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Miss Eva prepared the heads before every séance, and endeavoured to make them unrecognizable. A clean-shaven face was decorated with a beard. Grey hairs became black curls, a broad forehead was made into a narrow one. In spite of all her endeavours, she could not obliterate certain characteristic
216:, on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it was made from a magazine cut out, complete with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine
132:
investigated Carrière and wrote she was a genuine psychic, but never-published photographs were discovered after Geley's death which revealed fraudulent activity from the psychic's companion, Juliette Bisson, such as wires seen running from Carrière's head supporting fake
771:"In 1920 Eva C came to London at the invitation of the SPR. Forty séances, held under the direction of Dr. E. J. Dingwall and Dr. J. V. Woolley, proved entirely negative. The small amount of 'ectoplasm' produced proved on analysis to be nothing more than chewed up paper."
57:
Béraud was born 1886 in France, the daughter of a French officer. She became engaged to
Maurice Noël, a soldier who died in the Congo from tropical disease in 1904 before the marriage could take place. Béraud lived with General Elie Noël and his wife at Villa Carmen in
145:
wrote that the experiments of
Schrenck-Notzing were unscientific and that he had been duped by tricks of Carrière. In the Schrenck-Notzing psychic sessions with Carrière, the scientific controls were scarce and there was evidence that she had freed her hands in the
161:
to ensure no "ectoplasm" had been loaded there beforehand to fool the investigators, and she would also strip nude at the end of a séance and demanded another full-on gynecological exam. The psychic sessions of Carrière with
Schrenck-Notzing have been described as
197:, the photographs of her ectoplasm taken with Schrenck-Notzing looked artificial and two-dimensional, made from cardboard and newspaper portraits, and that there were no scientific controls, as both her hands were free. In 1920, Carrière was investigated by the
99:
In 1909, Béraud changed her name to Eva Carrière (Eva C) to hide the fraud of her past and began a new career as a psychic. She had a sexual relationship with a woman 25 years her elder, Juliette Bisson (1861–1956), with whom she performed during her seances.
166:. Photos taken during the séances show Carrière in the nude emerging from her cabinet and others revealing fake ectoplasm strings hanging from her breasts. Another photograph revealed ectoplasm in the shape of a deflated and disembodied
189:
was made from chewed paper, and said "the séances proved negative". Ruth
Brandon wrote that Carrière produced some of her effects by regurgitation, hiding her ectoplasm in the séance cabinet and using her secret accomplice Bisson.
92:
A newspaper article in 1906 revealed that an Arab coachman known as Areski, who had previously worked at the villa, had been hired to play the part of Bien Boa and that the entire thing was a
125:, observed one of her séances and asserted that they were fraudulent. He was never convinced by Carrière and likened her performance to a magician's trick, the Hindu needle trick.
295:
157:
activities with her audience. Her companion
Juliette Bisson would, during the course of the séance sittings with Schrenck-Notzing, introduce her finger into Eva's
383:
962:
121:
mystery series. He believed her performances were genuine and that she was not engaged in any deception. Another famous psychic investigator of the time,
283:
1481:
185:
and physician-psychical researcher V. J. Woolley tested Carrière in London. They found no evidence of psychic phenomena, discovered that her
174:, Juliette Bisson and Carrière were in a sexual relationship, and they worked in collaboration with each other to fake the ectoplasm and
73:
at Villa Carmen and sitters were invited. In these séances she claimed to materialize a spirit called Bien Boa, a 300-year-old
Brahmin
272:
all knew about the fraudulent photographs, but were firm believers in spirituality phenomena, so demanded the scandal be kept secret.
220:. Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces. In 1913, a Miss Barkley in an article in the newspaper
81:
reported that Boa was breathing, had moved around the room and had touched him. A photograph revealed Boa to be a man dressed up in a
1848:
1491:
955:
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Carrière has been described as "perverse and neurotic". She was well known for running around the séance room naked indulging in
1275:
96:. Areski wrote that he made his appearance into the room by a trapdoor. Béraud also admitted to being involved with the hoax.
1506:
420:
249:
248:
In 1954, Rudolf
Lambert, an SPR member, published details of fraud which had been suppressed by many early members of the
948:
914:
707:
859:
Investigating the
Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931
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Investigating the
Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931
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260:. Various "materializations" were artificially attached to Eva's hair by wires. Geley never published his discovery.
77:. However, photographs taken of Boa looked like the figure was made from a large cardboard cutout. In other sittings
1838:
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256:'s files on Eva Carrière and discovered photographs taken by her companion Juliette Bisson depicting fraudulent
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Is
Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
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310:
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A Magician among the Spirits (Cambridge Library Collection - Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge)
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201:(SPR) in London. She was also investigated in 1922 and the result of the tests were negative.
