4472:. But according to an investigative report by The Associated Press published at 28 June 2020, the Chinese government is taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uighurs and other minorities as part of a sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have more children. While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice is far more widespread and systematic than previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor. The campaign over the past four years in the far west region of Xinjiang is leading to what some experts are calling a form of "demographic genocide". Ethnic minorities enjoy other special exemptions which vary by province- these include lower tax thresholds and lower required scores for entry into university. The use of these measures to raise ethnic minorities' human capital is seen by the central government as important for improving the economic development of ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities are represented in the National People's Congress as well as governments at the
3645:—but the Soviet definition of minorities did not cleanly map onto the Chinese people's historical definition of minorities. Soviet thinking about minorities was based on the belief that a nation consisted of people who spoke and wrote a common language, people whose culture was historic, and historic territory. Therefore, The people who inhabited each nation had the theoretical right to secede from a proposed federated government. This differed from the previous way of thinking mainly in that instead of defining all those under imperial rule as Chinese, the nation (as defined as a space upon which power is projected) and ethnicity (the identity of the governed) were now separate; being under central rule no longer automatically meant being defined as Chinese. The Soviet model as applied to China gave rise to the autonomous regions in China; these areas were thought to be their own nations that had theoretical autonomy from the central government.
1689:
4709:
that China has been engaged with since the Reform Era. These policies attempt to promote stability and legitimacy among the ethnic minority population through concerted efforts to involve them in the country's politics . Thus the authors argue this is why ethnic minorities enjoyed an advantage in the Reform Period. Other scholars add that the Party is eager to include ethnic minorities in the government because of the backlash that China has faced from the rest of the world concerning the way they treated Tibet and most recently the
Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Including ethnic minorities in the Party's leadership adds to the "United Front" that China wants to portray. Though they are included, it remains unclear as to what amount of influence they assert.
3579:
46:
4484:. These "regional autonomies" guarantee ethnic minorities the freedom to use and develop their ethnic languages, and to maintain their own cultural and social customs. In addition, the PRC government has provided preferential economic development and aid to areas where ethnic minorities live. Furthermore, the Chinese government has allowed and encouraged the involvement of ethnic minority participation in the party. Even though ethnic minorities in China are granted specific rights and freedoms, many ethnic minorities still have headed towards the urban life in order to obtain a well paid job.
4721:
3295:
1699:
3820:, there was a shift in official conceptions of minorities in China: rather than defining them as 'nationalities', they became 'ethnic groups'. The difference between 'nationality' and 'ethnicity', as Uradyn Erden-Bulag describes it, is that the former treats the minorities of China as societies with "a fully functional division of labor," history, and territory, whereas the latter treats minorities as a "category" and focuses on their maintenance of boundaries and their self-definition in relation to the majority group. These changes are reflected in uses of the term
4443:
3777:
4431:
3753:
to perform on television and radio in an attempt to reinforce the government's narrative of China as a multi-ethnic state and to prevent the culture of the minority ethnic groups from assimilating by the Han and the rest of the world. However, with the development of modern technology, these attempts brought little effect. In fact, many of those labeled as specific minorities bore no relationship to the music, clothing, and other practices presented with images and representations of "their people" in the media.
4705:
the 19th
Congress there are only 16 full time members who are ethnic minorities. While only 6 of the 55 ethnic minorities are represented in the Central Committee, the percentage of ethnic minority members in the Central Committee exceeds the percentage of ethnic minority population in China. Ethnic minorities only make up roughly 7.5% of China's population, whereas 92% are Han Chinese, the dominant ethnicity. Still the majority of ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in the Central Committee.
1672:
4491:) a programme introduced nationwide in 1999 whose number of participants had reached nearly twenty million by 2012. The nature of the selection process entails that the programme's providers be proactive and willing in seeking out impoverished prospective participants, as opposed to more comprehensive welfare schemes such as the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMI), which is universally implemented. As such, the selection process for participants in the
8001:
7596:
3661:
problem was posed with a comparison to
Chinese Buddhists, who were not considered a separate race. It concluded that the reason Chinese Muslims were considered separate was because of different factors like religion, culture, military feudalism, and that considering them a "racial minority" was wrong. It also came to the conclusion that the Japanese military spokesman was the only person who was propagating the false assertion that Chinese Muslims had "
3904:
8011:
7606:
3665:", which was disproved by the fact that Muslims in China were composed of multitudes of different races, separate from each other as were the "Germans and English", such as the Mongol Hui of Hezhou, Salar Hui of Qinghai, and Chan Tou Hui of Turkistan. The Japanese were trying to spread the lie that Chinese Muslims were one race, in order to propagate the claim that they should be separated from China into an "independent political organization."
3866:. The Chinese model for identifying and categorizing ethnic minorities established at the founding of the PRC followed the Soviet model, drawing inspiration from Joseph Stalin's 1953 'four commons' criteria to identify ethnic groups: "(1) a distinct language; (2) a recognized indigenous homeland or common territory; (3) a common economic life; and (4) a strong sense of identity and distinctive customs, including dress, religion and foods."
3870:
Chinese
Communist Party had unwittingly created a "dual structure" of governance in which the representation and identity given to recognized ethnic groups would increase ethnocultural differences and create social conflict. He recommended new policies of ethnic fusion and assimilation. These proposals made by Ma and others were controversial at the time but they would find a place at the heart of the policy of the
3617:, there was little attempt by Chinese authors to separate the concepts of nationality, culture, and ethnicity. Those outside of the reach of imperial control and dominant patterns of Chinese culture were thought of as separate groups of people regardless of whether they would today be considered as a separate ethnicity. The self-conceptualization of
3729:. An immediate difficulty was that identities "on the ground" did not necessarily follow logically from things like shared languages or cultures; two neighboring regions might seem to share a common culture, and yet insist on their distinct identities. Since this would lead to absurd results—every village could hardly send a representative to the
3801:'s Nationalist government that came to power in 1911, which also engaged in the common use of derogatory names to refer to minorities (a practice officially abolished in 1951). However, the Communist Party's categorization was also rampantly criticized since it reduced the number of recognized ethnic groups by eightfold, and today the
4465:
regions and the autonomous prefectures and counties set aside for minority administration, local states via the local people's congresses "have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics" of those areas.
4388:"Undistinguished" ethnic groups are ethnic groups that have not been officially recognized or classified by the central government. The group numbers more than 730,000 people, and would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China if taken as a single group. The vast majority of this group is found in
3695:), borrowed from Japanese during the Republican period, translates this Soviet concept. The English translation (common in official documents) of 'nationality' again follows Soviet practice; in order to avoid confusion, however, alternative phraseology such as 'ethnicity' or 'ethnic group' is often used. Since the
3749:) that had a surname considered to belong to a particular ethnic group, then one was awarded the coveted minority status. This had the result that villages that had previously thought of themselves as homogenous and essentially Han were now divided between those with ethnic identity and those without.
3943:
The degree of variation between ethnic groups is not consistent. Many ethnic groups are described as having unique characteristics from other minority groups and from the dominant Han, but there are also some that are very similar to the Han majority group. Most Hui
Chinese are indistinguishable from
3752:
The team of social scientists that assembled the list of all the ethnic groups also described what they considered to be the key differentiating attributes between each group, including culture, custom, and language. The center then used this list of attributes to select representatives of each group
3660:
were
Chinese or a separate 'ethnic minority', and the factors which led to either classification. It tackled the question of why Muslims who were Chinese were considered a different race from other Chinese, and the separate question of whether all Muslims in China were united into one race. The first
4704:
Since the People's
Republic of China was established, ethnic minorities have made up around 10% of the Central Committee, whereas the rest of the members are of the Han Chinese ethnic group. That being said, a majority of the ethnic minority members of the Central Committee are alternate members. In
3788:
post-1979, many Han acquired enough money to begin to travel. One of the favorite travel experiences of the wealthy was visits to minority areas, to see the exotic rituals of the minority peoples. Responding to this interest, many minority entrepreneurs, despite themselves perhaps never having grown
4708:
A study conducted by three scholars in 2012, "Getting Ahead in the
Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members", found that ethnic minorities had an advantage when being considered for promotion in Congress. They explain this phenomenon through the United Front policies
3979:
Much of the dialog within China regarding minorities has generally portrayed minorities as being further behind the Han in progress toward modernization and modernity. Minority groups are often portrayed as rustic, wild, and antiquated. As the government often portrays itself as a benefactor of the
3940:) is fixed at birth, a practice that can be traced to the foundation of the PRC, when the Communist Party commissioned studies to categorize and delineate groups based on research teams' investigation of minorities' social history, economic life, language and religion in China's different regions.
