3155:
149:
2853:
171:
2865:
2859:
3188:
2332:
2337:
454:
127:
1257:
Spindler, F., R. Wernburg, J. W. Schneider, L. Luthardt, V. Annacker, and R. Roßler. 2018. First arboreal ‘pelycosaurs’(Synapsida:Varanopidae) from the early
Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstatte, SE-Germany, with a review of varanopid phylogeny. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. doi:
428:
The group was originally considered a suborder of pelycosaurs or "mammal like reptiles", but it was redefined in 1997, and the term pelycosaur itself has fallen into disfavor. We now know that the eupelycosaurs were not in fact reptiles nor of reptile lineage - the modern term
1267:
Neil
Brocklehurst & Jörg Fröbisch (2018) A reexamination of Milosaurus mccordi, and the evolution of large body size in Carboniferous synapsids, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38:5, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1508026
1568:
553:
descended from a clade closely related to the sphenacodontids. They became the succeeding dominant land animals for the rest of the
Permian, and in the latter part of the
1544:
3293:
2550:
1339:"A redescription of Orovenator mayorum (Sauropsida, Diapsida) using high‐resolution μCT, and the consequences for early amniote phylogeny"
1560:
1462:
1486:"A Carboniferous synapsid with caniniform teeth and a reappraisal of mandibular size-shape heterodonty in the origin of mammals"
1597:
1421:
MacDougall, Mark J.; Modesto, Sean P.; Brocklehurst, Neil; Verrière, Antoine; Reisz, Robert R.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2018).
3288:
1325:
566:
1301:
1423:"Commentary: A Reassessment of the Taxonomic Position of Mesosaurs, and a Surprising Phylogeny of Early Amniotes"
3154:
1552:
170:
17:
1338:
2864:
539:
also had a distinctive sail on its back, and it probably served the same purpose - regulating heat. The
2852:
381:, representing just one of the many stages in the evolution of mammals, in contrast to their earlier
565:. All non-therapsid synapsids, including all basal eupelycosaurs, as well as many other life forms,
3246:
1676:
1618:
1305:
499:) to the early Permian, but they became progressively smaller as the early Permian progressed. The
517:, a large herbivore which had a sail on its back, probably used for thermoregulation and mating.
1703:
1590:
496:
39:
3260:
3208:
3056:
2858:
2331:
3255:
2963:
2937:
1470:
3021:
2989:
1497:
474:
8:
3079:
2336:
467:
366:
1501:
1318:
Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie – Encyclopedia of
Paleoherpetology, Part 17A Pelycosauria
3283:
3191:
2738:
2597:
1583:
1518:
1485:
1403:
973:
798:
410:
165:
2678:
2651:
1523:
1444:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1321:
774:
157:
148:
2708:
2447:
2307:
1950:
1513:
1505:
1434:
1379:
1350:
784:
518:
377:
277:
2774:
2617:
2557:
2417:
2373:
1661:
822:
645:
463:
418:
271:
479:
Many non-therapsid eupelycosaurs were the dominant land animals from the latest
3231:
3102:
3033:
2731:
2660:
2580:
2543:
2501:
2492:
2244:
2148:
2093:
2082:
2039:
1915:
1790:
1688:
1281:
1120:
894:
737:
682:
670:
657:
544:
488:
330:
325:
315:
233:
1383:
3277:
3176:
3045:
2804:
2796:
2717:
2667:
2637:
2627:
2564:
2424:
2382:
2179:
2164:
2137:
2116:
1978:
1971:
1887:
1448:
1439:
1422:
1391:
1293:
1104:
846:
761:
500:
492:
480:
458:
308:
77:
3181:
3171:
3135:
2995:
2952:
2926:
2788:
2724:
2529:
2515:
2508:
2431:
2403:
2130:
2046:
1985:
1929:
1922:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1815:
1527:
1399:
1297:
1060:
1023:
513:
414:
402:
371:
140:
135:
433:
is used instead. Some recent studies suggested that one of its subgroups,
3240:
3010:
2978:
2781:
2760:
2536:
2396:
2389:
2354:
2297:
2287:
2215:
2123:
2018:
1846:
1824:
1805:
1484:
Huttenlocker, A. K.; Singh, S. A.; Henrici, A. C.; Sumida, S. S. (2021).
