History of colonialism

2149: 667: 2467: 2057: 1949: 47: 1597: 945: 1745: 2596: 2137: 1260: 2812: 2555: 2016: 1416: 1215: 602: 549: 2857: 651: 1328:. These writers, who generally supported the Caucasian fight for liberation, went beyond the chauvinism of the colonial autocracy and rendered the Caucasian peoples' cultures accessible to the Russian intelligentsia. At the same time, Russian culture exerted an influence on Caucasian cultures, bolstering positive aspects while weakening the impact of the Caucasian peoples' reactionary feudalism and reducing the internecine fighting between tribes and clans. 2699: 376: 39: 2791:(Egypt) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the United States nor the Soviet Union, but finally tilted towards the Soviet Union, while smaller independence movements, both by strategic necessity and ideological choice, were supported either by Moscow or by Beijing. Few independence movements were totally independent of foreign aid. In the 1960s and 1970s, 1619:

earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the Americas, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to

1089: 2361:. However, it was soon brought within British India, of which it remained a part until 1937. Burma was governed as a province of India, not considered very important, and barely any accommodation was made to Burmese political culture or sensitivities. As reforms began to move India towards independence, Burma was simply dragged along. 2357:. Burma had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years, however, it was always considered an "imperial backwater". This accounts for the fact that Burma does not have an obvious colonial legacy and is not a part of the Commonwealth. In the beginning, in the mid-1820s, Burma was administered from Penang in Britain's 2080:." The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions, and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government. 2487:: this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power, and led to widespread fears among European populations. During the first part of the 20th century, while China was still subject to various European imperialisms, Japan became an imperialist power, conquering what it called a " 841:), so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged. In the Western Hemisphere, the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers, soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive (as perceived by Old World standards) 993:) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements. Later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own, primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests, such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada, or islands in the Caribbean, such as 2627:

declared that the signatories would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". Though Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation, rather than the British Empire, the words were not so easily retracted:

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Like the other European colonists, the French began their colonization via commercial activities, starting with the establishment of a factory in Surat in 1668. The French started to settle down in India in 1673, beginning with the purchase of land at Chandernagore from the Mughal Governor of Bengal,

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in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing

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the culture of Russia and that of the Caucasian peoples interacted in a reciprocally beneficial manner. The turbulent tenor of life in the Caucasus, the mountain peoples' love of freedom, and their willingness to die for independence were felt far beyond the local interaction of the Caucasian peoples

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However, the English, French and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese, and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish, trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at a massive

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voyage). The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one's faith but to start a new society afresh, structured according to the colonist's wishes. The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the English, who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French

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and the Philippines, parts of which the Portuguese had already explored, sailing from the Indian Ocean. The two by now global empires, which had set out from opposing directions, had finally met on the other side of the world. The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the

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is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial,

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From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one

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Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they have not

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By the early eighteenth century, the French had become the chief European rivals of the British. During the eighteenth century, it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control, but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War (1756–1763) permanently

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brought between 10 and 12 million black African slaves to the New World. The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent, ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it.

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on the Spanish throne, the main tie between the metropole and its colonies in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy, had been cut, leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country. With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years

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and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil. Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labor, plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labour-intensive crops. They turned to the centuries-old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the

398:. The Portuguese started the long age of European colonization with the conquest of Ceuta, Morocco in 1415, and the conquest and discovery of other African territories and islands, this would also start the movement known as the Age of Discoveries. The Spanish and Portuguese launched the 2083:

During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the

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Commentators have identified three broad waves of European colonial and imperial expansion, connected with specific territories. The first targeted the Americas, North and South, as well as the Caribbean. The second focused on Asia, while the third wave extended European control into

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The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498. Soon after this, other explorers, traders and missionaries followed. By 1515, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the

1813:, defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at 2537:

followed in 1937, drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II (see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism). The

1648:, was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil. Unlike Spain's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favor of republicanism, Brazil, therefore, retained its links with its monarchy, the 984:

It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers, primarily the Netherlands, France and England: the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to

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concerns, as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies, led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East. However, China's appearance on the world scene, under the leadership of

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For Japan, the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of internal turmoil succeeded by a period of rapid development. After being closed for centuries to Western influence, Japan was forced by the United States to open itself to the West during the

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that dominated the region's economies until the 1970s, and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich, enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region. During the 1920 and 1930s

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Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires, the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization. France thus received financial support in the

1531:, and all royal officials were expelled. On their own the Patriots captured a British Invasion army and France recognized the new nation, formed a military alliance, declared war on Britain, and left the superpower without any major ally. The 4026: 1643:

to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro. For thirteen years, Portugal was ruled from Brazil (the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole) until his return to Portugal in 1821. His son,

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With the final revision of treaties in 1894, Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states. From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy.

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The expansion achieved by Spain and Portugal caught the attention of Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The entrance of these three powers into the Caribbean and North America perpetuated European colonialism in these regions.

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disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in

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During the 16th century the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans. Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as

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followed by the acquisition of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur the next year. Both became the centers of the maritime commercial activities that the French conducted in India. The French also had trading posts in Mahe,

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As characteristically happens in any colonialism, European or not, previous or subsequent, both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies: the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as

1614:(1701–14), as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions. The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. With the installation of his brother 354:

There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions from colonized areas shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated central powers in

2483:(1868–1912), characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture (in law, science, etc.) This, in turn, helped make Japan the modern power that it is now, which was symbolized as soon as the 1904–1905 1012:(many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labor), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the 1921:

started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone. Despite persistent diseases and famines, however, the population of the

2095:(1884–1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France, and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of 2112:("Pangermanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security. 1579:

after the United States. Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the

4010: 2861: 829:(Colombia). In Asia, the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies, and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes (such as 1308:

and coresident Russians: they injected a potent new spirit into the thinking and creative work of Russia's progressives, strengthened the liberationist aspirations of Russian writers and exiled

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in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade and exploration, between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north-south meridian, 370 leagues west of

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of 1884–1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain.

1496:'s attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger. 2185:

had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the

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in Europe which ultimately proved its economic undoing: the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt, and subsequently affected the rest of Europe.

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were committed. Round after round of international scandal regarding the brutal treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility.

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capitalism system and the manufacturing industry in Europe. The last wave of European colonialism solidified all capitalistic endeavours by providing new markets and raw materials.

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and those with land in Africa along the Mediterranean), covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish empires were both ruled by the

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continued. While western Europe colonized the New World, Russia expanded overland – to the east, north and south. This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the

845:. The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic: native peoples were no match for European technology, ruthlessness, or their diseases which decimated the 2865: 4194: 1492:

in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The

2663:. In the following decades, decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations. The Third World's first international move was the 2607:

Anticolonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I, which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole, and U.S. President

1878:, also known as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with 1673:'s maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce. The Portuguese soon set up trading-posts in 3839: 3800: 2088:), although conquest took place also in other areas – notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory. 2156:

Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia. Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the

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demanding to be shown the clause in Adam's will excluding his authority from the New World. This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks (such as those by

3761: 2715:(1954–62). Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the 6598: 4067: 2890: 781:

in 1529, which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia, establishing the anti-meridian, or line of demarcation on the other side of the world.

