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818:(1878–1881) as a reaction to prevent further territories with Albanian populations from being awarded to Serbia and Montenegro. Amidst these events, during spring/summer 1879, multiple violent and predatory raids were conducted into Serbia by groups of Albanian refugees into former areas of residence, at times with the acquiescence of Ottoman authorities. In the aftermath of the war and expulsions, British diplomatic pressure for some time was applied to Serbia to allow the Albanian refugees to go and return to their homes, though it later subsided. The Ottoman Empire was lukewarm about returning refugees to Serbia as the refugees were seen as integral in demographically strengthening the Muslim element in its remaining territories such as Kosovo vilayet still under its sovereignty.
892:
men frozen to death". The journalist
Manojlo Đorđević argued for peaceful reconciliation with the Albanians and condemned the policies undertaken by the Serbian state. In later years there were retrospective views regarding these events. Prior to the Balkan wars, Kosovo Serb community leader Janjićije Popović stated that the wars of 1876–1878 "tripled" the hatred of Turks and Albanians, especially that of the refugee population toward the Serbs by committing acts of violence against them. Belgrade Professor of Law Živojin Perić stated in 1900 that conciliatory treatment toward the Albanians by Serbia in allowing them to remain could have prevented such hostility and possibly gained Albanian sympathies. Scholar
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478:
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526:
510:
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59:
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690:. The Albanian neighbourhood in Niš was burned. Serbian forces continued their southwest advance entering the valleys of Kosanica, Pusta Reka and Jablanica. Serbian forces in the Morava valley continued to head for Vranje, with the intention of then turning west and entering Kosovo proper. The Serbian advance in the southwest was slow, due to the hilly terrain and much resistance by local Albanians who were defending their villages and also sheltering in the nearby
3825:
3817:
706:(southwest of Grdelica). After Grdelica was taken, Serbian forces took Vranje. Local Muslims had left with their belongings prior to Serbian forces reaching the town, and other Muslims of the countryside experienced tensions with Serbian neighbours who fought against and eventually evicted them from the area. Albanian refugees defended the Veternica canyon, before retreating toward the Goljak mountains. Albanians who lived nearby in the
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3809:
604:
595:
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729:
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Niš, but they left after murders occurred and their property was sold off at low values. In 1879, some
Albanian refugees from the Leskovac region complained in a petition that their properties and Muslim buildings had been demolished and could no longer return. According to Gëzim Alpion, from 1879 to 1880, over 300,000 Albanians were expelled from the
891:
Josif H. Kostić, a local school headmaster from
Leskovac witnessing the flight of refugees during winter 1877 noted that many of them had fled their homes with meagre clothing and that from the "Grdelica gorge and as far as Vranje and Kumanovo, you could see the abandoned corpses of children, and old
874:
and Vranja Valley were ruthlessly driven forth from their homesteads by the
Servians". Gould also noted that the refugees were "wandering about in a starving condition" and was instrumental for a time in applying British diplomatic pressure on Serbia to allow the refugees to return home. On the other
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or new areas. Due to depopulation and economic considerations some small numbers of
Albanians were allowed to stay and return though not to their previous settlements and instead were designated concentrated village clusters in the Toplica, Masurica and Jablanica areas. Of those only in the Jablanica
402:
since the late Middle Ages. Albanians in the region were
Orthodox Christians, were in contact with Slavic populations and as such many also bore Orthodox Slavic names such as in the village Arbanas, the name of the inhabitants were: Stojan, Dajin, Dane Stojan, Mati Marko, Andrija Marko, Dimsha Marko,
670:
mountain range. Ottoman forces attempted to counterattack through the
Toplica valley and relieve the siege at Niš, which turned the area into a battlefield and stranded Albanian refugees in nearby mountains. With Niš eventually taken, the refugees of the Toplica valley were unable to return to their
272:
valley where their descendants live today. Serbs from Lab moved to Serbia during and after the first round of hostilities in 1876, while incoming
Albanian refugees thereafter 1878 repopulated their villages. Albanian refugees also settled alongside the north-eastern Ottoman-Serbian border, in urban
790:
Western diplomats reporting in 1878 placed the number of refugee families at 60,000 families in
Macedonia, with 60-70,000 refugees from Serbia spread out within the vilayet of Kosovo. The Ottoman governor of the Vilayet of Kosovo estimated in 1881 the refugees number to be around 65,000 with some
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have small numbers of
Albanians and their descendants remained. This was due to a local Ottoman Albanian commander Shahid Pasha from the Jablanica area negotiating on good terms with Prince Milan and thereby guaranteeing their presence. Some other Albanians such as merchants attempted to remain in
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statistics and gives a higher figure of 200,000 for the total Albanian population of the area. Other Albanian researchers like Emin Pllana, Skënder Rizaj and Turkish historian Bilal Şimşir place the number of Albanian refugees from the region as numbering between 60–70,000 in the vilayet of Kosovo
994:
from the city of Niš and so on. Within Serbia today though the Serbian-Ottoman wars of 1876–1878 are mentioned within school books, the Albanian population's expulsion by the Serbian army is omitted. This has limited Serbian students' knowledge of the events that led to bad relations amongst both
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region, sizeable numbers of Albanian refugees were resettled in other parts of northern Kosovo alongside the new Ottoman-Serbian border. Most Albanian refugees were resettled in over 30 large rural settlements in central and southeastern Kosovo. Many refugees were also spread out and resettled in
3454:
Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878–1941 [Citizens until revoked. Jews and Muslims as partners of alterity in the Rumanian and Serb nation code. Ethnonational concepts of
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also maintain. That number was accepted by Serbian historiography and remained unquestioned for almost a century. Drawing upon Serbian archive and travelers documents historian Miloš Jagodić believes that the number of Albanians and Muslims that left Serbia was "much larger", agreeing with Đorđe
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villages. Other Serbian forces then headed south into the Morava valley and toward Leskovac. The majority of urban Muslims fled, taking most of their belongings before the Serbian army arrived. The Serbian army also took Pirot and the Turks fled to Kosovo, Macedonia and some went toward Thrace.