5595:
Despite tremendous diversity among this broad and dubious ethnic category, the Han became the personification of the new nation and a symbol of modernity and progress. The new
Communist Party leaders continued this project, presenting the Han peoples as the harbingers of modernity and progress, a
3869:
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union intellectuals and policymakers within China began to argue that the designation of minority groups could be a threat to the country. Violence in
Xinjiang and Tibet provided evidence for this argument. Beijing University professor Ma Rong argued that the
4464:
and laws guarantee equal rights to all ethnic groups in China and help promote ethnic minority groups' economic and cultural development. The constitution prohibits both discrimination and acts of disunity. Articles 115 and 116 of the constitution state that in the provincial level autonomous
5596:
beacon to the non- Han peoples of the political periphery who found themselves unwitting members of a new nation-state defined by clear borders (...) Ethnic minorities entered the national imagination as the primitive Other against which China's modern national identity could be constructed.
3744:
The actual census taking of who was and was not a minority further eroded the neat differentiating lines the social scientists had drawn up. Individual ethnic status was often awarded based on family tree histories. If one had a father (or mother, for ethnic groups that were considered
3733:—the social scientists attempted to construct coherent groupings of minorities using language as the main criterion for differentiation. Thus some villages with very different cultural practices and histories were lumped together under the same ethnonym. For example, the "
4495:
programme has generated a perception among observers of the scheme that this programme have been used to mitigate dissent and neutralize any threat to the government that could lead to unrest- including negative performance evaluations of local officials.
1076:
3919:
China is officially composed of 56 ethnic groups (55 minorities plus the dominant Han). However, some of the ethnic groups as classified by the PRC government contain, within themselves, diverse groups of people. Various groups of the
225:
7966:
3621:
largely revolved around this center-periphery cultural divide. Thus, the process of Sinicization throughout history had as much to do with the spreading of imperial rule and culture as it did with actual ethnic migration.
7561:
2338:
7976:
3789:
up practicing the dances, rituals, or songs themselves, began to cater to these tourists by performing acts similar to what the older generation or the local residents told. In this way, the groups of people named
3084:
1650:
7890:
2067:
1098:
3793:
or other named minorities have begun to have more in common with their fellow co-ethnics, as they have adopted similar self-conceptions in response to the economic demand of consumers for their performances.
7571:
2096:
1766:
7935:
2083:
3975:
of China have a Han majority. In Beijing itself, the Han ethnic composition makes up nearly 96% of the total population, while the ethnic minority total is 4.31%, or a population of 584,692 (as of 2008).
3936:, and practice a variety of different cultural customs. Whereas in many nations a citizen's minority status is defined by their self-identification as an ethnic minority, in China minority nationality (
4422:). However, if a newly naturalized citizen already belongs to a recognized existing group among the 56 ethnic groups, then he or she is classified into that ethnic group rather than the special label.
1604:
967:
3874:. Xi has shifted state policy towards assimilation in what he calls the "grand minzu fusion" or "the coalescing of blood and minds." The CCP under Xi has reacted to violence committed by a number of
1630:
1591:
404:
7971:
1617:
1088:
984:
198:
7930:
7835:
3761:
963:
4477:
3757:
2073:
207:
4473:
7940:
3980:
minorities, those less willing to assimilate (despite the offers of assistance) are portrayed as masculine, violent, and unreasonable. Groups that have been depicted this way include the
1992:
1660:
1635:
5530:
A tiny minority have made their displeasure known violently. China has reacted by building a vast network of prison camps and tossing perhaps 1m Uighurs into it for "vocational training"
7885:
7850:
7805:
3968:
1578:
180:
7785:
7765:
7715:
2991:
482:
7981:
7860:
7855:
1640:
726:
123:
7925:
7810:
1688:
7680:
4012:
The largest ethnic group, Han, according to a 2005 sampling, constitute about 91.9% of the total population. The next largest ethnic groups in terms of population include the
3094:
2773:
2410:
1154:
906:
6086:
7780:
7760:
7710:
7695:
5270:
Mullaney, Thomas (2004). "Ethnic Classification Writ Large: The 1954 Yunnan Province Ethnic Classification Project and its Foundations in Republican-Era Taxonomic Thought".
1447:
1164:
973:
216:
137:
5893:
Shih, Victor; Adolph, Christopher; Liu, Mingxing (February 2012). "Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China".
7986:
7905:
7865:
7840:
7730:
7720:
1552:
1411:
1213:
7825:
7790:
1911:
931:
778:
722:
298:
2807:
2383:
1281:
5930:
5373:
Oakes, Timothy S. (31 December 2017), Picard, Michel; Wood, Robert E. (eds.), "2. Ethnic Tourism in Rural Guizhou: Sense of Place and the Commerce of Authenticity",
2009:
4794:
2026:
1782:
439:
3972:
3099:
1203:
1149:
1072:
3797:
The categorization of 55 minority groups was a major step forward from denial of the existence of different ethnic groups in China which had been the policy of
3363:
within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2010, the combined population of officially-recognized minority groups comprised 8.49% of the population of
1124:
1112:
938:
316:
311:
306:
252:
3223:
2158:
2062:
1856:
1267:
1020:
684:
674:
189:
2677:
817:
387:
59:
3140:
2928:
2433:
1680:
1443:
751:
5991:
5556:
5183:
3027:
2148:
1792:
1718:
1252:
1030:
5956:
5816:
4755:
4461:
3992:. Groups that have been more willing to assimilate (and accept the help of the government) are often portrayed as feminine and sexual, including the
3523:
government in Taiwan, as of 2020, officially recognises 16 Taiwanese indigenous tribes, the PRC classifies them all under a single ethnic group, the
2138:
1523:
957:
862:
453:
293:
278:
4499:
The Chinese government has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities in Xinjiang.
6064:
4884:
3126:
1787:
1460:
762:
691:
680:
670:
6023:
3367:. In addition to these officially-recognized ethnic minority groups, there are Chinese nationals who privately classify themselves as members of
3144:
3104:
2448:
1655:
739:
432:
159:
3535:, 'high mountain') minority, out of reluctance to recognize ethnic classifications derived from the work of Japanese anthropologists during the
3964:
2859:
2241:
1645:
1183:
5078:
Michaud J., 2009 Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Vietnam and Laos : From History to Current Issues. Asian Ethnicity 10(1): 25–49.
4745:
4395:
These "undistinguished ethnic groups" do not include groups that have been controversially classified into existing groups. For example, the
2209:
1404:
893:
715:
105:
3495:, 'Chinese nation' or 'Chinese nationality') to reflect his belief that all of China's ethnic groups were parts of a single Chinese nation.
3130:
2479:
1370:
953:
4928:
3703:
does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which, after all, are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the
5506:
3332:
2343:
1416:
1025:
661:
548:
412:
5018:
1888:
1775:
1375:
1139:
735:
128:
7485:
2352:
2153:
1846:
1797:
997:
2896:
2876:
2173:
1724:
1144:
711:
382:
283:
84:
4418:
who are of foreign origin are classified using yet another separate label: "foreigners naturalized into the Chinese citizenship" (
7915:
7530:
7510:
4764:
3172:
2720:
2474:
1169:
552:
7725:
5785:
4784:
3200:
3136:
1399:
1358:
567:
561:
533:
340:
3458:
does not precisely match the Chinese or Soviet concepts (which are defined and regulated by the state), some scholars use the
3305:
5842:
5676:
5460:
5394:
5097:
5063:
4987:
4966:
Perry, Elizabeth J.; Selden, Mark, eds. (5 April 2010), "Alter/native Mongolian identity: From nationality to ethnic group",
4799:
3515:
or its variations, since it might suggest that Han people are not indigenous to Taiwan, or that Taiwan is not historically a
2619:
2568:
1864:
695:
540:
171:
5451:
Perry, Elizabeth J.; Selden, Mark; Uradyn Erden-Bulag. "Alter/native Mongolian identity: From nationality to ethnic group".
7642:
7235:
6057:
3079:
3059:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2881:
2360:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1174:
7192:
5200:
Mullaney, Thomas (2010). "Seeing for the State: The Role of Social Scientists in China's Ethnic Classification Project".
4834:
4468:
One notable preferential treatment ethnic minorities enjoy was their exemption from the population growth control of the
4383:
3678:
3425:
3368:
3164:
2982:
2977:
2263:
2257:
1438:
1394:
745:
329:
5410:
7320:
5351:
5010:
3228:
2952:
2852:
2690:
2634:
2298:
2292:
2109:
1698:
1159:
1059:
641:
1671:
7566:
5895:
3498:
The ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the PRC include those residing within mainland China, as well as
3266:
3248:
3233:
3205:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1905:
611:
66:
7775:
7770:
7665:
7525:
7430:
7202:
4774:
3960:
3564:
2458:
2280:
2194:
1999:
8035:
7895:
7870:
7685:
7675:
6050:
4865:
4839:
3886:
3817:
3325:
3109:
2494:
1825:
3578:
7735:
7535:
6073:
5055:
4804:
3898:
3606:
2761:
2285:
1965:
1597:
1536:
1134:
1116:
462:
20:
3805:(literally 'undistinguished ethnic groups') total more than 730,000 people. These groups include Geija, Khmu,
3555:
do not use this ethnic classification system, so figures by the PRC government exclude these two territories.