30: 3645: 3581:, ed., Readings in European History, 2 Vols. (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1904–1906), Vol. II: From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day, pp. 333–335. 1886:, was exiled to Burma, his children were beheaded and the Moghul line was abolished. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the 846: 3288:

Levack, Muir, Veldman, Maas, Brian (2007). The West: Encounters and Transformations, Atlas Edition, Volume 2 (since 1550) (2nd Edition). England: Longman. p. 96.

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From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries, pp. 26–40.

6429: 1973:, the French colonial administrative area was insular, but, in India, the French authority was isolated on the peripheries of a British-dominated territory. 3724: 450:

As a result of these waves of European colonial expansion, only thirteen present-day independent countries escaped formal colonization by European powers:

1890:, which began to administer most of India as a colony; the company's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the 1303:. The acquisition of new territories, especially in the Caucasus, had an invigorating effect on the rest of Russia. According to two Russian historians: 809:(1512), China, and finally Japan. In the opposite direction, the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil, and the Spanish 6593: 2628:

for example, the legislative assembly of Britain's most important colony, India, passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too.

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Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed. The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King

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Martina Winkler, "From ruling people to owning land: Russian concepts of imperial possession in the North Pacific, 18th and early 19th centuries."

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has its roots in Portuguese exploration. There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration. By finding the source of the lucrative

2639:, which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. In 1952, demographer 2448:

moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II.

862: 3709: 675: 1377:. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the 1341:

to the Pacific Ocean. Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked south to the areas between the

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was a main supporter of decolonization movements and communist parties across the world that denounced imperialism and colonization. While the

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and his Spanish sailors (among other Europeans), sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean, reaching

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and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa and South Asia, particularly

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had no state-sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the

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Daniel R. Brunstetter, and Dana Partner. "Just war against barbarians: revisiting the Valladolid debates between Sepúlveda and Las Casas."

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to take over what is now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate.

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Map indicating the territories colonized by the European powers over the Americas in 1750 (mainly Spain, Portugal, and France at the time).

694:, the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves. They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of 4288: 3564: 1841:

itself in less than a century. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the

6559: 6544: 6216: 1398: 4178: 2764:, created a rupture between the Soviet and Chinese factions in Communist parties around the world, all of which opposed imperialism. 1520: 1483: 4557: 1981:

of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas.

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profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic, in particular, furs from Canada, tobacco, and cotton grown in

702:, itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe. The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of 6270: 1390: 126: 4220: 3823: 3784: 3534: 1702:

century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of

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he believed he had reached the coast of India, and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin. This is why

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Peter J. Cain, and Anthony G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: New imperialism, 1850‐1945."

2488: 1627:, the Philippines, and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 749:. After Columbus' first trips, competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the 6248: 5978: 5360: 3660: 2957: 2281: 1605: 1462:

During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.

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in North America, were particularly active in this endeavour. Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stand, such as the

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in this slave society. Although independence was declared in 1804, it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by

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have been called Indians or red-Indians. In truth, Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans, the

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in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia, by sailing west. When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean

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Gerard McCann, "From diaspora to the third world and the United Nations: India and the politics of decolonizing Africa."

666: 387: 2691:. The Conference, which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world's population, led to the creation of the 6030: 5030: 2842:

According to Dietmar Rothermund, there is a lack of public awareness about the colonial history in Britain and France.

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Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A.H. Zaki, 1908-1914

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uneven global interdependencies) of the present world. Postcolonialism, in itself, questions the end of colonialism.

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Chen Jian, "Bridging Revolution and Decolonization: The 'Bandung Discourse' in China's Early Cold War Experience."

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of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the

6496: 4310: 3457: 902: 641: 417:; other countries such as France, Portugal and the Netherlands also had involvement in European expansion in Asia. 3125: 439:. The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to find new revenue and perpetuating European 6726: 5656: 3942: 3721: 3421: 1250: 4818: 2280:

were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the

1128:, making them the first Europeans to sail to India. Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the 6701: 6298: 6211: 2976: 2920: 2519: 2431:

in 1922. The discovery of the world's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western

2006: 1914: 1894:. There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947. 1451: 922: 918: 184: 153: 62:

is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the

1837:; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the 6531: 6094: 2823: 2636: 2565: 2026: 1611: 1575:, the first of its kind. Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the 1426: 1225: 856:, over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind. 612: 559: 539: 1871:, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups. 1008:

Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via

6696: 6089: 5973: 2712: 2615:. However, it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilised. British Prime Minister 2069: 1694: 1532: 1504: 1133: 972:

trade period. The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy's coffers allowed it to finance costly

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gave influential support to those newly African governments which many became one-party socialist states.

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soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor

1189: 6664: 6587: 6265: 6206: 6099: 5136: 3150: 2895: 2293: 2262: 2002: 1910: 1822: 1665: 1493: 1366: 938: 1406: 6386: 6348: 6282: 6161: 3656: 2755:, was supposedly neutral, the "Third World" being opposed to both the "First" and the "Second" Worlds, 2273: 1479: 826: 413:

The second wave of European colonialism commenced with Britain's involvement in Asia in support of the

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was signed. Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the

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were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen

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among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the

965:, the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries, particularly during the 930: 360: 2514:

saw rapid modernization of the peninsula and there was brutal treatment of civilians such as Korean

857: 6731: 6521: 6506: 6303: 6146: 6015: 5990: 5840: 5499: 5494: 4335:

Yahia H. Zoubir, "The United States, the Soviet Union and Decolonization of the Maghreb, 1945–62."

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in 1764, the company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor

1628: 1560: 535: 321: 247: 4520:

The New Map of Africa (1900–1916): A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy

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The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the

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on the eastern coast of the present-day United States and other colonies such as Newfoundland and

718:, which were duly populated, and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until 6605: 6511: 6277: 6082: 5963: 5504: 5457: 5400: 5099: 5043: 4791: 4549: 4523: 2408: 2277: 1077: 1067: 527: 271: 3825:

Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present

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Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present

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Ki-Jung, Kim (1 January 1998). "The Road to Colonization: Korea Under Imperialism, 1897–1910".

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droughts and failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the

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The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From conquest to revolution and beyond

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The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s (circa opening of

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of 1494. This treaty demarcated the respective spheres of influence of Spain and Portugal.

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George Shepperson, "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884–1885."

1948: 8: 6691: 6434: 6416: 5820: 5700: 5666: 5568: 5388: 5383: 5195: 4914: 4850: 4725: 4710: 3972:

The scramble for Africa: The White Man's conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912

2885: 2708: 2420: 2358: 2354: 2186: 2157: 2141: 2125: 2108: 2085: 1923: 1860: 1818: 1585: 1540: 1500: 1489: 1475: 1254: 1059: 986: 818: 503: 425: 348: 333: 325: 208: 192: 122: 106: 94: 5536: 5526: 2768:, with Soviet financing, send combat troops to help left-wing independence movements in 1874:

The first major movement against the British Company's high-handed rule resulted in the

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The boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when

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in 1415. During the 15th century, Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of

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Jazeel, Tariq (2012). "Postcolonialism: Orientalism and the geographical imagination".

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Anatole G. Mazour, "The Russian-American Company: Private or Government Enterprise?."

