identity narrowly as a subset of identity categories determined by the belief of common descent. Jóhanna Birnir
3456:
says the definition of race as used for the purposes of the US Census is not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference".
1560:
In this way, he pointed to the fact that identification of an ethnic group by outsiders, e.g. anthropologists, may not coincide with the self-identification of the members of that group. He also described that in the first decades of usage, the term ethnicity had often been used in lieu of older
1848:
that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States. While Park's theory identified different stages in the immigration process – contact, conflict,
1628:
fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it. This theory sees ethnic groups as natural, not just as historical. It also has problems dealing with the consequences of intermarriage, migration and colonization for the composition of
1572:
Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and
3471:
Sometimes ethnic groups are subject to prejudicial attitudes and actions by the state or its constituents. In the 20th century, people began to argue that conflicts among ethnic groups or between members of an ethnic group and the state can and should be resolved in one of two ways. Some, like
3419:
The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. Such appeals serve to allocate different categories of workers to rungs on the scale of labor markets, relegating stigmatized populations to the lower levels and
1601:
observes, World War II was a turning point in ethnic studies. The consequences of Nazi racism discouraged essentialist interpretations of ethnic groups and race. Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities. Their coherence was attributed to shared myths, descent,
1544:
categorical ethnic distinctions do not depend on an absence of mobility, contact, and information, but do entail social processes of exclusion and incorporation whereby discrete categories are maintained despite changing participation and membership in the course of individual life histories."
5675:
Patricia Engelhorn "Wie Wien mit Meersicht: Ein Tag in der Hafenstadt Triest" In: NZZ 15.2.2020; Roberto Scarciglia Trieste multiculturale: comunità e linguaggi di integrazione (2011); Ibanez B. Penas, Ma. Carmen López Sáenz. "Interculturalism: Between Identity and Diversity". (Bern) 2006. p
1730:, argue that ethnicity and notions of ethnic pride, such as nationalism, are purely modern inventions, appearing only in the modern period of world history. They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
1577:
Social scientists have thus focused on how, when, and why different markers of ethnic identity become salient. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. Ronald Cohen concluded that ethnicity is "a series of nesting dichotomizations of
1464:
approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status. This debate is still an important point of reference in
6803:
3485:, argue that the notion of the autonomous individual is itself a cultural construct. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state.
6444:
1849:
struggle, and as the last and best response, assimilation – it did so only for white communities. The ethnicity paradigm neglected the ways in which race can complicate a community's interactions with social and political structures, especially upon contact.
3241:
with the rise of the modern state system in the 17th century. They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries. Thus, in the West, the notion of ethnicity, like race and
3500:. Instances of societies focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of nationalist goals. Two periods frequently cited as examples of this are the 19th-century consolidation and expansion of the
4906:
2.a. About race; peculiar to a specific tribe, race or nation; ethnological. Also, about or having common tribal, racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics, esp. designating a racial or other group within a larger system; hence (U.S. colloq.), foreign,
4204:
of Australia, is also believed to have been inhabited by Polynesians prior to its initial European discovery in the 18th century. Some of their residents are descended from mixed-race Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated onto Norfolk due to overpopulation in 1856.
4269:
The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively).
4216:, have a small population consisting of Japanese mainlanders and descendants of early European settlers. Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century.
3414:
In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy:
6564:
5868:, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13–24, notes that historians have projected the 19th-century conceptions of the nation-state backward in time, employing biological metaphors of birth and growth: "that the peoples in the
1120:
In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a tribe, race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning. The sense of "different cultural groups", and in American English "tribal, racial, cultural or national
6282:
3837:
within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people or 14% of 770 million Europeans.
1817:
argues that race is a social category and is only one of several factors in determining ethnicity. Other criteria include "religion, language, 'customs', nationality, and political identification". This theory was put forward by sociologist
3268:
when people moved from one state to another, or one state conquered or colonized peoples beyond its national boundaries – ethnic groups were formed by people who identified with one nation but lived in another state.
5872:
had little to do with those heroic (or sometimes brutish) clichés is now generally accepted among historians", he remarked. Early medieval peoples were far less homogeneous than often thought, and Pohl follows Reinhard Wenskus,
5426:"David Konstan, "Defining Ancient Greek Ethnicity", Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 6, 1 (1997), pp. 97–98. Overview of J.M. Hall's book "Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity", Cambridge University Press, 1997"
4265:
The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Europeans, primarily from England arrived first in 1770.
3302:, which were relatively ethnically homogeneous when they attained statehood but have received significant immigration in the 17th century and even more so in the second half of the 20th century. States such as the
1606:, a common place of origin, language, religion, customs, and national character. So, ethnic groups are conceived as mutable rather than stable, constructed in discursive practices rather than written in the genes.
6942:"Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs: Background: The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
6274:
3832:
has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute
1698:. According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of
3708:, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and forests.
5955:
Under the terms of the Estonian Constitution and the 1925 law, a national minority was defined as a community of language and culture to which anyone could adhere, regardless of ethnic origin.
6603:
3512:. Such conflicts usually occur within multi-ethnic states, as opposed to between them, as in other regions of the world. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as
4914:, a group of people differentiated from the majority of the community by racial origin or cultural background, and usu. claiming or enjoying official recognition of their group identity. Also
1437:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.
1480:". Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old. Essentialists view such identities as
1645:
with this view on ethnicity is that it is more often than not the case that mythic origins of specific ethnic groups directly contradict the known biological history of an ethnic community.
1774:
or the United States. Current topics are in particular social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers, multiple cultural identities and the formation of
1597:
Different approaches to understanding ethnicity have been used by different social scientists when trying to understand the nature of ethnicity as a factor in human life and society. As
6381:
4273:
The proportion of people identifying as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin increased from 2.5 per cent of the Australian population in 2011 to 2.8 per cent in 2016.
1496:, by scholars' attempts to respond to increasingly politicized forms of self-representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. This is in the context of debates over
6154:
4200:
settlers in the 18th century. The islands were previously inhabited by Polynesians; they had long abandoned Pitcairn by the time the settlers had arrived. Norfolk Island, now an
4988:
3182:
6196:
5024:
3937:. During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America. Most Native Americans died due to Spanish diseases and other European diseases such as smallpox during the
4965:
4780:
3719:(nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others becoming industrial/urban. Some groups/countries of Asia are completely urban, such as those in
1589:
similarly defines ethnicity as "group self-identification around a characteristic that is very difficult or even impossible to change, such as language, race, or location."
4820:
3976:. Ethnic groups that live in the Caribbean are: indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, Chinese and Portuguese. The first white Europeans to arrive in the
2515:
1806:); ethnic identity is reinforced by reference to "boundary markers" – characteristics said to be unique to the group which set it apart from other groups.
6949:
5535:
Bobo, Lawrence; Hutchings, Vincent L. (1996). "Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context".
4485:
3272:
In the 1920s, Estonia introduced a flexible system of ethnicity/nationality self-choice for its citizens, which included Estonians Russians, Baltic Germans and Jews.
3278:
can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of
4099:
In South America, although highly varying between regions, people are commonly mixed-race, indigenous, European, black African, and to a lesser extent also Asian.
1164:(cf. "an ethnic restaurant", etc.), generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, who arrived after the dominant population of an area was established.
4536:
1686:", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of
5432:
922:. Ethnic groups may share a narrow or broad spectrum of genetic ancestry, depending on group identification, with some groups having mixed genetic ancestry.
1556:... the named ethnic identities we accept, often unthinkingly, as basic givens in the literature are often arbitrarily, or even worse inaccurately, imposed.
5642:
4439:
2868:
5046:"The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life."
5231:
T.H. Eriksen "Ethnic identity, national identity and intergroup conflict: The significance of personal experiences" in Ashmore, Jussim, Wilder (eds.):
839:
with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a people of a common
6587:
4563:"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"
4658:
1548:
In 1978, anthropologist Ronald Cohen claimed that the identification of "ethnic groups" in the usage of social scientists often reflected inaccurate
1500:
in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the
6355:
1137:
had been used as a stand-in for "paganism" in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an "ethnic character" (first recorded 1953).
6470:
3227:
6428:
6673:
5008:
I. Polinskaya, "Shared sanctuaries and the gods of others: On the meaning Of 'common' in Herodotus 8.144", in R. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.),
3314:
comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "
4424:
2885:
6697:
Mountford, H. S.; Villanueva, P.; Fernández, M. A.; Jara, L.; De Barbieri, Z.; Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.; Cazier, J. B.; Newbury, D. F. (2020).
2610:
6377:
4708:
1794:, because they emerge and change over historical periods (centuries) in a process known as ethnogenesis, a period of several generations of
6252:
6548:
4985:
5021:
3369:
Ethnicity is used as a matter of cultural identity of a group, often based on shared ancestry, language, and cultural traditions, while
5078:
3155:
6322:
4962:
4777:
3551:
1755:
have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
7757:
6919:
3912:
3410:
in popular parlance, it would be better when speaking of human races to drop the term "race" altogether and speak of "ethnic groups".
2873:
6526:
6193:
4817:
8274:
6787:
3883:
identity. There are some 26 ethnic groups in the province, and six languages are in official use by the provincial administration.
1473:
7188:
6505:
7689:
6749:
3175:
757:
7021:
4088:
810:
6840:
5723:
1609:
Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
870:
Ethnicity may be construed as an inherited or societally imposed construct. Ethnic membership tends to be defined by a shared
6865:
3938:
3916:
2916:
953:, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. Ethnic groups may be divided into subgroups or
6941:
5404:
4117:
Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and
8217:
5897:
4512:
In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's
3220:
6035:
3711:
On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Some groups are primarily
7694:
7281:
4608:
4201:
4188:, in addition to mixed-race individuals with Polynesian and mestizo/European ancestry. The British overseas territory of
4080:
782:
674:
3980:
were the Spanish in 1492. The Caribbean was also colonized and discovered by the Portuguese, English, Dutch and French.
