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has occurred along its periphery. The report noted that to reverse ongoing ecosystem declines, it will be necessary to expedite restoration projects that target the central
Everglades, and to improve both the quality and quantity of the water in the ecosystem. To better understand the potential implications of the current slow pace of progress, the report assessed the current status of ten Everglades ecosystem attributes, including phosphorus loads, peat depth, and populations of snail kites, birds of prey that are endangered in South Florida. Most attributes received grades ranging from C (degraded) to D (significantly degraded), but the snail kite received a grade of F (near irreversible damage). The report also assessed the future trajectory of each ecosystem attribute under three restoration scenarios: improved water quality, improved hydrology, and improvements to both water quality and hydrology, which helped highlight the urgency of restoration actions to benefit a wide range of ecosystem attributes and demonstrate the cost of inaction. Overall, the report concluded that substantial near-term progress to address both water quality and hydrology in the central Everglades is needed to reverse ongoing degradation before it is too late.
3103:
the
Central and Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and Other Purposes (C&SF), which divided the Everglades into basins. In the northern Everglades were Water Conservation Areas (WCAs), and the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) bordering to the south of Lake Okeechobee. In the southern Everglades was Everglades National Park. Levees and pumping stations bordered each WCA, and released water in dryer times or removed it and pumped it to the ocean in times of flood. The WCAs took up approximately 37 percent of the original Everglades. The C&SF constructed over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of canals, and hundreds of pumping stations and levees within three decades. During the 1950s and 1960s the Miami metropolitan area grew four times as fast as the rest of the nation. Between 1940 and 1965, 6 million people moved to South Florida: 1,000 people moved to Miami every week. Developed areas between the mid-1950s and the late 1960s quadrupled. Much of the water reclaimed from the Everglades was sent to newly developed areas.
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euthanized with an additional wage pay and $ 200 per active nest found. In
Everglades National Park alone, agents removed more than 2,000 Burmese pythons from the park as of 2017. Federal authorities banned four species of exotic snakes, including the Burmese python, in 2012. The pythons are believed to be responsible for drastic decreases in the populations of some mammals within the park. In a 2015 study by the United States Geological Survey, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and the University of Florida, 95 adult marsh rabbits were released and tracked in areas known to have invasive python populations. 11 months later, it was found that 77% of the rabbits that fell victim to predation, was due to pythons. Relationships like these are believed to be a reason for declining native predator populations such as the Florida Panther that has less than 500 remaining individuals in the wild.
684:– the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere – associated with thunderstorms, is the key mechanism by which water leaves the region. During a year unaffected by drought, the rate may reach 40 inches (100 cm) a year. When droughts take place, the rate may peak at over 50 inches (130 cm), and exceed the amount of rainfall. As water leaves an area through evaporation from groundwater or from plant matter, activated primarily by solar energy, it is then moved by wind patterns to other areas that border or flow into the Everglades watershed system. Evapotranspiration is responsible for approximately 70–90 percent of water entering undeveloped wetland regions in the Everglades.
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spanning 17,000 acres (69 km) was constructed in 2004, making it the largest manmade wetland in the world. Fifty-five percent of the land necessary to acquire for restoration has been purchased by the State of
Florida, totaling 210,167 acres (850.52 km). A plan to hasten the construction and funding of projects was put into place, named "Acceler8", spurring the start of six of eight large construction projects, including that of three large reservoirs. However, federal funds have not been forthcoming; CERP was signed when the U.S. government had a budget surplus, but since then deficits have renewed, and two of CERP's major supporters in Congress retired. According to a story in
1990:
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62:
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2:00 pm is the mean time of daily thundershowers across South
Florida and the Everglades. Late in the wet season (August and September), precipitation levels reach their highest levels as tropical depressions and lows add to daily rainfall. Occasionally, tropical lows can become severe tropical cyclones and cause significant damage when they make landfall across south Florida. Tropical storms average one a year, and major hurricanes about once every ten years. Between 1871 and 1981, 138 tropical cyclones struck directly over or close to the Everglades. Strong winds from these storms disperse plant seeds and replenish
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the South
Florida ecosystem, the report predicted, would inevitably cause further and intolerable deterioration that would harm local tourism by 12,000 jobs and $ 200 million annually, and commercial fishing by 3,300 jobs and $ 52 million annually. Urban areas had grown beyond their capacities to sustain themselves. Crowded cities were facing problems such as high crime rates, traffic jams, severely overcrowded schools, and overtaxed public services; the report noted that water shortages were ironic, given the 53 inches (130 cm) of rain the region received annually.
612:. Prior to urban and agricultural development in Florida, the Everglades began at the southern edge of Lake Okeechobee and flowed for approximately 100 miles (160 km), emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. The limestone shelf is wide and slightly angled instead of having a narrow, deep channel characteristic of most rivers. The vertical gradient from Lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay is about 2 inches (5.1 cm) per mile, creating an almost 60-mile (97 km) wide expanse of river that travels about half a mile (0.8 km) a day. This slow movement of a broad, shallow river is known as
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3375:, or species of plants and animals that adapt aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, allowing them to reproduce faster and grow larger than they would naturally in their native environments. Approximately 26% of all species of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world. Controlling invasive species in 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km) of infested land in South Florida costs authorities about $ 500 million a year.
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2068:. Whereas in the wet season, dead plant matter and the tips of grasses and trees are burned, in the dry season the fire may be fed by organic peat and burn deeply, destroying root systems. Fires are confined by existing water and rainfall. It takes approximately 225 years for one foot (.30 m) of peat to develop, but in some locations the peat is less dense than it should be for the 5,000 years of the Everglades' existence. Scientists indicate fire as the cause; it is also cited as the reason for the black color of Everglades muck. Layers of
3264:, a meandering 90-mile (140 km)-long river that was drained to make way for grazing land and agriculture. The C&SF started building the C-38 canal in 1962 and the effects were seen almost immediately. Waterfowl, wading birds, and fish disappeared, prompting conservationists and sport fishers to demand the region be restored before the canal was finished in 1971. In general, C&SF projects had been criticized for being temporary fixes that ignored future consequences, costing billions of dollars with no end in sight. After Governor
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616:, and gives the Everglades its nickname, River of Grass. Water leaving Lake Okeechobee may require months or years to reach its final destination, Florida Bay. The sheetflow travels so slowly that water is typically stored from one wet season to the next in the porous limestone substrate. The ebb and flow of water has shaped the land and every ecosystem in South Florida throughout the Everglades' estimated 5,000 years of existence. The motion of water defines plant communities and how animals adapt to their habitats and food sources.
3305:, used as a fertilizer in the EAA, was flushed into canals and pumped back into the lake. When the lake drained, the phosphorus entered the water in the marshes, changing the nutrient levels. It kept periphyton from forming marl, one of two soils in the Everglades. The arrival of phosphorus allowed cattails to spread quickly. The cattails grew in dense mats—too thick for birds or alligators to nest in. It also dissolved oxygen in the peat, promoted algae, and prohibited the growth of native invertebrates on the bottom of the food chain.
1942:
2888:, a populist Democrat from Duval County, promoted draining the Everglades. He called the future of South Florida the "Empire of the Everglades". Soon after his successful election, he began work to "drain that abominable pestilence-ridden swamp", and pushed the Florida legislature to form a group of commissioners to oversee reclamation of flooded lands. In 1907 they established the Everglades Drainage District and began to study how to build the most effective canals, and how to fund them. Governor Broward ran for the
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to Cuba. Official permission for the immigration of Native
Americans from the Florida Keys was granted by Cuban officials in 1704. Spanish priests attempted to set up missions in 1743, but noted that the Tequesta were under assault from a neighboring tribe. When only 30 members were left, they were removed to Havana. A British surveyor in 1770 described multiple deserted villages in the region where the Tequesta lived. Common descriptions of Native Americans in Florida by 1820 used only the term "Seminoles".
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2396:, which is comprised almost completely of mangrove forests, covers almost 200,000 acres (810 km). In the wet season fresh water pours out into Florida Bay, and sawgrass begins to grow closer to the coastline. In the dry season, and particularly in extended periods of drought, the salt water creeps inland into the coastal prairie, an ecosystem that buffers the freshwater marshes by absorbing sea water. Mangrove trees begin to grow in fresh water ecosystems when the salt water goes far enough inland.
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3504:(CERP) proposed more than 60 construction projects over 30 years to store water that was being flushed into the ocean, in reservoirs, underground aquifers, and abandoned quarries; add more Stormwater Treatment Areas to filter water that flowed into the lower Everglades; regulate water released from pumping stations into local waterways and improve water released to Everglades National Park and Water Conservation Areas; remove barriers to sheetflow by raising the
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land, would then be rehabilitated and water flow from Lake
Okeechobee would be restored. In November 2008, the agreement was revised to offer $ 1.34 billion, allowing sugar mills in Clewiston to remain in production. Critics of the revised plan say that it ensures sugarcane will be grown in the Everglades for at least another decade. Further research is being done to address the continuing production of sugarcane in the Everglades to minimize phosphorus runoff.
2857:. At first, the canals seemed to work in lowering the water levels in the wetlands surrounding the rivers. They were effective in lowering the groundwater, but it became apparent that their capacity was insufficient for the wet season. Although Disston's canals did not drain well, his purchase primed the economy of Florida. It made news and attracted tourists and land buyers. Within four years property values doubled, and the population increased significantly.
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3523:, state officials say the restoration is lost in a maze of "federal bureaucracy, a victim of 'analysis paralysis'". CERP still remains controversial as the projects slated for Acceler8, environmental activists note, are those that benefit urban areas, and regions in the Everglades in desperate need of water are still being neglected, suggesting that water is being diverted to make room for more people in an already overtaxed environment.
2126:, or free-flowing channels of water, develop in between sawgrass prairies. Sloughs are about 3 feet (0.91 m) deeper than sawgrass marshes, and may stay flooded for at least 11 months out of the year and sometimes multiple years in a row. Aquatic animals such as turtles, alligators, snakes, and fish thrive in sloughs; they usually feed on aquatic invertebrates. Submerged and floating plants grow here, such as bladderwort (
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2417:), although all are from different families. All grow in oxygen-poor soil, can survive drastic water level changes, and are tolerant of salt, brackish, and fresh water. All three mangrove species are integral to coastline protection during severe storms. Red mangroves have the farthest-reaching roots, trapping sediments that help build coastlines after and between storms. All three types of trees absorb the energy of waves and
2288:. Within Everglades National Park, 19,840 acres (80.3 km) of pine forests are protected, but outside the park, 1,780 acres (7.2 km) of pine communities remained as of 1990, averaging 12.1 acres (49,000 m) in area. The misunderstanding of the role of fire also played a part in the disappearance of pine forests in the area, as natural fires were put out and pine rocklands transitioned into hardwood hammocks.
2531:. They conformed to the environmental changes, and created many tools with the various resources available. During the Late Archaic period, the climate became wetter again, and approximately 3000 BCE the rise of water tables allowed an increase in population and cultural activity. Florida Indians developed into three distinct but similar cultures that were named for the bodies of water near where they were located:
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Everglades are lagging logistic and legislative action. Restoration projects in other areas of
Florida (i.e. Tamami Trail Next Steps, water storage and treatment south of Lake Okeechobee, etc.), as well as decompartmentalization of the varying jurisdictions and regional water quality/quantity measures which are upstream of the ecosystem, have not received adequate attention, but are essential to prevent further loss.
2202:. They may range from one (4,000 m) to ten acres (40,000 m) in area, and appear in freshwater sloughs, sawgrass prairies, or pineland. Hammocks are slightly elevated on limestone plateaus risen several inches above the surrounding peat, or they may grow on land that has been unharmed by deep peat fires. Hardwood hammocks exhibit a mixture of subtropical and hardwood trees, such as Southern live oak (
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months to clear the land. Some tried burning off the sawgrass or other vegetation, only to learn that the peat continued to burn. Animals and tractors used for plowing got mired in the muck and were useless. When the muck dried, it turned to a fine black powder and created dust storms. Although initially crops sprouted quickly and lushly, they just as quickly wilted and died, seemingly without reason.
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sheetflow occupied nearly a third of the lower
Florida peninsula. Sawgrass thrives in the slowly moving water, but may die in unusually deep floods if oxygen is unable to reach its roots. It is particularly vulnerable immediately after a fire. The hydroperiod for the marsh is at least nine months, and can last longer. Where sawgrass grows densely, few animals or other plants live, although
3393:), has also wreaked havoc on the Everglades, exhibiting a tendency to spread rapidly and to crowd out native species of plants as well as to create inhospitable environments for native animals. It is especially difficult to eradicate and is readily propagated by birds, which eat its small red berries. The Brazilian pepper problem is not exclusive to the Everglades; neither is the
3485:, and dramatic changes in marine and freshwater ecosystems. The Restudy noted the overall decline in water quality over the past 50 years was due to loss of wetlands that act as filters for polluted water. It predicted that without intervention the entire South Florida ecosystem would deteriorate. Water shortages would become common and some cities would have annual
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2251:). Pineland communities require fire to maintain them, and the trees have several adaptations that simultaneously promote and resist fire. The sandy floor of the pine forest is covered with dry pine needles that are highly flammable. South Florida slash pines are insulated by their bark to protect them from heat. Fire eliminates competing vegetation on the
2573:. Most Calusa villages were located at the mouths of rivers or on key islands. The Calusa were hunter-gatherers who lived on small game, fish, turtles, alligators, shellfish, and various plants. Most of their tools were made of bone or teeth, although sharpened reeds were also effective for hunting or war. Calusa weapons consisted of bows and arrows,
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3384:) takes water in greater amounts than other trees. Melaleucas grow taller and more densely in the Everglades than in their native Australia, making them unsuitable as nesting areas for birds with wide wingspans. They also choke out native vegetation. More than $ 2 million has been spent on keeping them out of Everglades National Park.
2796:, "killing hundreds, but they continued to return". Willoughby pointed out that much of the rest of the country had been explored and mapped except for this part of Florida, writing, "(w)e have a tract of land one hundred and thirty miles long and seventy miles wide that is as much unknown to the white man as the heart of Africa."
2236:. Although some ecosystems are maintained and promoted by fire, hammocks may take decades or centuries to recover. The moats around the hammocks protect the trees. The trees are limited in height by weather factors such as frost, lightning, and wind; the majority of trees in hammocks grow no higher than 55 feet (17 m).
3035:—here, it appeared on the surface. In 1939, a million acres (4,000 km) of Everglades burned, and the black clouds of peat and sawgrass fires hung over Miami. Scientists who took soil samples before draining did not take into account that the organic composition of peat and muck in the Everglades make it prone to soil
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314:("Lake of the Holy Spirit"). The area was featured on maps for decades without having been explored. Writer James Grant Forbes stated in 1811, "The Indians represent as impenetrable; and the surveyors, wreckers, and coasters, had not the means of exploring beyond the borders of the sea coast, and the mouths of rivers".
