906:, which was composed of only a bunch of cells. These cells optimized their uses because many of the cells for sensing intertwined with the cells used for its very simple system for moving, which allowed it to propel itself through bodies of water and react without much processing while the cells remaining were used for the detection of light to account to the fact that it had no eyes. It also did not need a sense of hearing. Even though the amphioxi had limited senses, they did not need them to survive efficiently, as their life was mainly dedicated to sitting on the seafloor to eat. Although the amphioxus' "brain" might seem severely underdeveloped compared to their human counterparts, it was set well for its respective environment, which has allowed it to prosper for millions of years.
848:(scale of nature) versus the phylogenetic bush. The Scala Naturae, later also called the phylogenetic scale, was based on the premise that phylogenies are linear or like a scale while the phylogenetic bush argument was based on the idea that phylogenies were nonlinear and resembled a bush more than a scale. Today it is accepted that phylogenies are nonlinear. A third major argument dealt with the size of the brain and whether relative size or absolute size was more relevant in determining function. In the late 18th century, it was determined that brain to body ratio reduces as body size increases. However more recently, there is more focus on absolute
979:
the environment. Once it has noticed them, the brain begins to prepare itself to encounter the new scenario by attempting to develop an adequate response. This is accomplished by using the data the brain has at its access, which can be to use past experiences and memories to form a proper response. However, sometimes the brain fails to predict accurately which means that the mind perceives a false illustration. Such an incorrect image occurs when the brain uses an inadequate memory to respond to what it is facing, which means that the memory does not correlate with the real scenario.
36:
921:, which played the role of an early brain by forcing the body to gather past experiences to improve prediction. Since prediction beat reaction, organisms who planned their manoeuvres were more likely to survive than those who did not. This came with equally managing energy adequately, which nature favoured. Animals that had not developed allostasis would be at a disadvantage for their purpose of exploration, foraging and reproduction, as death was a higher risk factor.
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819:, the study of comparative neuroanatomy was conducted with an evolutionary view, and modern studies incorporate developmental genetics. It is now accepted that phylogenetic changes occur independently between species over time and can not be linear. It is also believed that an increase with brain size correlates with an increase in neural centers and behavior complexity.
1019:
it is and by the tone of it, the brain can predict what moved. If someone were to hear leaves rustling in a forest, the brain might interpret that sound as being an animal which could be a dangerous factor, but it would simply be another person walking. The brain can predict many things based on what it is interpreting, however, those predictions may not all be true.
913:, where hunting became a new concern for survival in an animal's environment. At this point, animals became sensitive to the presence of another, which could serve as food. Although hunting did not inherently require a brain, it was one of the main steps that pushed the development of one, as organisms progressed to develop advanced sensory systems.
995:
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Recent research in molecular genetics has demonstrated evidence that there is no difference in the neurons that reptiles and nonhuman mammals have when compared to humans. Instead, new research speculates that all mammals, and potentially reptiles, birds and some species of fish, evolve from a common
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Plato's insight on the evolution of the human brain contemplated the idea that all humans were once lizards, with similar survival needs such as feeding, fighting and mating. Plato defined this concept as the lizard brain, which was the deepest layer and one of three parts of his theory of the triune
1048:
Cognitive specialization in a theory in which cognitive functions, such as the ability to communicate socially, can be passed down genetically through offspring. This would benefit species in the process of natural selection. As for studying this in relation to the human brain, it has been theorized
986:
The brain interprets visual information in the occipital lobe, a region in the back of the brain. The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex and the thalamus, which are the two main actors in processing visual information. The process of interpreting information has proven to be more complex than
879:
discovered a staining technique that let scientists see induced axonal degeneration in myelinated axons, in 1950, the "original Nauta procedure" allowed for more accurate identification of degenerating fibers, and in the 1970s, there were several discoveries of multiple molecular tracers which would
865:
Throughout history, we see how evolutionary neuroscience has been dependent on developments in biological theory and techniques. The field of evolutionary neuroscience has been shaped by the development of new techniques that allow for the discovery and examination of parts of the nervous system. In
856:
in the brain, all suggesting that absolute size is much better predictor of brain function. Finally, a fourth argument is that of natural selection (Darwinism) versus developmental constraints (concerted evolution). It is now accepted that the evolution of development is what causes adult species to
1018:
The concept of auditory perception resembles visual perception very similarly. Our brain is wired to act on what it expects to experience. The sense of hearing helps situate an individual, but it also gives them hints about what else is around them. If something moves, they know approximately where