1844:'s theory of racial formation directly confronts both the premises and the practices of ethnicity theory. They argue in
1225:, emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation – example:
7674:
7669:
7650:
7645:
7632:
7114:
6797:
6659:
6597:
6558:
6438:
6231:
The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe
5617:
5398:
4528:
4471:
4379:
4374:
4180:
are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian
3934:
3908:
3892:
1568:, formations of identity were often changed and distorted by colonization, but identities are not made out of nothing:
1834:
their failure to assimilate into American culture. They could become equal if they abandoned their inferior cultures.
5941:
3676:
3576:
3378:
introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, race and ethnicity became more divided from each other.
3149:
2603:
2359:
1369:. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating
719:
632:
338:
6125:
7743:
7699:
7679:
3896:
3626:
1578:
inclusiveness and exclusiveness". He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity
5425:
4243:
in the early 20th century. The Jarvis settlers were relocated from the island due to Japanese advancements during
1736:
Ethnicity is an important means by which people may identify with a larger group. Many social scientists, such as
1460:
view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as an externally given, even coercive, social bond. The
1171:
is emphasized to define membership, the following types of (often mutually overlapping) groups can be identified:
8289:
7738:
7658:
7202:
4150:
3622:
3530:
3453:
3213:
17:
5634:
4153:, and they originated from Asia. The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups;
2520:
7868:
7704:
7071:
6890:
5312:
4419:
4354:
4075:
3965:
and Native American ancestry. Some Hispanic and Latino Americans living in the United States are not mestizos.
3658:
3011:
1900:
739:
522:
6406:
4184:. Their current inhabitants include indigenous Polynesians and mestizo settlers from political administrators
3325:
were multi-ethnic from the onset, as they were formed as colonies imposed on existing indigenous populations.
1160:
literature since about 1950. The term may also be used with the connotation of something unique and unusually
1105:, the word took on a meaning comparable to the concept now expressed by "ethnic group", mostly translated as "
7781:
7728:
7718:
7684:
7254:
4557:
Banda, Yambazi; Kvale, Mark N.; Hoffmann, Thomas J.; Hesselson, Stephanie E.; Ranatunga, Dilrini; Tang, Hua;
4138:
4108:
3946:
3813:
3769:
2850:
1144:
was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. Depending on context, the term
772:
762:
4092:
3731:. The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and
1238:, emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect – example:
8279:
6068:
A. Metraux (1950) "United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race",
4066:
population is growing faster than the non-indigenous population. Most immigrants in Canada come from Asia.
4063:
3924:
3920:
3478:
3260:
In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations".
2721:
2596:
1129:
which had earlier taken this sense but was now becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological
767:
360:
5285:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
4630:
973:. Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as
7833:
7733:
7528:
7408:
6347:
3497:
3370:
2465:
2385:
1126:
622:
537:
450:
313:
5936:. Science and technique of democracy - issue 45. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 193.
7751:
7723:
7167:
Steele, Liza G.; Bostic, Amie; Lynch, Scott M.; Abdelaaty, Lamis (2022). "Measuring Ethnic Diversity".
7092:
4384:
4247:, while most of the settlers on Clipperton ended up dying from starvation and murdering one and other.
3743:
3654:
2552:
2450:
1775:
1640:" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or
1257:
803:
777:
420:
400:
328:
31:
7127:
Morales-Díaz, Enrique; Gabriel Aquino; & Michael Sletcher, "Ethnicity", in Michael Sletcher, ed.,
4939:(Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, s.v. "ethnic, a. and n.")
8284:
7799:
7513:
6626:
6478:
4890:
3900:
3618:
2838:
2279:
2211:
2092:
1276:
919:
836:
493:
232:
167:
6699:"Frontiers | The Genetic Population Structure of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile | Genetics"
6642:
2204:
7888:
4885:
4844:
4260:
2134:
2129:
1226:
962:
859:, history, or social treatment. The term ethnicity is sometimes used interchangeably with the term
704:
694:
684:
659:
580:
410:
252:
227:
177:
4192:, to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. They are mixed-race
1365:. The Greeks had developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of
1003:
7770:
7762:
7607:
7274:
6995:
5091:
Ethnicity is a fundamental factor in human life: it is a phenomenon inherent in human experience.
4680:
3781:
3757:
3647:
3139:
2902:
2333:
729:
595:
527:
443:
323:
215:
152:
117:
107:
85:
80:
7019:"Another Look at Ethnicity as a Biological Concept: Moving Anthropology Beyond the Race Concept"
6304:
8003:
7351:
7052:
6637:
6244:
4364:
4256:
4142:
3904:
3747:
3129:
2706:
2637:
2628:
2440:
2430:
1519:
1489:
1441:
1222:
669:
470:
455:
395:
303:
242:
3394:
8028:
7818:
7712:
7319:
5930:(1 January 2011). "The revival of cultural autonomy in certain countries of eastern Europe".
5280:
4329:
4314:
3610:
3203:
2991:
2490:
2233:
2228:
2154:
2097:
2048:
1752:
1691:
1687:
1565:
1175:
934:
926:
796:
709:
689:
475:
415:
375:
345:
333:
283:
237:
187:
112:
53:
38:
5364:
5347:
5070:
3424:
According to Wolf, racial categories were constructed and incorporated during the period of
8248:
8180:
8165:
8073:
7903:
7786:
7538:
7508:
7503:
7341:
7336:
7329:
6318:
5058:
Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture, and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations
4852:
4394:
4146:
4121:, who have majority European populations. States with smaller European populations include
4112:
3969:
2996:
2971:
2726:
2415:
2323:
2284:
2274:
2238:
2199:
2149:
2112:
2070:
2053:
2026:
1925:
1875:
1347:
1235:
1041:
950:
699:
380:
350:
318:
293:
192:
182:
157:
147:
7162:
Nationalism and modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism
6911:
4731:"A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research"
1426:
is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as
8:
8212:
8108:
8103:
7990:
7908:
7533:
7324:
6522:
4414:
4404:
3876:
3590:
3199:
2537:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2289:
2243:
2164:
2033:
1374:
1339:
1196:
1034:
714:
547:
430:
405:
308:
298:
278:
122:
7047:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
6146:
3968:
African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the
1152:(in a sovereign state). The process that results in emergence of an ethnicity is called
8269:
8088:
8048:
8043:
7948:
7893:
7838:
7523:
7418:
7371:
7346:
7314:
7267:
7185:
6725:
6698:
6665:
6502:
6027:
5882:
5552:
5512:
5304:
4877:
4856:
4755:
4730:
4700:
4595:
4339:
4059:
3977:
3732:
3489:
3360:
3275:
3134:
3036:
2966:
2755:
2692:
2642:
2455:
2328:
2267:
2262:
2184:
2169:
2158:
2117:
2087:
2075:
2058:
2038:
2008:
1803:
1423:
1216:, emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype – example:
864:
734:
425:
370:
142:
6523:"Australian Aboriginal peoples | History, Facts, & Culture | Britannica"
4561:; Croen, Lisa A.; Dispensa, Brad P.; Henderson, Mary; Iribarren, Carlos (2015-08-01).
3473:
942:
8170:
8083:
8068:
8053:
8013:
8008:
7998:
7933:
7823:
7813:
7543:
7110:
7067:
7018:
6976:
6793:
6730:
6655:
6593:
6554:
6434:
6031:
5992:
Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis "Woman–Nation-State" (London: Macmillan, 1989), p.
5937:
5927:
5888:("a people is a multitude stemming from one origin") which continues in the original
5613:
5394:
5369:
5308:
5218:
4760:
4704:
4650:
4600:
4582:
4477:
4467:
4369:
4359:
4349:
4224:
4004:
4000:
3950:
3806:
3768:, 3.8 percent. Many of the smaller groups are found in the Asian part of Russia (see
3614:
3386:
3345:
2961:
2946:
2941:
2435:
2420:
2395:
2250:
2216:
2194:
2102:
2080:
2065:
2043:
1975:
1950:
1945:
1549:
1466:
1272:
1217:
1204:
1110:
965:
from the parent group. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a
871:
542:
532:
510:
257:
247:
6008:"Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities? Identities within Global Coloniality"
5861:
4746:
4219:
Several political entities associated with Oceania are still uninhabited, including
8140:
8135:
8018:
7582:
7565:
7555:
7451:
7149:
6987:
6836:
6720:
6710:
6647:
6019:
5869:
5719:
5544:
5504:
5359:
5296:
4750:
4742:
4692:
4642:
4590:
4574:
4434:
4309:
4240:
4189:
3984:
there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial.
3928:
3880:
3558:
3106:
3096:
3076:
3066:
2505:
2405:
2390:
2380:
2343:
2338:
2189:
1915:
1598:
1497:
1191:
480:
460:
197:
172:
6861:
3389:", signed by some of the internationally renowned scholars of the time (including
8175:
8121:
8093:
8033:
7968:
7923:
7863:
7597:
7592:
7570:
7498:
7025:
6509:
6200:
5931:
5901:
5878:
5388:
5300:
5028:
4992:
4969:
4824:
4784:
4429:
4399:
4181:
4020:
3996:
3954:
3942:
3861:
3834:
3712:
3693:
3466:
3435:
Writing in 1977 about the usage of the term "ethnic" in the ordinary language of
3279:
3254:
3144:
3101:
3056:
3041:
2986:
2736:
2668:
2663:
2584:
2510:
2410:
2179:
2174:
2139:
2107:
1970:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1771:
1759:
1672:" holds that specific ethnic groups have existed continuously throughout history.
