739:
414:
805:
318:
704:
104:
2263:
286:
350:
869:
129:
853:
753:
678:
270:
769:
821:
254:
462:
430:
1125:
785:
238:
2117:
2099:
302:
398:
837:
662:
382:
2129:
366:
723:
446:
334:
490:
and high intertidal pools. Shading by plants, especially in the salt marsh, can slow evaporation and thus ameliorate salinity stress. In addition, salt marsh plants tolerate high salinities by several physiological mechanisms, including excreting salt through salt glands and preventing salt uptake
205:, which means they are restricted to either salt or fresh water and cannot survive in water with a different salt concentration than they are adapted to. However, some fish show a tremendous ability to effectively osmoregulate across a broad range of salinities; fish with this ability are known as
485:
can also be quite variable. Low salinities can be caused by rainwater or river inputs of freshwater. Estuarine species must be especially euryhaline, or able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. High salinities occur in locations with high evaporation rates, such as in
180:
Osmoregulators tightly regulate their body osmolarity, which always stays constant, and are more common in the animal kingdom. Osmoregulators actively control salt concentrations despite the salt concentrations in the environment. An example is freshwater fish. The gills
216:
Some marine fish, like sharks, have adopted a different, efficient mechanism to conserve water, i.e., osmoregulation. They retain urea in their blood in relatively higher concentration. Urea is damaging to living tissue so, to cope with this problem, some fish retain
84:
ones, which can only survive within a narrow range of salinities. Most freshwater organisms are stenohaline, and will die in seawater, and similarly most marine organisms are stenohaline, and cannot live in fresh water.
506:. This may be due to the relatively recent date of freshwater colonization (under one million years), and/or possibly incomplete genetic isolation of the freshwater populations, as they remain capable of surviving in
169:
regulated in such a manner that it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis.
213:. Salmon has been observed to inhabit two utterly disparate environments — marine and fresh water — and it is inherent to adapt to both by bringing in behavioral and physiological modifications.
223:. This provides a better solution to urea's toxicity. Sharks, having slightly higher solute concentration (i.e., above 1000 mOsm which is sea solute concentration), do not drink water like marine fish.
646:
177:
match their body osmolarity to their environment actively or passively. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, although their ionic composition may be different from that of seawater.
193:
has an internal osmotic concentration lower than that of the surrounding seawater, so it tends to lose water (to the more negative surroundings) and gain salt. It actively excretes
948:
57:) is an example of a euryhaline invertebrate that can live in salt and brackish water. Euryhaline organisms are commonly found in habitats such as
494:
Despite having a regular freshwater presence, the
Atlantic stingray is physiologically euryhaline and no population has evolved the specialized
1829:
1026:
738:
1571:
703:
804:
2167:
413:
317:
1398:
185:
salt from the environment by the use of mitochondria-rich cells. Water will diffuse into the fish, so it excretes a very
1428:
729:
1082:
1019:
991:
868:
784:
285:
924:
Thorson, T.B. (1983). "Observations on the morphology, ecology and life history of the euryhaline stingray,
2133:
1167:
349:
1067:
1819:
1546:
