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herself and two members of the medical staff. For the first few years these were given by Dr Sansom, a physician and Mr Treves, a surgeon. Proper examinations were introduced at the end of the training period. In 1895 the system of training was amended, by the introduction of a seven-week
Preliminary Training Course at Tredegar House, devoted almost entirely to classroom learning, followed by an examination. In the summer of 1897, a
38:
437:. During the final years of her life her mobility was impaired and she took to using a bath-chair. By 1919, she became acutely ill and was nursed by Sisters from the hospital. She died on 16 February 1919, aged 64, having been Matron of The London for 39 years. She was cremated and her ashes laid to rest behind a plaque on the north side of St Philip's Church, now the Medical School Library.
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were then expected to undertake a further two years' service. She ensured that nurses were better provided for by seeing that meals were provided, and that better accommodation was available. After the reforms, it was established that a
Probationer's training should last two years, the first year being concerned with theoretical knowledge and the second with practical skills.
333:(BNA), founded in 1887, was campaigning vigorously for a statutory register of trained nurses as a way to achieve professional status. Both Florence Nightingale and Eva Luckes were opposed to registration on the grounds that the essential qualities of a good nurse would be subordinated to theory and exams. The BNA applied in 1891 to the
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to her care". These words give us some idea of her approach to her life and work and why she opposed the campaign for a
Registration Scheme. There is more in the same vein. Anyone who has interest or influence in the strategy of nurse training and discipline might find value in reading, and perhaps quoting, these introductions.
222:
At 26, Luckes was the youngest of the five candidates interviewed and several of the
Committee thought her 'too young and too pretty' and were wary of appointing someone with relatively little experience. However, the confidence of the committee members was well founded as she set about introducing a
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The selection procedure for new nurses became more rigorous. After an application form had been filled in, there was a personal interview with Matron, a medical examination and a month's trial before being accepted as a probationer. Proper training was given, supplemented by lectures given by Luckes
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A Ninth
Edition was published in 1914. In its Introduction she wrote: "... if a Nurse is to be worthy of her calling, her work must be inspired with the right spirit of Nursing, i.e. of active sympathy with suffering, manifested by unwearied kindness and unselfish devotion to the patients entrusted
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A second edition was published in 1898, "entirely rewritten and taken out of lecture form". In its preface she wrote eloquently of the importance of balance between character and technical knowledge in a good nurse. She ends, "There are many belonging to us of whom we can say with just pride, 'They
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of the House of Lords, set up to investigate the efficiency of metropolitan hospitals. Many charges from other witnesses were made against her department. The Select
Committee made its report in 1892 and found not only the charges to be unsubstantiated, but that the majority of the allegations were
353:
As well as campaigning against registration, Eva Luckes found herself under attack from those who criticised her method of management. Her critics complained of the long hours and heavy responsibilities she expected from probationers. The hours were demanding: 7 a.m. – 9 p.m., with half an hour for
265:
If successful in the examination at the end of this time, the qualified nurse was expected to serve for a further year. The training was later extended to three years and one year after qualification. In 1884 a class of "Paying
Probationers" – those who could afford to pay for their training – was
261:
Luckes' reforms initiated in 1880 were built around a well-established plan of what she wanted to achieve; before that date there were
Probationers, but their training consisted simply of one year's work on the wards, after which they were considered to be trained nurses, without examination. They
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to the London
Hospital committee, where he later became treasurer and chair. He raised the money for a substantial hospital expansion, including a new nurses' home. Luckes appreciated Nightingale's "patient, bright listening—there are as many differences in the ways of listening as in the ways of
312:. New probationers could get a feel for the work before entering the wards. It was also a way for Matron to assess whether the prospective nurse was suitable or not. The Preliminary Training School was moved to a purpose-built building constructed in 1911–1912 by architect and hospital surveyor,
299:
In June 1885, Luckes introduced a
Private Nursing Institution, which was established in January 1886, to provide trained nurses for private patients. The purpose of the system was twofold: to boost the reputation and finances of the Hospital and to keep the services of nurses who might otherwise
166:. She is said to have suffered from some physical disablement and had a horse to help her travel about the countryside. After she finished her education she lived at home, helping her mother run the house and visited the sick of the parish. It was this that developed her interest in nursing.
238:' committee was established to investigate charges against her. Nightingale worked strenuously behind the scenes to clear her name, notably by eliciting the help of her cousin, General Sir Lothian Nicholson, who was a governor at the hospital. Luckes was cleared of all the charges.
287:. Lückes also sent several more from the hospital's Private Nursing Institution. Of the 1,700 who contracted the disease, at least 132 died. In 1905 a department for the training of Pupil Midwives was established and was recognised by the
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talking, are there not?" she remarked in a last letter: "I left your room yesterday feeling so much better for having been with you," her anxieties "melting away," so that she could be "strong" again, and "see clearly the way to go".