3138:, beans, lettuce, celery, and rice are also grown. Fields in the EAA are typically 40 acres (160,000 m), bordered by canals on two sides, that are connected to larger canals where water is pumped in or out depending on the needs of the crops. The fertilizers used on vegetables, along with high concentrations of
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that divides the runoff between the Caloosahatchee River and The Big Cypress. This slight rise in elevation on both sides of the Everglades creates a basin, and forces water that overflows Lake Okeechobee to creep toward the southwest. Under both the Miami Limestone formation and the Fort Thompson limestone lies the
3566:, a road that borders Everglades National Park to the north and has blocked water from reaching the southern Everglades, was begun by the Army Corps of Engineers in December 2009. The next month work began to reconstruct the C-111 canal, east of the park that historically diverted water into Florida Bay. Governor
3094:. After researching the region for five years, she described the history and ecology of South Florida in great detail. She characterized the Everglades as a river instead of a stagnant swamp. The last chapter was titled "The Eleventh Hour" and warned that the Everglades were dying, although it could be reversed.
2330:. The Big Cypress Swamp is located to the west of the sawgrass prairies and sloughs, and it is commonly called "The Big Cypress". The name refers to its area rather than the height or diameter of the trees; at its most conservative estimate, the swamp measures 1,200 square miles (3,100 km), but the
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of the area. In 1995, Chiles published the commission's findings in a report that related the degradation of the Everglades ecosystems to the lower quality of life in urban areas. The report noted past environmental abuses that brought the state to a position to make a decision. Not acting to improve
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While some Everglades Restoration projects have been completed, critical plans remain incomplete. Further, pre-CERP components of current plans overestimated the hydrologic and ecologic benefits of these plans, and restoration projects to be complete by 2027 that address these "benefit setbacks" lack
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read, "Development of the proposed jetport and its attendant facilities ... will inexorably destroy the south Florida ecosystem and thus the Everglades National Park". When studies indicated the proposed jetport would create 4,000,000 US gallons (15,000,000 L) of raw sewage a day and 10,000
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The same year the park was dedicated, two hurricanes and the wet season caused 100 inches (250 cm) to fall on South Florida. Although there were no human casualties, agricultural interests lost approximately $ 59 million (equivalent to $ 756 million in 2023). In 1948, Congress approved
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became the primary crop grown in South Florida. Miami experienced a second real estate boom that earned a developer in Coral Gables $ 150 million. Undeveloped land north of Miami sold for $ 30,600 an acre. In 1925, Miami newspapers published editions weighing over 7 pounds (3.2 kg), most of
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to tour the state to promote drainage. Elected to the Senate in 1910, Broward died before he could take office. Land in the Everglades was being sold for $ 15 an acre a month after Broward died. Meanwhile, Henry Flagler continued to build railway stations at towns as soon as the populations warranted
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Alligators have created a niche in wet prairies. With their claws and snouts they dig at low spots and create ponds free of vegetation that remain submerged throughout the dry season. Alligator holes are integral to the survival of aquatic invertebrates, turtles, fish, small mammals, and birds during
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The annual range of temperatures in south Florida and the Everglades is rather small (less than 20 °F ) – ranging from a monthly mean temperature of around 65 °F (18 °C) in January to 83 °F (28 °C) in July. High temperatures in the hot and wet season (summer) typically exceed
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have begun reproducing in an environment for which they are well-suited. In 2017 The South Florida Water Management District implemented the Python Elimination program, hoping to encourage the public to participate in the removal of the snakes by placing a cash reward per foot of python captured and
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Immediately, the effects of the Hoover Dike were seen. An extended drought occurred in the 1930s; with the wall preventing water from leaving Lake Okeechobee and canals and ditches removing other water, the Everglades became parched. Peat turned to dust. Salt ocean water intruded into Miami's wells;
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A series of biennial reports from the U.S. National Research Council have reviewed the progress of CERP. The fourth report in the series, released in 2012, found that little progress has been made in restoring the core of the remaining Everglades ecosystem; instead, most project construction so far
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initiated the Save Our Everglades campaign in 1983, the first section of the canal was backfilled in 1986. Graham announced that by 2000 the Everglades would be restored as closely as possible to its pre-drainage state. The Kissimmee River Restoration project was approved by Congress in 1992. It is
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2020 Conservation Outlook as "Critical." Assessment of current trends were concluded to be "deteriorating" with "very high threat" to the overall health of the ecosystem. Unfortunately, some ecological features now lost cannot be restored as they were initially developed over decades to centuries.
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With the construction of canals, newly reclaimed Everglades land was promoted throughout the United States. Land developers sold 20,000 lots in a few months in 1912. Advertisements promised within eight weeks of arrival, a farmer could be making a living, although for many it took at least two
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or Little River. Spanish depictions of the Tequesta state that they were greatly feared by sailors, who suspected them of torturing and killing survivors of shipwrecks. With an increasing European presence in south Florida, Native Americans from the Keys and other areas began increasing their trips
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eat the grass, while invertebrate animals, such as worms, clams and other mollusks eat the algae formations and microscopic plankton. Female sea turtles return annually to nest on the shore, and manatees spend the winter months in the warmer water of the bay. Sea grasses also serve to stabilize the
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trees grow in formations with the tallest and thickest trunks in the center, rooted in the deepest peat. As the peat thins out, cypresses grow smaller and thinner, giving the small forest the appearance of a dome from the outside. They also grow in strands, slightly elevated on a ridge of limestone
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Wet prairies are slightly elevated like sawgrass marshes, but with greater plant diversity. The surface is covered in water only three to seven months of the year, and the water is, on average, shallow at only 4 inches (10 cm) deep. When flooded, the marl can support a variety of water plants.
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and all of its manufacturing and production facilities for an estimated $ 1.7 billion. Florida officials indicated they intended to allow U.S. Sugar to process for six more years before dismissing its employees and dismantling the plant. The area, which includes 187,000 acres (760 km) of
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In 1999, an evaluation of the C&SF was submitted to Congress as part of the Water Development Act of 1992. The seven-year report, called the "Restudy", cited indicators of harm to the ecosystem: a 50 percent reduction in the original Everglades, diminished water storage, harmful timing of
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Major contributors to this decline include water quality (nutrient pollution), quantity (reduced water flow), distribution, and timing; invasive species; climate change (sea-level rise, etc.); ocean acidification; and hurricanes. Other significant threats to the restoration and conservation of the
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that are the byproduct of decayed soil necessary for sugarcane production, were pumped into WCAs south of the EAA. The introduction of large amounts of these chemicals provided opportunities for exotic plants to take hold in the Everglades. One of the defining characteristics of natural Everglades
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A national push for expansion and progress in the United States occurred in the later part of the 19th century, which stimulated interest in draining the Everglades for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the
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Some of the driest land in the Everglades is pineland (also called pine rockland) ecosystem, located in the highest part of the Everglades with little to no hydroperiod. Some floors, however, may have flooded solution holes or puddles for a few months at a time. The most significant feature of the
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and the Atlantic Ocean), while high temperatures in the dry winter season average from 70 to 79 °F (21 to 26 °C). Frost and freeze are rare across south Florida and the Everglades; annually coastal cities like Miami and Naples report zero days with frost, although a few times each decade
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are located on a rise in elevation along the eastern coast of Florida, called the Eastern Coastal Ridge, that was formed as waves compressed ooids into a single formation. Along the western border of the Big Cypress Swamp is the Immokolee Ridge (or Immokolee Rise), a slight rise of compressed sand
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Although scientists made headway in decreasing mercury and phosphorus levels in water, the natural environment of South Florida continued to decline in the 1990s, and life in nearby cities reflected this downturn. To address the deterioration of the Miami metropolitan area, Governor Lawton Chiles
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Recent changes in internal site policies have been lauded as showing promising improvement, including improved consistency in the management of park visitor activities, efforts to deal with invasive species, improving prescribed fire activities, and increasing financing opportunities for internal
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The military penetration of southern Florida offered the opportunity to map a poorly understood and largely unknown part of the country. An 1840 expedition into the Everglades offered the first printed account for the general public to read about the Everglades. The anonymous writer described the
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Precipitation during the wet season is primarily caused by air mass thunderstorms and the easterly flow out of the subtropical high (Bermuda High). Intense daytime heating of the ground causes the warm moist tropical air to rise, creating the afternoon thundershowers typical of tropical climates.
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that empties directly into Lake Okeechobee, which at 730 square miles (1,900 km) with an average depth of 9 feet (2.7 m), is a vast but shallow lake. Soil deposits in the Everglades basin indicate that peat is deposited where the land is flooded consistently throughout the year. Calcium
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was found dead with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human. Scientists found that power plants and incinerators using fossil fuels were expelling mercury into the atmosphere, and it fell as rain or dust during droughts. The naturally occurring bacteria that reduce sulfur in the Everglades
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are 10a north with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 30 to 35 °F (−1 to +2 °C), and 10b south with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 35 to 40 °F (2 to 4 °C). Annual rainfall averages approximately 62 inches (160 cm), with the Eastern
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and Cfa). Like most regions with this climate type, there are two basic seasons – a "dry season" (winter) which runs from November through April, and a "wet season" (summer) which runs from May through October. About 70% of the annual rainfall in south Florida occurs in the wet season – often as
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that follows the upper bedrock of the Big Cypress Swamp, and underlies the southern portion of the Everglades. Between the Tamiami Formation and Lake Okeechobee is the Caloosahatchee Formation, named for the river over it. Much less permeable, this formation is highly calcitic and is composed of
3345:(DEP) in charge of testing and enforcing low phosphorus levels: 10 parts per billion (ppb) (down from 500 ppb in the 1980s). The SFWMD built Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) near sugarcane fields where water leaving the EAA flows into ponds lined with lime rock and layers of peat and
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marsh. The iconic water and sawgrass combination in the shallow river 100 miles (160 km) long and 60 miles (97 km) wide that spans from Lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay is often referred to as the "true Everglades" or just "the Glades". Prior to the first drainage attempts in 1905, the
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organisms. The unique structure was some of the first material used in housing in early 20th-century South Florida. The composition of this sedimentary formation affects the hydrology, plant life, and wildlife above it: the rock is especially porous and stores water during the dry season in the
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Since its signing, the State of Florida reports that it has spent more than $ 2 billion on the various projects. More than 36,000 acres (150 km) of Stormwater Treatment Areas have been constructed to filter 2,500 short tons (2,300 t) of phosphorus from Everglades waters. An STA
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to Miami, altered their ways of life. Some began to work in local farms, ranches, and souvenir stands. Some of the people who interacted more with European Americans began to move to reservations in the 1940s. These were their bases for reorganizing their government and they became federally
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Many pets have escaped or been released into the Everglades from the surrounding urban areas. Some find the conditions quite favorable and have established self-sustaining populations, competing for food and space with native animals. Many tropical fish have been released, but blue tilapias
3023:; whenever the lake rose too high, the excess water left through the canal. More than $ 20 million was spent on the entire project. Sugarcane production soared after the dike and canal were built. The populations of the small towns surrounding the lake jumped from 3,000 to 9,000 after
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described the area as a "River of Grass" in 1947, though that metaphor represents only a portion of the system. The area recognized as the Everglades, prior to drainage, was a web of marshes and prairies 4,000 square miles (10,000 km) in size. Borders between ecosystems are subtle or
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was blocked when an environmental study found that it would severely damage the South Florida ecosystem. With heightened awareness and appreciation of the region, restoration began in the 1980s with the removal of a canal that had straightened the Kissimmee River. However, development and
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and many colored birds during the nesting season, shoot the parents with small-bore rifles, and leave the chicks to starve. Plumes from Everglades wading birds could be found in Havana, New York City, London, and Paris. Hunters could collect plumes from a hundred birds on a good day.
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The land seemed to inspire extreme reactions of both wonder or hatred. During the Second Seminole War an army surgeon wrote, "It is in fact a most hideous region to live in, a perfect paradise for Indians, alligators, serpents, frogs, and every other kind of loathsome reptile."
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established the Everglades Tropical National Park Association. It had enough support to be declared a national park by Congress in 1934. It took another 13 years to be dedicated on December 6, 1947. One month before the dedication of the park, a former editor from
3043:. When water levels became so low that peat and muck were at the surface, the bacteria interacted with much higher levels of oxygen in the air, rapidly breaking down the soil. In some places, homes had to be moved to stilts and 8 feet (2.4 m) of soil was lost.
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Estimated numbers of Calusa at the beginning of the Spanish occupation ranged from 4,000 to 7,000. The society declined in power and population; by 1697 their number was estimated to be about 1,000. In the early 18th century, the Calusa came under attack from the
2527:. They found an arid landscape that supported plants and animals adapted for desert conditions. However, 6,500 years ago, climate changes brought a wetter landscape; large animals became extinct in Florida, and the Paleo-Indians slowly adapted and became the
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deposits are left behind when flooding is shorter. The deposits occur in areas where water rises and falls depending on rainfall, as opposed to water being stored in the rock from one year to the next. Calcium deposits are present where more limestone is exposed.
506:: tiny formations of egg-shaped concentric shells and calcium carbonate, formed around a single grain of sand or shell fragment. The other facies, which underlies the eastern lower Everglades (in Miami-Dade County and part of Monroe County) consists of fossilized
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caused Lake Okeechobee to breach its levees, killing thousands of people. The government began to focus on the control of floods rather than drainage. The Okeechobee Flood Control District was created in 1929, financed by both state and federal funds. President
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and destroying the Miami Canal, and reuse wastewater for urban areas. The cost estimate for the entire plan was $ 7.8 billion, and in a bipartisan show of cooperation, CERP was voted through Congress with an overwhelming margin. It was signed by President
2005:, or how long an area within the region stays flooded throughout the year. Longer hydroperiods are possible in areas that were submerged beneath seawater for longer periods of time, while the geology of Florida was forming. More water is held within the porous
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of the limestone created slight valleys and plateaus in some areas. These plateaus rise and fall only a few inches, but on the subtle South Florida topography these small variations affect both the flow of water and the types of vegetation that can take hold.
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Bussey, Jane, Morgan, Curtis (November 16, 2008). "Land deal could lift U.S. Sugar's sagging fortunes: Is it a buyout or a bailout? Either way, a pending deal to sell land to the state for Everglades restoration could reverse Big Sugar's flagging finances",
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The increasing population in towns near the Everglades hunted in the area. Raccoons and otters were the most widely hunted for their skins. Hunting often went unchecked; in one trip, a Lake Okeechobee hunter killed 250 alligators and 172 otters.
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Although The Big Cypress is the largest growth of cypress swamps in South Florida, cypress swamps can be found near the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and between Lake Okeechobee and the Eastern flatwoods, as well as in sawgrass marshes. Cypresses are deciduous
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and water. Some of the peat was burned by settlers to clear the land. Some homes built in the areas of early farms had to have their foundations moved to stilts as the peat deteriorated; other areas lost approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) of soil depth.