1653:
1585:
1461:
1453:
1320:
1102:
981:
Perspectives that developed after the 1960s increasingly viewed ethnic groups as
724:
664:
641:
390:
7216:
6147:"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland"
5685:
Camoroff, John L. and Jean Camoroff 2009: Ethnicity Inc. Chicago: Chicago Press.
4843:
Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, "ethnic, a. and n.". Cites Sir
4681:"Reconsidering primordialism: an alternative approach to the study of ethnicity"
4578:
8207:
8197:
8160:
8098:
8078:
8023:
7617:
7587:
7446:
7413:
7366:
7361:
7356:
6862:"Norfolk Island | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
6007:
5144:
Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in a Yoruba Town
4646:
4558:
4389:
4324:
4290:
4228:
4168:
4118:
4040:
4036:
3390:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3016:
2809:
2400:
2122:
1960:
1866:
1819:
1787:
1703:
1444:, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
1355:
1187:
1168:
1122:
1078:
938:
679:
385:
202:
162:
7079:
Race, ethnicity, gender, and class: The sociology of group conflict and change
6669:
4696:
4562:
3802:
3589:
Ethnic groups in Africa number in the hundreds, each generally having its own
8263:
8187:
8145:
7938:
7883:
7858:
7853:
7622:
7577:
7471:
7398:
7378:
7084:
6715:
6592:. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13.
6023:
5373:
4654:
4586:
4481:
4409:
4232:
4209:
4177:
4172:
4130:
4024:
4016:
4012:
3857:
3501:
3482:
3440:
3436:
3402:
3398:
3315:
3290:
inherited arbitrary colonial borders, but also in European countries such as
3282:
into a former nation-state. Examples for the first case are found throughout
3086:
3021:
2981:
2976:
2956:
2844:
2804:
2799:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2673:
2425:
2316:
1955:
1935:
1930:
1841:
1799:
1763:
1740:
1727:
1699:
1532:
1457:
1449:
1430:
1082:
1000:
966:
930:
557:
552:
500:
222:
6940:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
6403:"21.9% of Canadians are immigrants, the highest share in 85 years: StatsCan"
6216:
The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe
5610:
The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
5107:
Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference
3957:
have immigrated to the United States recently. In Mexico, most Mexicans are
3849:, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
1287:
1256:, often overlapping with other forms of ethnicity – example:
8222:
8155:
8038:
7980:
7973:
7928:
7873:
7804:
7612:
7602:
7550:
7488:
7476:
7466:
7456:
7441:
7393:
7309:
7235:
7012:
Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference
6734:
5495:
Noel, Donald L. (1968). "A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification".
4950:
4804:(London 1989), pp. 11–17 (quoted in J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
4764:
4604:
4244:
4220:
4158:
4032:
3818:
3798:
3716:
3505:
3425:
3261:
3246:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3006:
3001:
2951:
2750:
2731:
2547:
2375:
1998:
1965:
1940:
1862:
1826:
1791:
1737:
1723:
1524:
1493:
1477:
1427:
1213:
1153:
974:
911:
465:
355:
61:
3860:, pejoratively known as Gypsies. They originated from India and speak the
1303:. The Bengalis form the third-largest ethnic group in the world after the
1056:(in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the
1049:
8150:
7958:
7943:
7918:
7848:
7518:
7493:
7483:
7461:
7388:
6912:"Education Resources: Regional Information, Jarvis Island | PacIOOS"
6121:
5877:. (Cologne and Graz) 1961, whose research into the "ethnogenesis" of the
4319:
4162:
4154:
4044:
3846:
3746:
recognized by the government, which are located on 17,000 islands in the
3493:
3311:
3299:
3031:
3026:
2470:
2460:
2299:
1883:
1837:
1798:
resulting in common ancestry (which is then sometimes cast in terms of a
1779:
1726:
beginning in the early modern period. Proponents of this theory, such as
1481:
1396:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1304:
1263:
In many cases, more than one aspect determines membership: for instance,
1230:
1149:
1145:
1057:
970:
875:
637:
505:
262:
135:
102:
7241:
2579:
1825:
This theory was preceded by more than 100 years during which biological
1106:
1029:
995:
8232:
8227:
8202:
8130:
8063:
7953:
7403:
7226:
6348:"Behind the Surprising Jump in Multiracial Americans, Several Theories"
6275:"Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – Belgrade Centre for Human Rights"
5896:("or distinguished from another people by its properties") was a myth.
5556:
5157:
Two-Dimensional Man: An essay on power and symbolism in complex society
4193:
4028:
3661: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3509:
3429:
3250:
2923:
2716:
2711:
2564:
2532:
2485:
2144:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1783:
1505:
1400:
1300:
1114:
1113:
did the term tend to become further narrowed to refer to "foreign" or "
1064:
617:
6651:
5881:
peoples convinced him that the idea of common origin, as expressed by
5516:
4872:
Cohen, Ronald. (1978) "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
1053:
957:, which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to
8192:
8058:
7963:
7560:
7433:
7040:
Understanding 'race' and ethnicity: theory, history, policy, practice
5194:
Ernest Gellner (1997) Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4461:
4344:
4334:
4197:
4052:
3973:
3962:
3872:
3786:
3739:
3728:
3720:
3513:
3330:
3322:
3253:
were promoting global movements of populations at the same time that
3111:
2683:
2445:
1748:
1744:
1511:
1501:
1434:
1351:
1324:
1264:
1253:
1208:
1161:
1157:
1125:" arises in the 1930s to 1940s, serving as a replacement of the term
1117:" nations in particular (whence the later meaning "heathen, pagan").
895:
852:
590:
517:
6886:
6177:
Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen
5548:
5284:
3636:
3374:
and ethnicity cannot be used as separate and autonomous categories.
1148:
may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with
1023:
7878:
7843:
6627:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"
6402:
6055:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
5534:
5508:
5244:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
4513:
4304:
4299:
4236:
4134:
4048:
4008:
3992:
3761:
3724:
3334:
2765:
2559:
2542:
2475:
2255:
1795:
1385:
1366:
1292:
1179:
1060:
958:
946:
899:
887:
883:
856:
848:
840:
5746:
Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective
5266:
Ronald Cohen 1978 "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
4284:
3794:
constitute an indigenous ethnic minority in both France and Spain.
3488:
The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of
1722:" correlates the emergence of ethnicity with the movement towards
7898:
7828:
6978:
Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s
3988:
3958:
3853:
3822:
3791:
3689:
3598:
3594:
3448:
effect there are no "ethnics"; there are only "ethnic relations".
3291:
2687:
2294:
2221:
1767:
1630:
1603:
1268:
1249:
1239:
1183:
907:
891:
879:
844:
627:
607:
575:
365:
6696:
3245:, developed in the context of European colonial expansion, when
1469:, although most scholars' approaches fall between the two poles.
1077:"the foreign nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews". The Greek term in
27:
Socially defined category of people who identify with each other
7383:
7230:
6837:"History of Pitcairn Island | Pitcairn Island Immigration"
5125:
4126:
3868:
3842:
3829:
3765:
3753:
3382:
3307:
3283:
3242:
2527:
2309:
2304:
1892:
1695:
1315:
1200:
1130:
903:
860:
832:
602:
6378:"Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States"
3516:
when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state.
7913:
7423:
4213:
4185:
4087:, an 1899 allegorical painting depicting Brazilian statesman
2760:
2678:
1411:
1308:
1296:
1243:
1073:
1014:
954:
7259:
7136:
Why Suyá Sing: A Musical Anthropology of an Amazonian People
5289:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
5233:
Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction
4953:
2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth).
37:"Ethnicities" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
7304:
5894:"sive ab Alia national Secundum program collection distinct
5129:
4556:
4122:
3705:
3697:
3350:
1641:
1522:) because they were based on a subjective belief in shared
1403:(Greek: θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι –
612:
7248:
1021:. The inherited English language term for this concept is
6632:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.).
6085:, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1993, p.222
5124:
Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in
4728:
4510:(9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389.
1782:. Ethnic groups differ from other social groups, such as
1271:
citizenship, having Armenian heritage, native use of the
915:
5913:
Aihway Ong 1996 "Cultural Citizenship in the Making" in
3257:
boundaries were being more clearly and rigidly defined.
1809:
1592:
69:
7057:
Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives
4091:, one of the founding fathers of the country, with the
3941:. The largest pan-ethnic group in the United States is
3913:
Indigenous peoples of the Americas § North America
3825:
of which 70–80 million people worldwide claim ancestry.
5332:
Vincent, Joan (1974), "The Structure of Ethnicity" in
4849:
The archæology and prehistoric annals of Scotland 1851
4235:. There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with
1822:
in the 1920s. It is based on the notion of "culture".
6939:
6751:
Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania
3298:. Examples for the second case are countries such as
1282:
6083:
Jones's minimal: low-wage labor in the United States
5862:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"
4440:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
4280:
1492:, these debates have been superseded, especially in
7107:
Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook
6098:, Berkeley: University of California Press. 380–381
4196:who descended from an initial group of British and
3987:The largest ethnic groups in the United States are
6975:
5235:, pp. 42–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001
4508:Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
1531:Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was
5926:
5818:
5816:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5633:Levine, Randy; Serbeh-Dunn, Gifty (Spring 1999).
5632:
5543:(6). American Sociological Association: 951–972.