1992: 1596: 1312:, and influenced distinguished Russian democrats, poets, and prose writers, including 1005:, that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favor of the mainland and larger islands. 6569: 6483: 6381: 6230: 6042: 5938: 5874: 5869: 5798: 5695: 5410: 5338: 5333: 5175: 5104: 5087: 5082: 5077: 4877: 4828: 4409: 4250: 4184: 4131: 4059: 4016: 3989: 3878: 3829: 3790: 3753: 3526: 3289: 3091:, "Beyond Guns, Germs, and Steel: European Expansion and Maritime Asia, 1400–1750." 3001: 2953: 2616: 2424: 2396: 2346: 2254: 2211: 2178: 2165: 2092: 1958: 1856: 1806: 1802: 1649: 1645: 1581: 1528: 1516: 1471: 1394: 1354: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1276: 1117: 1100: 1020: 914: 757:. According to this international agreement, the larger part of the Americas and the 723: 637: 429: 391: 313: 301:

also established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with one another.

294: 282: 263: 140:

Enabled by new nautical technology, with the added incentive to find an alternative "

118: 42:

Extent of colonization by European, American, Ottoman, and Japanese powers, 1492-1991

4216: 3934:

Volker Rolf Berghahn, "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler"

3681: 2395:(1914–18). Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded 944: 898: 6354: 6344: 5891: 5678: 5673: 5629: 5616: 5546: 5514: 5509: 5373: 5368: 5350: 5311: 5244: 5227: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5094: 5050: 5020: 4980: 4963: 4946: 4909: 4660: 4448: 4444: 4401: 4111: 3870: 2991: 2780: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2624: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2261:, which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait until the 2222: 2196: 1943: 1615: 1268: 1205: 1145: 1024: 969: 588: 243: 220: 188: 90: 29:"European colonialism" redirects here. For evaluation of European colonialism, see 3861:

Parker, R. H. (1 October 1955). "The French and Portuguese Settlements in India".

2096: 1744: 6638: 6620: 6554: 6444: 6411: 6406: 6109: 6077: 5950: 5918: 5901: 5857: 5852: 5830: 5825: 5783: 5776: 5751: 5611: 5606: 5447: 5328: 5222: 5217: 5185: 5010: 5000: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4867: 4823: 4705: 4691: 3946: 3728: 3688: 3461: 3425: 3358: 3129: 2995: 2872: 2851: 2792: 2784: 2684: 2612: 2507: 2471: 2461: 2407:

partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France. French mandates included

2374: 2319: 2307: 2077: 2051: 1902: 1891: 1868: 1830: 1814: 1788: 1785: 1508: 1445: 1292: 1169: 882: 878: 719: 421: 347:, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the 344: 274:

because they were the first to stretch across different continents (discounting

114: 5531: 2651:. The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the 1764:

in 1617 to trade in India. Gradually the company's increasing influence led the

1244: 1185: 133:, which could sail further and faster, was highly maneuverable, and could sail " 113:, amass wealth and plunder, and suppress predation on Portuguese populations by 6643: 6579: 6564: 6488: 6478: 6458: 6185: 6181: 6052: 6047: 6010: 5985: 5968: 5879: 5864: 5835: 5793: 5641: 5601: 5596: 5551: 5477: 5437: 5427: 5417: 5232: 5111: 5005: 4872: 4754: 4583: 4405: 3646:"The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India" 3055:

Representing the New World: the English and French uses of the Example of Spain

2905: 2719:

was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after

2632: 2608: 2590: 2416: 2388: 2350: 2303: 2238: 2218: 1935: 1838: 1661: 1564: 1338: 1280: 1201: 1111: 1104: 1073: 1050:

designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special

894: 699: 395: 329: 305: 298: 267: 149: 75: 4390:"The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison" 1655: 308:, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, 6720: 6670: 6133: 6020: 5815: 5788: 5761: 5739: 5717: 5484: 5467: 5452: 5296: 5249: 5237: 5163: 5055: 4929: 4924: 4899: 4781: 4413: 4254: 4063: 3986:

King Leopold's Ghost A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

3882: 3757: 3088: 2915: 2652: 2515: 2432: 2384: 2103: 1986: 1926:, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941. 1887: 1771: 1670: 1512: 1385:

Maritime South–East Asia and the Dutch East India Company (16th–20th century)

1259: 1165: 990: 973: 758: 727: 655: 579:

Arab colonization: North Africa and the Middle East (7th century–8th century)

286: 278: 5561: 5541: 2994:; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.). 2595: 852:

Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the

6628: 6463: 6421: 6364: 6240: 6177: 6025: 5766: 5756: 5722: 5651: 5646: 5573: 5363: 5345: 5306: 5301: 5281: 5276: 5148: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5015: 4953: 4934: 4919: 4855: 3595: 3475:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise And Fall of the First British Empire

3400:

G. L. Bondarevskii, and G. N. Kolbaia, "The Caucasus and Russian Culture."

3238:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

2744: 2640: 2499: 2428: 2331: 2311: 2242: 2207: 2136: 1939: 1879: 1834: 1810: 1798: 1719: 1707: 1141: 1137: 1129: 966: 810: 762: 695: 487: 444: 364: 232: 110: 98: 71: 59: 4640:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

4578:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

3558:"The Great Moghul Jahangir: Letter to James I, King of England, 1617 A.D." 2944:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

632:

Portuguese and Spanish colonial hegemony: the Americas (15th century–1770)

513: 191:, from 1402 to 1496, has been described as the first instance of European 6391: 6376: 6336: 5744: 5729: 5578: 5291: 5200: 5190: 5116: 4764: 4759: 4314: 4242: 4012:

Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar

2756: 2656: 2644: 2392: 2161: 2073: 1898: 1739: 1690: 1624: 1499:

From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the

1346: 1325: 1149: 890: 871: 691: 592: 491: 483: 451: 356: 212: 169: 79: 4456: 4421: 4389: 3939: 3454: 2856: 2811: 2554: 2015: 1415: 1214: 650: 601: 548: 125:. Around 1450, based on North African fishing boats, a lighter ship was 6449: 5771: 5588: 5462: 5422: 5355: 4163:

Sandra Wilson, "Rethinking the 1930s and the '15-Year War' in Japan."

4123: 3561:

Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 CE

3122: 2796: 2773: 2761: 2299: 2226: 2182: 2160:, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of 2065: 1970: 1864: 1723: 1711: 1682: 1378: 1358: 1092: 1055: 1009: 998: 979: 881:

played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities. The

806: 790: 786: 754: 715: 436: 309: 251: 196: 173: 3418: 1906: 1640: 1591: 435:

Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to

5661: 5432: 5316: 5286: 5067: 4941: 4732: 3320:

Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830

2724: 2530: 2526: 2480: 2342: 2246: 1846: 1374: 1342: 1284: 1160:

to trade with India and eastern Asia. The English landed in India in

1121: 1096: 1054:), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade 1014: 962: 814: 802: 794: 761:

were open to Spanish exploration and colonization, while Africa, the

440: 317: 239: 177: 165: 141: 63: 6176: 3897:

The "New Imperialism": Analysis of Late Nineteenth Century Expansion

2702:

World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945

2698: 2045: 954: 5062: 4845: 4803: 4742: 4115: 2660: 2258: 1993:

Colonization of Oceania and the Pacific Islands (18th–20th century)

1851: 1793: 1761: 1572: 1362: 1300: 1272: 1032: 1002: 910: 798: 746: 738: 722:

demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the

495: 471: 157: 3440:(1964) is a short history that uses excerpts from primary sources. 2735:

in 1997 and 1999 finally marked the end of European colonial era.