969:
The cerebral cortex of reptiles resembles that of mammals, although simplified. Although the evolution and function of the human cerebral cortex is still shrouded in mystery, we know that it is the most dramatically changed part of the brain during recent evolution. The reptilian brain, 300 million
843:
between organisms, while Cuvier believed that the structure of organs was determined by their function and that knowledge of the function of one organ could help discover the functions of other organs. He argued that there were at least four different archetypes. After Darwin, the idea of evolution
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Evidence of a rich cognitive life in primate relatives of humans is extensive, and a wide range of specific behaviours in line with
Darwinian theory is well documented. However, until recently, research has disregarded nonhuman primates in the context of evolutionary linguistics, primarily because
990:
As knowledge of the human brain has evolved, researchers discover that our visual perception is much closer to a construction of the brain than a direct "photograph" of what is in front of us. This can lead to misperceiving certain situations or elements in the brain's attempt to keep us safe. For
978:
Vision allows humans to process the world surrounding them to a certain extent. Through the wavelengths of light, the human brain can associate them to a specific event. Although the brain obviously perceives its surroundings at a specific moment, the brain equally predicts the upcoming changes in
1028:
unlike vocal learning birds, our closest relatives seem to lack imitative abilities. Evolutionary speaking, there is great evidence suggesting a genetic groundwork for the concept of languages has been in place for millions of years, as with many other capabilities and behaviours observed today.
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to survive in their environments, which required bodies to have something more complex than the limited quality of cells to regulate themselves. This encouraged the nervous systems of many creatures to develop into a brain, which was sizeable and strikingly similar to how most animal brains look
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While evolutionary linguists agree on the fact that volitional control over vocalizing and expressing language is a quite recent leap in the history of the human race, that is not to say auditory perception is a recent development as well. Research has shown substantial evidence of well-defined
1035:
Beyond the fact that primates may be poorly equipped to learn sounds, studies have shown them to learn and use gestures far better. Visual cues and motoric pathways developed millions of years earlier in our evolution, which seems to be one reason for our earlier ability to understand and use
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An example of this phenomenon can be observed in the Rabbit-Duck illusion. Depending on how the image is looked at, the brain can interpret the image of a rabbit, or a duck. There is no right or wrong answer, but it is proof that what is seen may not be the reality of the situation.
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years ago, was made for all our basic urges and instincts like fighting, reproducing, and mating. The reptile brain evolved 100 million years later and gave us the ability to feel emotion. Eventually, it was able to develop a rational part that controls our inner animal.
916:
In response to progressively complicated surroundings, where competition between animals with brains started to arise for survival, animals had to learn to manage their energy. As creatures acquired a variety of senses for perception, animals progressed to develop
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and Pedro Ramon used this method to analyze numerous parts of brains, broadening the field of comparative neuroanatomy. In the second half of the 19th century, new techniques allowed scientists to identify neuronal cell groups and fiber bundles in brains. In 1885,
949:" stipulates that the mind evolved simultaneously with the body. According to his theory, all humans have a barbaric core that they learn to deal with. Darwin's theory allowed people to start thinking about the way animals and their brains evolve.
902:, which can be traced as far back as 550 million years ago. Amphioxi had a significantly simpler way of life, which made it not necessary for them to have a brain. To replace its absence of a brain, the prehistoric amphioxi had a limited
982:
Research about how visual perception has developed in evolution is today best understood through studying present-day primates since the organization of the brain cannot be ascertained only by analyzing fossilized skulls.
998:
The rabbit–duck illusion is a famous ambiguous image in which a rabbit or a duck can be seen. The earliest known version is an unattributed drawing from the 23 October 1892 issue of Blätter, a German humour magazine.
1044:
Evolution shows how certain environments and surroundings will favor the development of specific cognitive functions of the brain to aid an animal or in this case human to successfully live in that environment.
728:
Evolutionary neuroscientists examine changes in genes, anatomy, physiology, and behavior to study the evolution of changes in the brain. They study a multitude of processes including the evolution of
909:
Although many scientists once assumed that the brain evolved to achieve an ability to think, such a view is today considered a great misconception. 500 million years ago, the Earth entered into the
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argued that discontinuous variation creates new species. Darwin's became the most accepted and allowed for people to starting thinking about the way animals and their brains evolve.
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example, an on-edge soldier believes a young child with a stick is a grown man with a gun, as the brain's sympathetic system, or fight-or-flight mode, is activated.