8261:
6916:Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
4882:Ethnicity – Theory and Experience
4628:
6589:Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West
5983:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997) pp. 12–13
5494:
5270:7: 383–384 Palo Alto: Stanford University Press
5101:
5099:
4629:Salter, Frank; Harpending, Henry (2013-07-01).
7176:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
6463:
6124:. American Anthropological Association. 1997.
5933:The Participation of Minorities in Public Life
5813:
5784:
4425:Race and ethnicity in the United States census
3696:are one of the indigenous peoples of Northern
7275:
6420:
6107:Wallman, S. "Ethnicity research in Britain",
5866:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings
5348:"What is Ethnic Identity and Does it Matter?"
4729:Chandra Ford; Nina T Harawa (29 April 2010).
4062:are the largest ethnic group. In Canada, the
3519:
3358:
3221:
2604:
804:
6624:
6579:
6245:"Serbian Government – Official Presentation"
5096:
4505:
3428:, and ethnic groupings during the period of
1856:
985:, with identity assigned by societal rules.
6754:. the University of Michigan. p. 950.
6433:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347.
5530:
5528:
5526:
5490:
5488:
5077:. The Government of Canada. April 1, 1992.
4931:3 A member of an ethnic group or minority.
4466:. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70.
4095:and the three major ethnic groups in Brazil
3933:The indigenous people in North America are
1762:in a society. That could be in a city like
7282:
7268:
7100:The Russian empire: A multi-ethnic history
6982:. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Inc.
6553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
6213:
6005:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5393:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
5060:, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 115
4800:ThiE. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman,
4631:"J.P. Rushton's theory of ethnic nepotism"
4463:Constructivist theories of ethnic politics
4176:these islands have extensive populations.
3841:A number of European countries, including
3460:
3228:
3214:
3156:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2611:
2597:
811:
797:
6973:
6724:
6714:
6641:
6345:
6122:"A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15"
5822:
5807:
5795:
5778:
5766:
5688:
5363:
5071:"Challenges of measuring an ethnic world"
4754:
4594:
3677:Learn how and when to remove this message
3577:Learn how and when to remove this message
3318:" societies, especially in large cities.
1109:, tribe, a unique people group"; only in
7138:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
6933:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6585:
5886:Gens est multitudo ab uno principio orta
5523:
5485:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
4085:The Founding of the Brazilian Fatherland
4079:
3812:
3797:
3785:
3688:
3344:
1314:
1286:
1071:("the nations") to translate the Hebrew
7077:Healey, Joseph F., and Eileen O'Brien.
6546:
6430:France and the South Pacific Since 1940
6426:
5711:
5449:
5365:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715
5345:
5168:J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
5081:from the original on September 20, 2016
4506:People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010).
4459:
3492:, when the concept of race was tied to
3176:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1414:(Greek: ἤθεα ὁμότροπα –
14:
8262:
6792:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190.
6747:
6503:Census shows Hawaii is becoming whiter
5717:
5386:
5031:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4995:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4972:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4876:. 1978. 7:379–403; Glazer, Nathan and
4827:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4787:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4771:
4635:Personality and Individual Differences
3704:Ethnic groups are abundant throughout
3496:, first by German theorists including
2832:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1770:, but also the fallen monarchy of the
1652:", notably espoused by anthropologist
1009:, through its adjectival form ἐθνικός
7263:
7148:
7109:, Greenwood Publishing Group (1998),
6986:
6974:Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1986).
6774:
6618:
6346:Tavernise, Sabrina (13 August 2021).
6341:
6339:
6228:
6096:Europe and the People Without History
5970:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997)
5751:
5570:
5461:
5279:
5251:
5159:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5146:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5111:Europe and the People Without History
5010:Valuing others in Classical Antiquity
4888:. The modern usage definition of the
4678:
3939:European colonization of the Americas
3917:Native Americans in the United States
3548:This section may contain information
3340:
1846:Racial Formation in the United States
1810:Ethnicity theory in the United States
1624:" further holds that ethnicity is an
1593:Approaches to understanding ethnicity
1358:and ethnography of the ancient world
7244:– American Psychological Association
6785:
6741:
6625:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008).
6606:from the original on 9 February 2022
6218:. Taylor & Francis. p. 190.
6175:Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,
6006:Grosfoguel, Ramán (September 2004).
5726:from the original on 5 December 2012
5607:
4212:, later politically integrated into
3659:adding citations to reliable sources
3630:
3534:
3353:'s ethnic groups (original caption:
1405:theōn hidrumata te koina kai thusiai
1085:) could refer to any large group, a
7189:State & County QuickFacts: Race
7181:
7145:(Cambridge University Press, 1993).
6233:. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
6214:Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula (2017).
6114:
4533:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3764:majority. The largest group is the
1514:maintained that ethnic groups were
1248:Ethno-cultural, emphasizing shared
24:
7249:Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas
7014:, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969
7003:
6358:from the original on 26 March 2022
6336:
6285:from the original on 7 August 2018
6255:from the original on 8 August 2018
6179:(2002)., English translation 2004.
5664:The Habsburg Empire. A New History
5352:Annual Review of Political Science
5172:(Oxford 1996), "Introduction", 8–9
5056:Athena S. Leoussi, Steven Grosby,
4380:List of countries by ethnic groups
4375:List of contemporary ethnic groups
3909:Ethnic groups in the United States
3893:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
1484:categories defining social actors.
1283:Definitions and conceptual history
25:
8301:
7242:Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs
7196:
6806:from the original on 18 June 2022
6758:from the original on 30 July 2022
6567:from the original on 30 July 2022
6550:Prehistory in the Pacific Islands
6447:from the original on 30 July 2022
6305:"Native Peoples of North America"
6157:from the original on 30 July 2022
6111:, v. 18, n. 3, 1977, pp. 531–532.
4529:"Insight into Ethnic Differences"
4453:
4089:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
3286:, where countries created during
3150:Political economy in anthropology
2360:List of nationalist organizations
1422:Whether ethnicity qualifies as a
7255:List of ethnic groups by country
7122:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
7064:Race, Education and Intelligence
6992:Myths and memories of the Nation
6904:
6879:
6789:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama
5390:Ethnicity and Electoral Politics
5387:Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín (2006).
4283:
4069:
3972:. Many of them were sent to the
3897:Ethnic groups in Central America
3886:
3635:
3627:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
3539:
2578:
1552:more than indigenous realities:
1392:, "speaking the same language"),
1044:and until the mid-19th century,
68:
7087:, and Terence Ranger, editors,
6952:from the original on 2022-06-01
6922:from the original on 2022-05-10
6893:from the original on 2019-09-09
6868:from the original on 2020-11-17
6854:
6843:from the original on 2022-04-22
6829:
6690:
6679:from the original on 2021-12-31
6636:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300.
6540:
6529:from the original on 2022-03-26
6515:
6496:
6409:from the original on 2022-05-30
6395:
6384:from the original on 2022-05-09
6370:
6325:from the original on 2021-03-29
6311:
6297:
6267:
6237:
6222:
6207:
6182:
6169:
6139:
6128:from the original on 2012-04-19
6101:
6088:
6075:
6062:
6049:
6038:from the original on 2013-02-06
5999:
5986:
5973:
5960:
5920:
5907:
5854:
5841:
5828:
5801:
5772:
5760:
5738:
5699:
5679:
5669:
5656:
5645:from the original on 2020-11-12
5626:
5601:
5588:
5576:
5563:
5476:
5467:
5438:from the original on 2018-04-17
5418:
5407:from the original on 2022-04-22
5380:
5339:
5326:
5315:from the original on 2021-08-17
5273:
5238:
5225:
5210:
5197:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5116:
5063:
5050:
5038:
5015:
5002:
4979:
4956:
4949:roughly 300 million worldwide (
4943:
4866:
4834:
4811:
4747:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008
4711:from the original on 2022-03-03
4661:from the original on 2021-08-02
4611:from the original on 2021-08-02
4539:from the original on 2021-08-02
4488:from the original on 2022-07-30
3646:needs additional citations for
3623:Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia
3531:List of ethnic groups of Africa
999:is ultimately derived from the
971:merge into one single ethnicity
7066:(London: Temple Smith, 1971) (
7017:Billinger, Michael S. (2007),
6748:Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971).
4794:
4722:
4672:
4622:
4550:
4521:
4499:
4420:Race and ethnicity in censuses
4355:Human Genome Diversity Project
4171:South Pacific islands nearing
4133:(whose Europeans are known as
4076:Ethnic groups in South America
3856:ethnic group in Europe is the
3477:all individuals. Others, like
3012:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
2451:Historiography and nationalism
1901:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1540:identities. Barth writes: "...
1472:The second debate is between "
1027:, used alongside the latinate
988:
758:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
7289:
7154:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5875:Stammesbildung und Verfassung
5268:Annual Review of Anthropology
5205:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5122:Geertz, Clifford, ed. (1967)
5012:(Leiden: Brill, 2010), 43–70.
4446:
4139:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
4109:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
3947:Hispanic and Latino Americans
3770:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
3426:European mercantile expansion
3183:Journal of Legal Anthropology
2851:The Art of Not Being Governed
2543:Seasonal or cultural festival
1418:, "customs of like fashion").
1388:(ὁμόγλωσσον –
1359:
1167:Depending on which source of
6816:can further define the word
6194:loi Informatique et libertés
5582:Hobsbawm and Ranger (1983),
5537:American Sociological Review
5301:10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332
4250:
4093:flag of the Empire of Brazil
3925:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3921:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1684:Instrumentalist perennialism
1354:laid the foundation of both
1267:ethnicity can be defined by
1190:) – example:
7:
8275:Majority–minority relations
7174:Thernstrom, Stephan A. ed.
5641:. Vol. 1, no. 4.
5133:. New York: The Free Press.