3406:) may be causing the most harm to restoration as it blankets areas thickly, making it impossible for animals to pass through. It also climbs up trees and creates "fire ladders", allowing parts of the trees to burn that would otherwise remain unharmed.
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at the southern end of the state. The Everglades experiences a wide range of weather patterns, from frequent flooding in the wet season to drought in the dry season. Throughout the 20th century, the Everglades suffered significant loss of habitat and
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The surviving ecological features are of vital importance to protect due to their essential support of the state of Florida and their unique properties, unknown elsewhere in the world and are of invaluable consequence to multiple fields of study.
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made their way to Florida, where Spain had promised slaves freedom and arms if they converted to Catholicism and pledged loyalty to Spain. These African Americans gradually created communities near those of the Seminole, and became known as the
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By 1913, the Seminole in the Everglades numbered no more than 325. They made a living by hunting and trading with white settlers, and raised domesticated animals. The Seminole made their villages in hardwood hammocks or pinelands, had diets of
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estimated that it will cost $ 578 million to convert only 22 miles (35 km) of the canal. The entire project was to be complete by 2011, yet as of 2017, the project is "more than halfway complete" and the new completion date is 2020.
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of peat causes loss of volume. Bacteria decompose dead sawgrass slowly underwater without oxygen. When the water was drained in the 1920s and bacteria interacted with oxygen, an aerobic reaction occurred. Microorganisms degraded the peat into
487:, and sand representing a former mangrove or salt marsh. The Anastasia Formation is much more permeable and filled with pocks and solution holes. The Fort Thompson and Anastasia Formations, and Miami Limestone and (x), were formed during the
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No country that I have ever heard of bears any resemblance to it; it seems like a vast sea filled with grass and green trees, and expressly intended as a retreat for the rascally Indian, from which the white man would never seek to drive
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roots, fish, turtles, venison, and small game. Their villages were not large, due to the limited size of the hammocks. Between the end of the last Seminole War and 1930, the people lived in relative isolation from the majority culture.
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to the tip of the Florida peninsula was at one point a single drainage unit. When rainfall exceeded the capacity of Lake Okeechobee and the Kissimmee River floodplain, it spilled over and flowed in a southwestern direction to empty into
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was delegated to federal powers: the United States declared legal limits of the lake to between 14 and 17 feet (4.3 and 5.2 m). A massive canal was also constructed 80 feet (24 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep through the
2022:. Where there are longer hydroperiods, peat builds up over hundreds or thousands of years due to many generations of decaying plant matter. Where periphyton grows, the soil develops into marl, which is more calcitic in composition.
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The C&SF established 470,000 acres (1,900 km) for the Everglades Agricultural Area—27 percent of the Everglades prior to development. In the late 1920s, agricultural experiments indicated that adding large amounts of
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to request those with experience in the Everglades to give their opinion on the possibility of drainage. Many officers who had served in the Seminole Wars favored the idea. In 1850 Congress passed a law that gave several states
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from 1855 to 1859, when a few hundred Seminole fought off US forces from the swamps of the Everglades. The US finally decided to leave them alone, as they could not dislodge them even after this protracted and expensive warfare.
417:, which serves as the main source of fresh water for the northern portion of Florida. However, this aquifer lies beneath thousands of feet of impermeable sedimentary rock from Lake Okeechobee to the southern tip of the peninsula.
2339:, which creates sandy soil that hosts a variety of vegetation different from what is found in other areas of the Everglades. The basin for The Big Cypress receives on average 55 inches (140 cm) of water in the wet season.
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in 1848, but no work of this type was attempted until 1882. Canals were constructed throughout the first half of the 20th century, and spurred the South Florida economy, prompting land development. In 1947, Congress formed the
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approximately 17,000 years ago, the runoff of water from Lake Okeechobee slowed and created the vast marshland that is now known as the Everglades. Slower runoff also created an accumulation of almost 18 feet (5.5 m) of
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and selling craftworks. As of 2008, the Seminole Tribe of Florida had five reservations, and the lands of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians were collectively considered a sixth reservation. The two tribes have each developed
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was approved by Congress to combat these problems, which at that time was considered the most expensive and comprehensive environmental restoration attempt in history; however, implementation faced political complications.
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of South Florida. The properties of the rock underneath the Everglades can be explained by the geologic history of the state. The crust underneath Florida was at one point part of the African region of the supercontinent
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park projects. However, although the site itself is increasing work to deal with salient issues, support at the local, state, and federal level have not been in proportion to the critical nature of conservation efforts.
3425:) is a relatively new invasive species in the Everglades. This species can grow up to 20 feet (6.1 m) long, and they compete with alligators for the top of the food chain. Florida wildlife officials speculate that
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imperceptible. These systems shift, grow and shrink, die, or reappear within years or decades. Geologic factors, climate, and the frequency of fire help to create, maintain, or replace the ecosystems in the Everglades.
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water releases from canals and pumping stations, an 85 to 90 percent decrease in wading bird populations over the past 50 years, and the decline of output from commercial fisheries. Bodies of water including
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brief but intense tropical downpours. The dry season sees little rainfall and dew points and humidity are often quite low. The dry season can be severe at times, as wildfires and water restrictions are often in place.
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in 1893. Along the way he built resort hotels, transforming territorial outposts into tourist destinations. The land bordering the rail lines was developed as citrus farms. By 1896 the rail line had been extended to
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of The Big Cypress can be calculated at over 2,400 square miles (6,200 km). Most of The Big Cypress sits atop a bedrock covered by a thinner layer of limestone. The limestone underneath the Big Cypress contains
3210:, announcing it in the Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program. Although construction of only one runway was completed, the remains of the Everglades Jetport was later opened as the
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invaded the Florida peninsula; they conquered and assimilated what was left of pre-Columbian societies into the Creek Confederacy. They were joined by remnant Indian groups and formed the Seminole, a new tribe, by
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and limestone than older types of rock that spent more time above sea level. A hydroperiod of ten months or more fosters the growth of sawgrass, whereas a shorter hydroperiod of six months or less promotes beds of
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are considered to be a part of the Everglades watershed and one of the ecosystems connected to and affected by the Everglades as a whole. More than 800 square miles (2,100 km) of Florida Bay is protected by
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through the food chain. Stricter emissions standards helped lower mercury coming from power plants and incinerators, which in turn lowered mercury levels found in animals, though they continue to be a concern.
2713:. As metropolitan areas in South Florida began to grow, the two groups were closely associated with the Everglades. They struggled to maintain privacy while serving as tourist attractions. They earned money by
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United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do." Draining the Everglades was suggested as early as 1837, and a resolution in
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will burn above water, but the roots are preserved underneath. Fire in the sawgrass marshes serves to keep out larger bushes and trees, and releases nutrients from decaying plant matter more efficiently than
2232:) flourish, making the hammocks very difficult for people to penetrate, though small mammals, reptiles and amphibians find these islands an ideal habitat. Water in sloughs flows around the islands, creating
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have been detected in the peat in portions of the Everglades that indicate the region endured severe fires for years at a time, although this trend seems to have abated since the last occurrence in 940
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announced the same month that $ 50 million of state funds would be earmarked for Everglades restoration. In May 2010, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of bridges were proposed to be added to the Tamiami Trail.
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ensured that the state would be responsible for funding the attempts at developing wetlands into farmlands. Florida quickly formed a committee to consolidate grants to pay for any attempts, though the
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Meindl, Christopher; et al. ""(December, 2002). "On the Importance of Claims-Making: The Role of James O. Wright in Promoting the Drainage of Florida's Everglades in the Early Twentieth Century".
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when it becomes dry. Naturally occurring bacteria in Everglades peat and muck assist with the process of decomposition under water, which is generally very slow, partially due to the low levels of
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Following the demise of the Calusa and Tequesta, Native Americans in southern Florida were referred to as "Spanish Indians" in the 1740s, probably due to their friendlier relations with Spain. The
321:, who mapped the coast of Florida in 1773, called the area "River Glades". The name "Everglades" first appeared on a map in 1823, although it was also spelled as "Ever Glades" as late as 1851. The
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interested in implementing plans to drain the land for agriculture. Disston purchased 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km) of land for $ 1 million in 1881, and he began constructing canals near
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Everglades, and its chemical composition determines the vegetation prevalent in the region. The Miami Oolite facies also acts to impede flow of water from the Everglades to the ocean between
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Dorcas, M. E.; Willson, J. D.; Reed, R. N.; Snow, R. W.; Rochford, M. R.; Miller, M. A.; Meshaka, W. E.; Andreadis, P. T.; Mazzotti, F. J.; Romagosa, C. M.; Hart, K. M. (December 21, 2011).
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377:. About 300 million years ago, North America merged with Africa, connecting Florida with North America. Volcanic activity centered on the eastern side of Florida covered the prevalent
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In 1886, 5 million birds were estimated to be killed for their feathers. They were shot usually in the spring, when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting. The plumes, or
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of South Florida, together with a warm, wet, subtropical/tropical climate, provides conditions well-suited for a large marshland ecosystem. Layers of porous and permeable limestone create
61:
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Surrounding the southern part of Lake Okeechobee is the Fort Thompson Formation, made of dense, hard limestone, shells, and sand. Rain water is less likely to erode the limestone to form
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The Restudy came with a plan to stop the declining environmental quality, and this proposal was to be the most expensive and comprehensive ecological repair project in history. The
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it in real estate advertising. Waterfront property was the most highly valued. Mangrove trees were cut down and replaced with palm trees to improve the view. Acres of South Florida
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withdrew his support for the project, and Marjory Stoneman Douglas was persuaded at 79 years old to go on tour to give hundreds of speeches against it. Nixon instead proposed
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sandy shell marl, clay, and sand. Water underneath the Caloosahatchee Formation is typically very mineralized. Both the Tamiami and Caloosahatchee Formations developed during the
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Following this period of rapid development and environmental degradation, the ecosystem began to receive notable attention from conservation groups in the 1970s. Internationally,
2577:, and spears. Canoes were used for transportation, and South Florida tribes often canoed through the Everglades, but rarely lived in them. Canoe trips to Cuba were also common.
2873:. Three months after the first train had arrived, the residents of Miami voted to incorporate the town. Miami became a prime destination for extremely wealthy people after the
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The Everglades hosts 1,392 exotic plant species actively reproducing in the region, outnumbering the 1,301 species considered native to South Florida. The melaleuca tree (
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business, sold for $ 32 an ounce in 1915—the price of gold. Millinery was a $ 17 million a year industry that motivated plume harvesters to lay in watch of nests of
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the limestone. As limestone wore away, the groundwater came into contact with the land surface and created a massive wetland ecosystem. Although the region appears flat,
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2569:. The Calusa was the largest and most powerful nation in South Florida. It controlled fifty villages located on Florida's west coast, around Lake Okeechobee, and on the
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to assist the communities surrounding the lake. Between 1930 and 1937 a dike 66 miles (106 km) long was built around the southern edge of the lake. Control of the
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219:
Human habitation in the southern portion of the Florida peninsula dates to 15,000 years ago. Before European colonization, the region was dominated by the native
2849:, whose purpose was to improve Florida's roads, canals, and rail lines, was discovered to be deeply in debt. The IIF found a Pennsylvania real estate developer named
479:—smaller versions of sinkholes that do not intersect with the water table. In this formation the beds are generally impermeable. Underneath the metropolitan areas of
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people who had been warring to the North, assimilated other peoples and created a new culture after being forced from northern Florida into the Everglades during the
2255:, and opens pine cones to germinate seeds. A period without significant fire can turn pineland into a hardwood hammock as larger trees overtake the slash pines. The
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began to separate North America from Gondwana about 180 million years ago. When Florida was part of Africa, it was initially above water, but during the cooler
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grew substantially at this time and Everglades water was diverted to cities. Portions of the Everglades were transformed into farmland, where the primary crop was
3400:, which is a widespread problem in Florida's waterways, a major threat to endemic species, and is difficult and costly to eradicate. The Old World climbing fern (
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2952:; it was so vast there were never enough law enforcement officers to patrol it. The arrival of the railroad, and the discovery that adding trace elements like
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Initial attempts at developing agriculture near Lake Okeechobee were successful, but the nutrients in the peat were rapidly removed. In a process called soil
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397:, most of Florida remained a tropical sea floor of varying depths. The peninsula has been covered by seawater at least seven times since the bedrock formed.
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in Florida Bay, many of which are mangrove forests. The fresh water coming into Florida Bay from the Everglades creates perfect conditions for vast beds of
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Much of the coast and the inner estuaries are built of mangroves; there is no border between the coastal marshes and the bay. Thus the marine ecosystems in
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Small islands of trees growing on land raised between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 3 feet (0.91 m) above sloughs and prairies are called tropical hardwood
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The geologic formations that have the most influence on the Everglades are the Miami Limestone and the Fort Thompson Formation. The Miami Limestone has two
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ecology is its ability to support itself in a nutrient-poor environment, and the introduction of fertilizers began to alter the plant life in the region.
2437:) industries; between 80 and 90 percent of commercially harvested crustacean species in Florida's salt waters are born or spend time near the Everglades.
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that are uniquely adapted to thrive in flooded conditions, with buttressed trunks and root projections that protrude out of the water, called "knees".
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Eventually the water from Lake Okeechobee and The Big Cypress makes its way to the ocean. Mangrove trees are well adapted to the transitional zone of
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Obeysekera, Jayantha; Browder, J.; Hornrung, L.; Harwell, M. (October 1999). "The natural South Florida system I: Climate, geology, and hydrology".
2160:, or deep pits where the limestone has worn away, may remain flooded even when the prairies are dry, and they support aquatic invertebrates such as
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Climbing ferns overtake cypress trees in the Everglades. The ferns act as "fire ladders" that can destroy trees that would otherwise survive fires.
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Warnings are placed in Everglades National Park to dissuade people from eating fish due to high mercury content. This warning explicitly mentions
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The IIF was able to invest in development projects due to Disston's purchase, and an opportunity to improve transportation arose when oil tycoon
2660:. After Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821, conflicts between settlers and the Seminole increased as the former tried to acquire lands. The
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Several ecosystems are present in the Everglades, and boundaries between them are subtle or absent. The primary feature of the Everglades is the
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in the area. The presence of such peat deposits, dated to about 5,000 years ago, is evidence that widespread flooding had occurred by then.
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Lamme, Ary J.; Oldakowski, Raymond K. (2007). "Spinning a New Geography of Vernacular Regional Identity: Florida in the Twenty-First Century".
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to the north. They asked the Spanish for refuge in Cuba, where almost 200 died of illness. Soon they were relocated again to the Florida Keys.
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periphyton. Testing has shown this method to be more effective than previously anticipated, bringing levels from 80 ppb to 10 ppb.