7875:
7830:
7800:
7700:
7480:
7445:
7400:
6037:
5626:
3730:
3681:' in the sense of ethnic groups (the concept is not to be confused with state citizenship). The Chinese term
1987:
1385:
1055:
142:
5180:
3490:
3405:
7900:
7815:
7795:
7670:
7370:
7365:
7260:
7105:
5587:
5031:
4829:
4481:
3630:
3499:
3372:
3195:
3032:
2866:
2756:
2735:
2600:
2587:
2120:
2031:
2021:
1955:
509:
355:
350:
71:
4072:
Ethnic minorities with low populations (fewer than 100,000 individuals) were not taken into account here.
45:
7945:
7880:
7845:
7750:
7690:
7490:
7465:
7380:
7360:
7310:
7280:
7270:
4735:
4455:
4278:
4092:
3539:. (Despite the fact that not all Taiwanese indigenous peoples inhabit in the mountains; for example, the
3187:
2847:
2321:
2315:
1960:
1675:
1565:
499:
477:
4892:
8040:
7820:
7755:
7576:
7455:
7450:
7330:
5378:
4911:
4155:
3536:
3503:
3318:
3243:
3213:
2945:
2842:
2331:
2308:
2273:
1921:
1898:
593:
5480:
5308:
Gladney, Dru C. (1994). "Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities".
7745:
7740:
7520:
7470:
7425:
7405:
7395:
7295:
4809:
3879:
3871:
3847:
3673:
Early documents of the People's Republic of China (PRC), such as the 1982 constitution, followed the
3633:. Their understanding of minorities had been heavily influenced by the policies of the Soviet leader
3594:
2506:
2453:
1882:
1380:
504:
394:
90:
78:
5977:
3652:, the American Asiatic Association published an entry in the 40th volume of their academic journal,
7657:
7635:
7495:
7410:
7390:
7275:
7265:
7252:
7228:
7167:
6486:
5996:
3925:
3388:
3154:
3047:
2786:
2715:
2703:
2489:
2230:
2214:
1692:
1129:
598:
370:
3955:
China's official 55 minorities are located primarily in the south, west, and north of China. Only
7540:
7475:
7440:
7375:
7355:
7345:
7305:
7290:
7285:
7030:
6385:
5113:
Ma, Rong (June 2010). "The Soviet Model's Influence and the Current Debate on Ethnic Relations".
5036:
4750:
4590:
4487:
Minorities have widely benefited from China's minimum livelihood guarantee program (known as the
4057:
4041:
3956:
3929:
3785:
3117:
2744:
2580:
2143:
2115:
2014:
1229:
1082:
526:
7581:
7500:
7460:
7435:
7415:
7350:
7325:
7315:
7300:
7018:
6746:
6456:
6164:
6094:
4779:
4759:
4654:
3276:
3238:
3042:
2827:
2820:
2766:
2563:
1970:
1931:
1892:
924:
262:
5644:
5014:
7420:
7385:
7340:
7335:
7244:
6758:
6135:
5964:
5732:
5668:
4789:
4740:
3813:
2915:
2751:
1277:
345:
335:
247:
242:
7197:
7172:
6470:
6031:
5608:
4132:
3158:
3150:
3069:
3022:
2986:
2970:
2708:
2501:
2163:
2055:
2004:
1545:
1495:
919:
588:
578:
448:
8:
7955:
7628:
7550:
7221:
7139:
4949:
3605:, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva;
3218:
3018:
2921:
2886:
2795:
2730:
2558:
2376:
1841:
1571:
1257:
636:
467:
114:
4060:(2.5 million). Minority populations have grown fast due to them being unaffected by the
3857:
3829:
3713:
3690:
3530:
3509:
3468:
3441:
3419:
7068:
7038:
6954:
6532:
6464:
5737:
5579:
5433:
5333:
5325:
5287:
5252:
5217:
4819:
4627:
4411:, but they reject these classifications and view themselves as separate ethnic groups.
3037:
2871:
2527:
2513:
1982:
1199:
1067:
1003:
977:
648:
626:
618:
427:
257:
24:
5704:
8010:
7605:
7100:
7061:
7043:
6256:
6103:
5912:
5868:
5759:
5682:
5672:
5514:
5456:
5437:
5390:
5337:
5291:
5256:
5221:
5093:
5059:
5006:
4983:
4540:
4442:
3764:
in 1964, with the Lhoba group added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the
3182:
2832:
2802:
2595:
2533:
2484:
2199:
1702:
36:
5583:
4430:
3776:
7118:
7095:
7048:
6965:
6876:
6643:
6633:
6577:
6566:
6239:
6215:
6123:
5904:
5797:
5709:
5571:
5425:
5382:
5317:
5279:
5244:
5209:
4975:
4769:
4615:
4508:
4469:
4188:
4163:
4061:
3933:
3614:
3586:
3122:
2739:
1731:
1323:
1263:
605:
420:
149:
5411:"Paradise under Construction: Minorities, Myths and Modernity in Northwest Yunnan"
7155:
7129:
7090:
7005:
6972:
6959:
6710:
6628:
6269:
6220:
6118:
5213:
5187:
5157:
5132:
3846:
in 1995. Similarly, the Central University for Nationalities changed its name to
3637:—and they also influenced the Communist regimes in the neighbouring countries of
3568:
3380:
3177:
2781:
1709:
96:
7177:
7160:
6986:
6931:
6790:
6785:
6728:
6668:
6613:
6431:
6425:
6415:
6326:
6305:
6154:
6149:
4844:
4599:
4572:
4415:
4356:
4045:
3981:
3746:
3725:
After 1949, a team of social scientists was assembled to enumerate the various
3657:
3482:
3447:
3364:
3360:
3052:
2641:
2605:
2575:
2519:
2168:
1623:
1541:
1509:
990:
494:
6944:
6825:
5908:
5386:
5248:
4699:
8029:
8004:
7599:
6913:
6899:
6865:
6837:
6819:
6773:
6767:
6705:
6693:
6583:
6356:
6349:
6343:
6320:
6184:
6173:
5916:
5575:
5518:
5283:
4979:
4947:
Moseley, George. "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question."
4684:
4619:
4576:
4544:
4318:
4253:
4228:
4218:
4013:
3989:
3949:
3790:
3734:
3634:
3516:
2683:
2267:
2100:
1529:
1332:
1305:
1291:
631:
375:
237:
7620:
5843:"Who Rules China? Comparing Representation on the NPC and Central Committee"
5686:
3768:
in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56.
3597:) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a
7134:
7110:
7074:
7053:
6979:
6949:
6939:
6906:
6891:
6831:
6805:
6720:
6541:
6506:
6494:
6394:
6370:
6363:
6314:
6294:
6280:
6264:
5429:
4824:
4726:
4649:
4623:
4556:
4400:
4293:
4268:
4263:
4203:
4106:
4037:
3997:
3719:
3696:
3674:
3662:
3649:
3626:
3583:
3451:
3299:
3271:
2610:
2540:
2249:
1470:
1362:
1339:
1312:
1104:
767:
3737:" ethnic group largely served as a catch-all for various hill villages in
8014:
7609:
6920:
6859:
6847:
6842:
6812:
6683:
6548:
6500:
6420:
6410:
6405:
6287:
6226:
6209:
6197:
6190:
6179:
6129:
6042:
5662:
4676:
4662:
4658:
4568:
4520:
4516:
4408:
4258:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4208:
4198:
4025:
3993:
3921:
3908:
3798:
3765:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3478:
3349:
2908:
2790:
2696:
2549:
2464:
2126:
2089:
2077:
1584:
1039:
854:
840:
365:
211:
163:
7213:
5235:
Kaup, Katherine Palmer (2002). "Regionalism versus Ethnic nationalism".
3432:' (as in ethnic group)—in line with the Soviet concept of ethnicity—and
1767:
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
7122:
6853:
6798:
6779:
6734:
6653:
6638:
6555:
6521:
6514:
6438:
6143:
6112:
5329:
4603:
4532:
4524:
4447:
4435:
4308:
4273:
4213:
4193:
4183:
4053:
4021:
4001:
3540:
2958:
2902:
2402:
2302:
2189:
1831:
1803:
1610:
1477:
1453:
1346:
1207:
985:
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
869:
824:
785:
771:
755:
702:
220:
184:
175:
153:
109:
100:
5817:"Periphery: Ethnic Minority Candidates for the 20th Central Committee"
4480:
levels. Some ethnic minorities in China live in what are described as
3903:
6445:
6245:
6233:
4971:
4668:
4580:
4564:
4404:
4313:
4303:
4033:
3704:
3548:
3459:
2837:
2662:
2440:
2425:
2398:
1915:
1298:
1233:
1092:
944:
885:
798:
573:
202:
5321:
3952:
are considered to be largely assimilated into dominant Han society.
6648:
6588:
6561:
4594:
4288:
3963:
have a majority population of official minorities, while all other
2964:
1753:
1735:
1558:
1502:
1271:
877:
834:
794:
193:
118:
4912:
When Does The Word 'Minority Nationality' Appear in Our Country?
