Expulsion of Jews from Spain

3788:, is directly related to the "converso problem." The first step was the creation of the Inquisition, the second the expulsion of the Jews to eliminate those who allegedly incited the converts to Judaize. "What concerned them was the total and definitive assimilation of the converts, for which the previous measures failed; they resort to a drastic solution: the expulsion of the Jews to root out evil." "The idea of expelling the Jews comes from the Inquisition; there is no doubt about this. The expulsion of the Jews seemed to the Inquisition the best way to end the Judaizing of converts: by removing the cause – communication with Jews – the effect would fade away. The Catholic Monarchs take the idea on their own, but this does not mean that they are under pressure from the inquisitors. The concerns, for them, are also religious: heresy is not to their liking; they want to cleanse the kingdom of it, as the queen wrote, but these concerns are also political: they hope that the elimination of Judaism will facilitate the definitive assimilation and integration of the converts into Spanish society. ". 3247:

protested the breach of the provisions in the Order of 1412 on the Jews – prohibition to wear luxury dresses; obligation to wear a red slice on the right shoulder; prohibition to hold positions with authority over Christians, to have Christian servants, to lend money at usurious interest, etc. But in the Cortes de Toledo of 1480, they decided to go much further to fulfill these norms: to force the Jews to live in separate quarters, where they could not leave except during daytime to carry out their professional occupations. Until then, the Jewish quarters – where the Jews used to live and where they had their synagogues, butchers, etc. – had not formed a separate world in the cities. There were also Christians living in them and Jews living outside them. From 1480 onwards, the Jewish quarters were converted into ghettos surrounded by walls, and the Jews were confined in them to avoid confusion and damage to Christianity. A term of two years was established for the process, but it lasted for more than ten years and was not exempt from problems and abuses by Christians.

3653:." It is not surprising, therefore, that historians have debated whether, in addition to the motives laid out by the Catholic Monarchs in the decree, there were others. Nowadays, some of the arguments made over time, such as that the Jews were expelled to keep their wealth, seem to have been discarded, since the majority of the Jews who left were the most modest, while the richest converted and they stayed. And on the other hand, the crown did not benefit at all from the operation; rather, it was damaged, because it stopped receiving the taxes paid by the Jews. Nor does the argument seem to hold that the expulsion was an episode of class conflict – for instance, that the nobility wanted to get rid of an incipient bourgeoisie, represented by the Jews, that supposedly threatened their interests – because many Jews were defended by some of the most important noble families of Castile, and because in addition, it was among the ranks of the "bourgeoisie" of "old Christians" where anti-Judaism grew the most. 3957:. Contemporary Jewish accounts frequently compared their suffering to that of the ancient Israelites, expressing both their trust in God and their hope for messianic deliverance. In addition to their religion, they also "kept many of their ancestral customs, and in particular preserved the use of the Spanish language, a language which, of course, is not exactly what was spoken in fifteenth-century Spain: like any living language, it evolved and suffered notable alterations over the passage of time, although the structures and essential characteristics remained those of late medieval Castilian. The Sephardis never forgot the land of their parents, harboring mixed feelings for her: on the one hand, the resentment for the tragic events of 1492, and on the other hand, as time goes by, the nostalgia for the lost homeland." 3973:

countries dominated by the Turks, where they formed colonies which have survived to this day, especially in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria . These families, generally composed of Sephardic elements of good social standing, have maintained their religion, traditions, language, and even their own literature for four-and-a-half centuries. The Spanish that they transported, that of Castile and Andalusia from the end of the 15th century, removed from all contact with that of the Peninsula, has not participated in the evolution undergone by that of Spain and Spanish colonial America. Its phonetics present some archaic but not degenerate forms; Its vocabulary offers countless loan words from Hebrew, Greek, Italian, Arabic, Turkish, according to the countries of residence.

3397:, three previous conditions which would be reflected in the document: to justify the expulsion by charging Jews with two sufficiently serious offenses – usury and "heretical practice"; That there should be sufficient time for Jews to choose between baptism or exile; And that those who remained faithful to the Mosaic law could dispose of their movable and immovable property, although with the provisos established by the laws: they could not take either gold, silver, or horses. Torquemada presented the draft decree to the monarchs on March 20, 1492, and the monarchs signed and published it in Granada on March 31. According to Joseph Pérez, that the monarchs commissioned the drafting of the decree to Torquemada "demonstrates the leading role of 3881:

there is no doubt that the Jews were no longer a source of relevant wealth, neither as bankers nor as renters nor as merchants who conducted business at an international level. The expulsion of the Jews produced problems at the local level but not a national catastrophe. It is unreasonable to attribute to that event the decline of Spain and its supposed inability to adapt to the transformations of the modern world. What we know now shows that 16th century Spain was not exactly an economically backward nation. In strictly demographic and economic terms, and apart from human aspects, the expulsion did not imply for Spain any substantial deterioration, but only a temporary crisis quickly overcome."

3781:

without foundation: "Why should the monarchs have had to worry about what the masses felt about Jews and converts when they did not attend to the more concrete interests of those masses? Of the three surviving versions of the expulsion edict, only the third , which was signed only by King Ferdinand, refers to the subject of usury, and certainly in very harsh terms. In the other two versions, we do not read a single mention or even the slightest allusion to this matter. Accusations that had been repeated for centuries against the Jews: a deicide people, desecration of hosts, ritual crimes ... do not appear in any of the three versions."

3633:

of 1480, by which the Jews were forced to live in separate neighborhoods from the Christians, to prevent the Jews from being able to "subvert and subtract the Christian faithful from our holy Catholic faith." The second was the decision to expel the Jews from Andalusia, "believing that this would be enough for those of the other cities and towns and places of our kingdoms and manors to stop doing and committing the aforementioned." But this measure failed "because every day it is found and it seems that the said Jews continue to grow their evil and damaged purpose where they live and converse."

2681: 3792:

in this type of state there are no groups that are governed by particular rules, as was the case for the Jewish community. For this reason, it is not by chance, Pérez warns, that only three months after having eliminated the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula with the conquest of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada, the monarchs decreed the expulsion of the Jews. "What was intended then was to fully assimilate Judaizers and Jews so that there were only Christians. The monarchs must have thought that the prospect of expulsion would encourage Jews to convert

3072: 2501: 3440: 3826: 3019: 3864:, about 40,000 emigrated. Another approximately 50,000 Jews received a Christian baptism so as to remain in Spain; many secretly kept some of their Jewish traditions and thus became the target of the Inquisition. The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal (where the entire community was forcibly converted in 1497) and to North Africa. The Jews of the kingdom of Aragon fled to other Christian areas including Italy, rather than to Muslim lands as is often assumed. Although the vast majority of 2924:, for example, was left with only 24 families. In the Crown of Castile, there were less than 80,000. In Seville before the revolts of 1391, there were about 500 Jewish families. According to Joseph Perez, at the time of the expulsion, there were fewer than 150,000 Jews, distributed in 35 aljamas of the Crown of Aragon and 216 in the Crown of Castile. In both Crowns, it was observed that the Jews had left the great cities and lived in the small and rural areas, less exposed "to the excesses of the Christians." 3293: 2940:

organization of the aljamas and their religious activities, thanks to the agreements reached by the procurators of the aljamas gathered in Valladolid in 1432 and sanctioned by the king, which meant that "the Crown of Castile accepts again officially that a minority of its subjects has another religion than the Christian one and recognizes the right of this minority to exist legally, with a legal status." "In this way, the Jewish community is rebuilt with the approval of the crown."