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grows. Periphyton supports larval insects and amphibians, which in turn are consumed as food by birds, fish, and reptiles. It also absorbs
1969:. The abundance of fresh water allowed new vegetation to take root, and formed convective thunderstorms over the land through evaporation.
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1957:, 21,000 years ago, continental ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. This submerged portions of the Florida peninsula and caused the
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voicing his opposition: "It is a test of whether or not we are really committed in this country to protecting our environment." Governor
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Coastal Ridge receiving the majority of precipitation and the area surrounding Lake Okeechobee receiving about 48 inches (120 cm).
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Davis, Jack (2003). "'Conservation is now a dead word': Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the transformation of American environmentalism".
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Davis, Jack (2001). "Green Awakening: Social activism and the evolution of Marjory Stoneman Douglas's Environmental Consciousness".
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2277:). The most diverse group of plants in the pine community are the herbs, of which there are two dozen species. These plants contain
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and snails, and larval amphibians which feed young wading birds. These regions tend to border between sloughs and sawgrass marshes.
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strikes from thunderstorms during the wet season. Their effects are largely superficial, and serve to foster specific plant growth:
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forests, coral reefs, and other ecosystems. Dramatic fluctuations in precipitation are characteristic of the South Florida climate.
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sustainability concerns have remained pertinent in the region. The deterioration of the Everglades, including poor water quality in
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airports combined, and the chosen location was 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Everglades National Park. The first sentence of the
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A 2007 survey by geographers Ary J. Lamme and Raymond K. Oldakowski found that the "Glades" has emerged as a distinct vernacular
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designated the Everglades a Wetland Area of Global Importance. The construction of a large airport 6 miles (10 km) north of
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Chapter 373: Water Resources, Part IV. Management and Storage of Surface Waters, 373.4592 Everglades improvement and management
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As a center for trade and travel between the U.S., the Caribbean, and South America, South Florida is especially vulnerable to
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Water is the dominant force in the Everglades, shaping the land, vegetation, and animal life in South Florida. Starting at the
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Prior to urban development of the South Florida region, pine rocklands covered approximately 161,660 acres (654.2 km) in
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counties. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta societies centered on the mouths of rivers. Their main village was probably on the
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3416:) cause damage to shallow waterways by creating large nests and consuming aquatic plants that protect native young fish.
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were cleared. Some of the pine was for lumber, but most of the pine forests in Dade County were cleared for development.
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A turning point came for development in the Everglades at the proposal in the late 1960s for an expanded airport, after
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to Everglades muck produced a profitable harvest for vegetables. The primary cash crop in the EAA is sugarcane, though
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National Research Council Report-in-Brief, Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fourth Biennial Review 2012,
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McCleery, Robert A.; Sovie, Adia; Reed, Robert N.; Cunningham, Mark W.; Hunter, Margaret E.; Hart, Kristen M. (2015).
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of the early 19th century. After adapting to the region, they were able to resist removal by the United States Army.
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Exploring Wild South Florida: A Guide to Finding the Natural Areas and Wildlife of the Everglades and Florida Keys
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A 2003 U.S. Geological Survey photo showing the border between Water Conservation Area 3 (bottom) with water, and
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393:, the Florida Platform became a shallow marine environment in which sedimentary rocks were deposited. Through the
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when the city brought in an expert to explain why, he discovered that the water in the Everglades was the area's
2364:. If cypresses are removed, the hardwoods take over, and the ecosystem is recategorized as a mixed swamp forest.
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to rise. Fresh water saturated the limestone that underlies the Everglades, eroding some of it away, and created
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4950:. National Atmosphere and Oceanic Administration and the Florida Department of Community Affairs. Archived from
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lasted from 1835 to 1842, and afterward, the US forcibly removed about 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole to
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Fire is an important element in the natural maintenance of the Everglades. The majority of fires are caused by
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352:, largely corresponding to the Everglades itself. It is one of the most sparsely populated areas of the state.
459:. The Tamiami Formation is a compression of highly permeable light-colored fossiliferous sands and pockets of
263:. Approximately 50 percent of the original Everglades has been developed as agricultural or urban areas.
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6162:, National Park Service and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
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90 °F (32 °C) across inland south Florida (although coastal locations are cooled by winds from the
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National Research Council report Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fourth Biennial Review 2012,
6323:"Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park"
2668:(now Oklahoma), west of the Mississippi River. Many others died in the war. Conflict broke out again in the
539:'s fresh water source. Rainfall and stored water in the Everglades replenish the Biscayne Aquifer directly.
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Ferriter, Amy; Serbesoff-King, Kristina; Bodle, Mike; Goodyear, Carole; Doren, Bob; Langeland, Ken (2004).
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The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project's final construction project was straightening the
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Climate data for Royal Palm Ranger Station, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
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tribes. With Spanish colonization, both tribes declined gradually during the following two centuries. The
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in 1994, was an attempt to legislate the lowering of phosphorus in Everglades waterways. The act put the
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2014:, a growth of algae and other microscopic organisms. There are only two types of soil in the Everglades,
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Schmitt, Eric (October 20, 2000). "Everglades Restoration Plan Passes House, With Final Approval Seen",
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was the remedy for crops sprouting and dying quickly, soon created a population boom. New towns such as
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gaming on some of their properties to generate revenue for support, services and economic development.
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who had not seen the land. They named the unknown area between the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida
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crashed in the Florida Everglades, causing 101 fatalities and 75 survivors. The cause was pilot error.
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The idea of a national park for the Everglades was pitched in 1928, when a Miami land developer named
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People who kept more traditional ways had settlements along the Tamiami Trail and tended to speak the
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Wilhelm, Chris, "Pragmatism, Seminoles, and Science: Opposition to Progressive Everglades Drainage".
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Goodnough, Abby (November 2, 2007). "Vast Effort to Save Everglades Falters as U.S. Funds Dwindle",
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Gleason, Patrick, Peter Stone, "Age, Origins, and Landscape Evolution of the Everglades Peatland" in
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crashed in the Everglades killing all 110 passengers and crew. The cause was an in-flight cargo fire.
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333:" on a U.S. military map from 1839, although it had earlier been called "Ever Glades" throughout the
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Grunwald, Michael (October 14, 2004). "Fla. Steps In to Speed Up State-Federal Everglades Cleanup",
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Unlike any other wetland system on earth, the Everglades are sustained primarily by the atmosphere.
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DOI science plan in support of ecosystem restoration, preservation, and protection in South Florida
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4048:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Watersheds and Coastal Waters (Big Cypress Watershed)"
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was found in local fish at such high levels that consumption warnings were posted for fishermen. A
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extended drought periods. The alligators then feed upon some of the animals that come to the hole.
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low temperatures may fall between 30 and 40 °F (−1 and 4 °C) across South Florida. The
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bordered on either side by sloughs. Other hardwood trees can be found in cypress domes, such as
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8455:
8147:
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7841:
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5304:
Stephan, L. Lamar (1942). "Geographic Role of the Everglades in the Early History of Florida".
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3184:
short tons (9,100 t) of jet engine pollutants a year, the project met staunch opposition.
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began purchasing land and building rail lines along the east coast of Florida, as far south as
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2308:
A cross section of fresh water ecosystems in the Everglades, with relative average water depths
499:
433:
6382:"Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades"
420:
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7856:
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2475:, representing the largest body of water in the park boundaries. There are approximately 100
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1946:
592:
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60 miles (97 km) wide and over 100 miles (160 km) long, flowing southward across a
7275:
7248:
South Florida Environmental Report (South Florida Water Management District and Florida DEP)
6690:, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
6454:
4976:
413:
formations that developed between 25 million and 70 million years ago created the
283:, was linked to the diminishing quality of life in South Florida's urban areas. In 2000 the
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invaded Florida to hasten its annexation to the United States, in what became known as the
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2222:
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Major landscape types in the Everglades before human action. Source: U.S. Geological Survey
1973:
1962:
1954:
673:
580:
6699:
Morgan, Curtis, Clark, Lesley (April 29, 2009). "River of Cash: Stimulus Aid for Glades",
8:
8749:
8696:
8686:
8603:
8568:
8540:
8397:
8382:
8265:
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7618:
7491:
7304:
7265:
Water's Journey: Everglades – Comprehensive film and web documentary about the Everglades
7125:
6659:
Cave, Damien (November 12, 2008). "Everglades Deal Shrinks to Sale of Land, Not Assets",
6635:
6093:
5646:
5236:
3232:
2865:
2714:
2661:
2636:. The Seminole originally settled in the northern portion of the territory. In addition,
2532:
2407:
448:
334:
6762:
Skoloff, Brian (January 22, 2010). "Gov. Crist proposes $ 2.1 billion for environment",
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8676:
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Big Cypress Swamp and the Ten Thousand Islands: Eastern America's Last Great Wilderness
6406:
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6357:
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6126:
5946:
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5838:
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Brooks, Paul (July 12, 1969). "Topics: Everglades Jetport — A Blueprint for Disaster".
5488:
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3562:. As a result of the stimulus package, a mile-long (1.6 km) bridge to replace the
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Cypress swamps can be found throughout the Everglades, but the largest covers most of
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Federal officials plan to add more bridges to let Everglades water flow under U.S. 41
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2926:. Bird feathers were used in women's hats in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2792:"more or less" in Lake Okeechobee. The party encountered thousands of birds near the
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2401:
2199:
1941:
1041:
707:
Climate data for 36 mi WNW Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida (1981 – 2010 averages).
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6193:
Tasker, Georgia (August 22, 1998). "Federal Experts Warn of Alien Plant Invasion",
6050:
Davis, Steven. "Phosphorus Inputs and Vegetation Sensitivity in the Everglades" in
5930:
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Man in the Everglades: 2000 Years of Human History in the Everglades National Park
6243:
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Five geologic formations form the surface of the southern portion of Florida: the
300:
This map made by the U.S. military shows the term "Everglades" was in use by 1857.
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flowing out to Florida Bay, Lostmans River Slough bordering The Big Cypress, and
700:, and tropical cyclones are part of the natural water system in the Everglades.
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occur in Everglades National Park in pine rocklands every three to seven years.
21:
This article is about the natural region in Florida. For the national park, see
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6519:. The Journey to Restore America's Everglades. November 4, 2002. Archived from
5839:"51 – Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program"
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232:
176:
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Morgan, Curtis (January 27, 2010). "Canal work begins in Everglades project",
4346:
4189:. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS)
4078:
3992:. Research Labs : Florida Atlantic University – Department of Geosciences
3113:
Draining and development of the Everglades § Everglades Agricultural Area
2592:. They occupied the southeastern portion of the lower peninsula in modern-day
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6802:"ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar 1 N310EA Everglades, FL"
6737:. Vol. 1, no. 4. Army Corps of Engineers. p. 3. Archived from
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Humans arrived in the Florida peninsula approximately 15,000 years ago.
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sea beds and protect shorelines from erosion by absorbing energy from waves.
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and fish, and rookeries for birds. The region supports Tortugas pink shrimp (
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640:
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from southern Palm Beach County to southern Miami-Dade County, is made up of
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349:
236:
130:
106:
93:
7148:
Arthur R. Marshall National Wildlife Refuge (US Fish & Wildlife Service)
6339:
6125:. The Journey to Restore America's Everglades. December 2003. Archived from
5344:
4332:
3363:
2985:
2281:
and other mechanisms that allow them to sprout quickly after being charred.
2184:
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7982:
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7886:
7861:
7750:
7471:
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6397:
6366:
4945:"Florida's Estuaries: A Citizen's Guide to Coastal Living and Conservation"
4210:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Watersheds and Coastal Waters"
3510:
3474:
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3024:
3006:
toured the towns affected by the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane and ordered the
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6284:"Burmese Pythons – Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
4393:
4368:
3478:
3290:
3282:
3203:
3032:
3011:
2889:
2784:. Willoughby described the water as healthy and wholesome, with numerous
2516:
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and algae formations that are the foundation for animal life in the bay.
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2456:
2446:
2422:
2418:
2331:
2128:
1958:
609:
568:
543:
488:
208:
7215:
7084:
Bulletin 442: Soils, Geology, and Water Control in the Everglades Region
4921:
2001:
The underlying bedrock or limestone of the Everglades basin affects the
242:
Migrants to the region who wanted to develop plantations first proposed
8668:
7876:
7220:
7189:
6859:
Stolen Water: Saving the Everglades from its Friends, Foes, and Florida
6821:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 N904VJ Everglades, FL"
5942:
5492:
4856:
Katherisen, K. (2001). "Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems",
4130:
3851:
3534:
3496:
Planned water recovery and storage implementation using CERP strategies
3346:
3302:
3265:
3143:
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2919:
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2256:
2113:
2026:
2011:
1977:
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345:
304:
The first written record of the Everglades was on Spanish maps made by
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outgrew its capacities. The new jetport was planned to be larger than
2392:
water where fresh and salt water meet. The estuarine ecosystem of the
2226:) that grow in very dense clumps. Near the base, sharp saw palmettos (
296:
7951:
7765:
7264:
7142:
7138:
6591:
http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Progress-Toward-Restoring-Everglades/13422
6086:"Florida Statutes (Supplement 1994) [Everglades Forever Act]"
3191:
3097:
2969:
2934:
2789:
2399:
There are three species of trees that are considered mangroves: red (
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2353:
2216:
2109:
2056:
2030:
1994:
1191:
1143:
428:
410:
369:
260:
204:
82:
Location of Everglades in the southern third of the Florida Peninsula
7238:
Environment Florida – Founders of The "Save The Everglades" campaign
5934:
5484:
4269:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4214:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4180:
4160:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4110:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
4052:
Circular 1134: The South Florida Environment – A Region Under Stress
2561:
From the Glades peoples, two major nations emerged in the area: the
7152:
4942:
3758:
3482:
3139:
3117:
2930:
2614:
2589:
2588:
Second in power and number to the Calusa in South Florida were the
2566:
2556:
2480:
2389:
2377:
2161:
2157:
2069:
1966:
689:
507:
374:
322:
228:
224:
4023:(1). Everglades Natural History Association: 21–24. Archived from
3933:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. January 24, 2006
1928:
The Everglades are a complex system of interdependent ecosystems.
7199:
Public television series episode on history of Florida Everglades
4182:
3986:"Virtual Field Trip of Selected Exposures of the Miami Limestone"
3530:
2818:
2682:
2582:
2488:
2381:
2361:
2344:
2188:
In a tropical hardwood hammock, trees are very dense and diverse.
2123:
2117:
2104:
2060:
693:
484:
365:
361:
172:
126:
67:
52:
6953:
The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise
5091:
Goggin, John (1940). "The Tekesta Indians of Southern Florida".
4181:
Fling, H.; N. Aumen; T. Armentano; F. Mazzotti (December 2004).
3293:
appeared in one-fifth of Lake Okeechobee in 1986, the same year
2120:
from water, which adds to the calcitic composition of the marl.
7069:
Central and Southern Florida Project Comprehensive Review Study
3745:
McMullen, Wallace (1953). "The Origin of the Term Everglades".