1516:
1403:
1012:
852:
768:
2092:
2085:
2052:
1794:
1466:
1147:
752:
269:
2282:
2160:
2102:
1861:
103:
2262:
820:
2080:
2062:
1624:
1373:
1124:
461:
429:
2042:
1866:
1851:
1674:
1393:
1282:
827:
677:
237:
2072:
2057:
1566:
1383:
775:
333:
301:
253:
66:
397:
2067:
1363:
875:
620:
324:
219:
65:
where the salinity changes regularly. However, some organisms are euryhaline because their
8:
2153:
1856:
1799:
1599:
1486:
1275:
661:
2247:
1438:
983:
712:
482:
420:
381:
1784:
1689:
1594:
1506:
1501:
1448:
1255:
1062:
1052:
975:
836:
811:
645:
570:
540:
404:
308:
276:
244:
161:
is the active process by which an organism maintains its level of water content. The
32:
2145:
128:
1526:
1471:
1433:
1388:
1346:
1270:
1057:
987:
967:
859:
722:
519:
503:
182:
162:
69:
involves migration between freshwater and marine environments, as is the case with
1743:
1723:
1551:
1538:
1521:
1476:
1358:
1297:
1221:
1216:
1152:
1139:
1109:
668:
445:
136:
53:
365:
186:
2207:
2019:
1992:
1884:
1876:
1809:
1779:
1718:
1700:
1654:
1644:
1248:
1201:
894:
889:
635:
550:
499:
495:
436:
158:
153:
111:
41:
2276:
2252:
2227:
2217:
2177:
2121:
2024:
1938:
1758:
1733:
1728:
1684:
1679:
1634:
1629:
1609:
1481:
1260:
1179:
904:
759:
522:
between their internal fluids and external environment still causes water to
468:
452:
388:
174:
2014:
1838:
1753:
1713:
1614:
1556:
1496:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1324:
1314:
1243:
1226:
1133:
1094:
1087:
595:
979:
2237:
2212:
1997:
1985:
1911:
1669:
1664:
1639:
1619:
1561:
1456:
1351:
1329:
1319:
1292:
1162:
1114:
899:
625:
580:
356:
202:
173:
Two major types of osmoregulation are osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
166:
141:
116:
81:
37:
2242:
2192:
2047:
1846:
1814:
1748:
1659:
1649:
1334:
1302:
1287:
1233:
1206:
1189:
843:
795:
684:
615:
545:
487:
372:
260:
62:
45:
510:. Freshwater Atlantic stingrays have only 30-50% the concentration of
2221:
2202:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1604:
1265:
1211:
1196:
1174:
1157:
1104:
630:
565:
340:
58:
16:
Term describing organisms able to adapt to a wide range of salinities
526:
into their bodies, and they must produce large quantities of dilute
2197:
2007:
1948:
1894:
1889:
1708:
1576:
1238:
1184:
1099:
971:
791:
600:
515:
507:
478:
23:
1980:
1975:
1953:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1461:
1413:
1307:
1077:
1072:
953:) from the Freshwater Lake Jesup of the St. Johns River, Florida"
605:
560:
555:
523:
292:
2181:
1899:
585:
210:
70:
2002:
1931:
1341:
652:
610:
575:
527:
530:(at 10 times the rate of marine individuals) to compensate.
518:
in their blood compared to marine populations. However, the
1904:
1491:
1044:
1035:
946:
590:
511:
198:
194:
190:
27:
1943:
1511:
74:
1004:
189:(dilute) urine to expel all the excess water. A marine
2175:
940:
2274:
22:organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of
2161:
1020:
923:
692:
2168:
2154:
1027:
1013:
949:"Osmoregulation of the Atlantic Stingray (
1572:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
80:The opposite of euryhaline organisms are
2275:
947:Piermarini, P.M.; Evans, D.H. (1998).
917:
2149:
1008:
960:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2128:
1399:Electroreception and electrogenesis
13:
226:
14:
2294:
88:
2261:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2098:
2097:
1123:
867:
851:
835:
819:
803:
783:
767:
751:
737:
721:
702:
676:
660:
644:
460:
444:
428:
412:
396:
380:
364:
348:
332:
316:
300:
284:
268:
252:
236:
135:Movement of water and ions in a
127:
110:Movement of water and ions in a
102:
1083:Environmental impact of fishing
1:
928:(Bloch and Schneider) 1801".