6998:
6700:
6688:
6678:
6658:
6618:
6608:
6603:
6598:
5992:"How much of the NPC is composed of women and ethnic minorities?"
5698:
5696:
4885:"Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data"
4813:
4680:
4672:
4645:
4611:
4607:
4389:
4346:
4340:
4330:
4298:
4248:
4223:
4029:
3985:
3912:
3875:
3738:
3638:
3473:, 'ethnic group') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity. Including
2325:
5557:"Macho Minority: Masculinity and Ethnicity on the Edge of Tibet"
5375:
Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies
6992:
6885:
6663:
6623:
6593:
6571:
6476:
6203:
4692:
4688:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4552:
4548:
4528:
4512:
4502:
4361:
4283:
4017:
3806:
3590:
3520:
3429:
3384:
3376:
2626:
2417:
2390:
1219:
912:
899:
846:
809:
802:
583:
5702:
5693:
2411:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1412:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
7012:
6740:
6715:
6673:
6400:
6274:
5705:"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization"
5090:
The National Question: Decolonizing the Theory of Nationalism
4584:
4560:
4536:
4396:
4351:
4049:
3945:
3552:
3544:
3353:
3064:
2667:
5507:"Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough"
5155:
5134:
Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40
5130:
3756:
Under this process, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the
4700:
Ethnic Minority Representation in the leadership of the CCP
3642:
3625:
This understanding persisted (with some changes during the
5957:"Ethnic Minority Elites in China's Party-State Leadership"
5088:
Blaut, J. M. (1987). "The Theory of National Minorities".
3668:
2384:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
5450:
4765:
Demographics of China#Population density and distribution
4795:
List of Chinese administrative divisions by ethnic group
5869:"LibGuides: Chinese Ethnic Groups: Overview Statistics"
5003:
Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives
3924:
minority, for example, speak different dialects of the
6024:
Separate but Loyal: Ethnicity and Nationalism in China
3821:
3682:
3433:
3411:
3396:
1857:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
4916:
Bulletin of the History of the Tibet Communist Party
4716:
4425:
2678:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
226:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
5543:
Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation and Resistance
3944:Han Chinese except for the fact that they practice
3629:due to the importation of Western ideas) until the
2929:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
1165:
Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation
4446:Major Autonomous areas within Guizhou. (excluding
3809:, Mang, Deng, Sherpas, Bajia and Youtai (Jewish).
4434:Major Autonomous areas within Yunnan. (excluding
16:55 recognized ethnic minorities in Mainland China
8027:
5645:"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"
5481:"Beyond Xinjiang: Xi Jinping's Ethnic Crackdown"
5453:Chinese Society: Change, conflict and resistance
4377:
3885:In 2020 a Han Chinese was named director of the
3558:
3394:In Chinese, 'ethnic minority' has translated to
5703:AP’s global investigative team (28 June 2020).
5545:, Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
5474:
5472:
5052:Cultural encounters on China's ethnic frontiers
3105:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
5609:"MINORITIES IN CHINA | Facts and Details"
5190:, 4 December 1982. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
5181:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
4756:Demographics of the People's Republic of China
3907:The Long-horn tribe, a small branch of ethnic
2332:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
330:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
7650:
7636:
7229:
6058:
5892:
5783:
4746:China National Ethnic Song and Dance Ensemble
3834:) and its translations. The official journal
3760:in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the
3326:
2449:National Press and Publication Administration
1150:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
5469:
4914:," translated by Tibet Information Network.
4882:
4503:Religions and their most common affiliations
3506:. However, the PRC does not accept the term
3028:International Development Cooperation Agency
2480:National Radio and Television Administration
1646:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1376:National Development & Reform Commission
954:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
818:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
5627:"China & Mongolia Regional DNA Project"
5162:. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 182
4965:
1253:State Council (Central People's Government)
863:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
7643:
7629:
7236:
7222:
6072:
6065:
6051:
5303:
5301:
4929:Conclusion: Splendid China and Being Minzu
3333:
3319:
341:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
19:For a list of ethnic groups in China, see
7243:
5001:Landis, Dan, and Rosita D. Albert. 2012.
4933:Being Shaoshu Minzu in Contemporary China
3878:by the imprisonment of this group in the
3085:International Military Cooperation Office
2353:Office for Safeguarding National Security
998:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
356:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
5269:
5199:
4441:
4429:
4067:
3902:
3775:
3771:
3722:') to unambiguously refer to ethnicity.
3577:
3383:communities, as well as the much larger
3359:The PRC officially recognizes 55 ethnic
2897:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2877:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1725:National Defense Mobilization Commission
932:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
5730:
5724:
5664:The transformation of Chinese socialism
5554:
5541:Xiaobing Li, and Patrick Fuliang Shan,
5408:
5307:
5298:
5049:
3669:Distinguishing nationalities in the PRC
3173:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2242:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1922:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
346:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
8028:
6038:China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2016
5777:
5733:"China Sticking With One-Child Policy"
4785:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
3201:China and the World Trade Organization
3137:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2274:Public Security Organs People's Police
568:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
7624:
7217:
6046:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5656:
5654:
5372:
5354:. University of Texas Libraries. 1983
5352:"China - Ethnolinguistic Groups 1983"
5156:Hartford Seminary Foundation (1941).
5131:American Asiatic Association (1940).
5126:
5124:
5087:
4800:List of endangered languages in China
3780:Ethnolinguistic map of China in 1983.
2620:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2569:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2309:State Security Organs People's Police
1865:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1798:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1631:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
5234:
4961:
4959:
4943:
4941:
4935:. US: Boston College. via Mediakron.
4906:
4904:
4902:
4075:
3850:. Scholars began to prefer the term
3656:, concerning the problem of whether
3543:traditionally inhabit the island of
3060:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2882:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
7193:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
5660:
5478:
4883:Wang Guanqun, ed. (28 April 2011).
4835:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
4384:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
3165:National Immigration Administration
2210:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1847:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1605:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
406:General Principles of the Civil Law
13:
6016:
5954:
5804:
5651:
5121:
5112:
5030:Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011).
2953:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2635:Cyberspace Administration of China
642:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
8052:
5896:American Political Science Review
5866:
4956:
4938:
4899:
4816:designated for ethnic minorities.
4426:Guarantee of rights and interests
3601:priest engaging in a ritual at a
3371:, such as the very small Chinese
3206:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2063:Political Consultative Conference
1651:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1636:Science and Technology Commission
1592:Training and Administration Dept.
1439:Central Military Commission (CMC)
612:Scientific Outlook on Development
336:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
8009:
8000:
7999:
7604:
7595:
7594:
7198:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
6022:Tang, Wenfang and He, Gaochao. "
5032:"A Mysterious Stranger in China"
4775:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
4719:
3961:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
3892:
3573:
3565:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
3293:
2459:State Council Information Office
2281:State Immigration Administration
1697:
1687:
1670:
1618:Discipline Inspection Commission
1140:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
351:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
44:
5984:
5948:
5923:
5886:
5860:
5835:
5752:
5637:
5619:
5601:
5548:
5535:
5499:
5455:. Routledge. pp. 261–287.
5444:
5402:
5366:
5344:
5263:
5228:
5193:
5174:
5159:The Moslem World, Volumes 31–34
5149:
5106:
5081:
5072:
4840:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
4007:
3889:for the first time since 1954.
3887:State Ethnic Affairs Commission
3818:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3631:Communists seized power in 1949
3547:.) The regional governments of
3504:its sovereign claim over Taiwan
3110:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2495:China Global Television Network
2475:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2339:Bureau of Prison Administration
1899:People's Courts Judicial Police
1826:National Supervisory Commission
907:Office of the General Secretary
7967:British Indian Ocean Territory
7562:British Indian Ocean Territory
5931:"Uyghurs | Human Rights Watch"
5056:University of Washington Press
5043:
5024:
4995:
4921:
4876:
4858:
4805:List of ethnic groups in China
3899:List of ethnic groups in China
3838:changed its English name from
3607:Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)
3229:China–European Union relations
2721:Special administrative regions
1906:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1145:Financial and Economic Affairs
21:List of ethnic groups in China
1:
5784:Jackie Armijo (Winter 2006).
4851:
4591:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
4399:are officially classified as
4378:Undistinguished ethnic groups
3559:History of ethnicity in China
3249:China–United States relations
3234:China–Latin America relations
3095:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2691:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2434:Central Propaganda Department
2286:Local public security bureaus
1661:Offices Administration Agency
1170:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
5786:"Islamic Education in China"
5731:Yardley, Jim (11 May 2008).
5310:The Journal of Asian Studies
5214:10.1080/14631369.2010.510874
4830:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
3613:Throughout much of recorded
3500:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
3196:China and the United Nations
3100:CCP International Department
3080:Ministry of National Defense
3007:Diplomatic missions of China
2867:Taiwan independence movement
2588:Publishing industry in China
2121:United Front Work Department
1966:Regular Disciplined Services
1956:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1762:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1744:Ministry of National Defense
779:National Security Commission
619:Harmonious Socialist Society
510:Death sentence with reprieve
484:Administrative Procedure Law
7:
5137:. Asia Pub. Co. p. 660
5040:. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
4736:Affirmative action in China
4712:
4456:Affirmative action in China
4279:Taiwanese indigenous people
3822:
3683:
3434:
3412:
3397:
3188:Community of Common Destiny
2978:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2848:Republic of China on Taiwan
2258:Ministry of Public Security
1579:Equipment Development Dept.