3599:

wagons, and continued their journeys each to the ports where they were to go; and went by the roads and fields where they went with many works and fortunes; some falling, others rising, others dying, others being born, others becoming sick, that there was no Christian that did not feel their pain, and always invited them to baptism, and some, with grief, converted and remained, but very few, and the rabbis worked them up and made the women and young men sing and play tambourines.

3251: 3811: 3680: 2964: 2952:, the number of Christian lenders had increased by a large percentage. Jews also continued to collect royal, ecclesiastical, and seigniorial rents, but their importance there had also diminished – in Castile they were only in charge of a quarter of the revenues. However, in the court of Castile – but not in the crown of Aragon – Jews held important administrative and financial positions. 3335: 2960:, and also chief rabbi of Castile. Yucé Abravanel was "A greater collector of the service and mountaineering of the herds, one of the more healthy income and greater yield of the Crown of Castile." However, according to Joseph Perez, the role of the Jews in the court must not be exaggerated. "The truth was that the state could do without the Jews, both in the bureaucratic apparatus and in the management of the estate." 2994:, that the crown delegated to it over its members." The aljamas were organized internally with a wide margin of autonomy. They designated by lottery the council of elders that governed the life of the community; collecting their own taxes for the maintenance of worship, synagogues, and rabbinical teaching; lived under the norms of Jewish law; and had their own courts that heard all cases in civil matters – since the 3609: 4419: 3560: 2785: 3489: 3313:. There are doubts as to whether the order was strictly enforced, since at the time of the final expulsion in 1492 some chroniclers speak of the fact that 8,000 families of Andalusia embarked in Cadiz and others in Cartagena and the ports of the Crown of Aragon. On the other hand, the expulsion of the Jews of Saragossa and Teruel was also proposed, but in the end, it was not carried out. 3276:

dwelling, and being present among the Christians." Fray Hernando de Talavera, the queen's confessor and who had opposed the use of force to solve the "converso problem," also justified the segregation "by avoiding many sins that follow from the mixture and a great deal of familiarity and from not keeping everything that, encompassing their conversation with Christians, by

2407:. Due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. Many of those who remained decided to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and the prior persecution, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism, and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled. An unknown number returned to Spain in the following years. The expulsion led to 3507:, the chief rabbi of Castile and one of the closest collaborators of the monarchs. He and all his relatives were baptized on June 15, 1492, in the Guadalupe monastery, with the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand as their godparents. He took the name of Fernán Núñez Coronel, while his son-in-law Mayr Melamed took the name Fernán Pérez Coronel – in both cases, the same 4752:, pp. 44–46)"Anyone who does not adapt to the rest of the community will be I saw as "Jew." Manuel Rodríguez, alchemist of Soria in the 1470s, disdained the official religion, but the parish priest described him as "the wisest men in the world in all things." Precisely for this reason he was reputed, according to the testimony of an official, to be "Jewish" 3044:. The positions abandoned by Jews were mostly filled by converts, who congregated where Jewish communities had flourished before 1391, doing work formerly performed by Jews – trade and crafts – with the added advantage that as Christians they could now access trades and professions previously forbidden to Jews. Some even entered the clergy, becoming 2974:

together with a mass of small people: farmers, artisans, shopkeepers." What united them was that they practiced the same faith, different from the one recognized, which made them a separate community within the monarchy and which was "property" of the crown which thereby protected them. In a letter dated July 7, 1477, addressed to the authorities of

3206: 3791:

On the other hand, Joseph Pérez, following Luis Suárez, places the expulsion within the context of the construction of the "modern State," which requires greater social cohesion based on the unity of faith to impose its authority on all groups and individuals in the kingdom. Unlike in medieval times,

3598:

All the young men and daughters who were twelve years old were married to each other, for all the females of this age above were in the shadow and company of husbands... They came out of the lands of their birth, big and small children, old and young, on foot and men on asses and other beasts, and on

3550:

They also had serious difficulties in recovering money lent to Christians because either the repayment term was after August 10, the deadline for their departure, or many of the debtors claimed "usury fraud," knowing that the Jews would not have time for the courts to rule in their favor. In a letter

3545:

They sold and bargained away everything they could of their estates ... and in everything there were sinister ventures, and the Christians got their estates, very many and very rich houses and inheritances, for few monies; and they went about begging with them, and found not one to buy them, and gave

3467:

Within the set period of four months the Jews could sell their real estate and take the proceeds of the sale in the form of bills of exchange – not in coinage or gold and silver because their export was prohibited by law – or merchandise, as long as they were not arms or horses, whose export was also

3308:

Over the course of their inquiries, the inquisitors discovered that for a long time many converts had been meeting with their Jewish relatives to celebrate Jewish holidays and even attend synagogues. This convinced them that they would not be able to put an end to crypto-Judaism if converts continued

3246:

But the monarchs could not do away with all the vexations and discrimination suffered by the Jews, encouraged on many occasions by the preaching of the friars from the mendicant orders. They decided to segregate the Jews to end the conflict. Already in the Cortes of Madrigal of 1476, the monarchs had

3055:

The socio-economic position of converts was viewed with suspicion by the "old" Christians, a resentment that was accentuated by the conscience on the part of those who had a differentiated identity, proud of being Christians and having Jewish ancestry, which was the lineage of Christ. Popular revolts

2973:

The Hebrew community at the end of the 15th century was therefore far from rich and influential. "In fact, the Spanish Jews at the time of their expulsion did not form a homogeneous social group. There were classes among them as in Christian society, a small minority of very rich and well-placed men,

2947:

During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, in the last quarter of the 15th century, many Jews lived in rural villages and engaged in agricultural activities. Crafts and trade were not monopolized – international trade had passed into the hands of converts. While Jews continued to trade

3873:

were also able to recover all their goods for the same price at which they had sold them. Returns are documented at least until 1499. On the other hand, the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as

3872:

The situation of those who returned was regularized with an order of November 10, 1492, in which it was established that civil and ecclesiastical authorities had to be witnesses to baptism, and in the event that they had been baptized before returning, evidence and testimonials that confirm it. They

3837:

As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, "In 1492, the story of Spanish Judaism ends, thenceforth leading only an underground existence, always threatened by the Spanish Inquisition and the suspicion of a public opinion that saw in Jews, Judaizers and even sincere converts natural enemies of Catholicism and

3106:

says that "it can be affirmed that at the end of the 1470s, there was no Judaizing movement highlighted or proven among the converts." He also points out that when a convert was accused of Judaizing, in many cases the "proofs" that were brought were, in fact, cultural elements of his Jewish ancestry

2906:

After the massacres of 1391 and the preaching that followed them, by 1415 scarcely 100,000 Jews continued to practice their religion in the crowns of Castile and Aragon. The historian Joseph Perez explains that "Spanish Judaism never recover from this catastrophe." The Jewish community "came out of

3880:

As for the economic impact of the expulsion, it seems to be ruled out that it was a hard setback that stopped the birth of capitalism, which would be one of the causes of the decline of Spain. As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, "in view of the published literature on taxation and economic activities,

3640:

Because when some serious and detestable crime is committed by some college or university , it is reason that such college or university be dissolved, and annihilated and the younger ones by the elders and for each other to be punished and that those who pervert the good and honest living of cities

3632:

The measures taken up to that point by the monarchs to put an end to communication between the Jewish community and the converts, a fundamental cause of the new Christians "Judaizing," according to the monarchs and the Inquisition, are as follows. The first was the agreement of the Cortes of Toledo

3574:

In addition, they had to pay all the expenses of the trip – transport, maintenance, freight of the ships, tolls, etc. This was organized by Isaac Abravanel, who contracted the ships (having to pay very high prices), and whose owners in some cases did not fulfill the contract or killed the travelers

3355:

discovered this, he presented himself before the king and threw a crucifix at his feet, saying: "Judas sold our Lord for thirty pieces of silver; His Majesty is about to sell it again for thirty thousand." According to the Israeli historian Benzion Netanyahu, quoted by Julio Valdeón, when Abravanel

3346:

On March 31, 1492, shortly after the end of the Granada War, the Catholic Monarchs signed the decree of expulsion of the Jews in Granada, which was sent to all the cities, towns and lordships of their kingdoms with strict orders to not read it or make it public until May 1. It is possible that some

3304:

The first inquisitors appointed by the kings arrived in Seville in November 1480, "immediately sowing terror." During the first years, in this city alone, they pronounced 700 death sentences and more than 5,000 "reconciliations" – that is, prison sentences, exile or simple penances – accompanied by

3009:

The situation in which the Jews lived, according to Joseph Perez, posed two problems: "As subjects and vassals of the king, the Jews had no guarantee for the future – the monarch could at any time close the autonomy of the aljamas or require new Most important taxes"; and, above all, "in these late

2877:

of Valencia played a prominent role in this campaign, which had the support of the monarchs. In the Crown of Aragon, it was decreed that Jews were obligated to attend three sermons a year. As a result of the massacres of 1391 and the measures that followed, by 1415 more than half of the Jews of the

3796:

and that thus a gradual assimilation would destroy the remnants of Judaism. They were wrong about this. The vast majority preferred to leave, with all that this entailed in tears, sacrifices and humiliations, and remain faithful to their faith. They flatly refused the assimilation that was offered

3555:

Jews complained that, "The mayors of the said village were committing and have committed many wrongdoings and affronts that were specifically not consented to, no less do they want to pay their personal property and real estate that they have, nor pay the debts owed to them and that which they owe

3511:

as the king. This case, like that of Abraham de Córdoba, was given much publicity, to serve as an example for the rest of their community. In fact, during the four-month tacit term that was given for the conversion, many Jews were baptized, especially the rich and the most educated, and among them

3972:

It is said of the Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century that they preserve the language and the Spanish traditions in the East. The expulsion of the Jews sent a large number of families out of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly from Andalusia and Castile, to settle in the eastern Mediterranean

3780:

that the expulsion was the consequence of the climate of racism that lived in the Christian society of the time. A thesis of the latter – that the monarchs decided on the expulsion to ingratiate themselves with the masses in which anti-Jewish sentiments predominated – Joseph Pérez considers to be

3270:

We send to the aljamas of the said Jews and Moors: that each of them be put in said separation such procedure and such order that within the said term of the said two years they have the said houses of their separation, and live and die in them, and henceforth not have their dwellings among the

3096:

were false Christians and that they still practiced the Jewish religion in secret. According to Joseph Perez, it is a proven fact that, among those who converted to escape the blind furor of the masses in 1391, or by the pressure of the proselytizing campaigns of the early fifteenth century, some

3536:

The Jews who decided not to convert "had to prepare themselves for the departure in tremendous conditions." They had to sell their goods because they had very little time and had to accept the sometimes ridiculous amounts offered to them in the form of goods that could be carried away, since the

3775:

Julio Valdeón affirms that the decision of the Catholic Monarchs, who "showed themselves, in their first years of rule, clearly protective of the Hebrews," was due to "pressure from the rest of Christianity" and to "the constant pressure of The Church, who often preached against those it called

3527:

and communities much preaching was done, in all the synagogues and in the squares and in the churches and in the fields, by the wise men of Spain; and the holy gospel and the doctrine of the Holy Mother Church was preached to them, and it was preached and proven by their own Scriptures, how the

3283:

With the decision to detain Jews in ghettos, it was not only a question of separating them from Christians and of protecting them, but also of imposing a series of obstacles to their activities, so that they would have no choice but "to give up their status as Jews if they want to lead a normal

3404:

Of the decree promulgated in Granada on March 31, which was based on the draft decree of Torquemada – drawn up "with the will and consent of their highnesses" and which is dated March 20 in Santa Fe – there are two versions: One signed by the two monarchs and valid for the Crown of Castile and

3275:

The decision of the kings approved by the Courts of Toledo had antecedents, since Jews already had been confined in some Castilian localities like Cáceres or Soria. In this last locality it had been carried out with the monarchs' approval "to avoid the harms that followed from the Jews living,

2652:

What changes are not the mentalities, it is the circumstances. The good times of the Spain of the three religions had coincided with a phase of territorial, demographic, and economic expansion, in which Jews and Christians did not compete in the labor market: both the former and the latter had

3463:

There was a period of four months, which would be extended ten more days, until August 10, to leave the monarchs' domains. Those who did not do so within that period, or who returned, would be punished with the death penalty and the confiscation of their property. Likewise, those who aided or

3483:

Some Jews, when the term was running out, went about by night and day in despair. Many turned from the road ... and received the faith of Christ. Many others, in order not to deprive themselves of the country where they were born and not to sell their goods at that time at lower prices, were

2895: 2939:

After the critical period of 1391–1415, the pressure on Jews to recuperate their confiscated synagogues and books had decreased, and they were then able to avoid certain obligations such as carrying the red ribbon or attending friars' sermons. They were also able to reconstruct the internal

2829:. In January 1391, an assault on the Jewish quarter was avoided by the municipal authorities, but in June, hundreds of Jews were murdered, their houses were ransacked, and their synagogues were converted into churches. Some Jews managed to escape; others, terrified, asked to be baptized. 3430:

Regarding the essentials, the two versions have the same structure and expose the same ideas. The first part describes the reasons why the monarchs – or the king in the case of the Aragonese version – decided to expel the Jews. The second part details how the expulsion would take place.