910:
26:. An example of a euryhaline
1168:intramembranous ossification
7:
883:
30:is the short-finned molly,
10:
2299:
1547:Fin and flipper locomotion
1517:Sequential hermaphroditism
1404:Jamming avoidance response
1121:
930:Acta Biologica Venezuelica
698:other euryhaline organisms
693:Other euryhaline organisms
151:
2259:
2188:
2111:
2035:
1968:
1875:
1837:
1828:
1767:
1698:
1585:
1537:
1447:
1372:
1132:
1042:
1034:
498:mechanisms found in the
2063:Glossary of ichthyology
1625:Diel vertical migration
745:White-spotted jellyfish
1429:Surface wave detection
1394:Hydrodynamic reception
1068:Diseases and parasites
1567:Undulatory locomotion
1384:Ampullae of Lorenzini
776:New Zealand mud snail
1795:Genetically modified
876:Diamondback terrapin
325:Big-scale sand smelt
232:Some euryhaline fish
220:trimethylamine oxide
36:, which can live in
1600:Aquatic respiration
1487:Life history theory
2248:Supraorbital gland
1439:Weberian apparatus
713:Halodule uninervis
421:Atlantic threadfin
245:Short-finned molly
2270:
2269:
2143:
2142:
2053:Fish common names
1964:
1963:
1595:Aquatic predation
1419:Capacity for pain
1148:Age determination
812:Irrawaddy dolphin
541:Atlantic stingray
405:Spanish toothcarp
309:Longnose stingray
277:Atlantic stingray
33:Poecilia sphenops
2290:
2265:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2101:
2100:
1835:
1834:
1127:
1058:Ethnoichthyology
1029:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
990:. Archived from
957:
944:
938:
937:
926:Dasyatis guttata
921:
871:
860:Crab-eating frog
855:
839:
828:Asian shore crab
823:
807:
787:
771:
755:
741:
730:Green sea urchin
725:
706:
680:
664:
648:
520:osmotic pressure
504:Potamotrygonidae
491:into the roots.
483:intertidal zones
464:
448:
432:
416:
400:
384:
368:
352:
336:
320:
304:
288:
272:
256:
240:
201:. Most fish are
163:osmotic pressure
131:
106:
51:The green crab (
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2283:Aquatic ecology
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2184:
2174:
2144:
2139:
2107:
2031:
1960:
1871:
1824:
1763:
1694:
1587:
1581:
1533:
1477:Ichthyoplankton
1443:
1375:
1368:
1364:Digital Library
1359:Teleost leptins
1298:Shark cartilage
1222:pharyngeal slit
1217:pharyngeal arch
1153:Anguilliformity
1138:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1038:
1033:
1003:
1002:
994:
955:
951:Dasyatis sabina
945:
941:
922:
918:
913:
886:
879:
878:
872:
863:
862:
856:
847:
846:
840:
831:
830:
824:
815:
814:
808:
799:
798:
788:
779:
778:
772:
763:
762:
756:
747:
746:
742:
733:
732:
726:
717:
716:
707:
695:
688:
687:
681:
672:
671:
669:Flathead mullet
665:
656:
655:
649:
640:
500:river stingrays
476:
472:
471:
465:
456:
455:
449:
440:
439:
433:
424:
423:
417:
408:
407:
401:
392:
391:
385:
376:
375:
369:
360:
359:
353:
344:
343:
337:
328:
327:
321:
312:
311:
305:
296:
295:
289:
280:
279:
273:
264:
263:
257:
248:
247:
241:
229:
227:Euryhaline fish
209:species, e.g.,
183:actively uptake
167:homeostatically
165:in the body is
156:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
139:
137:freshwater fish
132:
123:
122:
121:
120:
114:
107:
98:
97:
91:
54:Carcinus maenas
17:
12:
11:
5:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2208:Osmoregulation
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1877:Wild fisheries
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Hallucinogenic
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Schooling fish
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Filter feeders
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Bottom feeders
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:Leydig's organ
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:pharyngeal jaw
1246:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:branchial arch
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1001:
1000:
997:on 2020-07-31.
972:10.1086/515973
966:(5): 553–560.