4884:, Cambridge, Massachusetts
4679:Bayar, Murat (2009-10-14).
4579:10.1534/genetics.115.178616
4276:
3760:besides the eighty percent
3742:alone, there are more than
3498:Johann Gottfried von Herder
2386:Anti-globalization movement
1342:; after early authors like
1207: – example:
863:, particularly in cases of
10:
8306:
7651:Countries by ethnic groups
7646:Contemporary ethnic groups
7169:Annual Review of Sociology
7160:Smith, Anthony D. (1998).
7120:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed.
7093:Cambridge University Press
7089:The Invention of Tradition
7038:Craig, Gary, et al., eds.
6967:
5695:The Invention of Tradition
5584:The Invention of Tradition
5246:Nations and Nationalism 13
4647:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.014
4385:List of Indigenous peoples
4254:
4106:
4102:
4073:
3890:
3779:
3608:
3528:
3520:Ethnic groups by continent
3464:
3189:Journal of Law and Society
2909:Colonialism and resistance
2516:Principle of nationalities
1860:
1622:Essentialist primordialism
1377:(ὅμαιμον –
778:List of indigenous peoples
36:
32:Ethnicity (disambiguation)
29:
8241:
8117:
7989:
7797:
7631:
7432:
7297:
7217:Resources in your library
7081:(Sage Publications, 2014)
6547:Terrell, John E. (1988).
5612:. BoD – Books on Demand.
5346:Chandra, Kanchan (2006).
5222:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
5203:Smith, Anthony D. (1986)
5170:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4891:Oxford English Dictionary
4841:Oxford English Dictionary
4808:(Oxford 1996), pp. 18–24)
4806:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4697:10.1080/01419870902763878
4685:Ethnic and Racial Studies
4460:Chandra, Kanchan (2012).
3901:Demographics of Greenland
3821:are an ethnic group from
3775:
3619:South Asian ethnic groups
3554:to the article's subject.
3524:
2863:Non-western state systems
2839:African Political Systems
2093:Constitutional patriotism
1857:Ethnicity and nationality
1758:Ethnic groups can form a
1277:Armenian Apostolic Church
1093:of comrades as well as a
523:Cross-cultural comparison
7030:Critique of Anthropology
6716:10.3389/fgene.2020.00669
6709:. Frontiersin.org: 669.
6586:Crocombe, R. G. (2007).
6427:Aldrich, Robert (1993).
6024:10.1177/1468796804045237
5635:"Mosaic vs. Melting Pot"
5105:Fredrik Barth, ed. 1969
4886:Harvard University Press
4261:Native white Australians
3875:is recognizable for its
3852:An example of a largely
3758:recognized ethnic groups
3349:The racial diversity of
1753:cultural anthropologists
1720:Modernist constructivism
1677:Situational perennialism
1629:modern-day multi-ethnic
695:Historical particularism
7763:Torres Strait Islanders
7608:Ethnopsychopharmacology
7352:In-group and out-groups
7143:Lumbee Indian Histories
7053:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland
6996:Oxford University Press
6081:Griffith, David Craig,
6070:American Anthropologist
6057:Nations and Nationalism
5836:Nations and Nationalism
5707:Lumbee Indian Histories
5596:Lumbee Indian Histories
5183:Nations and Nationalism
5181:Gellner, Ernest (1983)
5033:A Greek-English Lexicon
4997:A Greek-English Lexicon
4974:A Greek-English Lexicon
4912:ethnic minority (group)
4829:A Greek-English Lexicon
4789:A Greek-English Lexicon
3782:Ethnic groups in Europe
3604:
3461:Ethno-national conflict
2888:and the State in Africa
1772:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1381:, "of the same blood"),
1275:, or membership of the
1199:, emphasizing a shared
528:Participant observation
8290:Political anthropology
8004:Cultural appropriation
7131:, (Westport, CT, 2004)
6946:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
4937:
4365:Ingroups and outgroups
4257:Indigenous Australians
4143:Australian Aboriginals
4096:
3905:Demographics of Mexico
3826:
3810:
3795:
3748:Indonesian archipelago
3735:across the continent.
3701:
3510:inter-ethnic conflicts
3450:
3422:
3412:
3366:
3359:
3130:Circumscription theory
2917:Europe and the People
2886:Technology, Tradition,
2441:Gender and nationalism
1670:Perpetual perennialism
1650:Geertz's primordialism
1575:
1558:
1442:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
1332:
1312:
670:Cross-cultural studies
8029:Ethnic interest group
7869:Ethnicity in censuses
7819:Cultural assimilation
7320:Ethnolinguistic group
7059:, London: Pluto Press
7010:Barth, Fredrik (ed).
6703:Frontiers in Genetics
5823:Omi & Winant 1986
5808:Omi & Winant 1986
5796:Omi & Winant 1986
5779:Omi & Winant 1986
5767:Omi & Winant 1986
5720:"Nature of Ethnicity"
5216:Anthony Smith (1991)
4895:
4802:History and Ethnicity
4330:Ethnocultural empathy
4315:Ethnic interest group
4208:The once uninhabited
4083:
3991:, African Americans,
3816:
3801:
3789:
3692:
3611:Ethnic groups in Asia
3552:important or relevant
3504:and the 20th century
3465:Further information:
3445:
3417:
3407:
3348:
3204:cultural anthropology
2992:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
2845:Papuan Big man system
2491:National indifference
1861:Further information:
1692:socio-economic status
1688:social stratification
1638:Kinship primordialism
1570:
1554:
1318:
1290:
1178:, emphasizing shared
8249:Minzu (anthropology)
8218:Separatist movements
8074:Ethnographic village
7904:Legendary progenitor
7539:Transidioethnography
7342:Hyphenated ethnicity
7337:Ethnographic realism
7330:Ethnoreligious group
7042:(Policy Press, 2012)
6229:Filep, Béla (2016).
6109:Current Anthropology
6059:13 (1), 2007, 19–35.
5915:Current Anthropology
5849:Imagined Communities
5838:Blackwell Publishing
5757:Smith 1987 pp. 21–22
5207:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5185:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5142:Cohen, Abner (1969)
5044:Herodotus, 8.144.2:
4874:Annu. Rev. Anthropol
4395:Minzu (anthropology)
4113:Europeans in Oceania
4023:, Native Americans,
3970:Atlantic slave trade
3655:improve this article
3559:improve this section
3430:capitalist expansion
2997:Wolfgang Fikentscher
2972:Henri J. M. Claessen
2727:Pantribal sodalities
2416:Cultural nationalism
2285:National syndicalist
1518:(artificial, i.e. a
1348:Hecataeus of Miletus
1042:Early Modern English
951:religious conversion
763:Anthropology by year
700:Boasian anthropology
675:Cultural materialism
660:Actor–network theory
258:Paleoanthropological
30:For other uses, see
8280:Multiracial affairs
8109:Multinational state
8104:Model minority myth
7991:Multiethnic society
7909:Linguistic homeland
7325:Ethnonational group
7238:at EScholarship.org
7098:Kappeler, Andreas.
6484:on 25 December 2018
5981:Gender & Nation
5968:Gender & Nation
5722:. Palomar College.
5155:Abner Cohen (1974)
4415:Population genetics
4405:Passing (sociology)
3953:in particular) and
3744:1,300 ethnic groups
3597:of a language) and
3395:Claude Lévi-Strauss
3276:Multi-ethnic states
3140:Left–right paradigm
2585:Politics portal
2538:Right-wing populism
2496:Nationalism studies
1340:classical antiquity
1156:, a term in use in
1035:late Middle English
969:and may eventually
920:physical appearance
715:Performance studies
608:Kinship and descent
548:Cultural relativism
198:Paleoethnobotanical
173:Ethnoarchaeological
8089:Middleman minority
8049:Ethnic pornography
8044:Ethnic nationalism
7949:Pantribal sodality
7894:Imagined community
7419:Symbolic ethnicity
7347:Indigenous peoples
7315:Ethnographic group
7186:U.S. Census Bureau
7045:Danver, Steven L.
7024:2009-07-09 at the
6786:Todd, Ian (1974).
6634:Islands of Inquiry
6512:, starbulletin.com
6508:2008-08-29 at the
6352:The New York Times
6199:2019-03-20 at the
5979:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5966:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5900:2015-04-23 at the
5883:Isidore of Seville
5608:Kolb, Eva (2009).
5473:Smith (1998), 159.
5334:Human Organization
5075:Publications.gc.ca
5027:2021-02-25 at the
4991:2021-02-25 at the
4968:2021-02-25 at the
4878:Daniel P. Moynihan
4823:2021-02-24 at the
4783:2021-02-25 at the
4340:Ethnographic group
4202:external territory
4097:
4060:European Canadians
3978:Dominican Republic
3827:
3811:
3796:
3756:has more than 185
3733:self-determination
3702:
3490:ethnic nationalism
3367:
3361:Nordisk familjebok
3341:Ethnicity and race
3321:The states of the
3135:Legal anthropology
3037:Thomas Blom Hansen
2967:Robert L. Carneiro
2756:Segmentary lineage
2693:Leveling mechanism
2643:legal anthropology
2456:Imagined community
2290:National Bolshevik
2009:Self-determination
1424:cultural universal
1333:
1313:
1291:A group of ethnic
963:physical isolation
865:ethnic nationalism
735:Post-structuralism
494:Research framework
8257:
8256:
8171:Ethnic stereotype
8084:Indigenous rights
8069:Ethnographic film
8054:Ethnic theme park
8014:Dominant minority
8009:Diaspora politics
7999:Consociationalism
7934:National language
7824:Cultural identity
7814:Cross-race effect
7758:Aboriginal groups
7203:Library resources
7150:Smith, Anthony D.