2953:
2719:
2678:
2574:
2562:
2552:
2336:
495:
460:
267:
220:
7242:
6728:"Everglades supporters celebrate Tamiami Trail groundbreaking"
6120:"Periphyton-based Stormwater Treatment Area (PSTA) Technology"
2318:
2259:
shrubs in pine rocklands are the fire-resistant saw palmetto (
2112:
choose these locations for nesting. Where there is more room,
7296:
7259:
6613:
http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Report-In-Brief/4296-Everglades
6430:"The Florida Panther | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
6054:, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press.
5366:
Dovell, Junius (1948). "The Everglades: A Florida Frontier".
4305:"Regional Evaluation of Evapotranspiration in the Everglades"
3904:, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994), St. Lucie Press.
3294:
2938:
2770:
spent eight days canoeing with a party from the mouth of the
2278:
697:
503:
344:
of Florida. It comprises the interior areas and southernmost
252:
200:
32:"Florida Everglades" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6918:
Chapter 8E: Exotic Species in the Everglades Protection Area
3436:
2989:
A sign advertising the completion of the Herbert Hoover Dike
2909:
A canal lock in the Everglades Drainage District around 1915
2515:
came to Florida probably following large game that included
2245:
pineland is the single species of South Florida slash pine (
6845:
Mirage: Florida and the Vanishing Water of the Eastern U.S.
6379:
5441:
Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.
4943:
Humphreys, Jay; Franz, Shelley; Seaman, Bill (March 1993).
2233:
2019:
2015:
2006:
575:
The consistent Everglades flooding is fed by the extensive
548:
386:
196:
7179:"A Recent History of Everglades Regulation and Litigation"
6688:
Sugarcane Okay in Standing Water, Helps Protect Everglades
5209:. Florida Memory Project: Tourism. c. 1880. Archived from
4076:
3789:
Dovell, J.E. (1947). "The Everglades Before Reclamation".
3481:
and the Everglades reflected drastic water level changes,
2734:
Map of the Everglades in 1856: Military action during the
483:
is the Anastasia Formation, composed of shelly limestone,
7226:
South Florida Information Access (U.S. Geological Survey)
7225:
6636:"Florida to Buy Sugar Maker in Bid to Restore Everglades"
6451:
The Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida
5388:
Davis, T. Frederick (1939). "The Disston Land Purchase".
3860:. South Florida Water Management District. Archived from
3579:
At least three airplanes have crashed in the Everglades.
3558:
Everglades restoration received $ 96 million of the
3135:
2738:
improved understanding of the features of the Everglades.
2476:
1972:
As rain continued to fall, the slightly acidic rainwater
7091:
Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species
4759:. U.S. Geological Survey. April 26, 2007. Archived from
4724:
South Florida Multi-Species Recovery Plan: Pine rockland
3825:(2). University of North Carolina Press: 329 & 334.
3289:
Further problems with the environment arose when a vast
3214:
and is sometimes used as an aviation training facility.
424:
A satellite image of the Everglades, taken in March 2019
7153:
Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area
6633:
6386:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4156:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Hydrology"
3586:, February 12, 1963, all 43 passengers and crew killed.
7270:
The Everglades in the Time of Marjory Stoneman Douglas
6545:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2006
5998:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2006
5115:. Florida Museum of Natural History, 2004. (Pages 5–6)
4302:
4262:
4207:
4153:
4103:
4045:
3688:
2709:. They later were federally recognized in 1962 as the
2144:). Major sloughs in the Everglades system include the
7563:
Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport
6320:
4265:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Climate"
4106:"Environmental Setting – The Natural System: Geology"
3230:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
2892:
in 1908 but lost. Broward was paid by land developer
1917:
635:
moving ashore on South Florida's Gulf of Mexico coast
542:
With the rise of sea levels that occurred during the
405:
Fluctuating sea levels compressed numerous layers of
251:, which built 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals,
66:
The most prominent feature of the Everglades are the
7672:
7211:
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)
6995:
The Everglades Handbook. Understanding the Ecosystem
5113:
A history of Southeastern Indians in Cuba, 1513–1823
3608:
643:
is located across the broad transition zone between
6453:. State of Florida. October 1, 1995. Archived from
5207:"Images of Florida Seminoles in the Sunshine State"
2421:. Everglades mangroves also serve as nurseries for
595:in central Florida. The Kissimmee River is a broad
5871:"Everglades National Park Conservation Assessment"
3098:Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project
463:, 150 feet (46 m) thick. It is named for the
329:, meaning "Grassy Water". The region was labeled "
249:Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project
5333:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5235:. Seminole Tribe of Florida. 2007. Archived from
4271:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from
4054:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from
2693:, beginning in 1928 and spanning the region from
8741:
6517:"Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 2000"
6071:
6069:
6067:
5453:Bramson, Seth (1998). "A Tale of Three Henrys",
4798:
4796:
4131:South Florida Water Management District (2008).
3852:South Florida Water Management District (2002).
6441:
6439:
6327:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5471:Bush, Gregory (1999). "Playground of the USA".
4536:
4534:
4448:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4423:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4258:
4256:
3971:
3969:
3816:
3297:were discovered overtaking sawgrass marshes in
3106:
2845:After the Civil War, a state agency called the
2367:
2098:
498:. The Miami Oolite facies, which underlies the
432:Limestone formations in South Florida. Source:
368:and soil that affect the climate, weather, and
5542:
5540:
5538:
5084:
4560:
4558:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4183:"The Role of Flow in the Everglades Landscape"
3931:"Florida Geological Survey: Tamiami Formation"
3560:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
3343:Florida Department of Environmental Protection
8439:
7658:
7456:Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge
7312:
7276:Everglades images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
6064:
6052:Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration
5455:The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts
5059:
5057:
4793:
4328:
4326:
3902:Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration
3419:Native to southern Asia, the Burmese python (
3317:ecosystem were transforming the mercury into
2766:explored the area in 1892. In 1897, explorer
409:, sand, and shells. The resulting permeable
309:
191:, which discharges into the vast but shallow
171:in the southern portion of the U.S. state of
7128:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
6904:Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Voice of the River
6436:
4548:
4546:
4531:
4444:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020"
4341:(3/4). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 223–244.
4253:
3966:
3550:In 2008, the State of Florida agreed to buy
3212:Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport
2948:used the Everglades as a hiding spot during
2623:Seminoles made their home in the Everglades.
2179:
1997:formations in an Everglades sawgrass prairie
563:Predevelopment flow direction of water from
6634:Damien Cave; John Holusha (June 24, 2008).
6309:U.S. bans imports of 4 exotic snake species
5896:"Environmental Setting: The Altered System"
5653:. National Park Service. September 17, 2007
5535:
5449:
5447:
5359:
5299:
5297:
5295:
4555:
4470:
3545:
3046:
16:Flooded grassland in Florida, United States
8446:
8432:
7665:
7651:
7319:
7305:
6902:Douglas, Marjory; Rothchild, John (1987).
5902:. U.S. Geological Survey. November 2, 2004
5426:Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement
5383:
5381:
5150:
5148:
5054:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4323:
3959:
3957:
3801:
3740:
3738:
3359:List of invasive species in the Everglades
3190:called it a "blueprint for disaster", and
2744:Draining and development of the Everglades
2507:Indigenous people of the Everglades region
175:, comprising the southern half of a large
7558:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
6920:, South Florida Water Management District
6629:
6627:
6447:"Chapter 1: Background and understanding"
6405:
6356:
6338:
6153:
5988:
5888:
5798:
5172:
4880:
4878:
4543:
3659:
3657:
3502:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
3443:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
3437:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
400:
285:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
7446:Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge
7190:History information about the Everglades
7176:
7132:
7082:Soil Conservation Service (March 1948).
7009:The Everglades: An Environmental History
6607:
6605:
5639:
5461:, Florida Theme Issue, pp. 113–143.
5444:
5292:
4745:
4010:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3744:
3697:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3525:
3491:
3362:
3276:
3116:
3050:
2984:
2904:
2900:
2836:
2762:A survey team led by railroad executive
2729:
2618:
2450:
2371:
2317:
2183:
2166:
2089:
2046:
1988:
1940:
623:
558:
427:
419:
295:
7578:South Florida Water Management District
7080:United States Department of Agriculture
7064:South Florida Water Management District
6725:
6506:US Army COE and SFWMD, pp. vii–ix.
6314:
5957:
5378:
5324:
5303:
5154:
5145:
4753:"Land and Resource Management Projects"
4711:
4240:United States Department of Agriculture
3954:
3894:
3735:
3339:South Florida Water Management District
2086:Geography and ecology of the Everglades
1924:Geography and ecology of the Everglades
535:, a surface aquifer that serves as the
8742:
7441:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
7436:Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park
7025:, University of South Carolina Press.
6624:
5963:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5789:
5665:
5365:
5090:
4979:. National Park Service. July 30, 2007
4875:
4236:"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map"
4079:"Historic Everglades Basin Topography"
4013:"Surface Rock in the Lower Everglades"
3788:
3654:
3150:
2711:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
2546:
2455:A clump of mangroves in the distance,
199:in the wet season forms a slow-moving
8427:
7646:
7300:
6602:
6484:US Army COE and SFWMD, pp. iv–v.
6311:, CNN. Retrieved on January 17, 2012.
5920:
5836:
5671:
5387:
4394:"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State U"
4369:"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State U"
3773:
7451:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
7177:Rizzardi, Keith W. (March 1, 2001).
7078:Agricultural Experiment Station and
6078:
5470:
4977:"Ecosystems: Marine & Estuarine"
4419:"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data"
4228:
3387:Brazilian pepper, or Florida holly (
3299:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
7089:Whitney, Ellie et al., eds. (2004)
6475:US Army COE and SFWMD, p. iii.
6244:"Snake bursts after gobbling gator"
6096:School of Law. 1997. Archived from
5856:
5837:Nixon, Richard (February 8, 1972).
4722:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "
3352:
3181:environmental impact of the jetport
2841:Hamilton Disston's land sale notice
2821:within their state boundaries. The
2500:
145:7,800 square miles (20,000 km)
13:
8520:
8454:Municipalities and communities of
8337:St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal
6955:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6875:, Sierra Club / Ballantine Books.
6818:
6799:
5964:Angier, Natalie (August 6, 1984).
5330:
4924:. Sea Grant Florida. July 16, 2001
3255:
2834:halted progress until after 1877.
2778:. He sent his observations to the
1918:Formative and sustaining processes
255:, and water control devices. The
14:
8801:
7119:
6686:Yao, Stephanie (March 24, 2010).
5814:. August 22, 1969. Archived from
4311:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4216:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4162:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4135:. U.S. Department of the Interior
4112:. U.S. Department of the Interior
3854:"Everglades Information: Geology"
2809:was passed in 1842 that prompted
8393:List of major springs in Florida
7673:Significant waterways of Florida
7625:
7614:
7613:
7204:
7158:
7106:The Florida Historical Quarterly
6847:, University of Michigan Press.
6812:
6793:
6775:Gibson, William (May 19, 2010).
6769:
6756:
6726:Jackson, Susan (December 2009).
6719:
6706:
6693:
6680:
6666:
6653:
6583:
6570:
6557:
6535:
6509:
6500:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6422:
6373:
6301:
6276:
6262:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6187:
6178:
6165:
6144:
6112:
6044:
6035:
6010:
5914:
5830:
5783:
5774:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5738:
5729:
5720:
5711:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5674:The Florida Historical Quarterly
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5558:
5549:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5464:
5439:Dictionary of American Biography
5431:
5418:
5409:
5400:
5390:The Florida Historical Quarterly
5283:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5094:The Florida Historical Quarterly
4077:Duke University Wetland Center.
3791:The Florida Historical Quarterly
3611:
3574:
3272:
2980:
2749:terrain the party was crossing:
2297:
76:
60:
8755:Flooded grasslands and savannas
7011:. University Press of Florida.
6969:. University Press of Florida.
6941:. University Press of Florida.
6835:
6307:Segal, Kim (January 17, 2012).
5966:"Now You See It, Now You Don't"
5843:The American Presidency Project
5225:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5157:"Notes on the Florida Seminole"
5136:
5127:
5118:
5105:
5075:
5066:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4969:
4936:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4823:
4814:
4805:
4784:
4775:
4736:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4461:
4436:
4411:
4386:
4361:
4303:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4296:
4287:
4263:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4208:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4201:
4174:
4154:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4147:
4124:
4104:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4097:
4070:
4046:U.S. Geological Survey (2004).
4039:
4011:Ginsburg, Robert (March 1953).
4004:
3978:
3963:UF & USDA (1948), p. 30–33.
3951:UF & USDA (1948), p. 26–30.
3945:
3923:
3914:
3885:
3689:U.S. Geological Survey (1999).
3088:released her first book titled
2993:Two catastrophic hurricanes in
2884:race, the strongest candidate,
2847:Internal Improvement Fund (IIF)
7594:The Everglades: River of Grass
7326:
6890:The Everglades: River of Grass
6790:. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
6543:"Restoring the River of Grass"
6150:Ferriter, et al. (2004), p. 1.
5042:Tebeau (1968), pp. 38–41.
4133:"Lake Okeechobee & Region"
3876:
3845:
3810:
3713:
3682:
3217:
3091:The Everglades: River of Grass
2823:Swamp and Overflowed Lands Act
2725:
2649:. The groups acted as allies.
2440:
571:Source: U.S. Geological Survey
1:
7421:Big Cypress National Preserve
7143:Big Cypress National Preserve
6018:"Kissimmee River Restoration"
5473:The Pacific Historical Review
5174:10.1525/aa.1913.15.1.02a00070
3647:
3584:Northwest Airlines Flight 705
3537:attraction in the Everglades.
3448:commissioned a report on the
3301:. Scientists discovered that
3224:Restoration of the Everglades
3208:Big Cypress National Preserve
2933:, as they were called in the
2079:
2051:Wildfire photographed in 1922
7060:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
7042:. University of Miami Press.
6939:Archeology of the Everglades
6270:"Python Elimination Program"
5428:, Vol. 21. Gale Group, 2001.
5277:"Everglades Digital Library"
4528:UF & USDA (1948), p. 79.
4492:UF & USDA (1948), p. 35.
3591:Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
3107:Everglades Agricultural Area
2922:were a particular target of
2368:Mangrove and Coastal prairie
2099:Sawgrass marshes and sloughs
1239:Source = PRISM Climate Group
1088:Source: PRISM Climate Group
554:
7:
7165:A History of the Everglades
6871:Caulfield, Patricia (1970)
6857:Carter, W. Hodding (2004).
6618:September 25, 2012, at the
6596:September 28, 2012, at the
5771:Grunwald, pp. 283–284.
5618:Grunwald, pp. 199–200.
5609:Grunwald, pp. 198–199.
5514:Grunwald, pp. 148–149.