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665:
mountain range, leaving cattle and other property behind. Some Albanians returned and submitted to Serbian authorities, while others fled to Kuršumlija. Advancing Serbian forces heading to Kuršumlija also came across resisting Albanian refugees spread out in the surrounding mountain ranges and
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valleys and adjoining semi-mountainous interior was inhabited by compact Muslim Albanian population while Serbs in those areas lived near the river mouths and mountain slopes and both peoples inhabited other regions of the South Morava river basin. The Muslim population of most of the area was
493:
3509:
774:. The only other Muslim population permitted to remain were the Muslim Romani who in 1910 numbered 14,335 in all of Serbia with 6,089 located in Vranje. Most remaining Albanians were forced to leave in subsequent years for the Ottoman Empire and Kosovo in particular. Serbs from the
807:. Tensions within the Kosovo vilayet between Albanian refugees and local Albanians arose over resources, as the Ottoman Empire found it difficult to accommodate to their needs and meager conditions. These refugees also became a strong opposition group to governance by the Sultan.
625:
There were multiple reasons held by the Serbian government for the expulsions. Serbian authorities intended to expel the Muslim population, as they were deemed unreliable and undesirable that needed to be substituted with other inhabitants. Retaliation for attitudes held toward
920:'s political and economic spheres. They have also established local associations that document and aim to preserve their regional Albanian culture of origin. Many can also be identified by their surname which following Albanian custom is often the place of origin. For example:
276:
Ottoman authorities had difficulties accommodating to the needs of the refugees and they were hostile to the local Serbian population committing revenge attacks. The expulsion of the Albanian population from these regions was done in a manner that today could be classed as
908:, who advocated similar measures due to their success. The regions vacated by Albanians were soon repopulated by Serbs from central and eastern Serbia and some Montenegrins who settled along the border with Kosovo. Today, the descendants of these Albanian refugees (
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lines of communication for Ottoman forces. After besieging Niš, Serbian forces headed south-west into the Toplica valley to prevent a counterattack by Ottoman forces. Prokuplje was taken on the third day of the war and local Albanians fled their homes toward the
3039:
Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Nish to Kosovo (1878–1878)".
858:
districts that overall contributed to their miserable state. Jelinek also noted the refugees hostility to Kosovo Serbs, as they committed acts of violence against them. In the latter part of 1878 and complaining to Lord Salisbury regarding the expulsions, the
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wanted a homogeneous country, without Muslims and with a reliable population in the area. Ristić viewed Albanian populated territories as strategically important and representing a future base to expand into Ottoman Kosovo and Macedonia. General
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E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
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E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: Të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
1503:
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gives the figure of 131,000 Muslims in 1876, with only 12,000 remaining in 1882. Whereas historian Noel Malcolm gives the figure for the Albanian population of the area as numbering around 110,000. Albanian historians such as the late
655:
Hostilities broke out on 15 December 1877, after a Russian request for Serbia to enter the conflict. The Serbian military crossed the border in two directions. The first objective was to capture Niš and the second to break the
259:
On the eve of conflict between Serbia and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial, at times compact and mainly rural Albanian population alongside some urban Turks (some of Albanian heritage) lived with Serbs within the
341:. These populations resettled in Shkodër city and its environs. A smaller Albanian population formed of the wealthy elite voluntarily left and resettled in Shkodër after Ulcinj's incorporation into Montenegro in 1880.
3374:
571:
asserts that over 100,000 Albanians were expelled from regions in Serbia and Montenegro. According to some Albanian scholars, 200,000 people were expelled and Hakif Bajrami claims that 350,000 people were expelled.
643:", as an Albanian minority was viewed as a possible security concern. Supporting Protić's views for expulsion of the Muslim population, including Albanians, were most of the senior Serbian army officers and Prince
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in the Kosovo vilayet Ivan Yastrebov advised the local Ottoman governor Nazif Pasha to prevent the return of refugees to Serbia as their presence within the Kosovo area would strengthen the local Muslim element.
477:
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refusing to surrender. Many personal belongings such as wagons were strewn and left behind in the woods. Kuršumlija was taken soon after Prokuplje, while Albanian refugees had reached the southern slopes of the
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refused to carry out orders from Belgrade to deport these Albanians by offering his resignation. Ottoman sources state that Serbian forces during the war destroyed mosques in Vranje, Leskovac and Prokuplje.
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Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)]
264:. Throughout the course of the war, the Albanian population depending on the area reacted differently to incoming Serbian forces by either offering resistance or fleeing toward nearby mountains and
31:
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Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)
509:
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regions. As such, Montenegro's territorial gains were much smaller. Some Slavic Muslims and the Albanian population who lived near the then southern border were expelled from the towns of
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and Majdan mountain ranges. Serbian forces took these villages one by one and most remained vacant. Albanian refugees continued to retreat toward Kosovo and their march was halted at the
525:
2871:
3493:
2706:
Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey".
321:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war, the Montenegrin army managed to capture certain areas and settlements along the border, while encountering strong resistance from Albanians in
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Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation".
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3228:
3541:
3352:
3525:
3331:
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Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)".