7134:Seeger, A. 1987.
7105:Levinson, David,
7102:(Routledge, 2014)
6988:Smith, Anthony D.
6471:"ISEE – Salaires"
6281:. 29 March 2015.
6094:Eric Wolf, 1982,
5928:Council of Europe
5744:Seidner, (1982),
5662:Pieter M. Judson
5248:(1), 2007, 19–35.
5219:National Identity
5109:; Eric Wolf 1982
4370:Intersectionality
4360:Identity politics
4350:Genetic genealogy
4225:Clipperton Island
3951:Mexican Americans
3835:ethnic minorities
3687:
3686:
3679:
3615:East Asian people
3587:
3586:
3579:
3452:In the U.S., the
3387:The Race Question
3280:ethnic minorities
3238:
3237:
2962:Jeremy Boissevain
2947:Georges Balandier
2942:E. Adamson Hoebel
2621:
2620:
2436:Gastronationalism
2421:Diaspora politics
2396:Banal nationalism
1467:Political science
1273:Armenian language
1218:African Americans
1205:national identity
1111:Hellenistic Greek
1048:was used to mean
983:social constructs
872:cultural heritage
847:, common sets of
821:
820:
720:Political economy
543:Thick description
340:Political economy
203:Zooarchaeological
163:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
8297:
8285:1930s neologisms
8141:Ethnic cleansing
8136:Ethnic bioweapon
8019:Ethnic democracy
7633:Groups by region
7583:Ethnomethodology
7566:Ethnomathematics
7556:Ethnolinguistics
7452:Ethnoarchaeology
7284:
7277:
7270:
7261:
7260:
7184:
7157:
6999:
6983:
6981:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6813:
6811:
6783:
6772:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6718:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6678:
6645:
6631:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6519:
6513:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6477:. Archived from
6467:
6461:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6380:. 18 July 2019.
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6192:article 8 de la
6190:
6186:
6180:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6105:
6099:
6092:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5950:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5905:
5870:Migration Period
5858:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5718:O'Neil, Dennis.
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5532:
5521:
5520:
5492:
5483:
5482:Smith (1999), 5.
5480:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5458:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5343:
5337:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5277:
5271:
5264:
5249:
5242:
5236:
5229:
5223:
5214:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5120:
5114:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5019:
5013:
5006:
5000:
4983:
4977:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4870:
4864:
4838:
4832:
4815:
4809:
4798:
4792:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4691:(9): 1639–1657.
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4598:
4573:(4): 1285–1295.
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4457:
4435:Stateless nation
4310:Ethnic cleansing
4293:
4288:
4287:
4241:Native Hawaiians
4239:and Jarvis with
4190:Pitcairn Islands
3935:Native Americans
3929:Caribbean people
3809:of Finland, 1936
3715:, some practice
3713:hunter-gatherers
3682:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3639:
3631:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3443:, Wallman noted
3364:
3267:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3124:Related articles
3107:Douglas R. White
3097:Jonathan Spencer
3077:Marshall Sahlins
3067:Sally Falk Moore
2623:
2622:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2583:
2582:
2524:
2506:Plurinationalism
2466:Internationalism
2406:Communitarianism
2391:Anti-imperialism
2381:Anti-nationalism
2370:Related concepts
1871:
1870:
1815:Ethnicity theory
1599:Jonathan M. Hall
1581:
1543:
1520:social construct
1498:multiculturalism
1448:One is between "
1364:
1361:
1327:are the largest
1192:French Canadians
1176:Ethno-linguistic
813:
806:
799:
341:
223:Anthrozoological
72:
49:
48:
21:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8237:
8176:Ethnic violence
8124:
8122:ethnic conflict
8120:
8113:
8094:Minority rights
8034:Ethnic majority
7985:
7969:Detribalization
7924:Nation-building
7864:Ethnic religion
7807:
7803:
7793:
7700:Central America
7627:
7598:Ethnophilosophy
7593:Ethnomusicology
7571:Ethnostatistics
7529:Person-centered
7499:Autoethnography
7428:
7293:
7288:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7194:
7141:Sider, Gerald,
7062:Eysenck, H.J.,
7026:Wayback Machine
7006:
7004:Further reading
6970:
6965:
6964:
6955:
6953:
6938:
6934:
6925:
6923:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6896:
6894:
6889:(in Japanese).
6885:
6884:
6880:
6871:
6869:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6846:
6844:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6809:
6807:
6800:
6784:
6775:
6761:
6759:
6746:
6742:
6695:
6691:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6662:
6643:10.1.1.593.8988
6629:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6570:
6568:
6561:
6545:
6541:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6510:Wayback Machine
6501:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6450:
6448:
6441:
6425:
6421:
6412:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6279:bgcentar.org.rs
6273:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6227:
6223:
6212:
6208:
6201:Wayback Machine
6188:
6187:
6183:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6153:. 29 May 2009.
6145:
6144:
6140:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6106:
6102:
6093:
6089:
6080:
6076:
6072:53(1): 142–145)
6067:
6063:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6039:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5961:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5925:
5921:
5912:
5908:
5902:Wayback Machine
5859:
5855:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5646:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5606:
5602:
5593:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5568:
5564:
5549:10.2307/2096302
5533:
5524:
5497:Social Problems
5493:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5344:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5278:
5274:
5265:
5252:
5243:
5239:
5230:
5226:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5180:
5176:
5167:
5163:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5097:
5084:
5082:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5029:Wayback Machine
5020:
5016:
5007:
5003:
4993:Wayback Machine
4984:
4980:
4970:Wayback Machine
4961:
4957:
4948:
4944:
4871:
4867:
4839:
4835:
4825:Wayback Machine
4816:
4812:
4799:
4795:
4785:Wayback Machine
4776:
4772:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4662:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4559:Sabatti, Chiara
4555:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4489:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4430:Race and health
4400:National symbol
4289:
4282:
4279:
4263:
4255:Main articles:
4253:
4182:Rapa Nui people
4115:
4107:Main articles:
4105:
4078:
4072:
3961:, a mixture of
3955:Asian Americans
3943:White Americans
3931:
3891:Main articles:
3889:
3862:Romani language
3784:
3778:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3652:
3640:
3629:
3609:Main articles:
3607:
3583:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3474:Jürgen Habermas
3469:
3467:Ethnic conflict
3463:
3405:, etc.), said:
3343:
3265:
3234:
3194:
3193:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3145:State formation
3125:
3117:
3116:
3102:Bjorn Thomassen
3057:Elizabeth Mertz
3042:Ted C. Lewellen
2987:Pierre Clastres
2937:
2936:Major theorists
2929:
2928:
2919:Without History
2918:
2887:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2737:Paramount chief
2669:Achieved status
2664:Ascribed status
2656:Status and rank
2652:
2641:
2617:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2518:
2411:Cosmopolitanism
2371:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2029:
2019:
2018:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1896:
1869:
1859:
1812:
1804:founding figure
1802:narrative of a
1788:interest groups
1760:cultural mosaic
1738:anthropologists
1654:Clifford Geertz
1595:
1586:Kanchan Chandra
1579:
1541:
1462:instrumentalist
1454:instrumentalism
1428:anthropologists
1416:ēthea homotropa
1362:
1321:Javanese people
1285:
1236:Ethno-religious
1227:South Islanders
1133:. The abstract
1103:Classical Greek
1101:of animals. In
1079:early antiquity
1013:,, loaned into
991:
817:
788:
787:
753:
745:
744:
725:Practice theory
665:Alliance theory
655:
647:
646:
642:Postcolonialism
571:
563:
562:
496:
486:
485:
451:Anthropological
446:
436:
435:
339:
289:
288:
268:
267:
218:
208:
207:
138:
128:
127:
98:
90:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ethnic heritage
15:
12:
11:
5:
8303:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8208:Indigenization
8205:
8200:
8198:Ethnosymbolism
8195:
8190:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8161:Ethnic penalty
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8099:Model minority
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8079:Ethnopluralism
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:Ethnic enclave
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7808:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7774:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7739:Southeast Asia
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7618:Ethnosemiotics
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7588:Ethnomuseology
7585:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7454:
7449:
7447:Ethnic studies
7444:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7414:Supraethnicity
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7367:Minority group
7364:
7362:Metroethnicity
7359:
7357:Meta-ethnicity
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7220:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:External links
7195:
7193:
7192:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7115:978-1573560191
7103:
7096:
7091:. (Cambridge:
7085:Hobsbawm, Eric
7082:
7075:
7060:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7015:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6984:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6932:
6903:
6878:
6853:
6828:
6799:978-0207127618
6798:
6773:
6740:
6689:
6670:j.ctt24h8gp.20
6661:978-1921313899
6660:
6617:
6599:978-9820203884
6598:
6578:
6560:978-0521369565
6559:
6539:
6514:
6495:
6462:
6440:978-0824815585
6439:
6419:
6394:
6369:
6335:
6310:
6296:
6266:
6236:
6221:
6206:
6181:
6168:
6138:
6113:
6100:
6087:
6074:
6061:
6048:
5998:
5985:
5972:
5959:
5942:
5919:
5906:
5853:
5847:Anderson 2006
5840:
5827:
5812:
5800:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5750:
5737:
5710:
5698:
5687:
5678:
5668:
5666:(Harvard 2016)
5655:
5625:
5619:978-3837093032
5618:
5600:
5587:
5575:
5562:
5522:
5509:10.2307/800001
5503:(2): 157–172.
5484:
5475:
5466:
5448:
5417:
5400:978-1139462600
5399:
5379:
5358:(1): 397–424.
5338:
5336:33(4): 375–379
5325:
5295:(2): 174–195.