3723:. scholar.library.miami.edu
3604:
3177:U.S. Department of Interior
3157:Miami International Airport
3084:and freelance writer named
2799:
2608:
2239:
2171:Alligator in the Everglades
2152:in the eastern Everglades.
1863:Average precipitation days
1579:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
1439:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
896:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
756:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
27:Everglades (disambiguation)
10:
8806:
8408:Outstanding Florida Waters
7553:Burmese pythons in Florida
7260:Everglades Digital Library
6951:Grunwald, Michael (2006).
5762:McCally, pp. 172–173.
5744:McCally, pp. 159–160.
5523:McCally, pp. 124–126.
5437:"Henry Morrison Flagler".
5006:Whitney, pp. 313–316.
4860:, Alan J. Southward (ed.)
4858:Advances in Marine Biology
4017:Everglades Natural History
3440:
3356:
3221:
3110:
3066:
2886:Napoleon Bonaparte Broward
2781:New Orleans Times-Democrat
2741:
2698:recognized in 1957 as the
2612:
2550:
2504:
2495:
2444:
2313:
2271:), and West Indian lilac (
2191:
2083:
1921:
1909:
1249:
1237:
1087:
706:
619:
522:The metropolitan areas of
355:
31:
20:
8715:
8667:
8602:
8549:
8531:
8518:
8487:
8468:
8368:Coastal waters of Florida
8360:
8312:Cross Florida Barge Canal
8299:
8236:Blackwater (Hillsborough)
8216:
7960:
7819:
7678:
7608:
7573:Friends of the Everglades
7535:
7464:
7431:Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary
7413:
7372:
7334:
7243:Friends of the Everglades
7216:The Everglades Foundation
7066:(April 1999). "Summary",
6993:Lodge, Thomas E. (2005).
6965:Hann, John (ed.) (1991).
6843:Barnett, Cynthia (2007).
5996:"Kissimmee River History"
5406:Grunwald, pp. 92–93.
5155:Skinner, Alanson (1913).
4733:", Retrieved May 3, 2008.
4398:www.prism.oregonstate.edu
4373:www.prism.oregonstate.edu
3665:"411 Everglades Province"
3422:Python molurus bivittatus
3333:, introduced by Governor
2968:sprouted like the crops.
2700:Seminole Tribe of Florida
2322:A pond in The Big Cypress
2194:Tropical hardwood hammock
2180:Tropical hardwood hammock
1862:
1788:
1718:
1648:
1578:
1508:
1438:
1368:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1189:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1039:
965:
895:
825:
755:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
311:Laguna del Espíritu Santo
214:environmental degradation
183:. The system begins near
149:
141:
136:
122:
87:
75:
59:
50:
43:
7395:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
7359:Everglades National Park
7349:Draining and development
7253:
7221:The Everglades Coalition
7139:Everglades National Park
7126:Everglades National Park
7093:. Pineapple Press, Inc.
6983:, Pineapple Press, Inc.
6224:Lodge, pp. 243–244.
6184:Lodge, pp. 237–240.
6075:Lodge, pp. 231–233.
5753:Lodge, pp. 225–226.
5651:Everglades National Park
5289:McCally, pp. 65–69.
5033:McCally, pp. 37–39.
4699:Douglas, pp. 48–49.
4564:McCally, pp. 18–21.
4510:McCally, pp. 12–14.
3546:Future of the Everglades
3390:Schinus terebinthifolius
3237:Everglades National Park
3123:Everglades National Park
3086:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
3069:Everglades National Park
3061:Everglades National Park
3047:Everglades National Park
2764:James Edmundson Ingraham
2689:The construction of the
2473:Everglades National Park
2428:Farfantepenaeus duorarum
2380:trees bordering a tidal
1936:
1930:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
445:Caloosahatchee Formation
291:
276:Everglades National Park
70:found across the region.
23:Everglades National Park
7286:The Everglades in Peril
7007:McCally, David (1999).
6934:. Gov. doc #I 29.62:Ev2
6892:. R. Bemis Publishing.
6782:March 30, 2012, at the
6567:, Section A, p. 1.
6340:10.1073/pnas.1115226109
5345:10.1111/1467-8306.00311
5257:Tebeau, pp. 66–67.
5196:Tebeau, pp. 55–56.
5161:American Anthropologist
4847:Ripple, pp. 31–32.
4672:George, pp. 45–46.
4519:McCally, pp. 15–17
4483:McCally, pp. 9–10.
4347:10.1023/A:1009552500448
3990:www.geosciences.fau.edu
3819:Southeastern Geographer
3381:Melaleuca quinquenervia
3008:Army Corps of Engineers
2042:
1984:
1949:in the Everglades, 1966
537:Miami metropolitan area
526:, Fort Lauderdale, and
457:Fort Thompson Formation
257:Miami metropolitan area
244:draining the Everglades
8760:Neotropical ecoregions
8525:
8457:Monroe County, Florida
8388:List of Florida rivers
8068:Little Econlockhatchee
7426:Biscayne National Park
7113:(Spring 2012), 426–52.
7047:The Florida Everglades
7045:Toops, Connie (1998).
6979:Jewell, Susan (1993).
6967:Missions to the Calusa
6937:Griffin, John (2002).
6398:10.1098/rspb.2015.0120
6022:www.saj.usace.army.mil
5875:World Heritage Outlook
5780:Grunwald, p. 257.
5726:Caulfield, p. 55.
5717:Grunwald, p. 229.
5699:Grunwald, p. 219.
5647:"Conservation efforts"
5600:Grunwald, p. 179.
5555:Grunwald, p. 120.
5306:The Scientific Monthly
5187:Tebeau, pp. 50–51
4552:Lodge, pp. 39–41.
3807:Douglas, pp. 7–8.
3637:Everglades Pseudoatoll
3589:On December 29, 1972,
3538:
3513:on December 11, 2000.
3497:
3398:(Eichhornia crassipes)
3368:
3331:Everglades Forever Act
3286:
3126:
3064:
2990:
2910:
2842:
2756:
2739:
2624:
2463:
2385:
2323:
2189:
2172:
2095:
2052:
1998:
1950:
636:
572:
500:Atlantic Coastal Ridge
436:
434:U.S. Geological Survey
425:
401:Limestone and aquifers
310:
301:
150:Highest elevation
25:. For other uses, see
8765:Ecoregions of Florida
8524:
8378:Intracoastal Waterway
8307:Canaveral Barge Canal
8058:Little (Biscayne Bay)
7806:Withlacoochee (South)
7801:Withlacoochee (North)
7568:Everglades Foundation
7339:Geography and ecology
7194:World Digital Library
7133:Geography and ecology
7076:University of Florida
7021:Ripple, Jeff (1992).
6932:National Park Service
6716:, South Florida news.
5923:Environmental History
5818:on September 25, 2008
5690:Douglas, p. 349.
5636:McCally, p. 142.
5591:Douglas, p. 334.
5582:Douglas, p. 330.
5573:McCally, pp. 117–118.
5564:Douglas, p. 310.
5546:McCally, p. 117.
5532:Douglas, p. 318.
5266:Grunwald, p. 42.
5233:"Tourism/Enterprises"
5142:Griffin, p. 180.
5081:Griffin, p. 173.
5072:Griffin, p. 170.
5063:Griffin, p. 171.
4911:Whitney, p. 286.
4742:George, pp. 7–8.
4663:Whitney, p. 163.
4654:Whitney, p. 164.
4591:Whitney, p. 168.
4083:Everglades Field Trip
3858:The Living Everglades
3831:10.1353/sgo.2007.0029
3632:Everglades Foundation
3533:has become a popular
3529:
3495:
3403:Lygodium microphyllum
3366:
3280:
3120:
3054:
2988:
2908:
2901:Growth of urban areas
2840:
2811:Secretary of Treasury
2751:
2733:
2622:
2454:
2414:Laguncularia racemosa
2375:
2321:
2187:
2170:
2093:
2050:
1992:
1944:
1649:Mean minimum °F (°C)
1369:Mean maximum °F (°C)
674:plant hardiness zones
627:
562:
491:interglacial period.
431:
423:
299:
231:, formed from mostly
8728:United States portal
8063:Little (Ochlockonee)
7588:Ten Thousand Islands
7477:Caloosahatchee River
6928:Everglades Wildguide
6788:Florida Sun-Sentinel
5806:"Jets v. Everglades"
5415:Douglas p. 286.
5368:Agricultural History
5051:McCally, p. 39.
5024:McCally, p. 35.
5015:McCally, p. 34.
4609:Whitney, p.168.
4582:Douglas, p. 11.
3920:Lodge, pp. 6–7.
3691:"Florida Everglades"
3463:Caloosahatchee River
3021:Caloosahatchee River
2715:wrestling alligators
2394:Ten Thousand Islands
2223:Dipholis salicifolia
2138:), and spatterdock (
1955:last glacial maximum
1299:Record high °F (°C)
319:John Gerard de Brahm
195:. Water leaving the
153:25 feet (7.6 m)
8785:Wetlands of Florida
8398:Okeechobee Waterway
8383:Indian River Lagoon
7619:Category:Everglades
7492:Indian River Lagoon
7183:Florida Bar Journal
6906:. Pineapple Press.
6886:Douglas, Marjory S.
6825:aviation-safety.net
6806:aviation-safety.net
6578:The Washington Post
6233:Lodge, p. 244.
6215:Lodge, p. 242.
6206:Lodge, p. 241.
6100:on October 28, 2008
6094:University of Miami
6041:Lodge, p. 230.
5735:Lodge, p. 223.
5708:Lodge, p. 224.
5627:McCally, p. 9.
5505:Carter, p. 78.
5318:1942SciMo..55..515L
5239:on February 3, 2008
5133:Tebeau, p. 45.
5124:Tebeau, p. 43.
4997:George, p. 21.
4922:"About Florida Bay"
4902:Jewell, p. 41.
4893:George, p. 19.
4884:Ripple, p. 80.
4864:, pp. 18–251.
4838:Ripple, p. 26.
4829:Jewell, p. 43.
4820:Ripple, p. 16.
4802:George, p. 26.
4708:George, p. 31.
4690:George, p. 30.
4636:George, p. 14.
4618:George, p. 42.
4600:Jewell, p. 46.
4573:George, p. 13.
3864:on January 16, 2008
3198:wrote to President
3151:Jetport proposition
3063:on December 6, 1947
2662:Second Seminole War
2547:Calusa and Tequesta
2408:Avicennia germinans
2332:hydrologic boundary
1719:Record low °F (°C)
1509:Daily mean °F (°C)
826:Daily mean °F (°C)
515:and Coot Bay (near
449:Anastasia Formation
335:Second Seminole War
103: /
8790:Symbols of Florida
8770:Marshes of Florida
8526:
8352:Tampa Bypass Canal
7400:Arthur R. Marshall
7291:The New York Times
7280:Slow modem version
7231:2011-12-12 at the
7170:2008-08-21 at the
7049:. Voyageur Press.
6661:The New York Times
6640:The New York Times
6565:The New York Times
6495:The New York Times
5792:The New York Times
4811:Lodge, p. 67.
4790:Lodge, p. 63.
4781:Lodge, p. 66.
4729:2012-11-11 at the
4681:Lodge, p. 35.
4645:Lodge, p. 29.
4627:Lodge, p. 31.
4540:Lodge, p. 38.
4467:Lodge, p. 14.
3721:"Old Florida Maps"
3642:History of Florida
3598:ValuJet Flight 592
3539:
3520:The New York Times
3498:
3487:water restrictions
3413:Oreochromis aureus
3369:
3287:
3235:Outlook cited the
3187:The New York Times
3127:
3065:
3014:and the waters of
2991:
2911:
2843:
2788:, and 10,000
2740:
2670:Third Seminole War
2658:First Seminole War
2625:
2521:saber-toothed cats
2464:
2434:Menippe mercenaria
2431:) and stone crab (
2386:
2324:
2274:Tetrazygia bicolor
2205:Quercus virginiana
2190:
2173:
2146:Shark River Slough
2096:
2053:
1999:
1951:
682:Evapotranspiration
637:
573:
437:
426:
366:water-bearing rock
302:
169:flooded grasslands
142: • Total
34:Florida Everblades
8775:Swamps of Florida
8737:
8736:
8421:
8420:
8241:Blackwater (Lake)
7842:East Tohopekaliga
7640:
7639:
7507:Lake Worth Lagoon
7344:Indigenous people
7099:978-1-56164-309-7
6432:. April 13, 2022.
6250:. October 5, 2005
5424:"Henry Flagler".
4870:978-0-12-026140-6
4293:Lodge, p.14.
4085:. Duke University
3975:Lodge, p. 10
3882:Lodge. p. 3.
3596:On May 11, 1996,
3471:Lake Worth Lagoon
3308:At the same time
3132:manganese sulfate
2894:Richard J. Bolles
2707:Mikasuki language
2402:Rhizophora mangle
2384:in the Everglades
2286:Miami-Dade County
2265:), cabbage palm (
1945:A storm over the
1914:
1913:
1244:
1243:
1092:
1091:
1042:relative humidity
649:tropical climates
629:Hurricane Charley
481:Palm Beach County
441:Tamiami Formation
407:calcium carbonate
395:Cretaceous Period
317:British surveyor
272:Ramsar Convention
181:Neotropical realm
157:
156:
68:sawgrass prairies
8797:
8729:
8722:
8654:Sugarloaf Shores
8523:
8497:Key Colony Beach
8480:
8473:
8463:
8458:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8425:
8424:
8403:Okefenokee Swamp
7667:
7660:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7629:
7617:
7616:
7548:Biscayne Aquifer
7482:Fisheating Creek
7405:Garald G. Parker
7390:Hamilton Disston
7364:Invasive species
7321:
7314:
7307:
7298:
7297:
7186:
7036:Tebeau, Charlton
6829:
6828:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6797:
6791:
6773:
6767:
6764:The Miami Herald
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6744:on July 25, 2011
6743:
6732:
6723:
6717:
6714:The Miami Herald
6710:
6704:
6701:The Miami Herald
6697:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6675:The Miami Herald
6670:
6664:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6631:
6622:
6609:
6600:
6587:
6581:
6574:
6568:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6523:on July 20, 2008
6513:
6507:
6504:
6498:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6409:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6342:
6333:(7): 2418–2422.
6318:
6312:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6195:The Miami Herald
6191:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6160:Florida Invaders
6157:
6151:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6062:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5972:. Archived from
5961:
5955:
5954:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5867:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5468:
5462:
5451:
5442:
5435:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5152:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4957:on March 3, 2016
4956:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4873:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4791:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4720:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4553:
4550:
4541:
4538:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4501:Lodge, p. 38–39.
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4335:Urban Ecosystems
4330:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3964:
3961:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3898:
3892:
3891:Lodge, p. 4
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3701:on June 26, 2008
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3373:invasive species
3353:Invasive species
3341:(SFWMD) and the
3248:timely funding.