1082:
1045:
877:
630:
605:
540:
434:
430:
406:
257:
250:
52:
1509:
1370:
Modesto, Sean P. (January 2020). "Rooting about reptile relationships".
3125:
3115:
3068:
2895:
2882:
2816:
2746:
2694:
2478:
2410:
2257:
2172:
2157:
2067:
2060:
2032:
1957:
1943:
986:
920:
550:
523:
484:
438:
300:
115:
97:
62:
1355:
398:
2912:
2767:
2468:
2193:
2053:
1964:
1908:
1901:
1839:
1769:
1756:
1715:
1606:
1420:
1000:
713:
592:
578:
508:
292:
215:
182:
102:
46:
3202:
511:
in the early part of the
Permian. The most renowned edaphosaurid is
3225:
2753:
2607:
2522:
2277:
2267:
2200:
2186:
2109:
2102:
1857:
1832:
1636:
1630:
696:
558:
554:
528:
453:
394:
202:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1936:
1645:
504:
382:
107:
82:
3085:
2075:
1624:
562:
561:, an advanced group of therapsids, gave rise to the first true
422:
358:
192:
126:
1483:
1894:
521:, a family of carnivorous eupelycosaurs, included the famous
421:. The only living descendants of basal eupelycosaurs are the
354:
350:
1575:
361:
and their closest extinct relatives. They first appeared 308
353:
of animals characterized by the unique shape of their
413:(instead of one that is as wide as it is long) and a
3131:
3121:
3111:
3042:
3007:
2975:
2949:
2923:
2908:
2705:
2690:
2648:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2489:
2474:
2464:
2370:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2015:
1802:
1786:
531:, and was the largest predator of the period. Like
417:with a wider connection to the upper margin of the
3275:
1477:
1287:
2369:
1660:
1302:Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids
1278:Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals
491:were common from their appearance in the late
2242:
1591:
1253:
1251:
1337:Ford, David P.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2018).
441:, leaving the other defined subgroup of it,
1598:
1584:
1336:
1248:
147:
125:
2893:
1517:
1438:
1354:
1310:
1767:
1561:"Main Groups of Non-Mammalian Synapsida"
1270:
452:
1571:from the original on December 10, 2022.
1369:
14:
3294:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
3276:
3207:
3206:
2880:
2352:
1754:
1617:
1579:
547:and may have had the same lifestyle.
527:, which is sometimes mistaken for a
543:family passingly resembled today's
409:synapsids by having a long, narrow
397:, animals whose skull has a single
375:and perhaps an even earlier genus,
24:
25:
3305:
1537:
572:
3187:
3186:
3153:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2335:
2330:
169:
50:
2353:
2881:
1455:
1414:
1372:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1363:
1330:
1261:
581:is modified from Huttenlocker
569:at the end of Permian period.
13:
1:
1755:
1605:
1242:
365:million years ago during the
1320:Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil,
448:
7:
437:, are really nested within
388:
369:epoch, with the fossils of
10:
3310:
1490:Royal Society Open Science
1427:Frontiers in Earth Science
1258:10.1007/s12542-018-0405-9.
472:
3215:
3166:
3151:
3100:
3067:
3041:
3032:
3006:
2974:
2948:
2922:
2904:
2889:
2876:
2849:
2815:
2704:
2686:
2677:
2647:
2589:
2578:
2488:
2460:
2456:
2445:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2328:
2238:
2214:
2147:
2092:
2027:
2014:
2003:
1856:
1814:
1801:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1750:
1714:
1696:
1687:
1669:
1656:
1613:
1565:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1384:10.1038/s41559-019-1074-0
1117:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1021:
1014:
997:
990:
970:
917:
891:
874:
867:
860:
843:
836:
819:
812:
795:
788:
778:
758:
751:
734:
727:
710:
693:
686:
668:
661:
643:
628:
621:
603:
596:
401:behind the eye. They are
246:
241:
166:Scientific classification
164:
155:
146:
133:
124:
34:
3289:Tetrapod unranked clades
1440:10.3389/feart.2018.00099
1306:Tree of Life Web Project
139:skeleton mounted at the
1343:Papers in Palaeontology
470:
462:belongs to the family
3256:Paleobiology Database
557:, descendants of the
456:
136:Edaphosaurus pogonias
1316:Reisz, R. R., 1986,
507:, were the dominant
475:Evolution of mammals
1510:10.1098/rsos.211237
1502:2021RSOS....811237H
468:Early Pennsylvanian
466:and appears in the
367:Early Pennsylvanian
357:, encompassing all
1276:Kemp. T.S., 1982,
974:Shashajaia bermani
483:to the end of the
471:
445:, as its synonym.