5272:
5250:
5237:
5224:
5209:
5196:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5148:
5135:
5115:
5095:
5062:
5049:
5037:
5014:
5001:
4978:
4955:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4904:
4865:
4833:
4810:
4793:
4770:
4741:(2): 251–258.
4721:
4671:
4641:(3): 256–260.
4621:
4549:
4535:. 2015-05-25.
4520:
4498:
4473:978-0199893157
4472:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4390:Meta-ethnicity
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Ethnic penalty
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:Society portal
4278:
4275:
4252:
4249:
4229:Howland Island
4119:Norfolk Island
4104:
4101:
4074:Main article:
4071:
4068:
4041:Chinese people
4037:Swedish people
3888:
3885:
3881:multi-cultural
3780:Main article:
3777:
3774:
3762:ethnic Russian
3685:
3684:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3606:
3603:
3585:
3584:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3529:Main article:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3479:Charles Taylor
3462:
3459:
3391:Ashley Montagu
3355:Asiatiska folk
3342:
3339:
3304:United Kingdom
3296:United Kingdom
3288:decolonization
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Aidan Southall
3089:
3084:
3082:James C. Scott
3079:
3074:
3072:Rodney Needham
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Ernest Gellner
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:Ritual warfare
2807:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:Law and custom
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2651:Basic concepts
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:in Catholicism
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Civil religion
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:Ethnopluralism
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1867:minority group
1858:
1855:
1820:Robert E. Park
1811:
1808:
1792:social classes
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1713:Constructivism
1709:
1708:
1707:
1680:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1634:
1594:
1591:
1486:
1485:
1474:constructivism
1470:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1393:
1382:
1356:historiography
1284:
1281:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1233:
1223:Ethno-regional
1220:
1211:
1197:Ethno-national
1194:
1186:(and possibly
1169:group identity
1123:minority group
990:
987:
939:language shift
912:dressing style
831:is a group of
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
740:Systems theory
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Culture theory
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
599:
598:
588:
583:
578:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
263:Primatological
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:Archaeological
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Archaeological
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8302:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8188:Ethnocentrism
8186:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8146:Ethnic hatred
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7939:National myth
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7884:Folk religion
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7859:Ethnic origin
7857:
7855:
7854:Ethnic option
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7729:Northern Asia
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7705:South America
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7690:United States
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7623:Ethnotaxonomy
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7578:Ethnomedicine
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:Institutional
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:Ethnomycology
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7399:Polyethnicity
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Monoethnicity
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7280:
7278:
7273:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7008:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6979:
6972:
6971:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6499:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6459:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6423:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6306:
6300:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6254:
6250:
6249:serbia.gov.rs
6246:
6240:
6232:
6225:
6217:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6185:
6178:
6172:
6156:
6152:
6151:www2.gov.scot
6148:
6142:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6058:
6052:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5989:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5945:
5943:9789287169402
5939:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5916:
5910:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:Walter Pohl,
5857:
5850:
5844:
5837:
5834:Gellner 2006
5831:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5763:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5691:
5682:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5479:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5329:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5200:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:, on Perseus)
5034:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5005:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4863:, pp. 136,181
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4845:Daniel Wilson
4842:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Polyethnicity
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:Jarvis Island
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:Bonin Islands
4206:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Easter Island
4174:
4173:Latin America
4170:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:Austronesians
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4131:New Caledonia
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4070:South America
4067:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:Puerto Ricans
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:North America
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3670:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3644:This section
3642:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:German Empire
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3483:Will Kymlicka
3480:
3475:
3468:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3441:United States
3438:
3437:Great Britain
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3403:Julian Huxley
3400:
3399:Gunnar Myrdal
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:In 1950, the
3379:
3375:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3316:multicultural
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3263:
3262:Nation-states
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Elman Service
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:David Graeber
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:John Comaroff
2980:
2978:
2977:Jean Comaroff
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Fredrik Barth
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:Legal systems
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Legal culture
2803:
2801:
2800:Customary law
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:Theatre state
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:House society
2774:
2772:
2771:Petty kingdom
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Social status
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Ethnocentrism
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:Organizations
2353:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Technological
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2317:Ethnocacerism
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:Revolutionary
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:Howard Winant
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:New York City
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Fredrik Barth
1739:
1729:
1728:Eric Hobsbawm
1725:
1724:nation states
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1700:ethnocentrism
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:Primordialism
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1564:According to
1562:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1533:Fredrik Barth
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:According to
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:primordialist
1455:
1451:
1450:primordialism
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:According to
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:Fredrik Barth
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1363: 480 BC
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:ethnic group.
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Homeric Greek
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
986:
984:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:pan-ethnicity
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:intermarriage
940:
936:
932:
931:acculturation
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
792:
791:
784:
783:Organizations
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
748:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Structuralism
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Functionalism
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
596:sociocultural
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
567:
566:
559:
558:Emic and etic
556:
554:
553:Ethnocentrism
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
501:Anthropometry
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Ethnopoetical
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Transpersonal
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Psychological
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Institutional
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Environmental
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Environmental
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
94:
93:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
41:
33:
19:
8223:Xenocentrism
8181:Ethnic riots
8166:Ethnic slurs
8156:Ethnic party
8119:Ideology and
8039:Ethnic media
7981:White ethnic
7974:Neotribalism
7929:Nation state
7874:Ethnofiction
7805:ethnogenesis
7776:
7769:
7750:
7719:Central Asia
7711:
7664:
7657:
7640:
7613:Ethnoscience
7603:Ethnopoetics
7551:Ethnohistory
7489:Ethnogeology
7477:Ethnozoology
7467:Ethnoecology
7457:Ethnobiology
7442:Anthropology
7394:Panethnicity
7310:Ethnic group
7290:
7247:
7207:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7164:. Routledge.
7161:
7156:. Blackwell.
7153:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7106:
7099:
7088:
7078:
7063:
7056:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7029:
7011:
6991:
6977:
6954:. Retrieved
6945:
6935:
6924:. Retrieved
6915:
6906:
6895:. Retrieved
6881:
6870:. Retrieved
6856:
6845:. Retrieved
6831:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6808:. Retrieved
6788:
6767:
6760:. Retrieved
6750:
6743:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6681:. Retrieved
6633:
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6588:
6581:
6569:. Retrieved
6549:
6542:
6531:. Retrieved
6517:
6498:
6486:. Retrieved
6479:the original
6474:
6465:
6456:
6449:. Retrieved
6429:
6422:
6411:. Retrieved
6397:
6386:. Retrieved
6372:
6360:. Retrieved
6351:
6327:. Retrieved
6319:"Our People"
6313:
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6278:
6269:
6257:. Retrieved
6248:
6239:
6230:
6224:
6215:
6209:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6171:
6159:. Retrieved
6150:
6141:
6130:. Retrieved
6116:
6108:
6103:
6095:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6040:. Retrieved
6015:
6011:
6001:
5988:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5954:
5947:. Retrieved
5932:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5830:
5825:, p. 21
5810:, p. 19
5803:
5798:, p. 17
5781:, p. 58
5774:
5769:, p. 15
5762:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5713:
5706:
5701:
5694:
5690:
5681:
5671:
5663:
5658:
5647:. Retrieved
5638:
5628:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5565:
5540:
5536:
5500:
5496:
5478:
5469:
5440:. Retrieved
5420:
5409:. Retrieved
5389:
5382:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5333:
5328:
5317:. Retrieved
5292:
5288:
5275:
5267:
5245:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5138:
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4462:
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4245:World War II
4221:Baker Island
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4033:Dutch people
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3664:
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3648:verification
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3247:mercantilism
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3062:Sidney Mintz
3052:Ralph Linton
3047:Edmund Leach
3007:Morton Fried
3002:Meyer Fortes
2952:F. G. Bailey
2884:
2849:
2837:
2822:Case studies
2781:Ethnic group
2780:
2751:Band society
2626:
2548:Subsidiarity
2376:Anationalism
2135:Expansionist
1999:Independence
1863:Nation state
1851:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1827:essentialism
1824:
1814:
1813:
1800:mythological
1757:
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1663:Perennialism
1662:
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1525:Gemeinschaft
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1494:anthropology
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1478:essentialism
1439:
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1378:
1334:
1329:Austronesian
1262:
1214:Ethno-racial
1203:or sense of
1166:
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1154:ethnogenesis
1142:ethnic group
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927:assimilation
924:
894:, religion,
874:, ancestry,
869:
829:ethnic group
828:
824:
822:
768:Bibliography
710:Interpretive
685:Diffusionism
654:Key theories
640: /
585:
570:Key concepts
481:Sociological
461:Ethnological
248:Neurological
233:Evolutionary
178:Experiential
62:Anthropology
46:
39:
8151:Ethnic joke
7959:Tribal name
7944:Origin myth
7919:Mythomoteur
7849:Ethnic flag
7834:Development
7519:Netnography
7494:Ethnography
7484:Ethnocinema
7462:Ethnobotany
7389:Nationality
7129:New England
6451:18 February
6189:(in French)
6161:23 November
6014:. 315–336.