746:Central Military Commission
10:
8057:
5379:University of Hawaii Press
4453:
4381:
3896:
3731:National People's Congress
3562:
3369:unrecognized ethnic groups
3354:People's Republic of China
3346:Ethnic minorities in China
2843:Political status of Taiwan
2293:Ministry of State Security
1993:Public Prosecutions Office
1793:Military reform since 2015
1405:Deputy Secretaries-General
1175:Social Development Affairs
1056:National People's Congress
594:Primary stage of socialism
562:Admission Oath (Article 6)
129:Current provincial leaders
18:
7995:
7954:
7914:
7656:
7651:Ethnic minorities in Asia
7590:
7549:
7509:
7251:
7188:
7148:
7083:
7029:
6930:
6875:
6757:
6531:
6485:
6455:
6384:
6336:
6304:
6255:
6163:
6102:
6093:
6080:
5909:10.1017/S0003055411000566
5387:10.1515/9780824865252-003
5249:10.1017/s0009443902000530
5050:Harrell, Stephan (1996).
4810:Minzu University of China
4419:
4126:Jilin & Liaoning Hans
3880:Xinjiang internment camps
3872:Xi Jinping administration
3856:
3855:
3848:Minzu University of China
3828:
3827:
3712:
3711:
3689:
3688:
3677:practice of identifying '
3529:
3528:
3489:
3488:
3467:
3466:
3440:
3439:
3418:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3224:China–Caribbean relations
2808:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2507:China Radio International
2454:China Film Administration
1641:Strategic Planning Office
1371:Cabinet-level departments
463:Intellectual property law
7716:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7311:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7168:Local ethnic nationalism
6087:recognized ethnic groups
5997:South China Morning Post
5576:10.1177/0097700405286186
5284:10.1177/0920203X04044685
4980:10.4324/9780203856314-17
4866:"Ethnic Groups in China"
3267:Administrative divisions
3048:Belt and Road Initiative
2745:Hong Kong SAR Government
2716:One country, two systems
2704:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2490:China Central Television
2000:Secretariat for Security
1676:People's Liberation Army
1417:most Central Enterprises
1160:Overseas Chinese Affairs
599:Four Cardinal Principles
7977:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7572:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5037:The Wall Street Journal
4751:Chinese nationality law
4655:Protestant Christianity
4482:ethnic autonomous areas
3957:Tibet Autonomous Region
3911:in the western part of
3862:, 'ethnic group') over
3521:Republic of China (ROC)
3239:China–Pacific relations
3118:Chinese nationality law
2010:Unitary Police Services
1667:National armed forces:
1083:Council of Chairpersons
939:Organization Department
671:National Party Congress
376:Socialist law tradition
253:Organization Department
8036:Ethnic groups in China
7245:Ethnic groups in Asia
7203:Historic ethnic groups
6074:Ethnic groups in China
5972:Cite journal requires
5790:Harvard Asia Quarterly
5430:10.1080/14631360301654
4910:Binggao, Jin. 1988. "
4780:Ethnic issues in China
4451:
4439:
3916:
3786:opened up and reformed
3781:
3762:second national census
3610:
3595:Eastern Iranian person
3508:
3244:China–Russia relations
3214:China–Africa relations
3043:China Development Bank
3019:Foreign aid from China
2860:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2828:Cross-Strait relations
2821:Cross-Strait relations
2774:Mainland & HK CEPA
2215:People's organizations
2022:Public Security Police
1971:Hong Kong Police Force
1932:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1883:Supreme People's Court
1788:Military modernization
1566:Logistic Support Dept.
299:Previous constitutions
172:Communist Party leader
67:Leadership generations
5800:on 28 September 2007.
5669:Duke University Press
5555:Hillman, Ben (2006).
5409:Hillman, Ben (2003).
5092:. London: Zed Books.
4790:Human rights in China
4741:Han Chinese subgroups
4445:
4433:
4068:List of ethnic groups
3906:
3814:breakup of Yugoslavia
3779:
3772:Reform and opening up
3758:first national census
3587:Chinese clay figurine
3581:
3563:Further information:
2916:Taiwan Affairs Office
2767:Independence movement
2752:Politics of Hong Kong
1988:Court of Final Appeal
1949:Prosecutions Division
1944:Department of Justice
1937:Court of Final Appeal
1693:People's Armed Police
1386:National Audit Office
1017:Provincial committee
248:Collective leadership
243:Democratic centralism
124:Current state leaders
79:Hu–Wen Administration
7891:United Arab Emirates
7486:United Arab Emirates
5593:on 6 February 2016.
3926:Hmong–Mien languages
3219:China–Arab relations
3151:Visa policy of China
3070:New Development Bank
3033:Ministry of Commerce
2796:Macau SAR Government
2709:Macau Liaison Office
2502:China National Radio
2185:Historical parties:
2005:Macau Security Force
1553:Political Work Dept.
1191:State representative
1135:Constitution and Law
920:Central Guard Bureau
589:Deng Xiaoping Theory
366:Chinese legal system
181:State representative
143:Orders of precedence
106:20th Party Politburo
85:Xi–Li Administration
7918:limited recognition
7513:limited recognition
5867:Solis, Jacqueline.
5796:(1). Archived from
5613:Factsanddetails.com
5237:The China Quarterly
5186:23 May 2006 at the
4950:The China Quarterly
4587:("Yellow Uyghurs").
4056:(3.1 million), and
3930:Tai–Kadai languages
2997:Diplomatic missions
2969:Secretary-General:
2887:Chinese unification
2731:Hong Kong Basic Law
2601:Internet censorship
2559:Censorship in China
2316:Ministry of Justice
1842:Corruption in China
1214:Presidential Office
853:Secretary-General:
736:Central Secretariat
637:Four Comprehensives
441:Labour Contract Law
371:Civil law tradition
208:Conference Chairman
97:4th Leadership Core
72:Succession of power
5955:Li, Cheng (2008).
5873:guides.lib.unc.edu
5738:The New York Times
5661:Lin, Chun (2006).
5513:. 9 January 2020.
5381:, pp. 35–70,
4820:Secession in China
4812:, a university in
4462:PRC's Constitution
4452:
4440:
4407:are classified as
4129:Lower Yangtze Hans
3917:
3784:However, as China
3782:
3611:
3519:. Also, where the
3352:population in the
3038:Exim Bank of China
2872:Anti-Secession Law
2762:Pro-democracy camp
2528:China News Service
2514:Xinhua News Agency
2068:National Committee
1983:Judiciary of Macau
1912:Procurator-General
1125:Special Committees
1073:Standing Committee
1031:Deputy secretaries
1021:Standing committee
964:Standing Committee
925:Central Guard Unit
723:Standing Committee
627:Xi Jinping Thought
584:Mao Zedong Thought
500:Capital punishment
478:Administrative law
217:Commander-in-chief
190:Head of government
115:14th State Council
25:Languages of China
8041:Ethnic minorities
8023:
8022:
7960:other territories
7618:
7617:
7555:other territories
7211:
7210:
6380:
6379:
5678:978-0-8223-3785-0
5462:978-0-203-85631-4
5396:978-0-8248-6525-2
5272:China Information
5099:978-0-86232-439-1
5065:978-0-295-97380-7
4989:978-0-203-85631-4
4872:. 26 August 2014.
4374:
4373:
4178:Ethnic minorities
4114:Heilongjiang Hans
3840:Nationality Unity
3343:
3342:
3282:Ethnic minorities
3183:Beijing Consensus
3123:Chinese passports
2963:Deputy Director:
2946:Foreign relations
2833:Chinese Civil War
2803:Politics of Macau
2596:Internet in China
2485:China Media Group
2424:Deputy Director:
2361:Urban Management
2110:Political parties
2097:Secretary-General
2084:Vice-Chairpersons
1818:Supervisory organ
1703:China Coast Guard
1537:Joint Staff Dept.
1448:supreme commander
1400:Secretary-General
1359:Secretary-General
1113:Secretary-General
1099:Vice-Chairpersons
876:Deputy Director:
831:Deputy Directors:
712:Central Politburo
692:General Secretary
681:Central Committee
541:Principal leaders
199:Congress Chairman
91:Xi Administration
87:(2012–2017)
81:(2002–2012)
37:Politics of China
8048:
8013:
8003:
8002:
7972:Christmas Island
7658:Sovereign states
7645:
7638:
7631:
7622:
7621:
7608:
7598:
7597:
7567:Christmas Island
7253:Sovereign states
7238:
7231:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7069:Tajiks (Pamiris)
6100:
6099:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6044:
6043:
6032:East–West Center
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5813:
5802:
5801:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5710:Associated Press
5700:
5691:
5690:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5586:. Archived from
5561:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5479:Leibold, James.