809:
Sarah Rogers, ‘The Nurses of the 1897 Maidstone Typhoid Epidemic: Social Class and Training. How representative were they of mid-nineteenth century nursing reforms?’ (Unpublished Master of Letters dissertation, Dundee, March
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A volume of letters from Luckes to Nightingale, and Nightingale's notes from their meetings, is at the British Library (Mss 47746). Luckes's letters to her are at the Archives of the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel (
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Despite being busy with her reforms at the London, Luckes was fighting proposed reforms to the nursing profession as a whole. Correspondence was written at a turbulent time for Luckes and her contemporary,
223:
programme of reforms to improve the standard of nursing at The London, although it should be remembered that a Sub-Committee, to review the system, had been appointed in the previous year.
612:
Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders: 1880–1919' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022).
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Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)
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Luckes was referred to by her friend and mentor Florence Nightingale as 'Matron of Matrons' and on her death as a Matron Maker. She trained over 470 matrons during her tenure, including
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on 8 July 1854 into an upper middle-class family. Her father, Henry Richard Luckes, was a bank manager and entrepreneur who invested in local railways, and mines. They lived in
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Luckes introduced the Preliminary Training School in 1895 at Tredegar House. The original school was established in Bow, East London, in a Georgian property donated by
720:
Correspondence between Eva Charlotte Ellis Lückes and Florence Nightingale; 1889–1899; The Nightingale Papers; Add MS 47746, Vol. CXLIV, ff.1–380; The British Library
914:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Editions: First 1884, Second (revised) 1898, Ninth (revised) 1914, 348 pages.
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in February 1906. She also improved the pay of her nurses and encouraged them to join the National Pension Scheme for Nurses that had been established.
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Eva Lückes, RG10/3053,84; The General Record Office, The England and Wales Census 1871 for Great Malvern, Worcestershire; The National Archives, Kew
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Eva C.E. Luckes, RG9/1813,17; The General Record Office, The England and Wales Census 1861 for Ross, Herefordshire; The National Archives, Kew
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exaggerated. Her achievements were undeniable, however, and she trained nurses who taught others all over the world, including Edith Cavell.
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to become a public company, but failed after a campaign organised by the anti-registrationists. In 1892, the BNA successfully applied for a
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A plaque dedicated to Eva Luckes located in the Whitechapel library belonging to the Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.
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lunch and the pay was £10 a year. They disliked her two (rather than three) year training course and her opposition to nurse registration.
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help all with whom they come into contact – not because they can produce any number of Certificates, but because they love so much!'"
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watered down the charter by not including the power to maintain a register. State registration of nurses was not achieved until 1919.
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Eva Charlotte Ellis Lückes, Birth Certificate, 8 July 1854, Exeter, Devon; General Register Office for England and Wales
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Correspondence between Eva Lückes and Florence Nightingale; RLHPP/LUC/1–27; Barts Health NHS trust archives and museums
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who himself donated £5,000 towards the cost of building work. The second building was also known as Tredegar House.
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The Battle of the Nurses: A Study of Eight Women who influenced the Development of Professional Nursing, 1880–1930
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The Battle of the Nurses: a study of eight women who influenced the development of professional nursing, 1880–1930
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She was a valued collaborator of Nightingale's in the campaign against the state registration of nurses led by
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198:. She clashed with the medical committee for instigating reforms to the training of nurses and she resigned.
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Lectures on General Nursing Delivered to the Probationers of the London Hospital Training School for Nurses
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Distinctness of Idea and Firmness of Purpose. The Career of Eva Luckes; A Victorian Hospital Matron.
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Distinctness of Idea and Firmness of Purpose. The Career of Eva Luckes; A Victorian Hospital Matron.
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as a paying probationer for three months but she felt the work was too hard. She tried again at the
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Luckes was decorated a number of times during her career, including the medals of the RRC, the
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After working for six months at the Hospital for Sick Children Great Ormond Street (
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While Luckes was not a "Nightingale nurse," in the sense of having trained at the
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960:(Unpublished Master of Arts dissertation, London Metropolitan University, 2011).
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154:. Miss Luckes, the eldest of three daughters, was educated at dame schools in
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The London: A study in the Voluntary Hospital System, Volume Two, 1840–1948.
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988:. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 912–913.
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The London: A study in the Voluntary Hospital System, Volume Two, 1840–1948
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in Lynn McDonald, ed., Florence Nightingale: The Nightingale School 515-74
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The book was widely used as a teaching aid and reference book by nurses.