6012:Ethnicities
5890:Etymologiae
5705:Sider 1993
5594:Sider 1993
5281:James, Paul
4933:Equatorians
4851:(1863) and
4735:Soc Sci Med
4320:Ethnic flag
4194:Euronesians
4163:Polynesians
4155:Melanesians
4058:In Canada,
3847:Switzerland
3494:nationalism
3385:statement "
3312:Switzerland
3300:Netherlands
3032:Ulf Hannerz
3027:Lesley Gill
2519: [
2471:Irredentism
2461:Imperialism
2334:Territorial
2300:Legionarism
1988:Core values
1884:Nationalism
1838:Michael Omi
1784:subcultures
1780:melting pot
1694:, race, or
1482:ontological
1397:sanctuaries
1390:homoglōsson
1344:Anaximander
1336:Ethnography
1305:Han Chinese
1231:New Zealand
1150:citizenship
1146:nationality
989:Terminology
876:origin myth
855:, society,
638:Colonialism
581:Development
538:Reflexivity
506:Ethnography
456:Descriptive
314:Development
253:Nutritional
228:Biocultural
153:Battlefield
40:Ethnicities
8264:Categories
8233:Xenophobia
8228:Xenophilia
8203:Indigenism
8131:Allophilia
8064:Ethnocracy
7954:Statistext
7889:Historical
7782:Indigenous
7734:South Asia
7670:Indigenous
7404:Population
7072:0851170099
6956:2022-03-26
6926:2022-03-26
6897:2022-03-26
6887:"小笠原諸島の歴史"
6872:2022-03-26
6847:2022-03-26
6810:2 February
6762:2 February
6683:2022-03-26
6652:1885/38139
6610:24 January
6533:2022-03-26
6413:2022-05-22
6388:2022-05-22
6329:2022-05-22
6132:2007-05-18
6042:2012-08-06
6018:(3): 315.
5649:2021-10-01
5573:, pp. 4–7)
5571:Smith 1999
5462:Smith 1999
5442:2018-06-02
5411:2022-03-21
5319:2016-03-12
5085:August 28,
4986:ὁμόγλωσσος
4715:2021-01-05
4665:2021-08-02
4615:2021-08-02
4543:2021-08-02
4492:2020-09-11
4447:References
4064:indigenous
4029:Norwegians
3805:family in
3514:civil wars
3251:capitalism
2924:Cargo cult
2827:Acephelous
2717:Matriarchy
2712:Patriarchy
2699:Leadership
2565:Xenophobia
2533:Revanchism
2486:Militarism
2145:Indigenism
2140:Homosexual
2108:Ecological
2014:Solidarity
2004:Patriotism
1994:Allegiance
1776:Salad bowl
1749:historians
1566:Paul James
1506:South Asia
1456:". In the
1401:sacrifices
1338:begins in
1301:Bangladesh
1258:Travellers
1089:of men, a
1065:Septuagint
1063:), as the
1033:since the
925:By way of
853:traditions
618:Prehistory
471:Historical
444:Linguistic
356:Historical
324:Ecological
216:Biological
118:Linguistic
108:Biological
8270:Ethnicity
8193:Ethnocide
8059:Ethnoburb
7964:Tribalism
7752:Australia
7744:West Asia
7724:East Asia
7695:Caribbean
7680:Greenland
7561:Ethnology
7434:Ethnology
7372:Influence
7291:Ethnicity
7236:Ethnicity
7227:Ethnicity
7208:Ethnicity
7171:. 48 (1).
7035:, 1:5–35.
6638:CiteSeerX
6488:20 August
6032:145445798
5748:, pp. 2–3
5730:7 January
5374:1094-2939
5309:142378403
5022:ὁμότροπος
4705:143391013
4655:0191-8869
4587:0016-6731
4514:ancestors
4482:829678440
4345:Genealogy
4335:Ethnocide
4251:Australia
4053:Filipinos
4005:Americans
3974:Caribbean
3873:Vojvodina
3740:Indonesia
3729:Singapore
3721:Hong Kong
3694:Assyrians
3567:June 2021
3331:Britannia
3323:New World
3112:Eric Wolf
2684:Age grade
2638:Political
2446:Globalism
2431:Francoism
2234:Christian
2229:Religious
2155:Left-wing
2098:Corporate
2088:Communist
2049:Bourgeois
2039:Anarchist
1745:Eric Wolf
1631:societies
1573:positive.
1516:künstlich
1512:Max Weber
1502:Caribbean
1435:Eric Wolf
1352:Herodotus
1325:Indonesia
1254:tradition
1209:Austrians
1140:The term
1135:ethnicity
1115:barbarous
1058:Christian
993:The term
896:mythology
825:ethnicity
591:Evolution
586:Ethnicity
518:Ethnology
396:Political
304:Cognitive
243:Molecular
42:(journal)
8213:Nativism
7879:Ethnonym
7844:Ethnarch
7800:Identity
7787:European
7665:Americas
7509:Critical
7504:Clinical
7298:Concepts
7152:(1987).
7095:, 1983).
7022:Archived
6990:(1999).
6950:Archived
6920:Archived
6891:Archived
6866:Archived
6841:Archived
6822:language
6820:to mean
6804:Archived
6756:Archived
6735:32676101
6674:Archived
6604:Archived
6565:Archived
6527:Archived
6506:Archived
6445:Archived
6407:Archived
6382:Archived
6362:26 March
6356:Archived
6323:Archived
6289:26 March
6283:Archived
6259:26 March
6253:Archived
6197:Archived
6155:Archived
6126:Archived
6036:Archived
5949:24 March
5898:Archived
5892:IX.2.i)
5724:Archived
5643:Archived
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5433:Archived
5405:Archived
5313:Archived
5283:(2015).
5079:Archived
5025:Archived
4989:Archived
4966:Archived
4859:(1935),
4821:Archived
4781:Archived
4765:20488602
4709:Archived
4659:Archived
4609:Archived
4605:26092716
4567:Genetics
4537:Archived
4486:Archived
4305:Diaspora
4300:Ancestor
4277:See also
4237:Mexicans
4198:Tahitian
4135:Caldoche
4049:Russians
4021:Scottish
4009:Italians
3993:Mexicans
3725:Shanghai
3591:language
3439:and the
3335:Marianne
3169:Journals
2766:Chiefdom
2743:Polities
2629:a series
2627:Part of
2560:Trumpism
2501:Nativism
2481:Localism
2476:Jingoism
2324:Romantic
2275:Resource
2256:Hindutva
2244:Clerical
2239:Catholic
2200:Japanese
2159:populism
2150:Integral
2130:European
2113:Economic
2071:American
2054:Business
1976:Treasure
1951:Language
1946:Identity
1876:a series
1874:Part of
1796:endogamy
1704:conflict
1626:a priori
1537:a priori
1386:language
1379:homaimon
1367:Hellenes
1293:Bengalis
1269:Armenian
1265:Armenian
1180:language
1069:ta ethne
1061:oikumene
1037:period.
1019:ethnicus
1011:ethnikos
959:endogamy
947:adoption
900:folklore
888:language
884:homeland
857:religion
849:ancestry
841:language
837:identify
773:Journals
690:Feminism
476:Semiotic
416:Symbolic
411:Religion
346:Feminist
334:Economic
284:Cultural
238:Forensic
193:Maritime
188:Forensic
183:Feminist
158:Biblical
148:Aviation
113:Cultural
54:a series
52:Part of
8242:Related
7899:Kinship
7839:Endonym
7829:Demonym
7777:Oceania
7534:Salvage
7055:(1993)
6968:Sources
6818:culture
6726:7333314
6571:5 March
6475:Isee.nc
5851:Version
5557:2096302
4963:ὅμαιμος
4907:exotic.
4880:(1975)
4778:ἐθνικός
4756:2908006
4596:4574246
4169:Oceanic
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4103:Oceania
4001:English
3989:Germans
3963:Spanish
3959:mestizo
3869:Serbian
3854:nomadic
3823:Ireland
3807:Lapland
3792:Basques
3599:culture
3595:dialect
3292:Belgium
2874:Mandala
2707:Big man
2688:Age set
2295:Fascism
2222:Zionism
2165:Musical
2059:Welfare
2034:African
1916:Colours
1895:forming
1768:Trieste
1604:kinship
1490:Eriksen
1476:" and "
1452:" and "
1412:customs
1410:shared
1395:shared
1384:shared
1375:descent
1373:shared
1250:culture
1240:Mormons
1184:dialect
1050:heathen
908:cuisine
892:dialect
880:history
845:culture
628:Society
576:Culture
391:Musical
386:Museums
381:Medical
366:Kinship
319:Digital
294:Applied
86:History
81:Outline
7771:Europe
7685:Mexico
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7524:Online
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5113:p. 381
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3830:Europe
3776:Europe
3766:Tatars
3754:Russia
3727:, and
3625:, and
3525:Africa
3383:UNESCO
3365:(1904)
3308:France
3284:Africa
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2869:Negara
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2344:Ultra-
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2305:Nazism
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2212:Korean
2185:Racial
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2118:Ethnic
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2076:French
1971:Symbol
1926:Father
1921:Emblem
1911:Church
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1696:gender
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1188:script
1162:exotic
1131:racism
1107:nation
1046:ethnic
1030:people
1007:ethnos
996:ethnic
955:tribes
949:, and
904:ritual
861:nation
833:people
603:Gender
533:Holism
431:Visual
406:Public
309:Cyborg
279:Social
143:Aerial
123:Social
7914:Mores
7641:World
7544:Video
7424:Tribe
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6666:JSTOR
6630:(PDF)
6482:(PDF)
6028:S2CID
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5553:JSTOR
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752:Lists
633:Value
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426:Urban
376:Media
371:Legal
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7111:ISBN
7068:ISBN
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3674:(
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3665:(
3651:.
3580:)
3574:(
3569:)
3565:(
3561:.
3229:e
3222:t
3215:v
2686:/
2612:e
2605:t
2598:v
2161:)
2157:(
1718:"
1711:"
1706:.
1682:"
1675:"
1668:"
1661:"
1648:"
1636:"
1633:.
1620:"
1613:"
1311:.
1081:(
812:e
805:t
798:v
44:.
34:.
20:)
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