3868:

simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture, a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret, gradually migrating throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the Alhambra Decree.

3755:

As Joseph Pérez has pointed out, the expulsion "puts an end to an original situation in Christian Europe: that of a nation that consents to the presence of different religious communities" with which it "becomes a nation like the rest in European Christendom." Pérez adds, "The

3368: 3233:

in general and each one in particular, as well as their persons and their property; I protect them against any attack, whatever their nature ...; I forbid that they be attacked, killed or injured; I also forbid that they adopt a passive attitude if they are attacked, killed or

3187:

of 1 November 1478. "With the creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition, the authorities will have sufficient instruments and methods of investigation at their disposal." According to Joseph Pérez, Ferdinand and Isabella "were convinced that the Inquisition would force the

3010:

years of the Middle Ages, when a state of modern character was being developed, there could be no question of a problem of immense importance: was the existence of separate and autonomous communities compatible with the demands of a modern state? This was the real question."

2928: 3797:

them as an alternative." However, "assimilation" is in this quote a euphemism: what was offered to the Sephardic Jew was, in fact, conversion to a faith that was not his own, hence his mass emigration (towards the different directions indicated in the map above).

2567:

Fernández-Morera uses the case of medieval Spain to further an explicitly extreme right-wing and conservative Christian political and cultural agenda as it bears upon debates about politics, the establishment of religion and the very place of the academy in civic

3656:

A personal motive on the part of the monarchs can also be ruled out, as there is no indication that they felt any repugnance towards Jews and converts. Among the monarchs' trusted men were several who belonged to this group, such as the confessor of the queen

4506:- cuya civilización era por aquel entonces muy superior a la de la España cristiana, porque hablaban árabe, porque conocían la organización política, económica y social de los territorios musulmanes y porque dominaban las técnicas comerciales más avanzadas». 3363:

was held in Avila in which three converts and two Jews condemned by the Inquisition were burnt alive for an alleged ritual crime against a Christian child (who will be known as the ) contributed to create the propitious environment for the expulsion.

3005:

of 1476, criminal cases had passed to the royal courts. But Jews did not enjoy full civil rights: they had a specific tax system far more burdensome than that of Christians and were excluded from positions that could confer authority over Christians.

2859:, anti-Jewish measures were intensified. In Castile in 1412, Jewish men had to let their beards grow, and Jews were required to wear a distinctive red badge sewn to their clothes, so they could be recognized. In the Crown of Aragon, possession of the 3528:

Messiah they awaited was Our Redeemer and Savior Jesus Christ, who came at the suitable time, who their ancestors ignored with malice, and all the others who came after them never wanted to hear the truth; before, deceived by the false book of the

2910:

In the Crown of Aragon, Judaism virtually disappeared in important places such as Barcelona, Valencia, and Palma – in 1424 the Barcelona Jewry was abolished because it was considered unnecessary – and only the one in

2644:

stated that the Jews lived among Christians "so that their presence reminds them that they descend from those who crucified Our Lord Jesus Christ", but the kings continued to "protect" the Jews for the important role they played in their kingdoms.

3409:. Between the draft decree of Torquemada and the two final versions, there exist, according to Joseph Pérez, "significant variants." In contrast to the Torquemada project and the Castilian decree, in the version addressed to the Crown of Aragon: 3853:

estimated the number of Sephardic Jews during the 15th century at 400,000 out of a total population of approximately 7.5 million people in all of Spain, out of whom about half (at least 200,000) or slightly more (300,000) remained in Iberia as

3619:

In the Castillian version of the Alhambra Decree, reference is made exclusively to religious motives. The Aragonese version also alludes to usury. The Jews are accused of heretical depravity, that is, of serving as an example and inciting the

3309:

to maintain contact with the Jews, so they asked the monarchs for the Jews to be expelled from Andalusia. This request was approved and in 1483, the monarchs gave six months for the Jews of the dioceses of Seville, Cordoba, and Cadiz to go to

2620:

considers that "the myth of the 'Spain of the three cultures,' widely used as an element of propaganda, is so far detached from historical reality that it can only generate new elements of confusion." In Christian kingdoms, according to

2661:, created a new situation. believed they were victims of a curse, punished for sins they must have committed. The clergy invited the faithful to repent, change their behavior, and return to God. It was then that the presence of the " 3920:

suffered all kinds of ill-treatment and were plundered, even by the Jews who had lived there for a long time. Those who fared the best were those who settled in the territories of the Ottoman Empire, both in North Africa and in the

3130:

that must be punished. This is how various voices began to claim, including those of some converts who do not want to question the sincerity of their baptism because of those "false" Christians who are beginning to be called

3060:). The first and largest of these revolts took place in 1449 in Toledo, during which a "Judgment–Statute" was approved that prohibited access to municipal positions by "any confessor of Jewish lineage" – an antecedent of the 3224:

were concerned with protecting Jews – since they were "property" of the crown. For example, on September 6, 1477, in a letter addressed to the Jewish community of Seville, Queen Isabel I gave assurances about their safety:

2625:, both Jews and Muslims were treated "with contempt" and the three communities "lived separate existences." In Muslim kingdoms, on the other hand, Christians and Jews were required to pay a tax to profess their religion. 2836:, and then towards other parts of Castile. In August, it reached the crown of Aragon. Murders, looting, and fires occurred everywhere. The Jews who managed to survive either fled, many seeking refuge in the kingdoms of 3101:

became more plausible when some cases arose of prominent converts who continued to observe Jewish rites after their conversion. But Judaizers, according to Joseph Perez, were a minority, although relatively important.

2919:

such as those of Seville, Toledo, and Burgos lost many of their members; in 1492, the year of the expulsion, in the Crown of Aragon only a quarter of the former number of Jews remained. The famous Jewish community of

3284:

existence. Their conversion is not demanded – not yet – nor is their autonomous statute touched, but it continues with them in such a way that they end up convincing themselves that the only solution is conversion."

3860:; Others who tried to estimate the Jews' demographics based on tax returns and population estimates of communities are much lower, with Kamen stating that, of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews and 200,000 3691:

or Julio Valdeón highlight that the Catholic Monarchs were, in fact, the last of the sovereigns of the great western European states to decree expulsion – the Kingdom of England did it in 1290, the

5315: 3628:

It is well known that in our dominions, there are some bad Christians who have Judaized and committed apostasy against the holy Catholic faith, the majority being caused by relations between Jews and Christians.