307:
788:. Phylogeny and the evolution of the brain were still viewed as linear. During the early 20th century, there were several prevailing theories about evolution.
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As allostasis continued to develop in animals, their bodies equally continuously evolved in size and complexity. They progressively started to develop
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Studies of the brain began during ancient
Egyptian times but studies in the field of evolutionary neuroscience began after the publication of Darwin's
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that very specific social skills apart from language, such as trust, vulnerability, navigation, and self-awareness can also be passed by offspring.
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devised the silver nitrate method which allowed for the description of the brain at the cellular level as opposed to simply the gross level.
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Over time, there are several arguments that would come to define the history of evolutionary neuroscience. The first is the argument between
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The organization of the human auditory cortex is divided into core, belt and parabelt. This closely resembles that of present-day primates.
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show differences and evolutionary neuroscientists maintain that many aspects of brain function and structure are conserved across species.
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neural pathways linking cortices to organize auditory perception in the brain. Thus, the issue lies in our abilities to imitate sounds.
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and development. In addition, evolutionary neuroscientists study the evolution of specific areas or structures in the brain such as the
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1237:, eds. Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments. University of California Press, Berkeley.
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order pattern. This research reinforces the idea that human brains are structurally not any different from many other organisms.
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Cheney, Dorothy
Leavitt (1990). "How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species". University of Chicago Press.
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was more accepted and
Geoffrey's idea of homologous structures was more accepted. The second major argument is that of the
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as this scales with internal structures and functions, with the degree of structural complexity, and with the amount of
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over the topic of "common plan versus diversity". Geoffrey argued that all animals are built based on a single plan or
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Cheney, Dorothy
Leavitt (2008). "Baboon Metaphysics: The Evolution of a Social Mind". University of Chicago Press.
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987:"what you see is what you get". Misinterpreting visual information is more common than previously believed.
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Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina; Schlesewsky, Matthias; Small, Steven L.; Rauschecker, Josef P. (2014).
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describes the story of evolution of brains in her book "Seven and a Half
Lessons About the Brain".
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in 1859. At that time, brain evolution was largely viewed at the time in relation to the incorrect
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structure, functions and emergent properties. The field draws on concepts and findings from both
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815:(first published in German in 1921) was a landmark publication in the field. Following the
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Many of Earth's early years were filled with brainless creatures, and among them was the
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2188:"Neurobiological roots of language in primate audition: common computational properties"
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Roberts, Anna Ilona; Roberts, Samuel George
Bradley; Vick, Sarah-Jane (2014-03-01).
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was based on the assumption that tendency towards perfection steers evolution, and
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Rhodes, J. S., and T. J. Kawecki. 2009. Behavior and neurobiology. Pp. 263–300 in
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2237:"The repertoire and intentionality of gestural communication in wild chimpanzees"
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Conceptually and theoretically, the field is related to fields as diverse as
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962:. Although, modern science has since proven this theory to be inaccurate.
809:
The
Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates Including Man
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Northcutt, R. Glenn (August 2001). "Changing views of brain evolution".
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Northcutt, R.Glenn (2001-08-01). "Changing views of brain evolution".
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has also become a useful tool for looking at variation in the brain.
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was based on the principles of natural selection and variation,
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2370:"Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation"
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Baron-Cohen, Simon; Leslie, Alan M.; Frith, Uta (1985-10-01).
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662:. Historically, most empirical work has been in the area of
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be used for experiments even today. In the last 20 years,
2305:"Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind" ?"
2040:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 75–76.
2012:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 66–67.
1909:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 19–21.
1881:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 15–16.
2302:
1305:
Platek, Steven M.; Shackelford, Todd K. (2009-02-26).
1694:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 7–8.
1669:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 5–6.
1644:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 4–5.
1566:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 1–2.
958:
brain. The triune brain theory was then developed by
1167:
1984:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 72.
1959:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 66.
1856:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 16.
1831:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 14.
1803:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17.
1775:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 10.
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1750:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 9.
1722:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 8.
1619:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 4.
1591:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 2.
1541:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1.
1308:Foundations in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience
796:was based on the passing down of acquired traits,
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678:approaches are also being used more frequently.
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642:. Evolutionary neuroscientists investigate the
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3422:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
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2943:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
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3427:International Society for Applied Ethology
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1934:. New York: Mifflin Harcourt. p. 21.