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In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Congress of Berlin acknowledged those territorial gains and the area became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, known as
46:
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Estimates vary on the size of the Muslim population within these areas. In his extensive studies of Ottoman population movements, American historian
4044:
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Clewing, Konrad (2000), "Mythen und Fakten zur Ethnostruktur in Kosovo-Ein geschichtlicher Über- blick ". In Clewing, Konrad & Jens Reuter (eds).
3138:
Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939".
904:
These events in later years would also serve as a possible Serbian solution to the Albanian question in Kosovo and Macedonia for individuals such as
226:
3203:"The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878"
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The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878.
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noted in 1909 that the overall motivation for the expulsion was to "create a pure Serbian nation" through "cleansing" the area of non-Christians.
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that contributed to the beginnings of the ongoing Serbian-Albanian conflict in coming decades. The expulsions also triggered the emergence of the
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Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
3959:
3623:
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Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941".
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391:
3658:
3430:
2815:
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Popovic, Alexandre (1991). "The Cherkess on Yugoslav Territory (A Supplement to the article "Cherkess" in the Encyclopaedia of Islam)".
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Blumi, Isa (2003). "Contesting the edges of the Ottoman Empire: Rethinking ethnic and sectarian boundaries in the Malësore, 1878–1912".
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Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912
3769:
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1490:
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1004:
214:
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Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.
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Luković, Miloš (2011). "Development of the Modern Serbian state and abolishment of Ottoman Agrarian relations in the 19th century".
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50:
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estimated that the number of Albanian refugees from Serbia was about 30,000 a figure which current day Serbian historians such as
398:
etc. shows an Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) and in the
4094:
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3248:
Tošić, Jelena (2015). "City of the 'calm': Vernacular mobility and genealogies of urbanity in a southeast European borderland".
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Mountains when an armistice was declared. The Serbian army operating in the Morava valley continued south toward two canyons:
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411:
4104:
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2616:
546:
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4004:
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On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
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toward Montenegrin forces was followed by the expulsion of their Albanian and Slavic Muslim populations who resettled in
240:
On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
4009:
3616:
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Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
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Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
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Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939
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REGISTRATION OF SETTLEMENTS AND ALBANIAN POPULATION OF KOSOVO According to the Ottoman defters records of XV century
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The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their historic development from the Middle Ages to the dissolution of Yugoslavia
26:
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and with Turks located in urban centres. Part of the Turks were of Albanian origin. The Muslims in the cities of
268:. Although most of these Albanians were expelled by Serbian forces, a small number were allowed to remain in the
218:
4089:
1039:
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as the victims included civilians. These Albanian refugees and their descendants became known in Albanian as
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Méditerranée, Moyen-Orient deux siècles de relations internationales: Recherches en hommage à Jacques Thobie
4064:
3974:
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3178:
309:). The events of this period led to tense relations and conflict between the Serbian and Albanian peoples.
3481:
3202:
4099:
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893:
3571:). (documentary). Google. About expulsions of Albanians during 1877–1878, its aftermath and legacy. (in
3999:
3715:
799:. Some of these Albanian refugees were also resettled in other parts of the Ottoman Empire such as the
435:
210:
483:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with pre-1878 borders by the English-German cartographer
221:
ended in defeat and substantial territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire which was formalised at the
3949:
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3731:
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refugees settled by the Ottomans during the 1860s, near the then border around the environs of Niš.
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Luka Gjurko, Nikolla Luka, Pjetri Dimja, Stojan Pjetri, Gjura Marko, Lazar Stepa, Gjura Pejash etc.
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Der Kosovo-Konflikt. Ursachen-Akteure-Verlauf [The Kosovo conflict. Causes-Players-History]
941:
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after the area became part of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of the outbreak of a second round of
292:
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Stefanović that the number was 49,000 Albanian refugees out of at least 71,000 Muslims that left.
367:
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3908:
1034:
843:
577:
172:
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2934:
2597:
871:
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Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova
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318:
241:
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159:
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were Turkish- and Albanian-speaking; Prokuplje and Kuršumlija were Albanian-speaking. Muslim
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662:
363:
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905:
796:
792:
283:
155:
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Tensions in the form of revenge attacks also arose by incoming Albanian refugees on local
8:
3924:
1044:
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estimates the number of Albanian refugees in Kosovo at some 50,000. Albanian sociologist
532:
2782:
778:
region moved to Serbia during and after the war of 1876 and incoming Albanian refugees (
3904:
3165:
3025:
2971:
2900:
2802:
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2723:
2694:
2644:
2590:
2469:
2461:
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222:
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Gerald Francis Gould reported that the "peaceful and industrious inhabitants" of the "
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3187:
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3115:
3060:
3011:
2975:
2940:
2919:
2877:
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2816:"Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]"
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Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]
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3155:
3147:
3083:
2992:
2963:
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977:
771:
550:
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69:
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3109:
3005:
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McCarthy, Justin (2000). "Muslims in Ottoman Europe: Population from 1800–1912".
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2524:
1709:
800:
699:
499:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions from 1876 with post-1878 borders by
427:
3470:
2625:
674:
Ottoman forces surrendered Niš on 10 January 1878 and most Muslims departed for
636:
631:
616:
612:
573:
568:
244:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war that ensued, strong resistance in the towns of
3979:
3964:
3929:
2766:"From Foe to Friend and back. Albanians in Serbian History Textbooks 1918–2000"
1024:
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444:
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182:
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2364:"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo"
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areas and in over 30 settlements located in central and south-eastern Kosovo.