411:supratemporal bone
393:Eupelycosaurs are
158:Cutleria wilmarthi
27:Clade of synapsids
3271:
3270:
3209:Taxon identifiers
3200:
3199:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3096:
3095:
2872:
2871:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2679:Sphenacodontoidea
2652:Palaeohatteriidae
2574:
2573:
2441:
2440:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2234:
2233:
2210:
2209:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1473:on 13 March 2006.
1356:10.1002/spp2.1236
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
906:
905:
775:Sphenacodontoidea
503:, along with the
344:
343:
321:
287:
267:
237:
119:
16:(Redirected from
3301:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3204:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3157:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3009:
2977:
2951:
2925:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2709:Sphenacodontidae
2707:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2650:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2491:
2476:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2448:Haptodontiformes
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2308:Protoclepsydrops
2305:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2011:
1951:Lalieudorhynchus
1812:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1694:
1693:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1615:
1614:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1556:
1551:. Archived from
1545:"Eupelycosauria"
1532:
1531:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1469:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1098:
1097:
1076:
1075:
1039:
1038:
1017:
1016:
993:
992:
870:
869:
863:
862:
839:
838:
815:
814:
791:
790:
785:Sphenacodontidae
781:
780:
754:
753:
730:
729:
689:
688:
664:
663:
624:
623:
599:
598:
589:
588:
378:Protoclepsydrops
364:
320:Ivakhnenko, 2003
319:
281:
278:Haptodontiformes
261:
232:
174:
173:
151:
129:
113:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3158:
3141:
3092:
3063:
3028:
3002:
2970:
2944:
2918:
2898:
2885:
2868:
2831:
2811:
2775:Secodontosaurus
2700:
2673:
2643:
2618:Hypselohaptodus
2583:
2570:
2558:Remigiomontanus
2484:
2450:
2437:
2418:Stereophallodon
2374:Ophiacodontidae
2357:
2340:
2314:
2230:
2206:
2143:
2088:
2008:
1991:
1852:
1797:
1772:
1759:
1730:
1710:
1683:
1677:Tetrapodomorpha
1662:Tetrapodomorpha
1652:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1559:
1555:on May 3, 2006.
1543:
1540:
1535:
1482:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1419:
1415:
1368:
1364:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
960:
951:
942:
933:
907:
823:Secodontosaurus
646:Ophiacodontidae
575:
545:monitor lizards
519:Sphenacodontids
477:
464:Ophiacodontidae
451:
391:
362:
272:Ophiacodontidae
231:
168:
120:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3247:Eupelycosauria
3237:
3221:
3219:
3217:Eupelycosauria
3213:
3212:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3103:Incertae sedis
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3036:
3034:Eutheriodontia
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2732:Ctenospondylus
2728:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2661:Palaeohatteria
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2581:Sphenacodontia
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2544:Melanedaphodon
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2502:Bohemiclavulus
2497:
2495:
2493:Edaphosauridae
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2461:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2250:
2248:
2245:Incertae sedis
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2149:Varanodontinae
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2094:Mesenosaurinae
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2083:Thrausmosaurus
2079:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2040:Archaeovenator
2036:
2028:
2022:
2009:
2006:Eupelycosauria
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1916:Cotylorhynchus
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:Diadectomorpha
1783:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
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1538:External links
1536:
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1496:(12): 211237.
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1349:(2): 197–239.