1483:"Understanding Vertebrate Brain Evolution"
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16:Study of the evolution of nervous systems
4688:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2066:Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain
2038:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
2010:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1982:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1957:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1932:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1907:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1879:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1854:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1829:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1801:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1773:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1748:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1720:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1692:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1667:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1642:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
1617:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
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1539:Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain
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1798:
1770:
1745:
1717:
1689:
1664:
1639:
1614:
1586:
1561:
1536:
1022:
666:, and modern studies often make use of
4873:
2120:
2088:
1713:
1711:
1610:
1608:
1010:
887:
4180:Psychological effects of Internet use
3505:
3054:
2396:
2031:
2029:
2003:
2001:
1900:
1898:
1822:
1820:
1794:
1792:
1741:
1739:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1451:"History of ideas on brain evolution"
1350:
1348:
1273:
1271:
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3033:
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1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
973:
4160:Digital media use and mental health
2157:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1708:
1605:
1487:Integrative and Comparative Biology
13:
3791:Automatic and controlled processes
2026:
1998:
1895:
1817:
1789:
1736:
1523:
839:and he stressed the importance of
822:
14:
4892:
4200:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2923:Development of the nervous system
2355:
2064:Barret, Lisa (17 November 2020).
1471:
1325:
1240:
4851:
4838:
4826:
4825:
4225:Mobile phones and driving safety
3486:
3485:
3032:
3021:
3020:
2578:
2422:
2387:University of California, Irvine
1170:
952:
668:phylogenetic comparative methods
590:
589:
576:
34:
4128:Computer-mediated communication
2296:
2228:
2179:
2146:
2114:
2082:
1973:
1948:
1923:
1870:
1845:
1764:
1683:
1658:
1633:
1580:
1481:Northcutt, R. G. (2002-08-01).
638:is the scientific study of the
583:Evolutionary biology portal
4405:Empathising–systemising theory
3708:female intrasexual competition
3645:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3131:Bee learning and communication
2372:- Ann B. Butler, William Hodos
2036:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
2008:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1980:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1955:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1930:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1905:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1877:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1852:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1827:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1799:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1771:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1746:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1718:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1690:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1665:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1640:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1615:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1587:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1562:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1555:
1537:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2020).
1442:
1399:
1311:. Cambridge University Press.
1298:
1223:
1052:
542:Creation–evolution controversy
296:History of evolutionary theory
1:
4765:Standard social science model
3818:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2764:Social cognitive neuroscience
2380:Principles of Brain Evolution
1420:10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00560-3
1369:10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00560-3
1216:
860:
4613:Missing heritability problem
4205:Social aspects of television
3828:Evolution of nervous systems
3796:Computational theory of mind
3080:
2739:Molecular cellular cognition
2363:Brain Behavior and Evolution
2321:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
2192:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1191:Evolution of nervous systems
941:Evolution of the Human Brain
640:evolution of nervous systems
527:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
4859:Evolutionary biology portal
2958:Neurodevelopmental disorder
2933:Neural network (biological)
2928:Neural network (artificial)
1278:Kaas, Jon H. (2009-07-28).
1178:Evolutionary biology portal
1163:
829:Etienne Geoffro St. Hilaire
10:
4897:
4820:Evolutionary psychologists
4693:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4608:Human–animal communication
4320:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4170:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4138:Human–computer interaction
2485:Computational neuroscience
2204:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.008
2153:Hurford, James R. (2007).
775:
691:developmental neuroscience
562:Nature-nurture controversy
4881:Evolutionary neuroscience
4814:
4740:Environmental determinism
4711:Cultural selection theory
4703:
4598:Evolutionary epistemology
4585:
4512:evolutionary neuroscience
4474:
4467:
4365:
4240:
4185:Rank theory of depression
4108:
4032:
3934:
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3687:Parent–offspring conflict
3596:
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3293:
3188:Evolutionary neuroscience
3088:
3016:
2953:Neurodegenerative disease
2910:
2797:Evolutionary neuroscience
2772:
2712:
2587:
2576:
2448:
2430:
2256:10.1007/s10071-013-0664-5
1455:Evolutionary Neuroscience
1449:Striedter, G. F. (2009).