2506:

was concluded in 1895. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed by the

2330:

in 1852–1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the

1568: 6681: 4975: 4904: 4860: 4715: 3363:

Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850

2720: 2230: 2116:

favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.

1801:, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the 1766: 1544: 1350: 1296: 1153: 886: 866:, championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by 834: 707: 467: 275: 224: 130: 4776: 1550: 1275:

came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of

1175: 383:

Some commentators identify three waves of European colonialism.

375: 38: 4808: 4683: 3700:

Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts. 1. Verso, 2000. p. 173

3563:. Internet Indian History Sourcebook, Paul Halsall. June 1998. 2769: 2584: 1966: 1962: 1781: 1686: 1125: 711: 499: 455: 351:, in which Belgium, Germany, and Italy were also participants. 211:

in the 1490s; the Portuguese soon also brought slaves from the

161: 67: 4554:

The rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New

3000:. Key Concepts in Human Geography. London: SAGE. p. 115. 1859:. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the 1446:

First decolonization: Independence in the Americas (1770–1820)

733:

Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by

304:

The end of the 18th and mid 19th century saw the first era of

5442: 4564:

The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism

4499: 4498:(October 2007), Vol. 57, Issue 10, pp. 44–47, online at 3413:

James R. Gibson, "Russian expansion in Siberia and America."

3305:

Violet Barbour, "Privateers and pirates of the West Indies."

2732: 2728: 2529:

seized control of the region and created the puppet state of

2445: 2441: 2250: 2174: 1698: 1245:

Imperial Russia: Central Asia and Siberia (16th–20th century)

1161: 994: 838: 703: 507: 479: 475: 463: 255: 246:

in 1503, opened another colonial chapter, beginning with the

228: 121:; at that point a minor trade, one the Portuguese would soon 83: 2399:, which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as 152:

effectively closed profitable trade routes with Asia, early

3346:

Colonial Triangular Trade: An Economy Based on Human Misery

3151:"Which Asian Nations Were Never Colonized by Europe ?" 2765: 2437: 2170: 1913:, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the 1656:

Indian subcontinent and the British Raj (18th century–1947)

1620: 1370: 1337:

The first stage to 1650 was an expansion eastward from the

1036:

Atlantic on a massive scale – historians estimate that the

773: 459: 4652: 2542:

committed atrocities exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre.

1357:, with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and 367:

that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.

2990:

Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "9: Colonialism/imperialism". In

2891:

Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization

2383:

The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the

2214:, which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies. 1715: 1674: 1080:, which did sponsor those activities in its territories. 1044: 830: 658:("Mina"), Ghana, one in a chain of about fifty fortified 31:

Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization

3619:"Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725–1774" 1088: 4494:

Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire",

4180:

India's War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945

662:

to enforce Portuguese trade rule along the coast, 1563.

514:

Colonialism in ancient times (3200 BC – 7th century AD)

2326:(1839–1842; 1856–1860). After the visits of Commodore 506:, the former independent country which is now part of 4506:

The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997

2738: 1697:—who set up a trading post in the west-coast port of 1547:

to the South, and the Mississippi River to the west.

3527:"Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497–1498 CE" 2948:. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 2140:

European territories in Africa, 1914, following the

1465: 980:

Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony

4102:Vinacke, Harold M. (1933). "Japanese Imperialism". 1592:

Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America

4642:(2003) vol 3 pp 833–1209 contains major documents. 4049: 3066:Gilmartin, M. (2009). Colonialism/Imperialism. In 2941: 2318:was opened to Western influence starting with the 1929: 105:in 1415, aiming to control navigation through the 4596:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016). 4281:"Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian" 2046:New Imperialism: Africa and East Asia (1870–1914) 1263:Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725 6718: 4311:"Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945–2005" 2711:(1946–54) and the U.S. did not interfere in the 2502:and gained control of Korea and Taiwan when the 1760:had been given permission by the Mughal emperor 863:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 89:Colonialism in the modern sense began with the " 3733:Peterson Institute for International Economics. 3499:Franklin W. Knight, "The Haitian Revolution." 1917:, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The 1829:, reduced French influence in India. After the 1164:in 1612. By the 19th century, they had assumed 379:Colonial powers and their expansion since 1492. 227:would remain linked into the 1800s. The use of 195:in Africa. In 1462, the previously uninhabited 156:was followed by the Spanish exploration of the 4619:Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire 4601:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism 4475:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 3194:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 3033:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 2364: 2302:, which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the 765:, and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal. 6162: 4668: 2860:Map of the European Union in the world, with 2518:who were forced to serve in brothels for the 1827:British successes during the Seven Years' War 1551:France and the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1176:Colonialism within Europe (16th–20th century) 1083: 6125:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 3694: 2635:(UN) was founded when 50 nations signed the 2585:Second decolonization: Worldwide (1945–1999) 2099:, accomplished usually through armed force. 1600:Independent states in the Americas, c. 1830. 917:. The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of 443:. The second wave focused on developing the 2779:Globally, the non-aligned movement, led by 2269:in 1895–96 had ended in defeat for Italy). 1527:on 4 July 1776. A new nation was born, the 289:. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, 6169: 6155: 4675: 4661: 4387: 3983: 3957:Raymond Leslie Buell, "Do Colonies Pay?" 3722:Reintegrating India with the World Economy 3488:The War of American Independence 1775–1783 2119: 1867:. Their policy was sometimes summed up as 1863:, which included present-day Pakistan and 160:, further exploration along the coasts of 4489:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 4051:"The shared history of Britain and Burma" 3746:"A French colony that fought the British" 2989: 2498:Imperial Japan won conflicts against the 1952:European settlements in India (1501–1739) 1484:United States Declaration of Independence 402:, basing their territorial claims on the 4528:Hopkins, Anthony G., and Peter J. Cain. 4176: 4088:William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton, 4008: 3623:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 3181:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825 3060: 2855: 2697: 2594: 2465: 2233:and 1899, and, taking advantage of the " 2147: 2135: 2132:History of Africa § Colonial period 2076:in 1914 are often characterized as the " 2055: 1947: 1743: 1595: 1407:History of Indonesia § Colonial era 1361:. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the 1287:to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time 1258: 1087: 943: 698:, with an eye to encircling the Islamic 665: 649: 374: 359:were distributed amongst the victors as 201:first European settlement in the tropics 45: 37: 5949: 4544:The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire 4217:"The United Nations and Decolonization" 4144: 4101: 4047: 3743: 3616: 3333:American settler colonialism: A history 2451: 1729: 1631:or sell to Germany shortly thereafter. 1403:History of Malaysia § Colonial era 1391:European colonisation of Southeast Asia 343:led to what has been termed the era of 316:, gained their independence from their 14: 6719: 4626:European colonial expansion since 1871 4434: 4313:. United Nations. 2000. Archived from 3860: 3389:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia 2939: 2545: 2489:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2287: 2284:at the beginning of the 19th century. 1634: 1399:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 1332: 1190:Danish overseas colonies § Europe 1045:Role of companies in early colonialism 813:established the vast Viceroyalties of 50:Map of the year each country achieved 6150: 4656: 4587:Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945 3821: 3782: 3764:from the original on 28 February 2021 3205: 2525:In 1931 Japanese army units based in 1606:Spanish American wars of independence 532:Phoenician settlement of North Africa 424:("New Imperialism") consisted of the 6649:Postcolonial international relations 4482:The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600–1800 4261:from the original on 4 February 2018 4070:from the original on 12 January 2022 3451:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2901:Historiography of the British Empire 2806: 2549: 2010: 1410: 1209: 935:San Francisco de Asis Mission Church 646:Spanish colonization of the Americas 596: 543: 6590:— Predecessors of sovereign states 4647:Imperialism: A History in Documents 4571:Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview 4177:Raghavan, Srinath (31 March 2016). 4090:A History of the Modern Middle East 3682:Kashmir: The origins of the dispute 3663:from the original on 26 August 2011 3643: 3592:"KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) : HISTORY" 3567:from the original on 18 August 2014 3537:from the original on 28 August 2011 3068:Key concepts in political geography 2997:Key Concepts in Political Geography 2802: 24: 4649:(2000) for middle and high schools 4632: 4562:Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds. 4361:Pamela S. Falk, "Cuba in Africa." 4291:from the original on 25 March 2021 4223:from the original on 27 March 2019 4029:from the original on 30 March 2021 3875:10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x 3531:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 2862:Overseas Countries and Territories 2845: 2739:Role of the Soviet Union and China 2427:became the independent Kingdom of 2415:, whilst the British were granted 2199:from 1885 to 1908, under his rule 2106:was coupled to imperialism in the 1809:of the East India Company, led by 1780:or permits for duty-free trade in 843:indigenous peoples of the Americas 388:first wave of European colonialism 363:, but it was not until the end of 223:, European colonial expansion and 25: 6743: 4197:from the original on 28 June 2023 3842:from the original on 28 June 2023 3803:from the original on 28 June 2023 3594:. Calcuttaweb.com. Archived from 3218:from the original on 4 March 2021 2601:independence of African countries 1752:and surrounding countries in 1909 1714:, and the Portuguese colonies of 1466:Britain and the Thirteen Colonies 1269:a period of political instability 6611:Sovereign states formation dates 3161:from the original on 7 June 2021 2810: 2751:, created in 1961 following the 2553: 2014: 1977:curtailed French ambitions. The 1414: 1213: 903:Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau 642:Portugal in the Age of Discovery 600: 547: 370: 238:The European "discovery" of the 4594:European Imperialism, 1860–1914 4467: 4428: 4381: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4329: 4303: 4273: 4235: 4209: 4170: 4157: 4138: 4095: 4082: 4041: 4002: 3977: 3964: 3951: 3928: 3915: 3902: 3889: 3854: 3815: 3776: 3737: 3715: 3703: 3675: 3655:. Economic History Department, 3653:Global Economic History Network 3637: 3617:Rickard, J. (1 November 2000). 3610: 3584: 3550: 3519: 3506: 3493: 3480: 3467: 3443: 3430: 3407: 3394: 3381: 3368: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3312: 3299: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3243: 3230: 3199: 3186: 3173: 3143: 3134: 3111: 3093:Journal of Early Modern History 2337:Imperialism also took place in 1930:Other European empires in India 1251:Territorial evolution of Russia 913:, the latter an example of the 6702:Decolonization of public space 4530:British Imperialism: 1688–2015 4513:Colonization: A Global History 4449:10.1080/00167487.2012.12094331 4243:"Seeing the world differently" 4048:Myint-U, Thant (10 May 2008). 4009:Holliday, Ian (6 March 2012). 3923:Imperialism and world politics 3822:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013). 