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683:Sphenacodontia
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622:
620:
618:Eupelycosauria
614:
613:
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587:
577:The following
574:
573:Classification
571:
567:became extinct
489:Ophiacodontids
450:
447:
390:
387:
347:Eupelycosauria
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
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331:Sphenacodontia
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326:Edaphosauridae
316:Sphenacomorpha
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229:Eupelycosauria
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37:
35:Eupelycosauria
26:
9:
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3:
2:
3306:
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3222:
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3177:Phthinosuchia
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3087:
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3057:Therocephalia
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3046:Therocephalia
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3023:
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2807:
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2805:Tetraceratops
2802:
2799:
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2797:Tappenosaurus
2794:
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2718:Cryptovenator
2715:
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2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
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2669:
2668:Pantelosaurus
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2638:Tetraceratops
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:Kenomagnathus
2622:
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2610:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2591:
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2565:Xyrospondylus
2562:
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2383:Archaeothyris
2380:
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2180:Tambacarnifex
2177:
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2167:
2166:
2165:Mycterosaurus
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2138:Microvaranops
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
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2117:Elliotsmithia
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1988:
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1326:3-89937-032-5
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1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1115:
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1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:Therocephalia
1100:
1099:
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1077:
1071:
1070:
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847:Cryptovenator
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829:
826:
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824:
817:
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810:
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793:
792:
786:
783:
782:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:Pantelosaurus
756:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
732:
731:
725:
724:
721:
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708:
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703:
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619:
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586:
584:
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548:
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542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
501:edaphosaurids
498:
497:Pennsylvanian
494:
493:Carboniferous
490:
486:
485:Early Permian
482:
481:Carboniferous
476:
469:
465:
461:
460:
459:Archaeothyris
455:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:distinguished
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
360:
356:
352:
348:
332:
329:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
313:
311:
310:
309:Kenomagnathus
305:
303:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
288:
285:
280:
279:
275:
273:
269:
268:
265:
260:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:
245:
240:
235:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
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184:
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178:
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172:
167:
163:
160:
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154:
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145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
123:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
40:Pennsylvanian
33:
30:
19:
3216:
3182:Theriodontia
3172:Pelycosauria
3136:Niaftasuchus
3134:
3124:
3114:
3101:
2964:Dinocephalia
2953:Dinocephalia
2938:Biarmosuchia
2927:Biarmosuchia
2911:
2856:
2803:
2795:
2789:Steppesaurus
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2725:Ctenorhachis
2723:
2716:
2693:
2666:
2659:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2530:Ianthasaurus
2528:
2521:
2516:Glaucosaurus
2514:
2509:Edaphosaurus
2507:
2500:
2477:
2467:
2432:Varanosaurus
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2404:Echinerpeton
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2243:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2131:Mesenosaurus
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2047:Ascendonanus
2045:
2038:
2031:
2005:
1986:Trichasaurus
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1930:Ennatosaurus
1928:
1923:Datheosaurus
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1881:Arisierpeton
1879:
1874:Angelosaurus
1872:
1867:Alierasaurus
1865:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1816:Eothyrididae
1789:
1641:
1635:Superclass:
1564:
1553:the original
1548:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1378:(1): 10–11.
1375:
1371:
1365:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1317:
1312:
1298:Reisz, R. R.
1289:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1118:
1103:
1081:
1061:Biarmosuchia
1059:
1044:
1024:Dinocephalia
1022:
999:
998:
972:
971:
919:
918:
893:
892:
876:
875:
845:
844:
821:
820:
797:
796:
760:
759:
736:
735:
712:
711:
695:
694:
669:
644:
629:
617:
604:
582:
576:
549:
536:
533:Edaphosaurus
532:
522:
514:Edaphosaurus
512:
478:
457:
442:
427:
415:frontal bone
407:Caseasaurian
392:
376:
372:Echinerpeton
370:
346:
345:
314:
307:
299:
291:
283:
276:
263:
256:
228:
222:
209:
156:
141:Field Museum
134:
29:
18:Eupelycosaur
3241:Wikispecies
3022:Gorgonopsia
3011:Gorgonopsia
2996:dicynodonts
2990:Anomodontia
2979:Anomodontia
2782:Sphenacodon
2761:Macromerion
2551:Ramodendron
2537:Lupeosaurus
2397:Clepsydrops
2390:Baldwinonus
2355:Metopophora
2298:Mastersonia
2288:Knoxosaurus
2216:Metopophora
2124:Heleosaurus
2019:Varanopidae
1847:Vaughnictis
1825:Asaphestera
1806:Caseasauria
1463:"Synapsida"
1083:Gorgonopsia
1046:Anomodontia
878:Sphenacodon
631:Varanopidae
606:Caseasauria
443:Metopophora
435:Varanopidae
431:stem mammal
385:ancestors.