1281:Evolutionary Neuroscience
1206:FOXP2 and human evolution
1040:Cognitive Specializations
811:by the Dutch neurologist
636:Evolutionary neuroscience
449:Evolutionary neuroscience
424:Evolutionary epistemology
404:Evolutionary anthropology
384:Applications of evolution
4633:Cultural group selection
4517:Biocultural anthropology
4210:Societal impacts of cars
4143:Media naturalness theory
3833:Fight-or-flight response
3141:Behavioral endocrinology
2918:Brain–computer interface
2867:Neuromorphic engineering
2792:Educational neuroscience
2699:Nutritional neuroscience
2604:Clinical neurophysiology
2500:Integrative neuroscience
782:On the Origin of Species
664:comparative neuroanatomy
439:Evolutionary linguistics
434:Evolutionary game theory
409:Evolutionary computation
4833:Evolutionary psychology
4797:Sociocultural evolution
4638:Dual inheritance theory
4095:Personality development
3556:Theoretical foundations
3533:Evolutionary psychology
3336:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
3116:Animal sexual behaviour
2729:Behavioral neuroscience
2063:
1453:. In Jon H Kaas (ed.).
1408:Brain Research Bulletin
1357:Brain Research Bulletin
1201:Evolutionary psychology
1196:Evolutionary physiology
1097:Suzana Herculano-Houzel
945:Charles Darwin's book "
719:biological anthropology
707:behavioral neuroscience
552:Objections to evolution
459:Evolutionary psychology
454:Evolutionary physiology
399:Evolutionary aesthetics
378:Fields and applications
360:History of paleontology
4755:Social constructionism
4750:Psychological nativism
4725:Biological determinism
4673:Recent human evolution
4668:Punctuated equilibrium
4491:Behavioral epigenetics
4486:evolutionary economics
4455:Variability hypothesis
4400:Emotional intelligence
4133:Engineering psychology
3823:Evolution of the brain
3275:Tool use by non-humans
3228:Philosophical ethology
3173:Comparative psychology
3121:Animal welfare science
2724:Affective neuroscience
2505:Molecular neuroscience
2460:Behavioral epigenetics
2155:The origins of meaning
2134:Cite journal requires
2102:Cite journal requires
1186:Evolution of the brain
1003:
926:cardiovascular systems
817:Evolutionary Synthesis
711:cognitive neuroscience
699:comparative psychology
676:experimental evolution
484:Speciation experiments
464:Experimental evolution
419:Evolutionary economics
241:Recent human evolution
99:Processes and outcomes
4782:Multilineal evolution
4745:Nature versus nurture
4704:Theoretical positions
4552:Functional psychology
4547:Evolutionary medicine
4522:Biological psychiatry
4230:Texting while driving
4220:Lead–crime hypothesis
4080:Cognitive development
4065:Caregiver deprivation
3576:Gene selection theory
2787:Cultural neuroscience
2782:Consumer neuroscience
2624:Neurogastroenterology
2480:Cellular neuroscience
2389:' (book review, 2004)
1231:Theodore Garland, Jr.
997:
444:Evolutionary medicine
389:Biosocial criminology
355:History of speciation
268:Evolutionary taxonomy
231:Timeline of evolution
4735:Cultural determinism
4542:Evolutionary biology
4527:Cognitive psychology
4475:Academic disciplines
4123:Cognitive ergonomics
4090:Language acquisition
4070:Childhood attachment
3883:Wason selection task
3777:Behavioral modernity
3566:Cognitive revolution
3549:Evolutionary thought
3381:William Homan Thorpe
3146:Behavioural genetics
3106:Animal consciousness
3101:Animal communication
2759:Sensory neuroscience
2599:Behavioral neurology
2570:Systems neuroscience
1500:10.1093/icb/42.4.743
1153:Lisa Feldman Barrett
1127:George Ellet Coghill
1122:Grafton Elliot Smith
1023:Language Development
893:Lisa Feldman Barrett
660:evolutionary biology
414:Evolutionary ecology
28:Evolutionary biology
4802:Unilineal evolution
4567:Population genetics
4352:Sexy son hypothesis
4290:Hormonal motivation
4270:Concealed ovulation
3811:Dual process theory
3682:Parental investment
3136:Behavioural ecology
2902:Social neuroscience
2802:Global neurosurgery
2679:Neurorehabilitation
2649:Neuro-ophthalmology
2634:Neurointensive care
2465:Behavioral genetics
1110:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1011:Auditory Perception
930:respiratory systems
888:Evolution of Brains
813:C.U. Ariëns Kappers
516:Social implications
504:Universal Darwinism
494:Island biogeography
429:Evolutionary ethics
394:Ecological genetics
340:Molecular evolution
278:Transitional fossil
106:Population genetics
22:Part of a series on
4760:Social determinism
4643:Fisher's principle
4603:Great ape language
4593:Cultural evolution
4562:Philosophy of mind
4395:Division of labour
4357:Westermarck effect
4305:Mating preferences
4215:Distracted driving
3949:Literary criticism
3806:Domain specificity
3786:modularity of mind
3465:Behavioral Ecology
3386:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3178:Emotion in animals
3156:Cognitive ethology
2978:Neuroimmune system
2872:Neurophenomenology
2812:Neural engineering
2535:Neuroendocrinology
2515:Neural engineering
2383:Georg F. Striedter
1457:. Academic Press.