3783:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013). 3744:Ganesan, V. B. (2 July 2012). 3514:Spain & the Loss of Empire 3098: 3082: 3073: 3047: 3038: 3025: 2983: 2962:A companion to the PBS Series 2933: 2921:Zionism as settler colonialism 2520:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 2512:Japanese colonization of Korea 2007:History of the Pacific Islands 1965:. Similar to the situation in 1689:. The next to arrive were the 1535:continued until 1783 when the 1452:Decolonization of the Americas 1295:(1732–1867) and a short-lived 682:European colonization of both 428:regulated by the terms of the 386:The two main countries in the 336:had already been established. 185:conquest of the Canary Islands 154:European exploration of Africa 13: 1: 6517:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 4104:The Journal of Modern History 4015:. Columbia University Press. 2926: 2723:'s independence, 159 states. 2647:" in reference to the French 1612:War of the Spanish Succession 540:Sabean colonization of Africa 248:colonization of the Caribbean 58:The historical phenomenon of 6697:Christianity and colonialism 4576:Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. 4388:Rothermund, Dietmar (2011). 4378:218.suppl_8 (2013): 258–280. 3712:. World Health Organization. 3140:Gilmartin, et al. pp. 115–16 2713:Algerian War of Independence 2070:Second Industrial Revolution 2060:Empires of the world in 1910 1533:American War of Independence 1505:committees of correspondence 1488:After the conclusion of the 1172:control over most of India. 1144:and others. The kingdoms of 907:Santisima Trinidad de Paraná 726:in 1488, paving the way for 400:colonization of the Americas 341:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 6665:Decolonization of knowledge 6588:Wars of national liberation 4682: 4599:Priestley, Herbert Ingram. 4508:(2008), wide-ranging survey 3691:, BBC News, 16 January 2002 3533:. Paul Halsall. June 1998. 3438:Russia's Eastward Expansion 3344:Phyllis Raybin Emert, ed., 3206:Staff, history.com (2009). 2896:Western imperialism in Asia 2879: 2731:transferred sovereignty to 2365:Interwar period (1918–1939) 2294:Western imperialism in Asia 2263:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 2003:Colonisation of New Zealand 1666:Western imperialism in Asia 1297:unofficial colony in Africa 939:Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico 203:, and thereafter a site of 10: 6748: 4537:The Encyclopedia of Empire 4406:10.1177/097492841006700101 3657:London School of Economics 3501:American Historical Review 3402:Russian Studies in History 3307:American Historical Review 3275:John Frederick Schwaller, 2975:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2849: 2588: 2455: 2368: 2291: 2282:Latin American revolutions 2129: 2123: 2049: 1996: 1933: 1915:Indian famine of 1899–1900 1758:English East India Company 1733: 1659: 1603: 1480:American Revolutionary War 1469: 1455: 1449: 1388: 1248: 1179: 1109: 1084:European colonies in India 635: 582: 517: 415:British East India Company 117:as part of a longstanding 97:, who became increasingly 28: 6657: 6619: 6578: 6443: 6363: 6335: 6326: 6291: 6239: 6199: 6192: 6118: 6070: 5587: 4991: 4690: 4350:Chinese Historical Review 4183:. Penguin Books Limited. 3984:Hochschild, Adam (1998). 3687:11 September 2010 at the 3376:Pacific Historical Review 3070:London: SAGE pp. 115–123. 2964:The Genius That Was China 2535:Full-scale war with China 2379:League of Nations mandate 2267:First Italo-Ethiopian War 1999:Colonisation of Australia 1521:independence was declared 931:Santa Barbara, California 339:In the 19th century, the 207:during the height of the 3938:40#1 (2017) pp. 147–162 3895:Harrison M. Wright, ed. 3424:15 February 2017 at the 3079:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115 3044:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115 2717:decolonization of Africa 2371:Aftermath of World War I 1876:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1586:King Charles X of France 1563:in the French colony of 1559:, a slave revolt led by 1529:United States of America 925:stand restored, such as 730:to reach India in 1498. 670:Preperations before the 536:Four Commanderies of Han 322:Kingdom of Great Britain 217:economics of plantations 6606:Independence referendum 4624:Townsend, Mary Evelyn. 4614:, comprehensive history 4550:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 4365:65.5 (1987): 1077–1096. 3863:The Political Quarterly 3119:Economic History Review 3095:14.1–2 (2010): 165–186. 2753:Bandung 1955 Conference 2665:1955 Bandung Conference 2347:Netherlands East Indies 2278:Spanish colonial empire 2120:The Scramble for Africa 1989:was dominated by them. 1911:Great Famine of 1876–78 1839:Moghul rule and dynasty 1825:that, along with wider 1078:Russian America Company 1027:in what is now Canada. 874:were "natural slaves". 528:Africa (Roman province) 6727:History of colonialism 4473:Benjamin, Thomas, ed. 4337:Middle Eastern Studies 3503:105.1 (2000): 103–115. 3453:(2011) 59#3: 321–353, 3417:(1980) 70#2: 127–136. 3391:(1995) pp 8–12, 44–75. 3031:Thomas Benjamin, ed., 2869: 2703: 2604: 2562:This section is empty. 2540:Imperial Japanese Army 2475: 2221:tried to conquer its " 2210:continued to hold the 2153: 2145: 2072:) and the outbreak of 2061: 2023:This section is empty. 1953: 1905:, often attributed to 1805:in 1757, in which the 1753: 1601: 1458:Colonization of Canada 1423:This section is empty. 1299:(1889) in present-day 1264: 1222:This section is empty. 1107: 949: 858:Bartolomé de Las Casas 854:Valladolid Controversy 679: 663: 609:This section is empty. 585:Early Muslim conquests 556:This section is empty. 380: 215:coast. Because of the 197:Cape Verde archipelago 164:, and explorations of 146:fall of Constantinople 55: 43: 6095:Medieval great powers 4645:Bonnie G. Smith, ed. 4569:Osterhammel, Jürgen: 4566:(2 vol, 2015), 1456pp 4535:Mackenzie, John, ed. 4352:15.2 (2008): 207–241. 4167:21.2 (2001): 155–164. 3945:7 August 2020 at the 3936:German Studies Review 3579:James Harvey Robinson 3460:28 March 2021 at the 3378:13.2 (1944): 168–173. 3309:16.3 (1911): 529–566. 3266:59.3 (2011): 733–752. 2940:Merson, John (1990). 2859: 2701: 2621:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2598: 2504:Treaty of Shimonoseki 2469: 2405:Sykes-Picot Agreement 2369:Further information: 2195:personally owned the 2193:Leopold II of Belgium 2151: 2139: 2059: 1951: 1919:Third Plague Pandemic 1897:During period of the 1750:British Indian Empire 1747: 1736:Company rule in India 1660:Further information: 1599: 1561:Toussaint L'Ouverture 1349:. The key areas were 1262: 1249:Further information: 1194:Crown Colony of Malta 1091: 1060:joint-stock companies 1019:came to dominate the 947: 927:Mission Santa Barbara 923:New Mexico's missions 919:California's missions 879:Roman Catholic Church 847:indigenous population 751:Treaty of Tordesillas 669: 653: 524:Colonies in antiquity 404:Treaty of Tordesillas 378: 235:would also continue. 49: 41: 6634:Internal colonialism 6105:European colonialism 6090:Ancient great powers 4638:Melvin E. Page, ed. 4573:, (M. Wiener, 1997). 3959:The Saturday Review, 3921:Parker Thomas Moon, 3727:4 March 2012 at the 3208:"Ferdinand Magellan" 3128:8 March 2021 at the 2911:American imperialism 2749:Non-Aligned Movement 2693:Non-Aligned Movement 2458:Japanese imperialism 2452:Japanese imperialism 2217:In the same manner, 1843:Permanent Settlement 1730:The British in India 1710:, the Dutch port in 1629:Spanish–American War 1525:Continental Congress 1503:, first to informal 1367:Treaty of Adrianople 1314:Alexander Griboyedov 1198:History of Gibraltar 1103:in 1757, painted by 1068:Hudson's Bay Company 1064:East India Companies 1038:Atlantic slave trade 735:Christopher Columbus 672:Fall of Tenochtitlan 18:European colonialism 6692:Uncontacted peoples 6543:Mostly contiguous: 6417:settler colonialism 6382:Chartered companies 6100:Modern great powers 4608:The French Colonies 4339:31.1 (1995): 58–84. 4056:The Daily Telegraph 3910:The new imperialism 3908:Hugh Seton-Watson, 3828:. Lexington Books. 3789:. Lexington Books. 3436:George Lensen, ed. 3415:Geographical Review 3404:41.2 (2002): 10–15. 3192:Lyle N. McAlister, 3121:40.1 (1987): 1–26. 3108:46.1 (1985): 37–48. 2886:Settler colonialism 2709:First Indochina War 2619:and U.S. President 2546:Ottoman colonialism 2403:. The secret 1916 2359:Straits Settlements 2288:Imperialism in Asia 2187:East Africa Company 2158:Scramble for Africa 2142:Scramble for Africa 2126:Scramble for Africa 2109:Alldeutsche Verband 2102:In Germany, rising 2086:Scramble for Africa 1924:Indian subcontinent 1861:Indian subcontinent 1845:which introduced a 1635:Portugal and Brazil 1541:British possessions 1501:American Revolution 1476:American Revolution 1333:Expansion into Asia 1255:Russian imperialism 987:Francis I of France 688:Western Hemispheres 426:Scramble for Africa 349:Scramble for Africa 209:Spanish Inquisition 193:settler colonialism 168:(also known as the 123:reverse and surpass 119:African slave trade 107:Strait of Gibraltar 6687:Indigenous peoples 6430:Non-self-governing 4603:(Routledge, 2018). 