3426:; it mentions the abominable circumstances and of Jewish perfidy; labels Judaism as "leprosy"; and it recalls that the Jews "by their own fault are subject to perpetual servitude, to be slaves and captives." 3416:

Usury is mentioned as one of the two crimes of which the Jews are accused: "We find the said Jews, by means of great and unbearable usury, to devour and absorb the properties and substances of Christians";

3945:

who marveled that "the Jews had been thrown out of Castile, which was to throw away wealth." Over the course of a few generations, the Ottoman Empire's cities emerged as the heart of the Sephardic world.

2555:

Darío Fernández-Morera states that the supposed harmony between Jews and Muslims in Spain was an exaggeration that proliferated in the 19th century. However, this position has been strongly criticized as

3068:– and in principle "not directed especially against the converts. ... It was the parties and the demagogues that took advantage of the exasperation of the people and directed it against the converts." 6062: 3908:, or in the Italian states. As they were also expelled from these first two kingdoms in 1497 and 1498 respectively, they were forced to emigrate again. The majority of those from Navarre settled in 3238:

Hence, even the Catholic Monarchs were reputed to be favorable to the Jews until 1492. This is what the German traveler, Nicolas de Popielovo said, for example, after his visit in 1484–1485:

4740:, pp. 20–21)"The rich are hated because they are safe from hunger and disease; traders are accused of storing wheat to cause prices to rise; the houses of one and the other are looted." 2458:. This occurred a full century after Jews had openly begun to practice their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom. 3077: 3476:

pointed out, the Jews had "four months to take the most terrible decision of their lives: to abandon their faith to be integrated in it , or leave the territory in order to preserve it."

3192:

to assimilate into society once and for all: the day when all of the new Christians would renounce Judaism, and nothing would distinguish them anymore from any other member of society."

6087: 2821:, took advantage of the power vacuum created by the death of the archbishop of Seville. Hardening his preaching against the Jews that had begun in 1378, he ordered the overthrow of 6057: 3242:

Her subjects from Catalonia and Aragon speak publicly, and I have heard the same thing from many in Spain that the Queen is the protector of the Jews and the daughter of a Jewess.

3776:"deicides," as well as the "tremendous animosity that existed in the Christian people against the Jewish community." In this sense, he quotes the thesis of the Israeli historian 2944:, who presided over the meeting of Valladolid, was appointed court rabbi with authority over all the Jews of the kingdom, and at the same time as delegate of the king over them. 3941:

exclaimed on one occasion, referring to King Ferdinand: "You call him king who impoverishes his states to enrich mine?" This same sultan commented to the ambassador sent by

3183: 4502:, pp. 10–11)«Los judíos, perseguidos, hallaron refugio en los reinos cristianos del norte, donde fueron bien acogidos por los príncipes porque procedían de un país – 4373:

Darío Fernández-Morera (2016). The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain. Intercollegiate Studies Institute

3636:

Finally, the reason for deciding to expel the entire Jewish community, and not just those of its members who allegedly wanted to "pervert" the Christians, is explained:

3316:

According to Julio Valdeón, the decision to expel the Jews from Andalusia also obeyed "the desire to move them away from the border between the crown of Castile and the

3056:

broke out against the converts between 1449 and 1474, a period in Castile of economic difficulties and political crisis (especially during the civil war of the reign of

1036: 2657:

barely found an echo. The social, economic and political changes of the 14th century, however, including the wars and natural disasters that preceded and followed the

2640:. The peninsular Christian kingdoms were not at all oblivious to the growth of increasingly belligerent anti-Judaism – the Castilian statutory code of 3419:

The official position is reaffirmed that only the Crown can decide the fate of the Jews since they are the possession of the monarchs – "they are ours," it is said;

3900:

as Jews sought new places of refuge and resettlement. Most of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa, sometimes via Portugal, or in nearby states, such as the

3460:

There was no exception, neither for age, residence, nor place of birth – it included both those born in the crowns of Castile and Aragon and those from elsewhere.

3814: 3413:

The advocacy of the Inquisition is recognized – "Persuading us, the venerable father prior of Santa Cruz , inquisitor general of the said heretical iniquity...";

3457:

The expulsion of the Jews was final: "We agree to send out all male and female Jews from our kingdoms and that none of them ever come back or return to them."

3064:

of the following century. The origin of the revolts was economic in Andalusia especially because there was a situation of hunger, aggravated by an epidemic of

1614: 3888:

evidences interest by the Jewish community in what was happening at that time in Madrid, and it presents the news in Spanish, 180 years after the expulsion.

1269: 964: 3587: 5714: 2995: 3320:, the scene, during the 1480s and the first years of the 1490s, of the war that ended with the disappearance of the last stronghold of peninsular Islam." 1156: 3748:...-. The objective of all of them was to achieve unity of faith in their states, a principle that would be defined in the 16th century with the maxim " 3662: 2762:

in 1355, was carried out by the supporters of Enrique de Trastámara when they entered the city. The same happened eleven years later when they occupied

3580: 3036:, who, according to Henry Kamen, probably numbered around three hundred thousand people. “Christian convert” was the term applied to Jews who had been 2364: 5462: 3841:

Historic accounts of the numbers of Jews who left Spain are based on speculation, and some aspects were exaggerated by early accounts and historians:

2469:

to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past." Jews who could prove that they are the descendants of those expelled from Spain due to the

4224: 3885: 128: 4402:"The Myth of "The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise": The Extreme Right and the American Revision of the History and Historiography of Medieval Spain" 2941: 3170:

in that city secretly practicing their religion in private, some even doing so openly. After receiving these reports, the monarchs applied to Pope

1151: 17: 3999:"No, por cierto, por tolerancia o indiferencia, sino porque se carecía de instrumentos jurídicos apropiados para caracterizar este tipo de delito. 3996:"Certainly not because of tolerance or indifference, but because they lacked the appropriate legal instruments in order to define it as a crime." 3097:

clandestinely returned to their old faith when it seemed that the danger had passed, of which it is said that they "Judaized". The accusation of

3040:

and their descendants. As many of them had been forcibly converted, they were often looked upon with distrust by those who considered themselves

1399: 3649:, "undoubtedly the expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian site is one of the most controversial issues of all that have happened throughout the 5842: 5454: 4034: 3422:

And it contains more insulting expressions against the Jews: they are accused of making fun of the laws of Christians and of considering them

2540:

reviewed the treatment of medieval Jews, writes that while there were significant restrictions on Jews in Islamic states, they did not suffer

5772: 2532:

with reduced rights relative to Muslims, but were still generally in a better position than other European Jews living under Christian rule.