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891:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
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Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B.; Goldman, L., eds. (23 September 2004),
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McDonald, Lynn (2009). "Eva Charlotte Luckes". In Lynn McDonald (ed.),
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at St Thomas', she sought advice on nursing and hospital problems from
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Evans, Jonathan, (2010). ‘Lückes, Eva Charlotte Ellis (1854–1919)’,
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As time progressed, Luckes' health deteriorated. She suffered from
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and nine of Luckes' Probationers were seconded to help, including
834:: website: buildings that celebrate working women, Tredegar House
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Eva Charlotte Ellis Luckes (she spelled her name Lückes with the
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467:, which ran to four editions. Both books were a great success.
329:, with whom Luckes corresponded at least from 1891 – 1898. The
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McGann, Susan (1992). "Eva Luckes, A Great Maker of Matrons,"
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Matron Luckes appears as a supporting character in the opera
215:), Luckes successfully applied for the position of matron at
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Matron Luckes published her lectures in book form in 1884,
245:, on which see "State Registration of Nurses" (McDonald).
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l for a few months, before becoming lady superintendent /
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publications by Miss Eva Luckes at the internet archive
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Eva C.E. Luckes, Matron, The London Hospital 1880–1919
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Barts and The Royal London History of Medicine, 1880
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174:In September 1876 Luckes tried working at the
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681:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
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1002:. London: Scutari. pp. 9–34.
767:Clark-Kennedy, A.E. (1963).
555:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench
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963:Clark-Kennedy, A.E. (1963),
931:: Preface to Second Edition
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126:from 1880 to 1919.
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1130:Rachael Cox-Davies
775:. pp. 94–126.
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1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
954:
942:
937:
930:
925:
923:
921:
913:
908:
906:
890:
886:
879:
873:: Ref DEC/LUC
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
841:
833:
828:
821:
816:
806:
804:
802:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
763:
754:
746:
745:Scutari Press
742:
735:
726:
717:
708:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
666:
659:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
627:
618:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
554:
553:
545:
541:
533:
531:
527:
522:
520:
519:
518:Casualty 1909
514:
513:
512:Casualty 1907
508:
507:
506:Casualty 1906
502:
498:
497:Cherie Lunghi
488:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
461:
458:
454:
450:
448:
438:
436:
432:
428:
418:
416:
415:Susan McGahey
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
383:
374:
372:
368:
363:
360:
355:
346:
344:
343:Privy Council
340:
336:
332:
328:
317:
315:
311:
310:Lord Tredegar
301:
292:
290:
286:
282:
279:broke out in
278:
267:
263:
254:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
218:
214:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Exeter, Devon
141:
137:
127:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
95:
93:Occupation(s)
91:
86:
76:
72:
67:
66:Exeter, Devon
50:
46:
39:
34:
22:
19:
1322:
1265:Isla Stewart
1195:Ellen Musson
1174:
1125:Edith Cavell
1110:Ethel Becher
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
940:
936:
928:
911:
893:, retrieved
888:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
849:: Ref PP/LUC
846:
831:
827:
819:
815:
791:
781:
768:
762:
753:
740:
734:
725:
716:
707:
696:, retrieved
684:
674:
665:
657:
626:
617:
557:. Retrieved
551:
544:
525:
523:
516:
510:
504:
494:
474:
464:
462:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
441:Publications
424:
388:
364:
356:
352:
323:
307:
298:
285:Edith Cavell
273:
266:introduced.
264:
260:
247:
240:
225:
221:
210:
173:
170:Early career
133:
102:
101:
79:(1919-02-16)
29:CBE RRC DStJ
18:
1366:1919 deaths
1361:1854 births
1285:Sarah Swift
559:11 December
232:Nightingale
148:Ross on Wye
140:World War I
62:8 July 1854
1345:Categories
1210:Sarah Oram
1175:Eva Luckes
1170:Kate Luard
1008:PP/Luc/1).
895:30 October
771:. London:
743:. London:
698:30 October
536:References
491:Portrayals
411:Sarah Oram
196:Pendlebury
130:Early life
58:1854-07-08
25:Eva Luckes
981:. London.
435:cataracts
427:arthritis
281:Maidstone
158:, and at
150:, and in
68:, England
974:.Oxford.
431:diabetes
270:Training
1311:Related
1091:matrons
967:London.
822:website
503:series
499:in the
471:Honours
349:Critics
300:leave.
257:Reforms
190:at the
164:Dresden
156:Malvern
122:of the
1098:People
413:, and
202:London
188:matron
138:until
136:umlaut
120:matron
85:London
810:2016)
113:
109:
897:2023
700:2023
561:2021
515:and
433:and
409:and
115:DStJ
87:, UK
74:Died
48:Born
689:doi
528:by
501:BBC
367:CBE
194:in
111:RRC
107:CBE
1347::
919:^
904:^
887:,
839:^
800:^
790:.
683:,
635:^
569:^
532:.
521:.
509:,
487:.
479:,
449:.
429:,
417:.
405:,
397:,
373:.
1082:e
1075:t
1068:v
747:.
691::
563:.
60:)
56:(
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