4592:Porter, Andrew N. 4532:(Routledge, 2016). 4487:Boxer, Charles R. 4376:Past & Present 4317:on 17 January 2016 4219:. United Nations. 4092:(2016) pp 161–224. 3625:. historyofwar.org 3179:Charles R. Boxer, 3035:(2006) 1: xiv–xvi. 2870: 2822:. You can help by 2789:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2704: 2677:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2605: 2485:Russo-Japanese War 2476: 2423:. The bulk of the 2257:. The conquest of 2235:Sick man of Europe 2154: 2146: 2062: 1954: 1884:Bahadur Shah Zafar 1754: 1602: 1577:Western Hemisphere 1557:Haitian Revolution 1515:was formed by the 1494:British Parliament 1265: 1182:History of Ireland 1158:East India Company 1108: 950: 779:Treaty of Zaragoza 770:Ferdinand Magellan 680: 664: 520:Greek colonisation 381: 260:Dominican Republic 56: 44: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6495:Overseas, minor: 6457:Overseas, major: 6322: 6321: 6259:European colonies 6144: 6143: 6066: 6065: 6031:Polish–Lithuanian 5206:Gurjara-Pratihara 4542:Maltby, William. 4285:history.state.gov 3988:. Mariner Books. 3970:Thomas Pakenham, 3961:1 August 1936 p 6 3659:. pp. 3–40. 3455:online in English 3318:John H. Elliott, 3264:Political Studies 3057:(2001). pp 85–86. 2992:Gallaher, Carolyn 2959:978-0-87951-397-9 2866:Outermost Regions 2840: 2839: 2787:(Yugoslavia) and 2643:coined the term " 2617:Winston Churchill 2611:'s speech on the 2582: 2581: 2425:Arabian Peninsula 2397:League of Nations 2324:Second Opium Wars 2310:for supremacy in 2255:Italo-Turkish War 2241:, also conquered 2212:Dutch East Indies 2179:South-West Africa 2093:Berlin Conference 2043: 2042: 1857:Bengal Presidency 1803:Battle of Plassey 1650:House of Braganza 1582:French Revolution 1571:as a free, black 1472:Thirteen Colonies 1443: 1442: 1395:Dutch East Indies 1322:Mikhail Lermontov 1318:Alexander Pushkin 1283:reached from the 1242: 1241: 1116:In May 1498, the 1101:Battle of Plassey 1021:Thirteen Colonies 915:Jesuit Reductions 724:Cape of Good Hope 638:Portuguese Empire 629: 628: 576: 575: 430:Berlin Conference 314:Thirteen Colonies 254:(later to become 103:conquest of Ceuta 16:(Redirected from 6739: 6658:Related concepts 6599:in South America 6507:Austro-Hungarian 6445:Colonial empires 6355:Age of Discovery 6345:Maritime history 6333: 6332: 6197: 6196: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6148: 6147: 5947: 5946: 5612:Austro-Hungarian 5312:Chagatai Khanate 4677: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4606:Stern, Jacques. 4504:Brendon, Piers. 4461: 4460: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4249:. 10 June 2010. 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4174: 4168: 4165:Japanese Studies 4161: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3741: 3735: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3486:Stephen Conway, 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3236:Melvin E. Page, 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3214:. A+E Networks. 3203: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3014: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2966: 2947: 2937: 2835: 2832: 2814: 2807: 2803:Public awareness 2781:Jawaharlal Nehru 2669:Jawaharlal Nehru 2625:Atlantic Charter 2577: 2574: 2564:You can help by 2557: 2550: 2265:in 1935–36 (the 2253:) with the 1911 2223:place in the sun 2197:Congo Free State 2038: 2035: 2025:You can help by 2018: 2011: 1944:Portuguese India 1903:famines in India 1490:Seven Years' War 1438: 1435: 1425:You can help by 1418: 1411: 1365:as shown in the 1291:colonies in the 1237: 1234: 1224:You can help by 1217: 1210: 1206:Genoese colonies 825:(Argentina) and 743:Native Americans 624: 621: 611:You can help by 604: 597: 589:History of Islam 571: 568: 558:You can help by 551: 544: 332:, where coastal 283:Spanish monarchs 244:Amerigo Vespucci 189:Crown of Castile 91:Age of Discovery 21: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6732:Western culture 6717: 6716: 6715: 6706: 6653: 6639:Nation-building 6621:Postcolonialism 6615: 6574: 6447: 6439: 6412:detribalization 6387:Interventionism 6359: 6328: 6318: 6287: 6235: 6188: 6175: 6145: 6140: 6129:American Empire 6114: 6110:African empires 6062: 5945: 5637:Central African 5583: 5401:Romano-Germanic 4987: 4721:Middle Assyrian 4694: 4686: 4681: 4635: 4633:Primary sources 4584:Panikkar, K. M. 4470: 4465: 4464: 4433: 4429: 4394:India Quarterly 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4363:Foreign Affairs 4360: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3947:Wayback Machine 3933: 3929: 3925:(1926), online. 3920: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3742: 3738: 3729:Wayback Machine 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689:Wayback Machine 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3568: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3540: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3473:Brendan Simms, 3472: 3468: 3462:Wayback Machine 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3426:Wayback Machine 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3359:Henk van Nierop 3357:Bob Moore, and 3356: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3331:Walter Hixson, 3330: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3240:(2003) 1:361-2. 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130:Wayback Machine 3116: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3053:Jonathan Hart, 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2988: 2984: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2882: 2873:Postcolonialism 2854: 2852:Postcolonialism 2848: 2846:Postcolonialism 2836: 2830: 2827: 2820:needs expansion 2805: 2793:Leonid Brezhnev 2785:Josip Broz Tito 2741: 2685:Josip Broz Tito 2613:Fourteen Points 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2548: 2508:Japanese Empire 2472:Japanese Empire 2464: 2462:Empire of Japan 2456:Main articles: 2454: 2381: 2375:Interwar period 2367: 2308:Imperial Russia 2296: 2290: 2201:many atrocities 2134: 2128: 2122: 2078:New Imperialism 2054: 2052:New Imperialism 2048: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2009: 1997:Main articles: 1995: 1979:Treaty of Paris 1946: 1934:Main articles: 1932: 1892:Princely states 1869:Divide and Rule 1849:structure (See 1831:Battle of Buxar 1789:Siraj Ud Daulah 1786:Nawab of Bengal 1770:Mughal emperor 1742: 1734:Main articles: 1732: 1668: 1658: 1637: 1608: 1594: 1553: 1537:Treaty of Paris 1517:United Colonies 1509:Boston Massacre 1486: 1470:Main articles: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1409: 1389:Main articles: 1387: 1335: 1257: 1247: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1208: 1180:Main articles: 1178: 1114: 1086: 1074:Imperial Russia 1047: 982: 823:Río de la Plata 821:, and later of 720:Bartolomeu Dias 648: 636:Main articles: 634: 625: 619: 616: 595: 583:Main articles: 581: 572: 566: 563: 542: 518:Main articles: 516: 373: 345:New Imperialism 270:were the first 268:Spanish Empires 148:in 1453 to the 115:Barbary pirates 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 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4651: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4617:Thomas, Hugh. 4615: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4518:Gibbons, H.A. 4516: 4509: 4502: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4427: 4380: 4367: 4354: 4341: 4328: 4302: 4272: 4234: 4208: 4189: 4169: 4156: 4137: 4116:10.1086/236034 4110:(3): 366–380. 4094: 4081: 4040: 4021: 4001: 3994: 3976: 3963: 3950: 3927: 3914: 3901: 3888: 3869:(4): 389–398. 3853: 3834: 3814: 3795: 3775: 3736: 3714: 3702: 3693: 3674: 3636: 3609: 3598:on 10 May 2007 3583: 3549: 3518: 3512:Timothy Anna, 3505: 3492: 3479: 3466: 3442: 3429: 3406: 3393: 3387:John Channon, 3380: 3367: 3350: 3337: 3324: 3311: 3298: 3281: 3279:(2011) ch 1–3. 