4038:
4022:
3989:
3151:
2996:
2798:
847:
640:
464:
22:
639:, who led the Serbian army during the war, did not want Serbia to have "its
4015:
3407:. Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. pp. 17–64.
2735:
Gruber, Siegfried (2008). "Household structures in urban Albania in 1918".
1521:
990:
829:
811:
687:
564:
515:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by the
2297:
925:
846:
reported Muslim refugees arriving into Ottoman Kosovo with occurrences of
3218:
879:
783:
775:
468:
115:
2904:
2390:
3601:
3160:
2465:
531:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by
933:
766:
467:
were also present within the wider area. There was also a minority of
422:
in 1877, a notable Muslim population existed in the districts of Niš,
395:
253:
3419:
2765:
804:
555:
371:
334:
245:
202:
99:
603:
594:
2503:
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Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912
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1539:
961:
953:
867:
707:
675:
667:
460:
431:
375:
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Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës [Serbian colonization of Kosovo]
2783:"The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878"
563:
and 60,000 Muslim or Albanian refugees in Macedonia. Albanologist
325:, and a combined Albanian-Ottoman force in the Podgorica-Spuž and
855:
851:
821:
679:
426:, Vranje, Leskovac, Prokuplje and Kuršumlija. The rural parts of
379:
326:
297:
230:
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The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878
3131:
Rumeli'den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans. Vol I.
1536:
383:
338:
249:
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Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World
1801:
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683:
456:
382:, Arbanashka Brenica, Arbanas, Gjinofc Kulla, Marash, Gjinofc,
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73:
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Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
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urban centers that increased their populations substantially.
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Foundations of Modernity: Human Agency and the Imperial State
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outbreaks and some refugees being abysmally resettled within
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728:
657:
452:
423:
407:
1177:
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Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
2596:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p.
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1996:
1979:
1964:
1940:
1928:
1913:
1898:
1869:
1854:
1837:
1762:
1551:
1267:
916:
population and they are an active and powerful subgroup in
558:
postulate that 110,000 is a conservative estimate based on
1072:
2592:
Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History
2427:
The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims
830:
International and local observations/reactions to events
2936:
The dark side of Democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing
233:
during the geopolitical and territorial decline of the
3230:
Albania's mountain queen: Edith Durham and the Balkans
2567:"Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-determination"
2550:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1473:
1471:
1469:
47:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
16:
Forced migrations from areas of Serbia and Montenegro
3111:
Realm of the Black Mountain: a history of Montenegro
3097:
Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike)
1414:
1165:
291:, a generic word for Muslim refugees (borrowed from
3180:
Ulje na vodi: Ogledi iz istorije sadašnjosti Srbije
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
2589:
2094:
1466:
710:region did not resist Serbian forces, and General
2569:. In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.).
825:Ethnic map of Medveđa municipality (2002 census).
4036:
3458:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 128 – 138.
3440:Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). "
2208:
2206:
1391:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
3358:. Prishtina: Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
2254:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1100:
1098:
1096:
3960:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
2325:Portal Montenegrina: Kulturna Kapija Crna Gora
2242:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2041:
1444:
1442:
1242:
1240:
1238:
3617:
3491:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004).
2203:
2193:
2191:
1777:
1674:
1568:
1566:
1326:
1117:
1115:
1113:
782:) repopulated their villages. Apart from the
205:from areas that became incorporated into the
3507:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004)
2705:
2587:
2446:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2236:
2230:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2017:
1638:
1516:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1491:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1477:
1429:
1427:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1286:
1194:
1192:
1093:
3372:
2564:
2171:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2047:
1789:
1680:
1602:
1578:
1439:
1235:
3624:
3610:
3176:
3137:
3030:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2763:
2649:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2614:
2248:
2188:
2118:
2082:
1686:
1590:
1563:
1418:
1385:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1110:
1104:
630:was also used as a motive. Prime Minister
3945:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
3217:
3200:
3159:
2939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2869:
2588:Cohen, Philip J.; Riesman, David (1996).
2405:
2260:
2065:
2023:
1886:
1813:
1783:
1662:
1454:
1424:
1355:
1257:
1255:
1189:
406:Albanians in the Niš region converted to
3631:
3250:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
2953:
2424:
2361:
2278:
2130:
2029:
1795:
1650:
1608:
1596:
820:
80:(partially in contemporary Montenegro),
3268:
3107:
3073:
2911:
2890:
2813:
2780:
2284:
2272:
2218:
2197:
2182:
2165:
2159:
2147:
2112:
2059:
2011:
1990:
1973:
1952:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1880:
1863:
1848:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1771:
1711:Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation
1626:
1614:
1584:
1572:
1557:
1545:
1530:
1349:
1309:
1280:
1246:
1216:
1210:
1198:
1183:
1171:
1144:
1127:
1121:
1087:
549:regarding the Muslim population of the
4037:
3373:Walid, Arbid; Thobie, Jacques (2003).
3226:
3128:
3052:
3038:
3003:
2982:
2734:
2676:
2543:
2212:
2153:
2141:
2124:
2100:
2088:
1892:
1707:
1668:
1644:
1433:
1303:
1252:
1159:
215:their initial expulsion from 1830–1876
195:expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
40:Expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
3770:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3605:
3247:
3094:
2848:
2657:
2522:
2508:. Vol. 18. New York: Routledge.
2501:
2480:
2443:
2338:
2318:
2035:
1958:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1656:
1448:
1320:
1229:
1138:
1055:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1830–1876
540:
3546:. Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
3350:
3329:
3310:
3289:
3114:. London: Cornell University Press.