349:is a large
258:Metopophora
251:Varanopidae
45:308–0
3278:Categories
3170:See also:
3126:Kamagorgon
3116:Dinosaurus
3080:Cynodontia
3069:Cynodontia
2896:Therapsida
2883:Therapsida
2826:see below↓
2817:Therapsida
2747:Dimetrodon
2695:Shashajaia
2479:Milosaurus
2411:Ophiacodon
2258:Dimacrodon
2225:see below↓
2173:Ruthiromia
2158:Aerosaurus
2068:Nitosaurus
2061:Dendromaia
2033:Apsisaurus
1958:Martensius
1944:Euromycter
1725:see below↓
1294:Laurin, M.
1284:, New York
1243:References
987:Therapsida
921:Dimetrodon
585:. (2021):
551:Therapsids
537:Dimetrodon
524:Dimetrodon
509:herbivores
473:See also:
439:sauropsids
301:Milosaurus
242:Subgroups
116:Bashkirian
3284:Synapsids
3084:includes
2994:includes
2913:Raranimus
2768:Neosaurus
2469:Ianthodon
2194:Varanodon
2054:Eoscansor
1965:Oromycter
1909:Caseopsis
1902:Caseoides
1840:Oedaleops
1770:Synapsida
1757:Synapsida
1716:Synapsida
1637:Tetrapoda
1623:Kingdom:
1607:Synapsida
1449:2296-6463
1408:209672518
1392:2397-334X
1001:Raranimus
714:Ianthodon
593:Synapsida
579:cladogram
559:cynodonts
541:varanopid
449:Evolution
405:from the
395:synapsids
293:Ianthodon
282:Spindler
262:Spindler
216:Synapsida
189:Kingdom:
183:Eukaryota
114:Possible
42:–Recent,
3232:Q1349838
3226:Wikidata
3192:Category
2754:Eosyodon
2739:Cutleria
2608:Haptodus
2598:Cutleria
2523:Gordodon
2278:Gorgodon
2268:Driveria
2201:Watongia
2187:Varanops
2110:Cabarzia
2103:Anningia
1858:Caseidae
1833:Eothyris
1631:Chordata
1629:Phylum:
1625:Animalia
1569:Archived
1528:34925870
1400:31900449
1300:, 1997,
799:Cutleria
697:Haptodus
555:Triassic
529:dinosaur
389:Taxonomy
203:Chordata
199:Phylum:
193:Animalia
179:Domain:
118:records.
3086:mammals
1937:Eocasea
1646:Amniota
1519:8672069
1498:Bibcode
1467:Palaeos
563:mammals
505:caseids
487:epoch.
423:mammals
399:opening
383:amniote
359:mammals
2076:Pyozia
1549:Paleos
1526:
1516:
1447:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1324:
363:
286:, 2018
284:et al.
266:, 2018
264:et al.
236:, 1982
3261:91793
1895:Casea
1642:Clade
1404:S2CID
583:et al
419:orbit
355:skull
351:clade
223:Clade
210:Clade
3078:see
3055:see
3020:see
2988:see
2962:see
2936:see
1702:see
1675:see
1524:PMID
1445:ISSN
1396:PMID
1388:ISSN
1322:ISBN
1296:and
234:Kemp
53:PreꞒ
1514:PMC
1506:doi
1435:doi
1380:doi
1351:doi
1119:to
3280::
3258::
3243::
3228::
1644::
1567:.
1563:.
1547:.
1522:.
1512:.
1504:.
1492:.
1488:.
1465:.
1443:.
1433:.
1429:.
1425:.
1402:.
1394:.
1386:.
1374:.
1345:.
1341:.
1304:-
1280:.
1250:^
535:,
425:.
225::
212::
103:Pg
47:Ma
3132:†
3122:†
3112:†
3043:†
3008:†
2976:†
2950:†
2924:†
2909:†
2808:?
2800:?
2792:?
2742:?
2706:†
2691:†
2649:†
2634:†
2624:†
2614:†
2604:†
2594:†
2490:†
2475:†
2465:†
2371:†
2311:?
2304:†
2294:†
2284:†
2274:†
2264:†
2254:†
2168:?
2071:?
2021:?
2016:†
1828:?
1808:?
1803:†
1794:?
1787:†
1599:e
1592:t
1585:v
1530:.
1508::
1500::
1494:8
1451:.
1437::
1431:6
1410:.
1382::
1376:4
1359:.
1353::
1347:5
495:(
324:†
306:†
298:†
290:†
270:†
253:?
249:†
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
20:)
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