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141:, investigated Carrière and believed the ectoplasm she produced was genuine. Psychiatrist
8:
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The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
741:
The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
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620:
459:
The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication
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439:
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384:"Erotic Ectoplasmic Birth: Vaginas and Scientific Probing in the Age of Spiritualism"
1732:
1682:
1587:
1471:
1365:
1195:
640:
632:
595:
454:
669:
A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters
560:
499:
A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters
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Censored photo of Carrière nude in a séance with a cardboard cut-out figure of
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621:"Policing epistemic deviance: Albert Von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll(1)"
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Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, 5th ed
1777:
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wrote that Carrière's ectoplasm was made of cut-out paper faces from
175:
1024:
147:
70:
818:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
542:
The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero
209:
49:
from chewed paper and cut-out faces from magazines and newspapers.
708:"Bawdy Technologies and the Birth of Ectoplasm By L. Anne Delgado"
479:
Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France
63:
59:
289:
The spirit Bien Boa, which was discovered to be a dressed-up man
1064:
158:
86:
167:
82:
74:
301:
Carrière with fake ectoplasm made from the French magazine
93:
264:, the director of the Institute, and members Jean Meyer,
497:
Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth and Dan Aykroyd. (2009).
45:
medium in the early 20th century known for making fake
111:
Carrière's psychic performances were investigated by
379:
377:
853:
851:
849:
804:. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49
1805:
861:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 144-145.
732:
730:
728:
374:
970:
846:
1482:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
956:
725:
436:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
963:
949:
521:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 110.
481:. University of Illinois Press. p. 84-86.
137:. Another physician-psychical researcher,
37:1886 in France, died 1943), also known as
1492:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
644:
400:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847
743:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 152-160.
667:Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth. (2009).
536:
534:
18:
600:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena
66:ability after the death of her fiancé.
1806:
618:
1507:International Spiritualist Federation
944:
561:Jack and Beverly's Spirit Photographs
531:
250:Institute Metapsychique International
1462:List of Spiritualist organizations
13:
875:
834:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
402:. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 226
14:
1860:
929:
782:Fifty Years of Psychical Research
340:Carrière with light between hands
106:
1849:21st-century French LGBTQ people
690:. Time-Life Books. 1989. p. 64.
438:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 310.
333:
321:
309:
294:
282:
62:. She claimed she developed her
823:
807:
794:
774:
763:. Aquarian Press. pp. 110-111.
761:Spiritualism: A Critical Survey
753:
700:
681:
661:
612:
594:See the entry for ectoplasm in
588:
565:
554:
233:Carrière used cut out faces of
224:exposed the fraud of Carrière:
128:Physician-psychical researcher
578:. Cambridge University Press.
511:
491:
471:
448:
425:
405:
389:
199:Society for Psychical Research
69:In 1905, she held a series of
1:
1487:Spiritualists' National Union
461:. Visible Ink Press. p. 131.
367:
1477:London Spiritualist Alliance
836:. Prometheus Books. p. 520.
784:. Longmans, Green & Co.
328:Carrière with fake ectoplasm
52:
7:
386:. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
345:
266:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
252:(IMI). Lambert had studied
139:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
10:
1865:
857:Sofie Lachapelle. (2011).
517:Sofie Lachapelle. (2011).
275:
245:, and actress Mona Delza.
239:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria
25:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria
1515:
1497:Spiritual church movement
1454:
1073:
982:
936:Eva C by C. M. de Heredia
916:Materialisation Phenomena
907:. London: Watts & Co.
477:M. Brady Brower. (2010).
170:. According to historian
1844:French spiritual mediums
802:Psychical Research Today
800:Donald J. West. (1954).
759:Simeon Edmunds. (1966).
316:Carrière during a séance
181:In 1920, anthropologist
1839:French female criminals
1763:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
1628:Carlos María de Heredia
671:. Rodale Books. p. 62.
544:. Atria Books. p. 419.
501:. Rodale Books. p. 59.
1693:Charles Arthur Mercier
1502:Arthur Findlay College
1341:William Stainton Moses
1306:Gladys Osborne Leonard
411:Room, Adrian. (2010).
231:
27:
1824:French bisexual women
1653:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
1558:Milbourne Christopher
1467:Spiritualist churches
1336:Lorin Morgan-Richards
1331:William Usborne Moore
1000:Cross-Correspondences
780:Harry Price. (1939).
602:. Visible Ink Press.
226:
178:their male audience.
103:Beraud died in 1943.
22:
1668:John Nevil Maskelyne
1568:Edmund Smith Conklin
415:. McFarland. p. 84.
222:Neue Wiener Tagblatt
1743:Julien J. Proskauer
1533:George Miller Beard
1528:John Henry Anderson
1266:Daniel Dunglas Home
983:History and beliefs
922:The Hibbert Journal
888:. Alfred E. Knopf.