2932:
2876:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
2547:Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo
2344:
2224:
2076:
1728:
1632:
1620:
1460:
1366:
1261:
312:
4005:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3659:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
2855:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2852:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know
765:valley centered around the town of
628:Christians within the Ottoman state
217:. These wars, alongside the larger
13:
3395:
2679:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1698:
702:(between Vranje and Leskovac) and
14:
4116:
3557:
3275:. Belgrade: Zavičajno udruženje.
1005:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
615:, Serbian prime minister (left);
147:200,000–350,000 Albanian refugees
4045:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3680:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3675:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3654:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2487:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
2429:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2371:The International History Review
736:
727:
602:
593:
524:
508:
492:
476:
344:
227:the wider persecution of Muslims
140:49,000–130,000 Albanian refugees
57:
51:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
3995:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
3272:Gornja Jablanica, Kroz istoriju
2660:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
2571:Understanding the war in Kosovo
2312:
2290:
2103:, pp. 44–47, 50–51, 54–60.
1508:
1496:
1483:
1050:Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo
834:
4095:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
4050:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
2618:The Expulsion of the Albanians
1040:The Expulsion of the Albanians
1:
3755:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
3480:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006). "
3469:Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "
3262:10.1080/14683857.2015.1091182
3177:Stojanović, Dubravka (2010).
2383:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103
2321:"Crnogorci, Gornje Jablanice"
1060:
1010:Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)
517:Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
349:
225:. This expulsion was part of
3975:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
3760:Romanian War of Independence
3201:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006).
2870:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
2749:10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.05.002
2573:. London: Psychology Press.
2425:Beachler, Donald W. (2011).
2362:Anscombe, Frederick (2006).
1065:
839:In April 1878, Jelinek, the
791:resettled in the Sanjaks of
718:
650:
7:
4105:Forced migrations in Europe
4010:British Occupation of Egypt
3890:Budapest Convention of 1877
3108:Roberts, Elizabeth (2005).
3059:. Cambridge: Harvard CMES.
2662:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
2565:Daskalovski, Židas (2003).
1533:, para. 4, 9, 32–42, 45–61.
1020:Albanian National Awakening
998:
219:Russo-Ottoman War (1877–78)
10:
4121:
4085:Military history of Serbia
4070:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
4000:French conquest of Tunisia
3475:European History Quarterly
3269:Turović, Dobrosav (2002).
3140:European History Quarterly
2764:Janjetović, Zoran (2000).
2624:. Belgrade. Archived from
2354:
2185:, pp. 95–96, 97, 101.
1714:. Bloomsbury. p. 18.
886:
584:
211:Principality of Montenegro
4060:Serbian–Albanian conflict
3917:
3885:Constantinople Conference
3865:
3780:
3750:
3732:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3724:
3693:
3667:
3646:
3639:
3129:Şimşir, Bilal N. (1968).
3088:10.1080/02634939108400735
2968:10.1080/00905990050002443
2737:The History of the Family
2720:10.1080/00263200903009619
2691:10.1080/13602000903411366
2615:Čubrilović, Vaso (1937).
2529:. London: A&C Black.
2458:10.1017/s0020743803000102
2406:Bataković, Dušan (1992).
1734:
899:
762:Novi Krajevi/Novi Oblasti
619:, Serbian general (right)
165:
151:
125:
105:
95:
87:
65:
56:
44:
39:
3940:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
3451:Müller, Dietmar (2005).
3429:Jagodić, Miloš (2004). "
3418:Jagodić, Miloš (1998). "
3152:10.1177/0265691405054219
2997:10.1163/187633009x411485
2829:: 87–107. Archived from
2799:10.4000/balkanologie.265
2237:Cohen & Riesman 1996
1741:. Springer. p. 84.
1478:Geniş & Maynard 2009
1451:, pp. 394–395, 406.
750:and Serbia (1878–1912),
133:30,000 Albanian refugees
4055:Anti-Albanian sentiment
3909:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3227:Tanner, Marcus (2014).
2915:Kosovo: A short history
2814:Jagodić, Miloš (2004).
2781:Jagodić, Miloš (1998).
2298:"Naselja u Pustoj Reci"
2048:Walid & Thobie 2003
1035:Albanians in Montenegro
455:were Turkish-speaking;
443:composed out of ethnic
173:Anti-Albanian sentiment
27:Infobox civilian attack
20:
3716:Kresna–Razlog uprising
3711:Razlovtsi insurrection
3706:April Uprising of 1876
3446:Middle Eastern Studies
3233:. London: I.B.Tauris.
3004:Osmani, Jusuf (2000).
2933:Mann, Michael (2005).
2912:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
2708:Middle Eastern Studies
2658:Elsie, Robert (2010).
2544:Bytyçi, Enver (2015).
2300:. Klub Pustorečana-Niš
1735:Rama, Shinasi (2019).
1708:Alpion, Gëzim (2021).
894:Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević
826:
207:Principality of Serbia
32:considered for merging
4090:Historical migrations
3895:Treaty of San Stefano
3737:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3701:Stara Zagora Uprising
3336:. Prishtina: Verana.
3315:. Prishtina: Verana.
3296:. Prishtina: Verana.
3133:. Belgeler-Documents.
3053:Pinson, Mark (1996).
2918:. London: Macmillan.
2408:The Kosovo Chronicles
2319:Medojević, Slobodan.
824:
178:Anti-Muslim sentiment
3985:Dual Alliance (1879)
3880:Reichstadt Agreement
3742:Cretan revolt (1878)
3633:Great Eastern Crisis
3379:. Paris: Harmattan.
3351:Uka, Sabit (2004d).