3081:The Miami Herald
3041:dissolved oxygen
2880:During the 1904
2875:Royal Palm Hotel
2851:Hamilton Disston
2814:Robert J. Walker
2666:Indian Territory
2525:spectacled bears
2501:Native Americans
2301:
2290:Prescribed fires
2211:Bursera simaruba
2208:), gumbo limbo (
1866:
1247:
1246:
1095:
1094:
704:
703:
533:Biscayne Aquifer
415:Floridan Aquifer
379:sedimentary rock
313:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
80:
64:
41:
40:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8780:Natural regions
8740:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8727:
8720:
8711:
8663:
8605:
8598:
8584:North Key Largo
8559:Big Coppitt Key
8545:
8527:
8521:
8516:
8483:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8461:
8456:
8452:
8422:
8417:
8356:
8342:St. Lucie Canal
8322:Hillsboro Canal
8295:
8218:
8212:
8128:Pithlachascotee
8108:New (Carabelle)
7956:
7815:
7726:Econlockhatchee
7674:
7671:
7641:
7636:
7604:
7543:Alligator Alley
7531:
7522:St. Lucie River
7502:Lake Okeechobee
7497:Kissimmee River
7465:Bodies of water
7460:
7414:Protected areas
7409:
7368:
7330:
7325:
7288:– slideshow by
7272:(Photo exhibit)
7256:
7233:Wayback Machine
7207:
7172:Wayback Machine
7161:
7135:
7122:
7117:
7116:
6861:, Atria Books.
6838:
6833:
6832:
6819:Ranter, Harro.
6817:
6813:
6800:Ranter, Harro.
6798:
6794:
6784:Wayback Machine
6774:
6770:
6766:, Florida news.
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6730:
6724:
6720:
6711:
6707:
6698:
6694:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6667:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6632:
6625:
6620:Wayback Machine
6610:
6603:
6598:Wayback Machine
6588:
6584:
6575:
6571:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6457:on May 16, 2009
6445:
6444:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6378:
6374:
6319:
6315:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6132:on May 29, 2008
6129:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5976:on May 12, 2009
5962:
5958:
5935:10.2307/3985972
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5869:
5868:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5485:10.2307/3641982
5469:
5465:
5452:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5386:
5379:
5364:
5360:
5329:
5325:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5213:on June 3, 2008
5205:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5111:Worth, John E.
5110:
5106:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4763:on May 12, 2009
4751:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4731:Wayback Machine
4721:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4331:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4275:on May 13, 2008
4261:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4058:on May 15, 2009
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3787:
3774:
3747:American Speech
3743:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3627:Carr (landform)
3617:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3577:
3548:
3459:Lake Okeechobee
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:escaped pythons
3361:
3355:
3323:bioaccumulating
3314:Florida panther
3275:
3262:Kissimmee River
3258:
3256:Kissimmee River
3226:
3220:
3153:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3071:
3049:
3016:Lake Okeechobee
2983:
2903:
2802:
2768:Hugh Willoughby
2746:
2728:
2647:Black Seminoles
2617:
2611:
2559:
2551:Main articles:
2549:
2529:Archaic peoples
2509:
2503:
2498:
2449:
2443:
2370:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2248:Pinus elliottii
2242:
2220:), and bustic (
2214:), royal palm (
2196:
2182:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2045:
1987:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1240:
1093:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
639:The climate of
622:
565:Lake Okeechobee
557:
528:West Palm Beach
513:Fort Lauderdale
453:Miami Limestone
403:
391:Jurassic Period
358:
294:
281:Lake Okeechobee
193:Lake Okeechobee
189:Kissimmee River
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
83:
71:
55:
46:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8803:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8724:
8721:Florida portal
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8659:Summerland Key
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8604:Unincorporated
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8555:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8537:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8493:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8451:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8428:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8413:Paynes Prairie
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8332:Mud Lake Canal
8329:
8324:
8319:
8317:Haulover Canal
8314:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8200:
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8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8113:New (Santa Fe)
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8073:Little Manatee
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7993:Chassahowitzka
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7961:Smaller rivers
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7721:Choctawhatchee
7718:
7713:
7708:
7706:Caloosahatchee
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7631:Portal:Florida
7622:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7512:Lostmans River
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7324:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7283:
7273:
7267:
7262:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7187:
7174:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7121:
7120:External links
7118:
7115:
7114:
7101:
7087:
7073:
7057:
7043:
7033:
7019:
7005:
6991:
6977:
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6935:
6921:
6914:
6900:
6883:
6869:
6855:
6840:
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6837:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6811:
6792:
6768:
6755:
6718:
6705:
6692:
6679:
6665:
6652:
6623:
6601:
6582:
6580:, p. A03.
6569:
6556:
6534:
6508:
6499:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6435:
6421:
6372:
6313:
6300:
6275:
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6217:
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6111:
6077:
6063:
6043:
6034:
6009:
5987:
5956:
5913:
5887:
5855:
5829:
5797:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5664:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5479:(2): 153–172.
5463:
5443:
5430:
5417:
5408:
5399:
5377:
5358:
5339:(4): 682–701.
5323:
5312:(6): 515–526.
5291:
5282:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5224:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5104:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4968:
4935:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4874:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4804:
4792:
4783:
4774:
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4701:
4692:
4683:
4674:
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4656:
4647:
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4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4469:
4460:
4435:
4410:
4385:
4360:
4322:
4295:
4286:
4252:
4227:
4200:
4173:
4146:
4123:
4096:
4069:
4038:
4027:on May 3, 2005
4003:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3944:
3922:
3913:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3844:
3809:
3800:
3772:
3759:10.2307/454403
3734:
3712:
3681:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:Florida portal
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3576:
3573:
3547:
3544:
3450:sustainability
3441:Main article:
3438:
3435:
3395:water hyacinth
3357:Main article:
3354:
3351:
3274:
3271:
3257:
3254:
3233:World Heritage
3222:Main article:
3219:
3216:
3196:Gaylord Nelson
3152:
3149:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3067:Main article:
3048:
3045:
3004:Herbert Hoover
2982:
2979:
2902:
2899:
2832:Reconstruction
2801:
2798:
2742:Main article:
2727:
2724:
2654:Andrew Jackson
2613:Main article:
2610:
2607:
2548:
2545:
2537:Caloosahatchee
2505:Main article:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2445:Main article:
2442:
2439:
2411:), and white (
2369:
2366:
2328:Collier County
2315:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2268:Sabal palmetto
2262:Serenoa repens
2241:
2238:
2229:Serenoa repens
2192:Main article:
2181:
2178:
2158:Solution holes
2132:), waterlily (
2100:
2097:
2084:Main article:
2081:
2078:
2044:
2041:
2036:carbon dioxide
1986:
1983:
1938:
1935:
1922:Main article:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
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1860:
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893:
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867:
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857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
823:
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817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
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782:
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772:
767:
762:
757:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
709:
708:
702:
669:Gulf of Mexico
621:
618:
603:The area from
581:Caloosahatchee
556:
553:
477:solution holes
470:Pliocene Epoch
402:
399:
385:. Continental
357:
354:
293:
290:
177:drainage basin
165:natural region
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
124:
120:
119:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
65:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8802:
8791:
8788:
8786:
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8776:
8773:
8771:
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8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8730:
8725:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
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8672:
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8660:
8657:
8655:
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8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
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8627:
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8622:
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8617:
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8609:
8607:
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8595:
8592:
8590:
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8585:
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8556:
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8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8462:United States
8459:
8449:
8444:
8442:
8437:
8435:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8347:Tamiami Canal
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8266:Myakkahatchee
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8168:St. Sebastian
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8103:New (Broward)
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:Little Wekiva
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7711:Chattahoochee
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:Larger rivers
7677:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7583:Tamiami Trail
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7527:Taylor Slough
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7385:Ernest F. Coe
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:History links
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7112:
7108:
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7102:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7055:0-89658-372-4
7052:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:0-87249-842-5
7028:
7024:
7020:
7018:
7017:0-8130-2302-5
7014:
7010:
7006:
7004:
7003:1-884015-06-9
7000:
6997:. CRC Press.
6996:
6992:
6990:
6989:1-56164-023-9
6986:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6975:0-8130-1966-4
6972:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6961:0-7432-5107-5
6958:
6954:
6950:
6948:
6947:0-8130-2558-3
6944:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6912:0-910923-94-9
6909:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6898:0-912451-44-0
6895:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:0-345-02353-6
6878:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:0-7434-7407-4
6864:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6853:0-472-11563-4
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6772:
6765:
6759:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6709:
6702:
6696:
6689:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6628:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6586:
6579:
6573:
6566:
6560:
6544:
6538:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6481:
6472:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6431:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6304:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6271:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6196:
6190:
6181:
6174:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6147:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6061:
6060:0-9634030-2-8
6057:
6053:
6047:
6038:
6023:
6019:
6013:
5997:
5991:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5901:
5900:Circular 1134
5897:
5891:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5794:. p. 26.
5793:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5396:(3): 201–211.
5395:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5374:(3): 187–197.
5373:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5286:
5278:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5114:
5108:
5101:(4): 274–285.
5100:
5096:
5095:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4978:
4972:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4787:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4739:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4464:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4188:
4187:Circular 1452
4184:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4134:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3948:
3932:
3926:
3917:
3911:
3910:0-9634030-2-8
3907:
3903:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3722:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3695:Circular 1182
3692:
3685:
3674:September 14,
3670:
3669:www.fs.fed.us
3666:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:Plane crashes
3572:
3569:
3568:Charlie Crist
3565:
3564:Tamiami Trail
3561:
3556:
3553:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:Tamiami Trail
3503:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:hypersalinity
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:Lawton Chiles
3332:
3327:
3324:
3321:, and it was
3320:
3319:methylmercury
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3273:Water quality
3270:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:Richard Nixon
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3179:study of the
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:Ernest F. Coe
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2981:Flood control
2978:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2924:plume hunting
2921:
2915:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:gubernatorial
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2862:Henry Flagler
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2736:Seminole Wars
2732:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:Tamiami Trail
2687:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2640:and fugitive
2639:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:Paleo-Indians
2508:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2150:Taylor Slough
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:decomposition
2062:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1910:Source: NOAA
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:precipitation
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1253:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
969:
968:precipitation
964:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
824:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
754:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
685:
683:
678:
675:
670:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:South Florida
634:
630:
626:
617:
615:
611:
606:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
566:
561:
552:
550:
545:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
466:
465:Tamiami Trail
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
430:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
350:South Florida
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
307:
306:cartographers
298:
289:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
240:
238:
237:Seminole Wars
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
131:United States
128:
125:
121:
116:
107:26.0°N 80.7°W
88:Coordinates:
86:
79:
74:
69:
63:
58:
54:
49:
42:
39:
35:
28:
24:
19:
8629:Dry Tortugas
8589:Stock Island
8564:Big Pine Key
8476:
8372:
8203:Weeki Wachee
8173:Steinhatchee
8043:Hontoon Dead
7973:Alapahoochee
7937:Tsala Apopka
7932:Tohopekaliga
7837:Blue Cypress
7741:Indian River
7736:Hillsborough
7691:Apalachicola
7624:
7612:
7592:
7472:Biscayne Bay
7327:
7289:
7182:
7110:
7104:
7090:
7083:
7068:
7046:
7039:
7022:
7008:
6994:
6980:
6966:
6952:
6938:
6927:
6924:George, Jean
6903:
6889:
6872:
6858:
6844:
6836:Bibliography
6824:
6814:
6805:
6795:
6787:
6771:
6763:
6758:
6748:February 11,
6746:. Retrieved
6739:the original
6734:
6721:
6713:
6708:
6700:
6695:
6682:
6674:
6668:
6660:
6655:
6643:. Retrieved
6639:
6585:
6577:
6572:
6564:
6559:
6547:. Retrieved
6537:
6525:. Retrieved
6521:the original
6511:
6502:
6494:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:the original
6450:
6424:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6287:
6278:
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6180:
6172:
6167:
6155:
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6127:the original
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6098:the original
6089:
6080:
6051:
6046:
6037:
6025:. Retrieved
6021:
6012:
6000:. Retrieved
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5974:the original
5969:
5959:
5929:(1): 53–76.
5926:
5922:
5916:
5904:. Retrieved
5899:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5874:
5846:. Retrieved
5842:
5832:
5820:. Retrieved
5816:the original
5809:
5800:
5791:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5655:. Retrieved
5650:
5641:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5438:
5433:
5425:
5420:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5389:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5309:
5305:
5285:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5241:. Retrieved
5237:the original
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5211:the original
5201:
5192:
5183:
5167:(1): 63–77.
5164:
5160:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4952:the original
4938:
4926:. Retrieved
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4786:
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4761:the original
4756:
4747:
4738:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4372:
4363:
4338:
4334:
4313:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:the original
4268:
4243:. Retrieved
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4213:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4186:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4159:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4082:
4072:
4060:. Retrieved
4056:the original
4051:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4025:the original
4020:
4016:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3925:
3916:
3901:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:the original
3857:
3847:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3753:(1): 26–34.
3750:
3746:
3725:. Retrieved
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:the original
3694:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:
3578:
3557:
3549:
3540:
3518:
3515:
3511:Bill Clinton
3499:
3475:Biscayne Bay
3455:
3446:
3432:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3328:
3307:
3288:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3185:
3154:
3128:
3101:
3089:
3079:
3072:
3057:Harry Truman
3029:
3025:World War II
2992:
2944:
2928:
2916:
2912:
2879:
2877:was opened.
2871:Biscayne Bay
2859:
2844:
2803:
2779:
2772:Harney River
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2704:
2688:
2675:
2651:
2634:ethnogenesis
2626:
2587:
2579:
2571:Florida Keys
2560:
2517:giant sloths
2510:
2481:turtle grass
2465:
2432:
2426:
2419:storm surges
2412:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2349:Bald cypress
2341:
2325:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2253:forest floor
2246:
2243:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2174:
2154:
2141:Nuphar lutea
2139:
2135:Nymphaeaceae
2133:
2127:
2122:
2102:
2054:
2024:
2002:
2000:
1971:
1952:
1927:
1793:inches (mm)
970:inches (mm)
686:
679:
665:
638:
613:
602:
593:Peace Rivers
574:
541:
521:
493:
476:
474:
438:
404:
383:igneous rock
359:
339:
330:
326:
316:
303:
265:
241:
218:
160:
158:
38:
18:
8669:Ghost towns
8649:Rock Harbor
8634:Garden Cove
8606:communities
8472:County seat
8327:Miami Canal
8083:Loxahatchee
8048:Ichetucknee
7756:Ochlockonee
7517:Shark River
7487:Florida Bay
7380:Guy Bradley
7354:Restoration
7205:Restoration
6288:www.nps.gov
5680:(1): 43–77.