5476:
5467:
5466:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5415:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5197:
5191:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5047:
5041:
5028:
5022:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:Chang, Ntxheb. "
4925:
4919:
4918:1(19). p. 45 ff.
4908:
4897:
4896:
4891:. Archived from
4880:
4874:
4873:
4862:
4770:Dzungar genocide
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4616:Dongxiang people
4583:(minority), and
4470:One-Child Policy
4421:
4390:Guizhou Province
4076:
4062:One Child Policy
3861:
3860:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3803:wei shibie menzu
3717:
3716:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3534:
3533:
3494:
3493:
3472:
3471:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3300:China portal
3298:
3297:
3296:
2757:Pro-Beijing camp
2740:John Lee Ka-chiu
2397:Deputy Leaders:
2347:
2035:
2027:Judiciary Police
2018:
1776:Military history
1701:
1691:
1681:Theater commands
1674:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1473:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1324:State Councilors
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1258:Li Qiang Cabinet
1119:
849:
843:
837:
699:
606:Three Represents
579:Marxism–Leninism
505:Capital offences
395:List of statutes
150:Paramount leader
138:National leaders
48:
32:
31:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8019:
7991:
7959:
7950:
7931:Northern Cyprus
7917:
7910:
7652:
7649:
7619:
7614:
7586:
7554:
7545:
7526:Northern Cyprus
7512:
7505:
7247:
7242:
7212:
7207:
7184:
7156:Han nationalism
7144:
7091:African Chinese
7079:
7025:
6926:
6871:
6753:
6711:Sichuan Mongols
6527:
6481:
6451:
6376:
6332:
6300:
6251:
6159:
6089:
6076:
6071:
6019:
6017:Further reading
6014:
6013:
6003:
6001:
6000:. 11 March 2021
5990:
5989:
5985:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5805:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5760:"Ethnic Groups"
5758:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5701:
5694:
5679:
5671:. p. 101.
5659:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5590:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5540:
5536:
5523:
5521:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5485:thediplomat.com
5477:
5470:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5418:Asian Ethnicity
5413:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5322:10.2307/2059528
5306:
5299:
5268:
5264:
5233:
5229:
5202:Asian Ethnicity
5198:
5194:
5188:Wayback Machine
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5122:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5048:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4974:, p. 284,
4968:Chinese Society
4964:
4957:
4946:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4909:
4900:
4889:English.news.cn
4881:
4877:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4702:
4505:
4458:
4428:
4386:
4380:
4375:
4324:
4189:Chinese Koreans
4172:
4070:
4048:(5.4 million),
4044:(5.8 million),
4036:(7.8 million),
4010:
3901:
3895:
3774:
3697:anthropological
3671:
3658:Chinese Muslims
3615:Chinese history
3582:An 8th-century
3576:
3571:
3569:Racism in China
3561:
3452:anthropological
3361:minority groups
3339:
3310:
3306:Other countries
3294:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3277:Family planning
3262:
3254:
3253:
3210:
3192:
3178:Panda diplomacy
3169:
3114:
3091:
3076:
3015:
3003:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2907:Deputy Leader:
2893:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2787:Chief Executive
2782:Macao Basic Law
2778:
2736:Chief Executive
2727:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2629:
2592:
2555:
2443:
2428:
2420:
2405:
2393:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2341:
2328:
2305:
2270:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2231:Law enforcement
2220:
2219:
2204:
2178:
2080:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2029:
2012:
1979:
1961:Security Bureau
1928:
1918:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1875:Judicial organs
1871:
1861:
1853:
1838:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1783:Armed conflicts
1756:
1738:
1727:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1365:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1274:
1247:
1246:
1245:Executive organ
1241:
1236:
1210:
1193:
1192:
1155:Foreign Affairs
1111:
1095:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1014:
888:
880:
872:
857:
845:
839:
833:
832:
827:
812:
793:
788:
766:
758:
730:
690:
665:
664:
657:
621:
614:
570:
556:
555:
529:
527:Communist Party
519:
518:
491:
474:
401:
389:Legislation Law
362:
332:
321:
289:
288:
268:
267:
232:Related systems
166:
62:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8054:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8007:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7922:
7920:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7625:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7602:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7178:Zhonghua minzu
7170:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6776:
6771:
6763:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6206:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6106:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6028:Policy Studies
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
5983:
5974:|journal=
5947:
5922:
5903:(1): 166–187.
5885:
5859:
5834:
5823:. 11 June 2022
5821:China-US Focus
5803:
5776:
5751:
5723:
5692:
5677:
5650:
5636:
5618:
5600:
5570:(2): 251–272.
5547:
5534:
5498:
5487:. The Diplomat
5468:
5461:
5443:
5424:(2): 177–190.
5401:
5395:
5365:
5343:
5297:
5278:(2): 207–241.
5262:
5227:
5208:(3): 325–342.
5192:
5173:
5148:
5120:
5105:
5098:
5080:
5071:
5064:
5042:
5023:
5011:978-1461404477
4994:
4988:
4970:(0 ed.),
4955:
4937:
4920:
4898:
4895:on 2 May 2011.
4875:
4870:English.gov.cn
4856:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4845:Zhonghua minzu
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4714:
4711:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4666:
4652:
4643:
4597:
4588:
4504:
4501:
4454:Main article:
4427:
4424:
4416:mainland China
4382:Main article:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:Khalka Mongols
4354:
4349:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4089:Chongqing Hans
4087:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4024:(10 million),
4020:(10 million),
4016:(18 million),
4009:
4006:
3969:municipalities
3894:
3891:
3773:
3770:
3670:
3667:
3575:
3572:
3560:
3557:
3484:zhōnghuá mínzú
3481:used the term
3365:Mainland China
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:Related topics
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3148:
3134:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:Silk Road Fund
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2840:
2835:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:Zhuang Rongwen
2639:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:Great Firewall
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:Internal media
2576:Media of China
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:People's Daily
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:Reference News
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2072:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2024:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:Zhang Shengmin
1615:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1524:General Office
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1510:Zhang Shengmin
1506:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1431:Military organ
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1395:General Office
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1275:
1262:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:Vice President
1228:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Ethnic Affairs
1122:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1087:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
995:
994:
993:
991:Zhang Shengmin
982:
981:
980:
951:
950:
949:
948:
947:
936:
935:
934:
929:
928:
927:
917:
916:
915:
903:
902:
894:General Office
891:
890:
889:
884:Office Chief:
883:
881:
875:
873:
867:
860:
859:
858:
852:
850:
830:
828:
822:
815:
814:
813:
808:Office Chief:
807:
805:
792:Vice-Chairman:
791:
789:
783:
776:
775:
774:
761:
759:
750:
743:
733:
732:
731:
721:
708:
707:
706:
705:
660:
659:
658:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
624:
623:
622:
617:
610:
608:
603:
602:
601:
596:
586:
581:
576:
566:
564:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
537:
536:
530:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
507:
490:
489:
488:
487:
473:
472:
471:
470:
460:
459:
458:
446:
445:
444:
437:
425:
418:
410:
400:
399:
398:
397:
392:
380:
379:
378:
373:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
303:
290:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
178:
169:
168:
167:
158:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
112:
103:
88:
82:
75:
74:
69:
63:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8053:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8006:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:South Ossetia
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7646:
7641:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7536:South Ossetia
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7234:
7232:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7216:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7031:Indo-European
7028:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6694:Upper Mongols
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6386:Austroasiatic
6383:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6020:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5979:
5966:
5958:
5951:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5889:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5531:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5511:The Economist
5508:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5316:(1): 92–123.
5315:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:Kyrgyz people
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4370:
4363:
4362:Oirat Mongols
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4140:Shandong Hans
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:Jiaoliao Hans
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:(3 million),
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:(8 million),
4039:
4035:
4032:(8 million),
4031:
4028:(9 million),
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3938:xiaoshu minzu
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3893:Ethnic groups
3890:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:Minzu Tuanjie
3831:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3679:nationalities
3676:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:Joseph Stalin
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3574:Early history
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:Japanese rule
3532:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:part of China
3514:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3475:shaoshu mínzu
3470:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:'. Since the
3449:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3398:shǎoshù mínzú
3392:
3391:communities.