3330:Uka, Sabit (2004c).
3311:Uka, Sabit (2004b).
3290:Uka, Sabit (2004a).
3219:10.2298/BALC0637111S
3076:Central Asian Survey
2956:Nationalities Papers
1369:, pp. 52 53–54.
924:from the village of
746:Serbia (1838–1878),
378:, Arnautski Potok,
203:Albanian populations
197:refers to events of
183:Serbian expansionism
4065:Serbian irredentism
3925:Bulgarian Exarchate
3539:Uka, Sabit (2004).
3523:Uka, Sabit (2004).
2985:East Central Europe
2849:Judah, Tim (2008).
2836:on 17 November 2015
2523:Blumi, Isa (2013).
2502:Blumi, Isa (2012).
2481:Blumi, Isa (2011).
2410:. Belgrade: Plato.
2263:, pp. 155–156.
2215:, pp. 460–461.
2079:, pp. 194–286.
1647:, pp. 189–190.
1480:, pp. 556–557.
1421:, pp. 469–470.
1352:, pp. 228–229.
1306:, pp. 460–461.
1045:Circassian genocide
533:William R. Shepherd
364:Arbanaška Mountain
4100:Serbian war crimes
3905:Congress of Berlin
3640:Wars and conflicts
2631:on 1 December 2016
1587:, pp. 68, 73.
1463:, pp. 244–245
912:) make up part of
827:
712:Jovan Belimarković
541:Population figures
376:Arbanashka Petrila
223:Congress of Berlin
4032:
4031:
3970:League of Prizren
3900:Cyprus Convention
3875:Berlin Memorandum
3778:
3777:
3685:Kumanovo uprising
3570:
3563:"Molla e Kuqe ".
3464:978-3-447-05248-1
3435:Historical Review
3193:978-86-86391-19-3
2823:Historical Review
2607:978-0-89096-760-7
2436:978-0-230-33763-3
2417:978-86-447-0006-7
2227:, pp. 74–75.
2127:, pp. 43–64.
2091:, pp. 48–50.
1695:, pp. XXXII.
1635:, pp. 26–29.
1249:, pp. 87–89.
1015:League of Prizren
914:Kosovo's Albanian
816:League of Prizren
394:, Mandi, Muzace,
354:Toponyms such as
319:Sanjak of İşkodra
313:Sanjak of İşkodra
301:and derived from
242:Sanjak of İşkodra
191:
190:
137:Modern estimates:
78:Sanjak of İşkodra
4112:
3955:Eastern Question
3860:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3644:
3643:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3568:
3543:inheritance]
3455:citizenship]
3390:
3369:
3355:inheritance]
3347:
3326:
3307:
3286:
3265:
3244:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3163:
3134:
3125:
3104:
3091:
3070:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3000:
2979:
2950:
2929:
2908:
2887:
2866:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2820:
2810:
2777:
2760:
2731:
2702:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2611:
2595:
2584:
2561:
2540:
2519:
2498:
2477:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1681:Daskalovski 2003
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:, para. 4, 5, 6.
1543:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1324:
1318:
1307:
1301:
1284:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1030:Kosovo Albanians
841:Austro-Hungarian
740:
731:
606:
597:
560:Austro-Hungarian
528:
512:
503:(published 1882)
501:Heinrich Kiepert
496:
480:
279:ethnic cleansing
199:forced migration
160:Montenegrin army
120:forced migration
112:Ethnic cleansing
61:
37:
36:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4080:1870s in Serbia
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
3913:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3746:
3720:
3689:
3663:
3635:
3630:
3560:
3398:
3396:Further reading
3393:
3387:
3366:
3344:
3323:
3304:
3283:
3241:
3212:(37): 111–124.
3205:
3194:
3183:
3122:
3067:
3042:Studia Albanica
3023:
3022:
3018:
2947:
2926:
2884:
2863:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2818:
2670:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2581:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2495:
2437:
2418:
2366:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:, pp. 3–5.
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2249:Čubrilović 1937
2247:
2243:
2239:, pp. 4–5.
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2168:, pp. 2–3.
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:, para. 32, 33.
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:, pp. 208.
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1436:, pp. 142.
1432:
1425:
1419:Stefanović 2005
1417:
1392:
1386:Janjetović 2000
1384:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1302:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1145:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1105:Stojanović 2010
1103:
1094:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1001:
986:Srednji Bučumet
906:Vaso Čubrilović
902:
889:
837:
832:
758:
757:
756:
755:
743:
742:
741:
733:
732:
721:
653:
623:
622:
621:
620:
609:
608:
607:
599:
598:
587:
578:Dušan Bataković
547:Justin McCarthy
543:
536:
529:
520:
513:
504:
497:
488:
485:E.G. Ravenstein
481:
360:Arbanaško Hill
356:Arbanaška River
352:
347:
315:
293:Ottoman Turkish
187:
146:
144:Albanian claim:
141:
139:
134:
132:
108:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Kosovo vilayet
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Pact of Halepa
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:British Cyprus
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Deligrad Event
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3559:
3558:External links
3556:
3555:
3554:
3537:
3521:
3505:
3489:
3478:
3467:
3449:
3438:
3427:
3416:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3348:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3266:
3256:(3): 391–408.
3245:
3239:
3224:
3198:
3192:
3174:
3146:(3): 465–492.
3135:
3126:
3120:
3105:
3092:
3082:(1/2): 65–79.
3071:
3066:978-0932885098
3065:
3050:
3036:
3016:
3001:
2980:
2951:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2909:
2899:(3): 281–305.