3479:Florida Bay
3291:algal bloom
3218:Restoration
3204:Claude Kirk
3125:, dry (top)
3059:dedicating
3033:groundwater
3012:Hoover Dike
2966:Belle Glade
2958:Moore Haven
2950:Prohibition
2946:Rum-runners
2920:Water birds
2890:U.S. Senate
2794:Shark River
2776:Miami River
2726:Exploration
2638:free blacks
2602:Miami River
2485:Sea turtles
2468:Florida Bay
2457:Florida Bay
2447:Florida Bay
2441:Florida Bay
2423:crustaceans
2129:Utricularia
2003:hydroperiod
1959:water table
1947:Shark River
1865:(≥ 0.01 in)
645:subtropical
610:Florida Bay
569:Florida Bay
544:Pleistocene
489:Sangamonian
331:Pa-hai-okee
209:Florida Bay
179:within the
112:26.0; -80.7
110: /
8750:Everglades
8744:Categories
8697:Pigeon Key
8687:Indian Key
8569:Cudjoe Key
8541:Islamorada
8373:Everglades
8261:Fisheating
8217:Creeks and
8188:Waccasassa
8023:Eau Gallie
7988:Carrabelle
7947:Washington
7902:Okeechobee
7892:Miccosukee
7701:Blackwater
7600:U.S. Sugar
7328:Everglades
6873:Everglades
6677:(Florida).
3797:(1): 1–44.
3727:August 22,
3648:References
3552:U.S. Sugar
3535:ecotourism
3531:Airboating
3347:calcareous
3303:phosphorus
3266:Bob Graham
3144:phosphorus
3111:See also:
3055:President
3037:subsidence
2975:slash pine
2866:Palm Beach
2790:alligators
2533:Okeechobee
2405:), black (
2257:understory
2114:periphyton
2110:alligators
2080:Ecosystems
2027:subsidence
2012:periphyton
1978:weathering
597:floodplain
517:Cape Sable
455:, and the
346:Gulf Coast
161:Everglades
45:Everglades
8707:Poinciana
8702:Pinecrest
8677:Chevelier
8644:Key Haven
8624:Conch Key
8614:Bay Point
8594:Tavernier
8579:Key Largo
8276:Pottsburg
8163:St. Marks
8158:St. Lucie
8153:Sopchoppy
8038:Homosassa
7882:Kissimmee
7867:Istokpoga
7791:St. Marys
7786:St. Johns
7761:Ocklawaha
7746:Kissimmee
7192:from the
6735:Jaxstrong
6349:0027-8424
6254:March 14,
6175:, p. 9-2.
6171:Rodgers,
5951:145203614
5880:March 24,
5353:143720189
5243:April 30,
4315:March 17,
4309:FS-168-96
4279:March 17,
4220:March 15,
4193:March 15,
4166:March 15,
4116:March 15,
4089:March 15,
4062:March 17,
4031:March 17,
3937:April 29,
3868:March 15,
3839:129577530
3705:March 14,
3469:estuary,
3467:St. Lucie
3192:Wisconsin
2970:Sugarcane
2962:Clewiston
2935:millinery
2931:aigrettes
2855:St. Cloud
2828:Civil War
2652:In 1817,
2358:swamp bay
2354:red maple
2217:Roystonea
2057:lightning
2031:oxidation
1995:limestone
1974:dissolved
1967:sinkholes
1194: °C
1192:Dew Point
1146: °F
1144:Dew Point
614:sheetflow
577:Kissimmee
555:Hydrology
411:limestone
370:hydrology
261:sugarcane
207:shelf to
205:limestone
187:with the
8682:Flamingo
8574:Duck Key
8512:Marathon
8502:Key West
8479:Key West
8361:See also
8256:Econfina
8093:Matanzas
8053:Imperial
8028:Econfina
8018:East Bay
7922:Seminole
7917:Rousseau
7907:Poinsett
7832:Crescent
7796:Suwannee
7781:Santa Fe
7731:Escambia
7536:See also
7229:Archived
7168:Archived
7038:(1968).
6926:(1972).
6888:(1947).
6780:Archived
6663:, p. 16.
6645:June 24,
6616:Archived
6594:Archived
6416:25788598
6392:(1805).
6367:22308381
6293:April 7,
6248:BBC News
6027:April 7,
5217:June 20,
4727:Archived
4378:June 26,
4139:July 21,
3605:See also
3295:cattails
3194:senator
3140:nitrogen
2819:wetlands
2807:Congress
2800:Drainage
2615:Seminole
2609:Seminole
2590:Tequesta
2567:Tequesta
2565:and the
2557:Tequesta
2489:manatees
2461:Flamingo
2390:brackish
2378:mangrove
2345:conifers
2240:Pineland
2200:hammocks
2162:crayfish
2105:sawgrass
2070:charcoal
2061:sawgrass
1858:(1,457)
1789:Average
1190:Average
1142:Average
1040:Average
1035:(1,299)
966:Average
694:Droughts
690:mangrove
508:bryozoan
375:Gondwana
325:call it
323:Seminole
270:and the
229:Seminole
225:Tequesta
123:Location
8639:Jewfish
8619:Chatham
8533:Village
8286:Snapper
8281:Shingle
8226:Billy's
8219:streams
8198:Wakulla
8193:Wacissa
8138:Ribault
8133:Rainbow
8088:Manatee
8003:Crystal
7998:Crooked
7978:Anclote
7927:Talquin
7887:Manatee
7872:Jackson
7862:Iamonia
7776:Perdido
7716:Chipola
7696:Aucilla
7686:Alapaha
6549:May 24,
6527:May 23,
6497:, p. 1.
6461:May 23,
6407:4389622
6358:3289325
6136:May 22,
6104:May 21,
6002:May 19,
5980:May 20,
5943:3985972
5906:May 19,
5848:May 10,
5822:May 10,
5657:May 10,
5493:3641982
5314:Bibcode
4961:June 8,
4928:June 8,
4403:July 2,
4355:2526625
4245:July 2,
3996:May 15,
3310:mercury
2786:springs
2774:to the
2683:coontie
2598:Broward
2583:Yamasee
2575:atlatls
2496:History
2382:estuary
2362:pop ash
2314:Cypress
2124:Sloughs
2118:calcium
1993:Uneven
1963:springs
1704:(11.2)
1699:(16.3)
1694:(21.6)
1689:(21.7)
1684:(21.3)
1679:(19.9)
1674:(14.4)
1669:(10.2)
1644:(18.6)
1639:(14.8)
1634:(17.7)
1629:(21.6)
1624:(23.4)
1619:(23.5)
1614:(23.1)
1609:(22.2)
1604:(19.2)
1599:(16.7)
1594:(14.4)
1589:(13.6)
1584:(12.8)
1574:(24.4)
1569:(20.7)
1564:(23.1)
1559:(26.3)
1554:(28.2)
1549:(28.6)
1544:(28.3)
1539:(27.6)
1534:(25.6)
1529:(23.4)
1524:(21.5)
1519:(20.4)
1514:(19.2)
1504:(30.2)
1499:(26.7)
1494:(28.4)
1489:(31.1)
1484:(32.9)
1479:(33.7)
1474:(33.6)
1469:(32.8)
1464:(31.9)
1459:(30.2)
1454:(28.5)
1449:(27.2)
1444:(25.6)
1434:(37.4)
1429:(30.8)
1424:(32.3)
1419:(34.8)
1414:(36.0)
1409:(36.3)
1404:(36.3)
1399:(36.2)
1394:(35.5)
1389:(34.1)
1384:(32.9)
1379:(31.3)
1374:(30.4)
961:(19.4)
956:(15.3)
951:(18.6)
946:(22.1)
941:(24.1)
936:(24.3)
931:(23.9)
926:(22.8)
921:(19.8)
916:(17.3)
911:(15.8)
906:(14.6)
901:(13.4)
891:(24.5)
886:(20.6)
881:(23.2)
876:(26.4)
871:(28.2)
866:(28.8)
861:(28.6)
856:(27.8)
851:(25.7)
846:(23.3)
841:(21.6)
836:(20.3)
831:(19.2)
821:(29.6)
816:(25.8)
811:(27.8)
806:(30.6)
801:(32.4)
796:(33.3)
791:(33.3)
786:(32.7)
781:(31.4)
776:(29.4)
771:(27.3)
766:(26.1)
761:(24.8)
620:Climate
605:Orlando
485:coquina
387:rifting
362:geology
356:Geology
327:Pahokee
185:Orlando
173:Florida
127:Florida
98:80°42′W
95:26°00′N
53:Wetland
8507:Layton
8489:Cities
8300:Canals
8291:Turkey
8271:Orange
8208:Wekiva
8178:Tomoka
8148:Silver
8123:Orange
8033:Estero
7983:Braden
7968:Alafia
7912:Rodman
7897:Monroe
7857:Harris
7852:Harney
7847:George
7827:Apopka
7811:Yellow
7751:Myakka
7373:People
7097:
7053:
7029:
7015:
7001:
6987:
6973:
6959:
6945:
6910:
6896:
6879:
6865:
6851:
6703:, p1A.
6414:
6404:
6365:
6355:
6347:
6173:et al.
6058:
5949:
5941:
5491:
5351:
4983:May 4,
4868:
4767:May 2,
4453:May 9,
4428:May 9,
4353:
3908:
3837:
3767:454403
3765:
3461:, the
3171:, and
3165:Dulles
3161:O'Hare
2964:, and
2954:copper
2939:egrets
2897:them.
2720:casino
2679:hominy
2642:slaves
2563:Calusa
2553:Calusa
2541:Glades
2539:, and
2523:, and
2360:, and
2337:quartz
2279:tubers
1905:135.9
1843:(141)
1838:(229)
1833:(218)
1828:(173)
1823:(229)
1818:(148)
1714:(2.1)
1709:(6.9)
1664:(6.5)
1659:(5.4)
1654:(3.8)
1255:Month
1098:Month
1020:(102)
1015:(178)
1010:(188)
1005:(181)
1000:(221)
995:(113)
712:Month
698:floods
653:Koppen
591:, and
589:Myakka
496:facies
461:quartz
342:region
268:UNESCO
253:levees
221:Calusa
8692:Perky
8251:Cross
8246:Crane
8231:Black
8183:Trout
8143:Shark
8118:Oleta
8098:Miami
7877:Jesup
7820:Lakes
7771:Peace
7254:Media
6742:(PDF)
6731:(PDF)
6130:(PDF)
6123:(PDF)
5947:S2CID
5939:JSTOR
5489:JSTOR
5349:S2CID
4955:(PDF)
4948:(PDF)
4351:S2CID
3835:S2CID
3763:JSTOR
2754:them.
2695:Tampa
2629:Creek
2234:moats
2007:ooids
1937:Water
1896:12.6
1893:18.3
1890:19.2
1887:17.2
1884:17.2
1881:10.9
1856:57.36
1853:(48)
1848:(61)
1813:(72)
1808:(49)
1803:(46)
1798:(43)
1784:(−4)
1779:(−3)
1774:(−1)
1764:(18)
1759:(19)
1754:(19)
1749:(10)
1734:(−1)
1729:(−2)
1724:(−4)
1364:(42)
1359:(35)
1354:(37)
1349:(41)
1344:(41)
1339:(39)
1334:(39)
1329:(40)
1324:(42)
1319:(39)
1314:(38)
1309:(36)
1304:(33)
1294:Year
1233:19.6
1230:16.1
1227:18.7
1224:21.9
1221:23.9
1218:24.2
1215:23.7
1212:23.0
1209:19.9
1206:17.2
1203:16.0
1200:15.3
1197:14.6
1185:67.2
1182:60.9
1179:65.6
1176:71.5
1173:75.1
1170:75.6
1167:74.6
1164:73.4
1161:67.9
1158:62.9
1155:60.8
1152:59.6
1149:58.2
1137:Year
1083:74.1
1080:75.4
1077:75.6
1074:76.6
1071:77.6
1068:76.2
1065:74.7
1062:75.3
1059:70.7
1056:68.3
1053:70.7
1050:73.0
1047:74.6
1033:51.13
1030:(35)
1025:(53)
990:(65)
985:(70)
980:(52)
975:(41)
751:Year
585:Miami
524:Miami
504:ooids
381:with
292:Names
233:Creek
201:river
163:is a
8551:CDPs
8013:East
8008:Dead
7952:Weir
7942:Ward
7141:and
7095:ISBN
7062:and
7051:ISBN
7027:ISBN
7013:ISBN
6999:ISBN
6985:ISBN
6971:ISBN
6957:ISBN
6943:ISBN
6908:ISBN
6894:ISBN
6877:ISBN
6863:ISBN
6849:ISBN
6750:2010
6647:2008
6551:2008
6529:2008
6463:2008
6412:PMID
6363:PMID
6345:ISSN
6295:2017
6256:2008
6138:2008
6106:2008
6056:ISBN
6029:2017
6004:2008
5982:2008
5970:Time
5908:2008
5882:2023
5850:2008
5824:2008
5811:Time
5659:2008
5245:2008
5219:2008
4985:2008
4963:2008
4930:2008
4866:ISBN
4769:2008
4455:2021
4430:2021
4405:2019
4380:2019
4317:2008
4281:2008
4247:2019
4222:2008
4195:2008
4168:2008
4141:2008
4118:2008
4091:2008
4064:2008
4033:2008
3998:2019
3939:2008
3906:ISBN
3870:2008
3729:2008
3707:2008
3676:2020
3329:The
3283:bass
3228:The
3142:and
2999:1928
2997:and
2995:1926
2830:and
2681:and
2596:and
2594:Dade
2555:and
2487:and
2477:keys
2376:Red
2043:Fire
2020:marl
2018:and
2016:peat
1985:Rock
1965:and
1902:6.6
1899:7.8
1878:6.3
1875:6.7
1872:6.5
1869:6.6
1851:1.88
1846:2.39
1841:5.55
1836:9.01
1831:8.57
1826:6.82
1821:9.00
1816:5.84
1811:2.85
1806:1.93
1801:1.82
1796:1.70
1769:(9)
1744:(9)
1739:(3)
1712:35.8
1707:44.5
1702:52.1
1697:61.3
1692:70.8
1687:71.0
1682:70.3
1677:67.8
1672:58.0
1667:50.3
1662:43.7
1657:41.7
1652:38.9
1642:65.5
1637:58.6
1632:63.8
1627:70.9
1622:74.2
1617:74.3
1612:73.5
1607:72.0
1602:66.6
1597:62.0
1592:58.0
1587:56.5
1582:55.1
1572:75.9
1567:69.3
1562:73.5
1557:79.4
1552:82.8
1547:83.5
1542:83.0
1537:81.6
1532:78.0
1527:74.2
1522:70.7
1517:68.7
1512:66.6
1502:86.4
1497:80.0
1492:83.2
1487:88.0
1482:91.3
1477:92.6
1472:92.5
1467:91.1
1462:89.4
1457:86.4
1452:83.3
1447:80.9
1442:78.0
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