1284:. Academic Press.
1092:Georg F. Striedter
1004:
947:The Descent of Man
750:language evolution
715:behavioral ecology
683:cognitive genomics
672:Selective breeding
547:Theistic evolution
479:Selective breeding
191:Parallel evolution
156:Adaptive radiation
4868:
4867:
4846:Psychology portal
4810:
4809:
4653:Hologenome theory
4623:Unit of selection
4618:Primate cognition
4532:Cognitive science
4463:
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4334:Sexual attraction
4310:Mating strategies
4075:Cinderella effect
4005:Moral foundations
3909:Visual perception
3801:Domain generality
3770:Facial expression
3718:Sexual dimorphism
3677:Natural selection
3623:Hamiltonian spite
3499:
3498:
3391:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
3161:Comfort behaviour
3048:
3047:
2897:Paleoneurobiology
2832:Neuroepistemology
2807:Neuroanthropology
2773:Interdisciplinary
2659:Neuropharmacology
2619:Neuroepidemiology
2164:978-0-19-152592-6
2068:. HarperCollins.
1464:978-0-12-375080-8
1148:Dorothy L. Cheney
1117:C. Judson Herrick
1064:William H. Calvin
974:Visual Perception
633:
632:
324:Origin of Species
126:Natural selection
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4468:Related subjects
4255:Adult attachment
3782:Cognitive module
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3725:Social selection
3699:Costly signaling
3694:Sexual selection
3581:Modern synthesis
3526:
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3451:Animal Cognition
3444:Animal Behaviour
3396:Wolfgang Wickler
3096:Animal cognition
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2938:Detection theory
2822:Neurocriminology
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2495:Imaging genetics
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350:Current research
335:Modern synthesis
330:Before synthesis
283:Extinction event
41:Darwin's finches
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4367:Sex differences
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3406:Solly Zuckerman
3346:Karl von Frisch
3331:Richard Dawkins
3316:John B. Calhoun
3301:Patrick Bateson
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3223:Pain in animals
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2998:Neurotechnology
2993:Neuroplasticity
2988:Neuromodulation
2983:Neuromanagement
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1072:Terrence Deacon
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911:Cambrian period
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877:Vittorio Marchi
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823:Major Arguments
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3321:Charles Darwin
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3203:Human ethology
3200:
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3111:Animal culture
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3030:
3017:
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3010:
3008:Self-awareness
3005:
3000:
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2990:
2985:
2980:
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2963:Neurodiversity
2960:
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2862:Neuromarketing
2859:
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2837:Neuroesthetics
2834:
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2827:Neuroeconomics
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2674:Neuroradiology
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2654:Neuropathology
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2644:Neuro-oncology
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2636:
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2530:Neurochemistry
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2356:External links
2354:
2351:
2350:
2295:
2250:(2): 317–336.
2227:
2198:(3): 142–150.
2178:
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2145:
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2018:
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1493:(4): 743–756.