2888:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2811:
2778:
2761:
2743:(2): 138–151.
2732:
2714:(4): 553–569.
2703:
2685:(4): 455–468.
2674:
2668:
2655:
2612:
2606:
2585:
2579:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2478:
2452:(2): 237–256.
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2377:(4): 758–793.
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2311:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2261:Lieberman 2013
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2202:
2200:, p. 104.
2187:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2064:
2052:
2050:, p. 138.
2040:
2038:, p. 129.
2028:
2026:, p. 111.
2024:Svirčević 2006
2016:
1995:
1978:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1895:, p. 132.
1885:
1868:
1853:
1836:
1834:, para. 3, 17.
1824:
1822:, pp. 96.
1812:
1800:
1798:, p. 761.
1788:
1784:Bataković 1992
1776:
1761:
1748:978-3030051921
1747:
1727:
1721:978-9389812466
1720:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 737.
1661:
1659:, p. 198.
1649:
1637:
1625:
1623:, p. 112.
1613:
1611:, p. 123.
1601:
1599:, pp. 35.
1589:
1577:
1562:
1550:
1535:
1520:
1514:Selami Pulaha
1507:
1495:
1489:Selami Pulaha
1482:
1465:
1453:
1438:
1423:
1390:
1371:
1354:
1325:
1308:
1285:
1266:
1264:, p. 155.
1251:
1234:
1215:
1213:, para. 16–27.
1203:
1201:, p. 298.
1188:
1176:
1164:
1143:
1141:, p. 246.
1126:
1109:
1107:, p. 264.
1092:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Ottoman Kosovo
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
901:
898:
888:
885:
836:
833:
831:
828:
745:
744:
735:
734:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
720:
717:
652:
649:
611:
610:
601:
600:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
586:
583:
542:
539:
538:
537:
530:
523:
521:
514:
507:
505:
498:
491:
489:
482:
475:
445:Gheg Albanians
420:Ottoman Empire
400:Preševo Valley
351:
348:
346:
343:
314:
311:
266:Ottoman Kosovo
235:Ottoman Empire
213:in 1878 after
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
175:
169:
167:
163:
162:
153:
149:
148:
130:Serbian claim:
127:
123:
122:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
82:Ottoman Empire
72:(now southern
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4117:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4025:
4024:
4023:Anna Karenina
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Brsjak revolt
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Niš Committee
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:International
3864:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3552:9789951408097
3549:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3535:9789951864527
3532:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3519:9789951864527
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3503:9789951864503
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:9783851293296
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3386:9782747546287
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3365:9789951408097
3361:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3343:9789951864527
3339:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3322:9789951864527
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3303:9789951864503
3299:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3282:9788675270188
3278:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3240:9781780768199
3236:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3121:9780801446016
3117:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3019:
3017:9789951040525
3013:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2946:9780521538541
2942:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2925:9780333666128
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2883:9781442230385
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2862:9780199704040
2858:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2669:9780333666128
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2580:9780714653914
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2557:9781443876681
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2536:9781472515384
2532:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2515:9780415884648
2511:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2494:9780230119086
2490:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2346:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:, p. 84.
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1961:, p. 35.
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1796:Anscombe 2006
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1683:, p. 19.
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1609:Beachler 2011
1605:
1598:
1597:McCarthy 2000
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1323:, p. 79.
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1232:, p. 50.
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1186:, para. 4, 9.
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1162:, p. 70.
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1124:, p. 22.
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
884:
881:
878:
873:
869:
865:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
823:
819:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
801:Samsun region
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Sanjak of Niš
768:
763:
753:
749:
739:
730:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
664:
659:
648:
646:
642:
638:
633:
629:
618:
614:
605:
596:
582:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
551:Sanjak of Niş
548:
534:
527:
522:
518:
511:
506:
502:
495:
490:
486:
479:
474:
473:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
345:Sanjak of Niş
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
274:
271:
267:
263:
262:Sanjak of Niş
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
145:
142:
138:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Sanjak of Niş
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
19:
4021:
4016:Marche slave
4014:
3572:
3564:
3540:
3524:
3508:
3492:
3485:
3474:
3452:
3445:
3434:
3424:Balkanologie
3423:
3402:
3375:
3353:
3332:
3312:
3292:
3271:
3253:
3249:
3229:
3209:
3186:. Peščanik.
3179:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3110:
3100:
3096:
3079:
3075:
3055:
3045:
3041:
3006:
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2831:the original
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2787:Balkanologie
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2770:Balkanologie
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2328:. Retrieved
2324:
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2302:. Retrieved
2292:
2287:, p. 2.
2285:Jagodić 2004
2280:
2273:Jagodić 1998
2268:
2256:
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2232:
2220:
2198:Jagodić 2004
2183:Jagodić 2004
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2156:, p. 8.
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2113:Jagodić 1998
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2060:Jagodić 1998
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2019:
2012:Jagodić 1998
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1947:Jagodić 1998
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1923:Jagodić 1998
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1881:Jagodić 1998
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1820:Jagodić 2004
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1808:Jagodić 1998
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1772:Jagodić 1998
1752:. Retrieved
1737:
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1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
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1592:
1585:Popovic 1991
1580:
1573:Malcolm 1998
1558:Jagodić 1998
1553:
1546:Jagodić 1998
1531:Jagodić 1998
1510:
1502:ILJAZ REXHA
1498:
1485:
1456:
1350:Malcolm 1998
1281:Jagodić 1998
1247:Turović 2002
1211:Jagodić 1998
1206:
1199:Luković 2011
1184:Jagodić 1998
1179:
1172:Jagodić 1998
1167:
1122:Roberts 2005
1088:Jagodić 1998
989:
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835:Great Powers
812:Kosovo Serbs
809:
789:
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747:
688:Thessalonika
673:
654:
637:Kosta Protić
632:Jovan Ristić
624:
617:Kosta Protić
613:Jovan Ristić
574:Jovan Cvijić
569:Gëzim Alpion
565:Robert Elsie
544:
516:
405:
353:
316:
306:
296:
288:
282:
275:
258:
239:
194:
192:
156:Serbian Army
152:Perpetrators
143:
136:
135:
129:
45:Part of the
25:
18:
3950:Opalchentsi
3647:Montenegrin
3161:2440/124622
2275:, para. 62.