1653: 3135:. And it also bolstered the idea that the presence of the Jews among the Christians is what invites the converts to continue practicing the 2990:

Thus, the Jews "formed not a State in the State, but rather a micro-society next to the majority Christian society, with an authority, the

5458: 4947:

New light on the Santa Fe capitulations of 1492 between the Catholic Monarchs and Christopher Columbus: institutional and diplomatic study

3838:

Spanish idiosyncrasy, as understood and imposed by some ecclesiastical and intellectual leaders, in an attitude that bordered on racism."

2986:

All the Jews of my kingdoms are mine and are under my protection, and it is for me to defend and protect them and to keep them in justice.

3683:

Expulsion of European Jewish communities between 1100 and 1600. The main routes that the Spanish Jews followed are marked in light brown.

638: 601: 3356:

met with Queen Isabella, she said to him: "'Do you think this comes from me? The Lord has put that thought into the heart of the King?"

2844:, or chose baptism to avoid death. It is difficult to be certain of the number of victims. In Barcelona some 400 Jews were murdered; in 4213:

Celia Prados García: La expulsión de los judíos y el retorno de los sefardíes como nacionales españoles. Un análisis histórico-jurídico

6108: 5979: 5792: 1577: 5817: 5707: 2982:, after putting the aljama under her protection and prohibiting all type of oppression or humiliation against its members, states: 1600: 4331: 5989: 4401: 3541:

was not much help because the bankers, Italians for the most part, demanded enormous interest. A chronicler of the time attests:

3107:– such as treating Saturday, not Sunday, as the day of rest – or the lack of knowledge of the new faith, such as not knowing the 2648:

In the fourteenth century, the period of relative tolerance towards the Jews ended, passing into a phase of increasing conflict.

2473:

could "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality." The deadline to apply was October 1, 2019.

950: 3271:

Christians or elsewhere outside the designated areas and places that have been assigned to the said Jewish and Moorish quarters.

6077: 6029: 5904: 5899: 3122:

problem" was born. The baptized cannot renounce their faith according to the canonical doctrine of the Church, which considers

2357: 1527: 1462: 1344: 4188: 3351:

stands out, who offered King Ferdinand a considerable sum of money. According to a well-known legend, when Inquisitor General

5683: 5660: 5638: 5616: 5597: 5575: 5553: 5493: 5410: 648: 6128: 6034: 5864: 1086: 6118: 6039: 5700: 3901: 2435:

appearing in Italy and Greece. The surnames Faraggi, Farag and Farachi, for example, originated from the Spanish city of

1354: 1171: 1161: 401: 5964: 4189:"The Faraggi Family of the Balkans, Salonika, Volos, Larissa, Tricala, Seres, Monastir, Kastoria, Florina and Istanbul" 4113: 3760:

congratulated Spain for having carried out an act of good governance, an opinion shared by the best minds of the time (

3586:

The monarchs had to give orders to protect Jews during the trip because they suffered vexations and abuse. This is how

1750: 1700: 1665: 1359: 1224: 1091: 4242: 2781:, Jews were assaulted to shouts of "Long live King Henry!" There were no deaths, but the synagogues were burned down. 6133: 5934: 5894: 5874: 5854: 5757: 4954: 4387: 4143: 2350: 1442: 1404: 1379: 1299: 1284: 1131: 1071: 1026: 4356: 6067: 5869: 5350:; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Barcelona. 1735: 1717: 1623: 1517: 1369: 1364: 1289: 1254: 1121: 6153: 6072: 6019: 5994: 5949: 5944: 5919: 5777: 2653:

contributed to the general prosperity and shared their benefits. The militant anti-Judaism of the Church and the

2253: 2152: 1707: 1690: 1643: 1542: 1452: 1389: 1339: 1319: 1314: 1234: 1208: 1183: 1061: 1051: 1041: 1021: 1016: 5984: 5974: 5924: 5884: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5782: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5670:

Valdeón Baruque, Julio (2007). "El reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Época crucial del antijudaísmo español". In

3830: 2466: 1726: 1712: 1680: 1660: 1628: 1572: 1547: 1522: 1502: 1492: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1447: 1437: 1432: 1409: 1324: 1309: 1229: 1188: 1141: 1136: 1056: 1001: 6138: 6082: 6024: 5969: 5959: 5939: 5929: 5914: 5909: 5889: 5859: 5827: 5812: 5787: 5723: 3942: 3769: 2633: 2147: 1685: 1670: 1633: 1595: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1537: 1532: 1512: 1497: 1482: 1457: 1423: 1394: 1294: 1279: 1203: 1193: 1111: 1081: 1006: 992: 4455:"Chrétiens, juifs et musulmans dans l'Espagne médiévale. La convivencia et autres mythes historiographiques" 3546:

a house for an ass and a vine for a little cloth or linen because they could not bring forth gold or silver.

3532:, having the truth before their eyes and reading it in their law every day, they ignored and disregarded it. 6148: 6143: 5999: 5954: 5879: 5849: 4286: 3472:

Although the edict did not refer to a possible conversion, this alternative was implicit. As the historian

2704: 2629: 2495: 2399:

population and to ensure its members did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted to

1755: 1675: 1638: 1562: 1507: 1374: 1349: 1274: 1249: 1239: 1178: 1101: 1096: 1076: 1066: 1046: 1031: 924: 628: 392: 387: 3464:

concealed the Jews were liable to lose "all their goods, vassals, and fortresses, and other inheritances."

6123: 4174: 3849:

of 300,000. While few reliable statistics exist for the expulsion, modern estimates by scholars from the

1745: 1740: 1695: 1648: 1334: 1304: 1264: 1259: 1116: 422: 5671: 3575:

to steal what little they had. Abravanel counted on the collaboration of the royal official and convert

5648: 3884:

An issue of the Amsterdam Gazette published in the Netherlands on September 12, 1672, and preserved at

3688: 3473: 3394: 2578: 2219: 2064: 1772: 1166: 362: 352: 88: 2784: 2612:

and the laws of the kingdoms, Jews were tolerated and allowed to live in the kingdoms as subjects and

3749: 3693: 3624:

to return to the practices of his ancient religion. At the beginning of the decree, It is said that:

2754:) used anti-Judaism as a propaganda weapon, and the pretender to the throne accused his stepbrother, 2736: 2333: 2026: 1877: 1818: 709: 6158: 3938: 3488: 3305:

confiscation of their property and disqualification for public office and ecclesiastical benefits.