3268: 3255: 3242: 3229: 3198: 3185: 3172: 3142: 3133: 3110: 3097: 3081: 3072: 3059: 3046: 3037: 3024: 3006: 2982: 2958: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2906:Neocolonialism 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2850:Main article: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2801: 2740: 2737: 2633:United Nations 2609:Woodrow Wilson 2591:Decolonization 2589:Main article: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2560: 2558: 2547: 2544: 2453: 2450: 2389:Ottoman Empire 2366: 2363: 2304:British Empire 2292:Main article: 2289: 2286: 2239:Ottoman Empire 2124:Main article: 2121: 2118: 2050:Main article: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2021: 2019: 1994: 1991: 1936:Colonial India 1931: 1928: 1774:to grant them 1731: 1728: 1662:Colonial India 1657: 1654: 1636: 1633: 1604:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1567:, established 1565:Saint-Domingue 1552: 1549: 1543:to the North, 1523:by the Second 1467: 1464: 1450:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1421: 1419: 1386: 1383: 1339:Ural Mountains 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1281:Russian Empire 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1220: 1218: 1202:British Cyprus 1177: 1174: 1156:, forming the 1112:Colonial India 1110:Main article: 1105:Francis Hayman 1085: 1082: 1046: 1043: 981: 978: 974:religious wars 899:Junípero Serra 895:Francis Xavier 870:, who claimed 700:Ottoman Empire 633: 630: 627: 626: 607: 605: 580: 577: 574: 573: 554: 552: 515: 512: 372: 369: 330:Southeast Asia 306:decolonization 299:Dutch Republic 287:personal union 272:global empires 242:, as named by 233:penal colonies 150:Ottoman Empire 101:following the 93:", led by the 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6744: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6671:Terra nullius 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6570:South African 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 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5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:German Empire 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 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4735: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4559: 4556:(3 vol 1918) 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511:Ferro, Marc, 4510: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496:History Today 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4247:The Economist 4244: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4190:9781846145438 4186: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4147:Korea Journal 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4022:9780231504249 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3995:9780547525730 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3835:9780739176573 3831: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3796:9780739176573 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644:Prakash, Om. 3640: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3294:9780205556984 3291: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3089:Tonio Andrade 3085: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3009: 3007:9781446243541 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2916:Soviet empire 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2818:This section 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631:In 1945, the 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516:comfort women 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2433:oil companies 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:German Empire 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2334:(1868–1912). 2333: 2329: 2328:Matthew Perry 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298:In Asia, the 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225:," acquiring 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2104:pan-Germanism 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2053: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1987:Malabar Coast 1982: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:British Crown 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Mughal Bengal 1796: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1784:in 1717. The 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1772:Farrukh Siyar 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Chandernagore 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Vasco da Gama 1667: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:standing army 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1437: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1236: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095:meeting with 1094: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1025:Rupert's Land 1022: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Francis Drake 988: 977: 975: 971: 968: 964: 960: 956: 946: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:conquistadors 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 780: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 759:Pacific Ocean 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 728:Vasco da Gama 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 677: 673: 668: 661: 657: 656:Elmina Castle 652: 647: 643: 639: 623: 614: 610: 606: 603: 599: 598: 594: 590: 586: 570: 561: 557: 553: 550: 546: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 377: 371:Periodisation 368: 366: 362: 358: 352: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250:in 1493 with 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219:, especially 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 136: 135:into the wind 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 48: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 6669: 6629:Independence 6401: 6365:Colonization 6241:Colonization 6231:World oceans 6178:Colonization 6104: 5885:Contemporary 5735:Indo-Persian 5723:Nazi Germany 5667:Contemporary 5569:Vijayanagara 5468:Great Seljuk 5379:Thessalonica 5307:Golden Horde 4947:Carthaginian 4726:Neo-Assyrian 4711:Neo-Sumerian 4646: 4639: 4625: 4618: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4580:(3 vol 2003) 4577: 4570: 4563: 4553: 4543: 4539:(4 vol 2016) 4536: 4529: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4480:Boxer, C.R. 4477:(3 vol 2006) 4474: 4468:Bibliography 4440: 4436: 4430: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4375: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4319:. Retrieved 4315:the original 4305: 4293:. Retrieved 4284: 4275: 4263:. Retrieved 4246: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4179: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4055: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4011: 4004: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3824: 3817: 3805:. Retrieved 3785: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3749: 3739: 3732: 3717: 3705: 3696: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3652: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3622: 3612: 3600:. Retrieved 3596:the original 3586: 3569:. Retrieved 3560: 3552: 3539:. Retrieved 3530: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3414: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3362: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3211: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3163:. 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Retrieved 2996: 2985: 2963: 2943: 2935: 2871: 2841: 2828: 2824:adding to it 2819: 2778: 2757:geopolitical 2745:Soviet Union 2742: 2705: 2649:Third Estate 2641:Alfred Sauvy 2630: 2606: 2570: 2566:adding to it 2561: 2524: 2500:Qing dynasty 2497: 2493: 2477: 2429:Saudi Arabia 2382: 2336: 2332:Meiji period 2312:Central Asia 2297: 2271: 2243:Tripolitania 2229:in 1899–90, 2216: 2208:Dutch Empire 2205: 2191: 2155: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2090: 2082: 2063: 2031: 2027:adding to it 2022: 1983: 1975: 1955: 1940:French India 1896: 1880:British Army 1873: 1850: 1835:Shah Alam II 1811:Robert Clive 1792: 1775: 1765: 1755: 1669: 1638: 1609: 1554: 1498: 1487: 1461: 1431: 1427:adding to it 1422: 1336: 1266: 1230: 1226:adding to it 1221: 1186:Sámi history 1120:set foot in 1115: 1072: 1062:such as the 1048: 1029: 1013: 1007: 983: 951: 897:in Asia and 876: 861: 860:, author of 851: 783: 767: 763:Indian Ocean 732: 696:Prester John 681: 617: 613:adding to it 608: 564: 560:adding to it 555: 488:Saudi Arabia 449: 434: 419: 412: 408: 385: 382: 365:World War II 353: 338: 303: 237: 213:West African 205:Jewish exile 182: 144:" after the 139: 111:Christianity 99:expansionist 88: 60:colonization 57: 52:independence 35: 26: 6527:New Zealand 6392:Colonialism 6377:Imperialism 6337:Exploration 6200:Exploration 5473:Khwarezmian 5406:Carolingian 5211:Rashtrakuta 4915:Shaishunaga 4814:Hellenistic 4797:New Kingdom 4787:Old Kingdom 4558:online free 4524:online free 4443:(1): 4–11. 4400:(1): 1–18. 4201:12 November 4153:(4): 36–64. 4033:12 November 3846:12 November 3807:12 November 3253:2: 770–781. 3251:Colonialism 3222:14 December 3212:history.com 2659:during the 2657:Soviet Bloc 2645:Third World 2393:World War I 2355:Philippines 2162:Realpolitik 2097:direct rule 2074:World War I 1899:British Raj 1847:feudal-like 1823:Pondicherry 1740:British Raj 1704:Pondicherry 1625:Puerto Rico 1347:Caspian Sea 1326:Leo Tolstoy 1310:Decembrists 1152:accorded a 1150:Elizabeth I 1010:encomiendas 891:Franciscans 872:Amerindians 827:New Granada 692:spice trade 676:Codex Durán 654:A map with 593:Arabization 504:North Yemen 502:as well as 492:South Korea 484:North Korea 452:Afghanistan 357:World War I 199:became the 170:Middle East 80:Han Chinese 64:Phoenicians 6721:Categories 6677:Plantation 6502:Australian 6484:Portuguese 6450:modern era 6397:chronology 6283:Antarctica 6227:Antarctica 6043:Portuguese 5924:Revival Le 5914:Vietnamese 5557:Later Tran 5527:Vietnamese 5423:Singhasari 5411:Holy Roman 5035:Bulgarian 4971:Satavahana 4942:Phoenician 4878:Achaemenid 4839:Indo-Greek 4819:Macedonian 4733:Babylonian 4295:27 October 4265:27 October 4227:27 October 4074:4 November 4058:. 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