2213:Frantz 2009
2154:Bytyçi 2015
2142:Tanner 2014
2125:Osmani 2000
2115:, para. 30.
2101:Osmani 2000
2089:Osmani 2000
2062:, para. 31.
2014:, para. 26.
1993:, para. 25.
1976:, para. 24.
1949:, para. 23.
1937:, para. 22.
1925:, para. 21.
1910:, para. 20.
1893:Pinson 1996
1883:, para. 19.
1866:, para. 18.
1851:, para. 17.
1774:, para. 33.
1669:Şimşir 1968
1645:Pllana 1985
1560:, para. 11.
1434:Gruber 2008
1304:Frantz 2009
1283:, para. 29.
1160:Müller 2009
1090:, para. 15.
880:vice-consul
784:Llapi river
776:Llapi river
412:hostilities
107:Attack type
21:‹ The
4039:Categories
3868:agreements
3529:. Verana.
3513:. Verana.
3497:. Verana.
3477:. 35. (3).
3448:. 45. (4).
2036:Blumi 2011
1959:Judah 2008
1693:Elsie 2010
1657:Rizaj 1981
1449:Tošić 2015
1321:Blumi 2012
1230:Blumi 2013
1139:Blumi 2003
1061:References
946:Mala Plana
797:Yeni Pazar
469:Circassian
436:Pusta Reka
350:Background
287:; plural:
3694:Bulgarian
3486:Balcanica
3210:Balcanica
3170:144497487
3026:cite book
2976:161413963
2893:Český Lid
2807:140637086
2757:144626672
2728:143742189
2699:143499467
2645:cite book
2474:162217114
2399:154724667
2345:Uka 2004d
2225:Uka 2004d
2077:Uka 2004a
1633:Uka 2004a
1621:Mann 2005
1461:Uka 2004b
1367:Uka 2004d
1262:Uka 2004c
1066:Citations
995:peoples.
958:Huruglica
950:Retkoceri
926:Šiljomana
922:Shulemaja
910:Muhaxhirë
805:Black Sea
780:muhaxhirë
719:Aftermath
704:Veternica
651:Expulsion
556:Sabit Uka
440:Jablanica
372:Arbanasce
368:Arbanaška
335:Podgorica
289:Muhaxhirë
270:Jablanica
246:Podgorica
116:expulsion
100:Albanians
91:1877–1878
30:is being
3918:See also
3573:Albanian
3565:You tube
3426:. 2 (2).
2905:42640413
2635:25 April
2391:40109813
1754:27 March
999:See also
962:Oruglica
954:Retkocer
930:Gjikolli
877:Russia's
872:Toplitza
868:Belgrade
864:Resident
708:Masurica
700:Grdelica
676:Pristina
668:Kopaonik
641:Caucasus
461:Leskovac
432:Kosanica
418:and the
414:between
392:Berišane
284:Muhaxhir
66:Location
34:. ›
23:template
3010:. Era.
2466:3879619
2355:Sources
2330:12 July
2304:12 July
991:Nishliu
974:Byçmeti
966:Hergaja
934:Džigolj
887:Serbian
861:British
856:Gjakova
852:Prizren
848:typhoid
803:of the
767:Medveđa
680:Prizren
663:Pasjača
585:Prelude
428:Toplica
396:Mazarać
388:Kastrat
327:Gusinje
307:Muhajir
298:Muhacir
254:Shkodër
231:Balkans
229:in the
126:Victims
3597:Part 6
3593:Part 5
3589:Part 4
3585:Part 3
3581:Part 2
3577:Part 1
3550:
3533:
3517:
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938:Pllana
918:Kosovo
900:Legacy
875:hand,
844:consul
696:Goljak
684:Skopje
535:(1923)
519:(1881)
487:(1880)
465:Romani
457:Vranje
416:Serbia
323:Ulcinj
303:Arabic
166:Motive
96:Target
74:Serbia
3725:Greek
3569:video
3488:. 37.
3437:. 51.
3206:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
3166:S2CID
2972:S2CID
2901:JSTOR
2840:2 May
2834:(PDF)
2819:(PDF)
2803:S2CID
2793:(2).
2753:S2CID
2724:S2CID
2695:S2CID
2629:(PDF)
2622:(PDF)
2470:S2CID
2462:JSTOR
2395:S2CID
2387:JSTOR
2367:(PDF)
1518:p. 13
1493:p. 13
1174:, 11.
978:Donji
976:from
970:Rgaje
968:from
960:from
952:from
940:from
932:from
793:Üsküp
752:right
692:Radan
658:Sofia
645:Milan
453:Pirot
424:Pirot
408:Islam
380:Alban
3907:and
3668:Serb
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3032:link
3012:ISBN
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2920:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2857:ISBN
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2637:2016
2602:ISBN
2575:ISBN
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2531:ISBN
2510:ISBN
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1756:2020
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