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1114:J. B. Johnston
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1102:Ludwig Edinger
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1024:
1021:
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934:immune systems
904:nervous system
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807:The 1936 book
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652:nervous system
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4787:Neo-Darwinism
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4772:Functionalism
4770:
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4756:
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4751:
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4730:Connectionism
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4720:indeterminism
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4260:Age disparity
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4115:Mental health
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4110:Human factors
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4100:Socialization
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4060:paternal bond
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3924:NaĂŻve physics
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3890:Motor control
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3848:Ophidiophobia
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3838:Arachnophobia
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3376:Thomas Sebeok
3374:
3372:
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3367:
3366:Konrad Lorenz
3364:
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3361:Julian Huxley
3359:
3357:
3356:Heini Hediger
3354:
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3285:Zoomusicology
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3218:Neuroethology
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3126:Anthrozoology
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2892:Neurotheology
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2882:Neuropolitics
2880:
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2847:Neuroethology
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2744:Motor control
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2734:Chronobiology
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2540:Neurogenetics
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2475:Brain-reading
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2470:Brain mapping
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2047:9780358157144
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2019:9780358157144
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1211:Neuroethology
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1131:Nils Holmgren
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1106:G. Carl Huber
1105:
1103:
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1077:Merlin Donald
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953:Reptile Brain
950:
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868:Camillo Golgi
858:
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846:Scala Naturae
842:
838:
834:
833:George Cuvier
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
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786:scala naturae
783:
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770:visual cortex
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469:Phylogenetics
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313:Before Darwin
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141:Genetic drift
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37:
33:
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29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
4857:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4577:Sociobiology
4511:
4435:Neuroscience
4415:Intelligence
3961:Anthropology
3914:Color vision
3899:Multitasking
3878:Flynn effect
3873:Intelligence
3855:Folk biology
3598:Evolutionary
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3401:E. O. Wilson
3351:Jane Goodall
3311:Donald Broom
3280:Zoosemiotics
3233:Sociobiology
3187:
3037:
3025:
2973:Neuroimaging
2968:Neurogenesis
2852:Neurohistory
2817:Neurobiotics
2796:
2716:neuroscience
2684:Neurosurgery
2609:Epileptology
2591:neuroscience
2560:Neurophysics
2550:Neurometrics
2525:Neurobiology
2520:Neuroanatomy
2490:Connectomics
2424:Neuroscience
2379:
2362:
2315:(1): 37–46.
2312:
2308:
2298:
2265:10034/604606
2247:
2243:
2230:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2154:
2148:
2127:cite journal
2116:
2095:cite journal
2084:
2065:
2037:
2009:
1981:
1975:
1956:
1950:
1931:
1925:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1828:
1800:
1772:
1766:
1747:
1719:
1691:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1616:
1588:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1538:
1490:
1486:
1454:
1444:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1360:
1356:
1307:
1300:
1280:
1225:
1139:Olaf Larsell
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1005:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
964:
960:Paul MacLean
956:
944:
923:
915:
908:
897:
891:
864:
854:white matter
826:
808:
806:
802:Saltationism
798:Orthogenesis
779:
727:
723:sociobiology
680:
656:neuroscience
635:
634:
489:Sociobiology
474:Paleontology
448:
322:
258:Biogeography
253:Biodiversity
171:Coextinction
161:Co-operation
136:Polymorphism
61:Introduction
4716:Determinism
4628:Coevolution
4572:Primatology
4410:Gender role
4315:Orientation
4195:Screen time
4052:Affectional
4034:Development
3713:Mate choice
3640:By-products
3608:Adaptations
3571:Cognitivism
3341:Dian Fossey
3306:Marc Bekoff
3294:Ethologists
2842:Neuroethics
2689:Neurotology
2376:Sinauer.com
2366:- (Journal)
1059:John Allman
1053:Researchers
748:as well as
499:Systematics
308:Renaissance
186:Convergence
176:Contingency
166:Coevolution
4663:Population
4658:Lamarckism
4504:behavioral
4482:Behavioral
4430:Narcissism
4375:Aggression
4165:Hypophobia
4155:Depression
4042:Attachment
4024:Universals
3988:Psychology
3966:Biological
3954:Musicology
3944:Aesthetics
3843:Basophobia
3650:Exaptation
3628:Reciprocal
3243:Structures
3238:Stereotypy
3003:Neurotoxin
2704:Psychiatry
1217:References
1068:Paul Cisek
1036:gestures.