820:. Doubleday. p. 187
637:10.1017/mdh.2011.36
241:, French president
143:Mathilde Ludendorff
41:, was a fraudulent
1783:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
1618:William A. Hammond
1421:Stanisława Tomczyk
1411:Emanuel Swedenborg
1361:Ethel Post-Parrish
1326:Francis Ward Monck
1171:Arthur Conan Doyle
1045:Spirit photography
619:Sommer, A (2012).
113:Arthur Conan Doyle
28:
1829:French fraudsters
1801:
1800:
1788:Lyttelton Winslow
1753:Donovan Rawcliffe
1718:E. Clephan Palmer
1688:Georgess McHargue
1578:Stuart Cumberland
1553:William Carpenter
1472:Spiritist centres
1431:George Valiantine
1351:Eusapia Palladino
1321:Carmine Mirabelli
1281:Swami Laura Horos
1231:Kathleen Goligher
1156:Geraldine Cummins
1111:Stephen E. Braude
1050:Spirit possession
1035:Spiritual healing
995:Automatic writing
814:Georgess McHargue
688:Spirit Summonings
421:978-0-7864-4373-4
1856:
1733:Massimo Polidoro
1683:Henry C. McComas
1588:Joseph Dunninger
1366:James Van Praagh
1256:Gordon Higginson
1196:William Eglinton
1040:Spirit obsession
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710:. Archived from
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243:Raymond Poincaré
115:, author of the
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1834:French psychics
1804:
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1793:Richard Wiseman
1723:Ronald Pearsall
1703:John Mulholland
1658:Rose Mackenberg
1623:C. E. M. Hansel
1608:G. Stanley Hall
1511:
1450:
1416:Rosina Thompson
1376:Estelle Roberts
1316:Heinrich Melzer
1291:James H. Hyslop
1261:Richard Hodgson
1151:William Crookes
1069:
1015:Materialization
978:
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911:T. W. Rolleston
878:
876:Further reading
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1538:Ruth Brandon
1523:David Abbott
1446:Chico Xavier
1406:Doris Stokes
1381:Jane Roberts
1311:Oliver Lodge
1296:Allan Kardec
1276:William Hope
1211:Leslie Flint
1176:Helen Duncan
1166:Frank Decker
1161:Pearl Curran
1146:Mina Crandon
1131:Eva Carrière
1130:
1106:Ada Besinnet
1081:Derek Acorah
1055:Spirit world
972:Spiritualism
925:17: 319-321.
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830:Gordon Stein
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716:. Retrieved
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164:pornographic
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130:Gustav Geley
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31:Eva Carrière
30:
29:
1819:1943 deaths
1814:1886 births
1748:James Randi
1738:Harry Price
1713:Joe Nickell
1698:Albert Moll
1663:David Marks
1593:Henry Evans
1441:Etta Wriedt
1436:Jack Webber
1401:Henry Slade
1386:William Roy
1251:Alec Harris
1246:Robert Hare
1216:Arthur Ford
1206:Fox sisters
1201:Colin Evans
1191:John Edward
1091:Dan Aykroyd
262:Eugéne Osty
206:Donald West
195:Harry Price
89:and beard.
1808:Categories
1778:Amy Tanner
1633:Carl Hertz
1371:Bert Reese
1286:Cecil Husk
1236:Rita Goold
1020:Mediumship
913:. (1919).
901:. (1920).
884:. (1983).
832:. (1996).
816:. (1972).
739:. (1983).
718:2013-02-02
598:. (2007).
574:. (2011).
457:. (2005).
434:. (2010).
398:. (1920).
368:References
214:newspapers
1426:Ena Twigg
1241:Jan Guzyk
1221:Colin Fry
1005:Ectoplasm
976:spiritism
303:Le Miroir
258:ectoplasm
218:Le Miroir
210:magazines
204:In 1954,
187:ectoplasm
176:eroticize
135:ectoplasm
53:Biography
47:ectoplasm
1516:Skeptics
655:23002296
625:Med Hist
346:See also
646:3381523
276:Gallery
71:séances
64:psychic
60:Algiers
1065:Theism
1025:Séance
990:Apport
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229:lines.
159:vagina
155:sexual
150:room.
148:séance
87:helmet
33:(born
168:penis
83:cloak
75:Hindu
39:Eva C
974:and
890:ISBN
863:ISBN
838:ISBN
786:ISBN
765:ISBN
745:ISBN
692:ISBN
673:ISBN
651:PMID
604:ISBN
580:ISBN
546:ISBN
523:ISBN
503:ISBN
483:ISBN
463:ISBN
440:ISBN
417:ISBN
268:and
212:and
94:hoax
641:PMC
633:doi
1810::
919:.
848:^
727:^
649:.
639:.
629:56
627:.
623:.
533:^
376:^
237:,
85:,
964:e
957:t
950:v
721:.
657:.
635::
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