939:
915:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
895:Osmoregulation
892:
890:Fish migration
885:
882:
881:
880:
874:
873:
866:
864:
858:
857:
850:
848:
842:
841:
834:
832:
826:
825:
818:
816:
810:
809:
802:
800:
794:of the family
790:
789:
782:
780:
774:
773:
766:
764:
758:
757:
750:
748:
744:
743:
736:
734:
728:
727:
720:
718:
709:
708:
701:
699:
694:
691:
690:
689:
683:
682:
675:
673:
667:
666:
659:
657:
651:
650:
643:
639:
638:
636:Desert pupfish
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
551:Green chromide
548:
543:
537:
536:
535:
502:of the family
496:osmoregulatory
474:
473:
469:Crevalle jacks
467:
466:
459:
457:
451:
450:
443:
441:
437:Desert pupfish
435:
434:
427:
425:
419:
418:
411:
409:
403:
402:
395:
393:
387:
386:
379:
377:
371:
370:
363:
361:
355:
354:
347:
345:
339:
338:
331:
329:
323:
322:
315:
313:
307:
306:
299:
297:
291:
290:
283:
281:
275:
274:
267:
265:
259:
258:
251:
249:
243:
242:
235:
233:
228:
225:
175:Osmoconformers
159:Osmoregulation
154:Osmoregulation
134:
133:
126:
125:
124:
112:saltwater fish
109:
108:
101:
100:
99:
96:Osmoregulation
95:
94:
93:
92:
90:
89:Osmoregulation
87:
42:brackish water
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2264:
2254:
2253:Renal medulla
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Osmoconformer
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:Halotolerance
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Hypertonicity
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:water balance
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:more lists...
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Fish families
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Aquarium life
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2025:fleshy-finned
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:Cartilaginous
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
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1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
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1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1638:
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1633:
1631:
1630:Electric fish
1628:
1626:
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1618:
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1613:
1611:
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1598:
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1277:
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1272:
1269:
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1264:
1262:
1261:Mauthner cell
1259:
1257:
1254:
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1237:
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1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
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1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Chromatophore
1178:
1176:
1173:
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1164:
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1154:
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1018:
1016:
1011:
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993:
989:
985:
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977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
952:
943:
935:
931:
927:
920:
916:
906:
905:Osmoconformer
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
877:
870:
865:
861:
854:
849:
845:
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833:
829:
822:
817:
813:
806:
801:
797:
793:
786:
781:
777:
770:
765:
761:
760:Lagoon cockle
754:
749:
740:
735:
731:
724:
719:
715:
714:
710:the seagrass
705:
700:
697:
696:
686:
679:
674:
670:
663:
658:
654:
647:
642:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Mangrove jack
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
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592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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569:
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531:
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521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
489:
484:
480:
477:The level of
470:
463:
458:
454:
453:Mayan cichlid
447:
442:
438:
431:
426:
422:
415:
410:
406:
399:
394:
390:
389:Green sawfish
383:
378:
374:
367:
362:
358:
351:
346:
342:
335:
330:
326:
319:
314:
310:
303:
298:
294:
287:
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278:
271:
266:
262:
255:
250:
246:
239:
234:
231:
230:
224:
222:
221:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:out from the
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
171:
168:
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160:
155:
143:
138:
130:
118:
113:
105:
86:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
25:
21:
2232:
2203:Hypotonicity
2132:
2120:
2020:spiny-finned
1969:Major groups
1738:
1690:Intelligence
1670:Scale eaters
1615:Cleaner fish
1497:Mouthbrooder
1449:Reproduction
1424:Schreckstoff
1409:Lateral line
1325:Swim bladder
1315:Spiral valve
1244:hyomandibula
1227:pseudobranch
1110:Hypoxia in -
992:the original
963:
959:
950:
942:
936:(4): 95–126.