919:allostasis
882:cladistics
861:Techniques
850:brain size
841:homologies
794:Lamarckism
762:cerebellum
273:Cladistics
196:Extinction
181:Divergence
151:Speciation
131:Adaptation
45:John Gould
4508:cognitive
4500:Affective
4385:Cognition
4339:Sexuality
4325:Pair bond
4085:Education
3742:Cognition
3660:Inclusive
3600:processes
3588:Criticism
3472:Behaviour
3415:Societies
3253:Honeycomb
2948:Neurochip
2714:Cognitive
2639:Neurology
2329:0010-0277
2309:Cognition
2274:1435-9456
2173:252685884
1509:1540-7063
1377:0361-9230
1001:Knowledge
900:amphioxus
837:archetype
790:Darwinism
758:forebrain
644:evolution
532:Dysgenics
248:Phylogeny
146:Gene flow
116:Diversity
111:Variation
4875:Category
4777:Memetics
4537:Ethology
4495:genetics
4330:Physical
4295:Jealousy
4250:Activity
4056:maternal
4012:Religion
4000:Morality
3978:Language
3859:taxonomy
3672:Mismatch
3618:Cheating
3613:Altruism
3491:Category
3436:Journals
3263:Instinct
3213:Learning
3208:Instinct
3183:Ethogram
3166:Grooming
3089:Branches
3082:Ethology
3027:Category
2911:Concepts
2857:Neurolaw
2589:Clinical
2345:14955234
2290:13899247
2282:23999801
2222:25600585
1517:21708771
1436:39709902
1428:11595351
1393:39709902
1385:11595351
1164:See also
1082:Jon Kaas
754:amygdala
738:auditory
703:evo-devo
596:Category
522:Eugenics
364:timeline
345:Evo-devo
303:Overview
121:Mutation
83:Evidence
78:Glossary
4678:Species
4450:Suicide
4285:Fantasy
4265:Arousal
4047:Bonding
3936:Culture
3760:Display
3747:Emotion
3655:Fitness
3544:History
3193:Feeding
3039:Commons
2452:science
2440:History
2435:Outline
2337:2934210
2213:4348204
937:today.
776:History
88:History
71:Outline
4856:
4843:
4830:
4420:Memory
4380:Autism
4347:female
4280:Desire
4017:Origin
3993:Speech
3983:Origin
3755:Affect
2775:fields
2343:
2335:
2327:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2220:
2210:
2171:
2161:
2072:
2044:
2016:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1913:
1885:
1860:
1835:
1807:
1779:
1754:
1726:
1698:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1595:
1570:
1545:
1515:
1507:
1461:
1434:
1426:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1315:
1288:
866:1873,
744:, and
734:visual
594:
318:Darwin
4390:Crime
3973:Crime
3904:Sleep
3894:skill
3734:Areas
3270:Swarm
3198:Hover
3151:Breed
2450:Basic
2341:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2240:(PDF)
1432:S2CID
1389:S2CID
766:motor
742:taste
730:vocal
56:Index
4343:male
3704:Male
3258:Nest
3248:Hive
2333:PMID
2325:ISSN
2278:PMID
2270:ISSN
2218:PMID
2169:OCLC
2159:ISBN
2140:help
2108:help
2070:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1513:PMID
1505:ISSN
1459:ISBN
1424:PMID
1381:PMID
1373:ISSN
1313:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1233:and
1120:Sir
932:and
831:and
760:and
721:and
674:and
658:and
646:and
66:Main
4242:Sex
3919:Eye
2317:doi
2260:hdl
2252:doi
2208:PMC
2200:doi
1495:doi
1416:doi
1365:doi
768:or
650:of
43:by
4877::
2385:,
2378:-
2339:.
2331:.
2323:.
2313:21
2311:.
2307:.
2284:.
2276:.
2268:.
2258:.
2248:17
2246:.
2242:.
2216:.
2206:.
2196:19
2194:.
2190:.
2167:.
2131::
2129:}}
2125:{{
2099::
2097:}}
2093:{{
2056:^
2028:^
2000:^
1897:^
1819:^
1791:^
1738:^
1710:^
1607:^
1525:^
1511:.
1503:.
1491:42
1489:.
1485:.
1473:^
1430:.
1422:.
1412:55
1410:.
1387:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:55
1359:.
1327:^
1242:^
928:,
772:.
756:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
725:.
717:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
701:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
670:.
4718:/
4510:/
4506:/
4502:/
4493:/
4484:/
4345:/
4341:/
4332:/
4112:/
4058:/
4054:/
3892:/
3866:/
3857:/
3784:/
3744:/
3706:/
3525:e
3518:t
3511:v
3074:e
3067:t
3060:v
2416:e
2409:t
2402:v
2347:.
2319::
2292:.
2262::
2254::
2224:.
2202::
2175:.
2142:)
2138:(
2110:)
2106:(
2078:.
2050:.
2022:.
1994:.
1969:.
1944:.
1919:.
1891:.
1866:.
1841:.
1813:.
1785:.
1760:.
1732:.
1704:.
1679:.
1654:.
1629:.
1601:.
1576:.
1551:.
1519:.
1497::
1467:.
1438:.
1418::
1395:.
1367::
1321:.
1294:.
624:e
617:t
610:v
366:)
362:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