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Spokespersons
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:Ding Xuexiang
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Radio jamming
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:Wang Xiaohong
2265:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:Wang Dongfeng
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:State Council
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:Zhong Shaojun
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:Departments:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:Vice Chairmen
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:Wang Xiaohong
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:Zhang Guoqing
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:Ding Xuexiang
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:Vice-Premiers
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
992:
988:
987:
986:
983:
979:
975:
972:
971:
969:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
952:
946:
942:
941:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
914:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
897:
896:
895:
892:
887:
882:
879:
874:
871:
866:
865:
864:
861:
856:
851:
848:
842:
836:
829:
826:
821:
820:
819:
816:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
790:
787:
782:
781:
780:
777:
773:
769:
764:
763:Vice Chairmen
760:
757:
753:
749:
748:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
728:
724:
720:
719:
717:
713:
710:
709:
704:
701:
700:
697:
693:
689:
688:
686:
682:
679:
678:
676:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:
663:
650:
647:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:Chinese Dream
630:
629:
628:
625:
620:
616:
615:
613:
609:
607:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
569:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
542:
539:
538:
535:
532:
531:
528:
523:
522:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
438:
436:
435:
431:
430:
429:
426:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
402:
396:
393:
391:
390:
386:
385:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
331:
327:
326:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
264:
263:Civil service
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Unified power
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
224:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
165:
161:
157:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:(since 2017)
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7956:Dependencies
7886:Turkmenistan
7851:Saudi Arabia
7705:
7551:Dependencies
7481:Turkmenistan
7446:Saudi Arabia
7117:
7111:Kaifeng Jews
7067:
7060:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
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6830:
6818:
6811:
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6797:
6778:
6766:
6739:
6727:
6576:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6520:
6513:
6499:
6469:
6457:Austronesian
6444:
6437:
6430:
6393:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6325:
6313:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6244:
6232:
6225:
6208:
6196:
6189:
6172:
6165:Lolo-Burmese
6142:
6128:
6111:
6095:Sino-Tibetan
6082:
6027:
6004:22 September
6002:. Retrieved
5995:
5986:
5965:cite journal
5950:
5940:22 September
5938:. Retrieved
5934:
5925:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5878:22 September
5876:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:
5852:22 September
5850:. Retrieved
5846:
5837:
5827:22 September
5825:. Retrieved
5820:
5798:the original
5793:
5789:
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5764:China.org.cn
5763:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5736:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5708:
5663:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5588:the original
5567:
5564:Modern China
5563:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5529:
5522:. Retrieved
5510:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5484:
5452:
5446:
5421:
5417:
5404:
5374:
5368:
5358:20 September
5356:. Retrieved
5346:
5313:
5309:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5158:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5133:
5114:
5108:
5089:
5083:
5074:
5051:
5045:
5035:
5026:
5005:. Springer.
5002:
4997:
4967:
4948:
4932:
4923:
4915:
4893:the original
4888:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4825:Sinocentrism
4727:China portal
4707:
4703:
4650:Kaifeng Jews
4579:(minority),
4523:(minority),
4519:(minority),
4498:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4467:
4459:
4414:Citizens of
4413:
4394:
4387:
4368:
4323:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4152:Tianjin Hans
4146:Sichuan Hans
4137:Shaanxi Hans
4100:Guizhou Hans
4086:Beijing Hans
4080:
4079:
4071:
4011:
4008:Demographics
3978:
3954:
3942:
3937:
3918:
3884:
3868:
3863:
3851:
3844:Ethnic Unity
3843:
3839:
3835:
3811:
3802:
3796:
3783:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3726:
3724:
3720:ethnic group
3707:
3700:
3672:
3663:racial unity
3653:
3650:World War II
3647:
3627:Qing dynasty
3624:
3612:
3584:Tang dynasty
3524:
3507:
3502:pursuant to
3497:
3483:
3474:
3462:
3455:
3395:
3393:
3358:
3348:are the non-
3345:
3344:
3281:
3272:Hukou system
2611:Great Cannon
2548:
2541:Global Times
2539:
2532:
2518:
2463:
2362:
2250:Chen Wenqing
2116:CCP (ruling)
2088:Top-ranked:
2056:United front
1656:Audit Office
1471:Zhang Youxia
1381:Central bank
1363:Wu Zhenglong
1340:Wu Zhenglong
1313:Liu Guozhong
1105:Li Hongzhong
1103:Top-ranked:
768:Zhang Youxia
662:Organization
549:Constitution
495:Criminal law
483:
455:Property Law
454:
449:Property law
440:
433:
422:Marriage Law
421:
413:
405:
388:
294:Constitution
279:Constitution
29:
8015:Asia portal
7916:States with
7836:Philippines
7776:South Korea
7771:North Korea
7666:Afghanistan
7610:Asia portal
7511:States with
7431:Philippines
7371:South Korea
7366:North Korea
7261:Afghanistan
6955:Fuyu Kyrgyz
5935:www.hrw.org
5744:20 November
5667:. Durham :
5524:16 November
5243:: 863–884.
5115:Global Asia
5054:. Seattle:
4663:Lisu Church
4559:(including
4478:prefectural
4409:Han Chinese
4333:(sub)groups
4168:Yunnan Hans
4149:Taiwan Hans
4143:Shanxi Hans
4103:Hainan Hans
4081:Ethnic Hans
3948:, and most
3799:Sun Yet-Sen
3766:Jino people
3747:matrilineal
3699:concept of
3603:fire temple
3599:Zoroastrian
3479:Sun Yat-sen
3454:concept of
3426:nationality
3410:), wherein
2909:Wang Huning
2853:Taiwan Area
2791:Ho Iat-seng
2697:Xia Baolong
2550:China Today
2465:China Daily
2363:(chengguan)
2342: [
2248:Secretary:
2127:Shi Taifeng
2090:Shi Taifeng
2078:Wang Huning
2030: [
2013: [
1622:Secretary:
1585:Xu Xueqiang
1040:Party group
989:Secretary:
855:Wang Huning
841:Wang Huning
417:(From 2021)
212:Wang Huning
164:Peng Liyuan
8030:Categories
7896:Uzbekistan
7871:Tajikistan
7786:Kyrgyzstan
7766:Kazakhstan
7686:Bangladesh
7676:Azerbaijan
7491:Uzbekistan
7466:Tajikistan
7381:Kyrgyzstan
7361:Kazakhstan
7281:Bangladesh
7271:Azerbaijan
7161:chauvinism
7140:Pakistanis
7123:Chaoxianzu
6735:Sogwo Arig
6654:Muumyangan
6639:Khishigten
6487:Hmong-Mien
6439:Vietnamese
6083:Underlined
4852:References
4661:(70%; see
4474:provincial
4403:, and the
4160:Xiang Hans
4120:Hubei Hans
4117:Henan Hans
4111:Hebei Hans
4107:Hakka Hans
4097:Gansu Hans
3897:See also:
3812:After the
3741:province.
3541:Tao People
3510:indigenous
2959:Xi Jinping
2957:Director:
2920:Director:
2903:Xi Jinping
2695:Director:
2640:Director:
2625:Director:
2416:Director:
2403:Shen Yiqin
2377:Propaganda
2303:Chen Yixin
1832:Liu Jinguo
1830:Director:
1804:Xi Jinping
1611:Liu Faqing
1609:Director:
1596:Director:
1583:Director:
1570:Director:
1557:Director:
1546:Liu Zhenli
1528:Director:
1496:Liu Zhenli
1478:He Weidong
1454:Xi Jinping
1347:Shen Yiqin
1208:Xi Jinping
898:Director:
870:Xi Jinping
868:Director:
825:Xi Jinping
823:Director:
786:Xi Jinping
784:Chairman:
772:He Weidong
756:Xi Jinping
703:Xi Jinping
468:Patent law
434:Labour Law
428:Labour law
414:Civil Code
221:Xi Jinping
185:Xi Jinping
176:Xi Jinping
160:First lady
154:Xi Jinping
110:Xi Jinping
101:Xi Jinping
60:Leadership
7982:Hong Kong
7936:Palestine
7861:Sri Lanka
7856:Singapore
7736:Indonesia
7577:Hong Kong
7531:Palestine
7456:Sri Lanka
7451:Singapore
7331:Indonesia
7039:Armenians
6960:Ili Turks
6556:Dongxiang
6240:Qixingmin
6136:subgroups
6124:Chuanqing
6085:: the 56
5917:0003-0554
5847:MacroPolo
5519:0013-0613
5438:143987010
5338:162540993
5292:146596892
5257:154596032
5222:145787875
4972:Routledge
4669:Shamanism
4405:Chuanqing
4331:Mongolian
3965:provinces
3705:neologism
3701:ethnicity
3549:Hong Kong
3460:neologism
3456:ethnicity
3446:) means '
3424:) means '
3155:Hong Kong
3141:Hong Kong
3127:Hong Kong
2838:One China
2663:Hong Kong
2441:Li Shulei
2426:Li Shulei
2399:Li Shulei
1916:Ying Yong
1893:Zhang Jun
1889:President
1598:Wang Peng
1572:Zhang Lin
1488:Members:
1299:He Lifeng
1234:Han Zheng
1200:President
1184:Presidium
1093:Zhao Leji
1068:Elections
1026:Secretary
974:Secretary
945:Li Ganjie
886:He Lifeng
799:Zhao Leji
649:Democracy
574:Communism
409:(to 2020)
258:Elections
203:Zhao Leji
8005:Category
7926:Abkhazia
7876:Thailand
7831:Pakistan
7811:Mongolia
7806:Maldives
7801:Malaysia
7701:Cambodia
7600:Category
7521:Abkhazia
7471:Thailand
7426:Pakistan
7406:Mongolia
7401:Maldives
7396:Malaysia
7296:Cambodia
7130:Macanese
7101:Japanese
7062:Russians
7044:Iranians
6940:Altaians
6877:Tungusic
6649:Khuuchid
6644:Khorchin
6634:Kharchin
6589:Abaganar
6562:Hamnigan
6533:Mongolic
6465:Filipino
6270:Gyalrong
5716:1 August
5687:63178961
5584:53869758
5184:Archived
5019:archived
4713:See also
4595:Russians
4509:Buddhism
4345:Chinese
4289:Tibetans
4164:Yue Hans
4133:Min Hans
4093:Gan Hans
4046:Tibetans
4000:and the
3988:and the
3982:Tibetans
3915:Province
3816:and the
3609:, Italy.