933:
929:
925:
919:
711:
596:Striped bass
534:Partial list
493:
488:salt marshes
475:
218:
215:
206:
179:
172:
157:
79:
52:
50:
31:
19:
18:
2238:Stenohaline
2213:Homeostasis
2198:Isotonicity
2134:WikiProject
2093:Prehistoric
2077:Threatened
1768:Other types
1665:Sardine run
1640:Forage fish
1620:Corallivory
1472:Development
1457:Bubble nest
1330:physoclisti
1320:Suckermouth
1293:Root effect
1115:Ichthyology
900:Stenohaline
626:White perch
581:Puffer fish
357:Pink salmon
341:Moonyfishes
203:stenohaline
142:brown trout
117:yellow jack
82:stenohaline
38:fresh water
2243:Salt gland
2233:Euryhaline
1749:Groundfish
1744:Freshwater
1739:Euryhaline
1724:Coral reef
1660:Salmon run
1650:Paedophagy
1552:Amphibious
1539:Locomotion
1347:pharyngeal
1335:physostome
1288:Photophore
1234:Glossohyal
1207:gill raker
1190:dorsal fin
1140:physiology
911:References
844:Shore crab
796:Gammaridae
685:Bull shark
616:Barramundi
546:Bull shark
514:and other
508:salt water
373:Barramundi
261:Round goby
207:euryhaline
152:See also:
67:life cycle
63:tide pools
46:salt water
24:salinities
20:Euryhaline
2222:Halophile
2176:Salt and
1998:chimaeras
1885:Predatory
1862:Salmonids
1820:Whitefish
1810:Poisonous
1785:Diversity
1719:Coldwater
1655:Predatory
1645:Migratory
1605:Bait ball
1588:behaviour
1507:Pregnancy
1502:Polyandry
1276:papillare
1271:Operculum
1266:Meristics
1212:gill slit
1175:Cleithrum
1105:Fish kill
1095:Fear of -
1088:- as food
1078:Fisheries
1063:Evolution
1053:Diversity
792:Amphipods
631:Killifish
566:Mummichog
516:osmolytes
187:hypotonic
59:estuaries
2277:Category
2122:Category
2073:Smallest
1986:lampreys
1949:flatfish
1939:Demersal
1895:mackerel
1890:billfish
1830:Commerce
1759:Tropical
1734:Demersal
1729:Deep-sea
1685:Venomous
1577:RoboTuna
1527:triggers
1522:Spawning
1482:Juvenile
1467:Egg case
1100:FishBase
884:See also
601:Sturgeon
479:salinity
2182:animals
2068:Largest
1981:hagfish
1976:Jawless
1954:pollock
1927:sardine
1922:herring
1917:anchovy
1867:Tilapia
1857:Octopus
1852:Catfish
1839:Farming
1754:Pelagic
1714:Coastal
1701:habitat
1557:Walking
1462:Clasper
1414:Otolith
1376:systems
1374:Sensory
1308:ganoine
1283:Papilla
1134:Anatomy
1073:Fishing
988:1980147
980:9754532
606:Tilapia
561:Lamprey
556:Herring
524:diffuse
293:Bat ray
2086:sharks
2003:sharks
1932:sprats
1912:Forage
1900:salmon
1780:Coarse
1562:Flying
1434:Vision
1389:Barbel
1303:Scales
1163:dermal
1043:About
986:
978:
586:Salmon
211:salmon
71:salmon
2048:Blind
2036:Lists
1815:Rough
1680:Sleep
1586:Other
1352:shark
1342:Teeth
995:(PDF)
984:S2CID
956:(PDF)
653:Cobia
611:Trout
576:Guppy
571:Molly
528:urine
199:gills
44:, or
2081:rays
2015:Bony
2008:rays
1905:tuna
1847:Carp
1805:Oily
1790:Game
1775:Bait
1709:Cave
1492:Milt
1197:Gill
1185:Fins
1158:Bone
1045:fish
1036:Fish
976:PMID
591:Shad
512:urea
195:salt
191:fish
75:eels
73:and
61:and
28:fish
2180:in
1944:cod
1699:By
1512:Roe
1239:Jaw
1137:and
968:doi
481:in
48:.
2279::
982:.
974:.
964:71
962:.
958:.
934:11
932:.
77:.
40:,
2224:)
2220:(
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
970::
144:)
140:(
119:)
115:(
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