3593:man (an
3448:minority
3389:Japanese
3381:Ili Turk
3023:to China
3011:in China
2983:Minister
2965:Li Qiang
2922:Song Tao
2901:Leader:
2682:Leader:
2389:Leader:
2322:Minister
2299:Minister
2264:Minister
2074:Chairman
1802:Leader:
1754:Dong Jun
1750:Minister
1736:Li Qiang
1732:Chairman
1559:Miao Hua
1503:Miao Hua
1444:Chairman
1272:Li Qiang
1089:Chairman
1002:Leader:
878:Li Qiang
835:Li Qiang
795:Li Qiang
752:Chairman
553:ideology
194:Li Qiang
119:Li Qiang
7901:Vietnam
7816:Myanmar
7796:Lebanon
7726:Georgia
7681:Bahrain
7671:Armenia
7496:Vietnam
7411:Myanmar
7391:Lebanon
7321:Georgia
7276:Bahrain
7266:Armenia
7149:Related
7119:Koreans
7096:Indians
7049:Nepalis
7019:Western
6999:Uyghurs
6900:Manchus
6791:Tai Nua
6786:Tai Lue
6759:Kra–Dai
6747:Eastern
6729:Monguor
6701:Onnigud
6689:Torghut
6679:Khoshut
6669:Dzungar
6659:Naimans
6629:Khalkha
6619:Jalaids
6609:Chahars
6604:Buryats
6599:Baarins
6578:Mongols
6567:Kangjia
6471:Gaoshan
6327:Tibetan
6306:Tibetic
6257:Qiangic
6216:Laomian
6155:Waxiang
6150:Longjia
6104:Sinitic
5769:7 March
5631:Eupedia
5330:2059528
4814:Beijing
4681:Ewenkis
4673:Animism
4646:Judaism
4612:Kazakhs
4608:Uyghurs
4573:Tibetan
4420:外国人入中国籍
4347:Mongols
4341:Buryats
4299:Uyghurs
4249:Manchus
4224:Kazakhs
4156:Wu Hans
4058:Koreans
4042:Mongols
3990:Mongols
3986:Uyghurs
3973:regions
3934:Chinese
3913:Guizhou
3876:Uyghurs
3739:Guangxi
3648:During
3639:Vietnam
3591:Sogdian
3525:Gāoshān
3435:shǎoshù
3356:(PRC).
2987:Wang Yi
2971:Wang Yi
2326:He Rong
1710:Militia
1266: (
1264:Premier
1218:Chief:
911:Chief:
534:History
7946:Taiwan
7881:Turkey
7846:Russia
7781:Kuwait
7761:Jordan
7751:Israel
7711:Cyprus
7696:Brunei
7691:Bhutan
7541:Taiwan
7476:Turkey
7441:Russia
7376:Kuwait
7356:Jordan
7346:Israel
7306:Cyprus
7291:Brunei
7286:Bhutan
7135:Nivkhs
7084:Others
7075:Wakhis
7006:Uzbeks
6993:Tuvans
6973:Kyrgyz
6966:Kazakh
6932:Turkic
6914:Oroqen
6886:Evenks
6866:Zhuang
6838:Qabiao
6820:Maonan
6774:Buyang
6768:Bouyei
6664:Oirats
6624:Jaruud
6614:Gorlos
6594:Aohans
6572:Khatso
6477:Utsuls
6432:Ta'ang
6357:Jingpo
6350:Derung
6337:Others
6321:Sherpa
6221:Laopin
6204:Kucong
6174:Achang
6119:Caijia
5915:
5685:
5675:
5582:
5517:
5459:
5436:
5393:
5336:
5328:
5290:
5255:
5220:
5096:
5062:
5015:p. 182
5009:
4986:
4760:Taiwan
4693:Derung
4691:, and
4689:Hezhen
4685:Oroqen
4657:— the
4640:Tatars
4638:, and
4636:Bonans
4632:Uzbeks
4628:Tajiks
4602:— the
4593:— the
4577:Zhuang
4553:Manchu
4549:Mongol
4545:Jingpo
4529:Bulang
4515:— the
4513:Taoism
4369:
4319:Zhuang
4284:Tajiks
4254:Maonan
4229:Kyrgyz
4219:Jingpo
4204:Evenki
4030:Uyghur
4018:Manchu
4014:Zhuang
3950:Manchu
3932:, and
3807:Kucong
3791:Zhuang
3735:Zhuang
3675:Soviet
3513:people
3430:nation
3428:' or '
3379:, and
3373:Jewish
2627:Cai Qi
2439:Head:
2418:Cai Qi
2391:Cai Qi
2125:Head:
1220:Cai Qi
1117:Liu Qi
943:Head:
913:Cai Qi
900:Cai Qi
847:Cai Qi
810:Cai Qi
803:Cai Qi
551:&
7987:Macau
7906:Yemen
7866:Syria
7841:Qatar
7821:Nepal
7756:Japan
7731:India
7721:Egypt
7706:China
7582:Macau
7501:Yemen
7461:Syria
7436:Qatar
7416:Nepal
7351:Japan
7326:India
7316:Egypt
7301:China
7173:Minzu
7054:Daman
7013:Yugur
6987:Tatar
6980:Salar
6950:Dolan
6921:Sibes
6907:Nanai
6892:Solon
6832:Mulao
6806:Gelao
6741:Yugur
6716:Sunud
6706:Ordos
6674:Khoid
6584:Abaga
6542:Bonan
6507:Hmong
6495:Gejia
6426:Pakan
6406:Kunge
6401:Bolyu
6395:Blang
6371:Tujia
6364:Lhoba
6315:Monpa
6295:Qiang
6281:Nakhi
6275:Mosuo
6265:Baima
5591:(PDF)
5580:S2CID
5560:(PDF)
5491:5 May
5434:S2CID
5414:(PDF)
5334:S2CID
5326:JSTOR
5288:S2CID
5253:S2CID
5218:S2CID
5166:8 May
5141:8 May
4624:Salar
4600:Islam
4585:Yugur
4561:Mosuo
4537:Jinuo
4493:dibao
4489:dibao
4397:Mosuo
4352:Daurs
4294:Tujia
4269:Qiang
4264:Nakhi
4050:Buyei
4038:Tujia
3998:Tujia
3946:Islam
3864:minzu
3852:zuqun
3823:mínzú
3727:mínzú
3708:zuqun
3684:mínzú
3589:of a
3553:Macau
3545:Lanyu
3463:zúqún
3413:mínzú
3385:Oirat
3377:Tuvan
3159:Macau
3145:Macau
3131:Macau
3065:BRICS
2668:Macau
2346:]
2159:CPWDP
2149:CNDCA
2034:]
2017:]
1542:Chief
1004:Li Xi
978:Li Xi
7826:Oman
7791:Laos
7746:Iraq
7741:Iran
7421:Oman
7386:Laos
7341:Iraq
7336:Iran
7106:Jews
6945:Äynu
6860:Yang
6848:Shan
6826:Nùng
6799:Dong
6721:Urad
6684:Olot
6549:Daur
6501:Miao
6421:Mang
6411:Khmu
6344:Deng
6288:Pumi
6227:Lisu
6210:Lahu
6198:Jino
6191:Hani
6185:Bisu
6180:Akha
6030:56.
6006:2023
5978:help
5942:2023
5913:ISSN
5880:2023
5854:2023
5829:2023
5771:2019
5746:2008
5718:2020
5683:OCLC
5673:ISBN
5526:2020
5515:ISSN
5493:2021
5457:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5360:2019
5168:2011
5143:2011
5094:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5007:ISBN
4984:ISBN
4758:and
4677:Daur
4659:Lisu
4557:Naxi
4541:Jing
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4476:and
4460:The
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3994:Miao
3971:and
3959:and
3922:Miao
3909:Miao
3654:Asia
3643:Laos
3641:and
3567:and
3551:and
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3406:少數民族
3387:and
2195:CDSP
2174:TDSL
2164:CZGP
2154:CAPD
2139:RCCK
1282:list
1268:list
1204:list
1077:14th
1060:14th
968:20th
958:20th
740:20th
727:20th
716:20th
696:list
685:20th
675:20th
383:Laws
317:1978
312:1975
307:1954
23:and
7958:and
7553:and
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6843:Rau
6780:Dai
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6026:."
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