2505: 2036: 2016: 1126: 606: 147: 3646: 3850: 2632:

in the West had intensified, which was reflected in the harsh anti-Jewish measures agreed at the

2586: 2177: 2167: 2132: 2011: 2001: 1784: 955: 897: 731: 410: 367: 82: 4406:

Iberian Connections : Medieval and Early Modern Studies & Contemporary Critical Thought

4267: 6113: 5400: 3765: 3612: 3213: 3151: 3049: 2451: 2443: 2296: 2031: 1945: 1011: 563: 182: 152: 3761: 3390: 3371: 3352: 3082: 2873:

intensified their campaign of proselytism to make Jews convert to Christianity. The Dominican

2805:

The great catastrophe for the Jews took place in 1391 when the communities of Castile and the

2450:

diaspora. The edict was formally and symbolically revoked on December 16, 1968, following the

3447: 3347:

prominent Jews tried to nullify or soften it but did not have any success. Among these Jews,

3209: 3162:

problem," especially after having received some alarming reports in 1475 by the Prior of the

3000: 2979: 2967: 2863:

was declared unlawful, and the number of synagogues was limited to one per Jewish community (

2187: 2182: 2127: 1915: 830: 558: 545: 440: 157: 5347: 4212: 3784:

For Joseph Pérez, the decision of the Catholic Monarchs, as evidenced by the content of the

2680: 2525: 5469:, noviembre 1991 – enero 1992; publicación del Ministerio de Cultura de España, pp. 19–20). 3825: 3658: 3393:

and its collaborators the writing of the decree fixing to them, according to the historian

3158:, not out of tolerance for Jews, but for legalistic reasons. They decided to confront the " 2991: 2956:

was from 1488 treasurer-major of the Holy Brotherhood, a key organ in the financing of the

2258: 2210: 1950: 1808: 621: 486: 475: 433: 3576: 3563: 3297: 2975: 8: 4042: 3846: 3757: 3398: 3143: 3081:

in which appears kneeling behind the king Ferdinand the Catholic, the inquisitor general

3057: 2751: 2720: 2605: 2428: 2311: 2006: 684: 551: 454: 447: 377: 265: 140: 3687:

Current historians prefer to place expulsion in the European context, and those such as

3071: 2814: 4945:

Rumeu de Armas, Antonio (1985). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ed.).

3930: 3905: 3772:)... it was the so-called medieval coexistence that was strange to Christian Europe." 3317: 3061: 3027: 2837: 2700: 2582: 2500: 2162: 2112: 2059: 2054: 1968: 1838: 1106: 935: 694: 614: 468: 34: 3968:) as a socio-cultural and identity phenomenon, Garcia-Pelayo and Gross wrote in 1977: 3086: 5679: 5656: 5634: 5612: 5593: 5571: 5549: 5542: 5489: 5406: 4950: 4470: 4454: 4383: 4382:

Cohen, Mark R. (October 1995). Under Crescent and Cross. Princeton University Press.

4294: 4139: 4109: 4021:, Spanish navigator and conquistador, but a close relative of his with the same name. 3777: 3538: 3537:

export of gold and silver from the kingdom was prohibited. The possibility of taking

3383: 3221: 2907:

the crisis not only physically diminished but morally and intellectually shattered".

2699:

The first wave of violence against the Jews on the Iberian Peninsula occurred in the

2637: 2306: 2248: 2228: 2045: 1605: 1244: 704: 575: 505: 382: 295: 162: 3439: 5332: 4462: 4192: 3917: 3650: 3387: 3375: 3065: 3018: 2870: 2856: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2675: 2654: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2404: 2276: 2157: 2117: 2081: 1779: 1329: 840: 596: 500: 415: 305: 97: 3166:

of Seville, Friar Alonso de Ojeda, who reported that there were a large number of

4133: 4018: 3842: 3785: 3673: 3666: 3567: 3500: 3492: 3406: 3348: 3339: 3329: 3163: 3147: 2806: 2792: 2724: 2716: 2692: 2545: 2470: 2386: 2238: 2197: 2192: 2172: 2094: 2088: 2021: 1973: 1813: 1794: 945: 674: 586: 569: 113: 5692: 5626: 5585: 4129: 3519:

A chronicler of the time relates the intense propaganda campaign that unfolded:

2746:, anti-Jewish violence was closely related to the civil war during the reign of 2617: 3991: 3961: 3897: 3896:

The expulsion initiated a prolonged period of exile and hardship, triggering a

3669: 3508: 3504: 3155: 3123: 3098: 3045: 2953: 2874: 2662: 2641: 2432: 2408: 2338: 2137: 1992: 1872: 1851: 1828: 1823: 1801: 1789: 1384: 865: 799: 764: 742: 679: 517: 495: 357: 336: 312: 78: 60: 5328: 4065: 3594:, describes the time when the Jews had to "abandon the lands of their birth": 3292: 2809:

were massacred. The assaults, fires, looting, and slaughter began in June, in

6102: 4474: 4298: 3954: 3752:," i.e., that the subjects should profess the same religion as their prince. 3041: 2921: 2759: 2688: 2533: 2286: 2281: 1487: 1414: 940: 789: 784: 779: 769: 747: 699: 461: 300: 205: 167: 118: 4503: 3891: 3591: 3146:

ascended to the throne in 1474, she was already married to the heir to the

3136: 3108: 2949: 2879: 2841: 2658: 2560: 2549: 2491: 2316: 2142: 1983: 1978: 1936: 1889: 983: 850: 835: 794: 759: 372: 214: 5336: 3953:, the Jews expelled by the Catholic monarchs took or received the name of 3949:

As some Jews identified Spain and the Iberian Peninsula with the biblical

3556:

urge them to do and then pay them even if the deadlines are not reached."

3250: 2750:. In this conflict, the side supporting Enrique de Trastámara (later King 5563: 5537: 5374:

Life of Spinoza (Spinoza's Short Treatise on God, Man and his Well Being)

3922: 3810: 3503:, decided to convert to Christianity. The most relevant case was that of 3310: 3175: 3103: 2957: 2622: 2598: 2521: 2487: 2400: 2301: 2243: 1908: 814: 809: 804: 774: 5316:

Gerber J : The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience

2773:, Jews who could not pay the large tribute imposed on them in 1366 were 3360: 3179: 2778: 2594: 2517: 1959: 973: 902: 860: 689: 669: 228: 135: 55: 4466: 3679: 3608: 3479:

The drama that the Jews lived is documented by a contemporary source:

3263: 3205: 3032:

In the 15th century, the main problem stopped being the Jews becoming

2963: 2669: 3453:

The second part of the decree detailed the conditions for expulsion:

3277: 3171: 3033: 2833: 2822: 2763: 2732: 2609: 2557: 2513: 2122: 2107: 1197: 1145: 907: 855: 845: 526: 522: 512: 427: 187: 4423: 3559: 2849: 875: 4424:"Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History : Alt/Histories" 3950: 3913: 3855: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3709: 3621: 3423: 3159: 2932: 2912: 2899: 2845: 2712: 2708: 2395: 2291: 1901: 1833: 664: 172: 123: 3912:. And those from Portugal ended up in Northern Europe (England or 3334: 3287: 2894: 2818: 4318: 3926: 3909: 3818: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3552: 3132: 3037: 2810: 2774: 2613: 2541: 2512:

Up until the fourteenth century, Jews who lived under the Muslim

2465:

of Spain passed a law whereby the descendants of Sephardic Jews

2267: 2233: 2102: 1896: 885: 880: 752: 643: 538: 534: 530: 279: 274: 251: 233: 108: 103: 93: 71: 46: 5348:

Genetic analysis of Sephardic ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula

3737: 3697: 3529: 3524: 3513: 3499:

The most outstanding Jews, with few exceptions such as that of

3230: 3127: 2916: 2865: 2860: 2826: 2770: 2529: 2424: 2420: 2412: 1927: 1922: 1882: 1867: 978: 870: 290: 256: 242: 177: 5631:

Historia de una tragedia. La expulsión de los judíos de España

5402:

God's jury: the Inquisition and the making of the modern world

4138:. Translated by Hochroth, Lysa. University of Illinois Press. 4332:"New Deadline for the Spanish Citizenship for Sephardic Jews" 3934: 3729: 3725: 3367: 2883: 2436: 2416: 2390: 890: 319: 223: 192: 5150: 5148: 5040: 5038: 3937:. The sultan gave orders to welcome them, and his successor 3641:

and towns by a contagion, that can harm others, be expelled.

3701: 3262:

The text approved by the Cortes, which also applied to the

3112: 2389:

in 1492, which was enacted to eliminate their influence on

2382: 42: 4135:

History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain

3805: 3676:, without counting the Jewish doctors that attended them. 5145: 5035: 3892:

The Sephardic diaspora and the Jewish identity continuity

3821:, located in the place where five Jews were burned alive. 2927: 5678:(in Spanish). Cuenca: University of Castilla-La Mancha. 4106:

The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience

3570:

in the organization of the journey of the expelled Jews.

3405:

another signed only by King Ferdinand and valid for the

2758:, of favoring the Jews. The first slaughter of Jews, in 5488:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 33–34. 5486:

After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry

4243:"Sephardic Jews eager to apply for Spanish citizenship" 3154:. At this time, there was no punishment for practicing 3092:

To justify the attacks on converts, they affirmed that

3085:

and kneeling behind the queen the inquisitor of Aragon

2978:, where incidents had occurred against the Jews, Queen 2832:

From Seville, anti-Jewish violence extended throughout

3323: 5524:, Buenos Aires y México: Larousse, 1977, pp. 603–604. 5329:

Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA

3178:

in their kingdom, which the pontiff agreed to in his

2719:

were massacred. Two decades later, the impact of the

2597:

as almost 800 years of Muslim rule were ended by the

1906: 1887: 310: 4772: 4770: 2670:

The Jewish massacres of 1391 and their consequences

5541: 2467:could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalisation 5722: 5570:(in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Barcelona: Crítica. 5405:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 75. 5299: 5297: 5295: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5118: 5116: 5055: 5053: 4637: 4635: 4066:"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain" 4058: 3200: 6100: 5647: 5453:(hebreo: España) se remonta a los tiempos de la 5154: 5044: 4767: 4550: 4548: 4175:"Jewish Migration from 1500 to the 20th Century" 3013: 2889: 5669: 5653:La expulsión de los judíos. Un problema europeo 5568:La Inquisición Española. Una revisión histórica 5376:. London: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 4–5. 5238: 5214: 5166: 5107: 4969: 4932: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4440: 4087: 4085: 3288:The expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia (1483) 5544:The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision 5292: 5128: 5113: 5050: 4944: 4632: 4035:Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition 3434: 2604:A letter sent by the Catholic Monarchs to the 5708: 4545: 4428:The Extreme Right and the Revision of History 3696:in 1394; in 1421 the Jews were expelled from 2665:" among Christians was considered scandalous. 2446:granted Spanish citizenship to a part of the 2358: 4949:. Editorial – CSIC Press. pp. 138–141. 4108:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 1–144. 4082: 3603: 3566:, a Valencian convert who collaborated with 2520:were tolerated, a period referred to as the 2481: 4422:(2020). Valencia-García, Louie Dean (ed.). 4039:Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición 3229:I take under my protection the Jews of the 2878:crowns of Castile and Aragon had renounced 602:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 5715: 5701: 5609:Breve Historia de la Inquisición en España 4418: 3916:). In North Africa, those who went to the 3280:and civil laws is ordered and commanded." 3254:Descent to the Gate of San Andrés, in the 2365: 2351: 4452: 2628:In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 27:15th-century expulsion of Jews from Spain 3824: 3809: 3678: 3607: 3558: 3487: 3438: 3366: 3333: 3291: 3249: 3204: 3070: 3017: 2962: 2926: 2893: 2886:and important members of the community. 2783: 2679: 2499: 4399: 4284: 3806:The end of religious diversity in Spain 2915:remained. In Castile, once-flourishing 2703:as a consequence of the arrival of the 2528:wrote that Jews under Muslim rule were 14: 6101: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5398: 4103: 3174:for authorization to name a number of 3022:Judeo-Spanish dish of the 14th century 2882:and had been baptized, including many 2789:Slaughter of Jews in Barcelona in 1391 2431:. One result of the migration was new 5696: 5625: 5606: 5584: 5562: 5536: 5508: 5437: 5425: 5386: 5359: 5331:. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 441–448 (2012) 5318:, 1st ed. New York: Free Press, 1994. 5303: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5226: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5139: 5122: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4938: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4499: 4487: 4400:Velasco, Jesús R. (6 February 2020). 4225:"1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain" 4161: 4128: 4091: 5592:(in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. 5371: 4157: 4155: 3444:The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain 5674:; Ricardo Izquierdo Benito (eds.). 5483: 5472: 5457:e involucra a los súbditos del rey 4241:Mir, Meritxell (17 February 2014). 4240: 4041:) normally known in English as the 3324:The genesis of the expulsion decree 3220:From the beginning of their reign, 2935:, detail of 14th century miniature. 2711:in 1321. The Jewish communities of 24: 5633:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. 5611:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. 4206: 25: 6170: 4218: 4152: 4122: 4097: 393:Historical population comparisons 6109:Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 5655:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel. 5514: 5502: 5465:(Toledo, Sinagoga del Tránsito, 2731:) of several places, especially 2381:was the expulsion of practicing 1037:Democratic Republic of the Congo 951:Historical population by country 18:Expulsion of the Jews from Spain 5461:y a otros tantos exiliados del 5443: 5431: 5419: 5392: 5380: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5321: 5309: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4493: 4481: 4446: 4434: 4412: 4393: 4376: 4367: 4349: 4324: 4311: 4278: 4260: 4234: 4024: 4008: 3984: 3800: 3386:had precisely entrusted to the 5724:History of the Jews in Europe 5484:Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). 4453:Cailleaux, Christophe (2013). 4408:. No. 3. Yale University. 4181: 4167: 3845:speaks of 800,000 people, and 3201:Segregation of the Jews (1480) 3195: 2840:, Portugal and France, and in 2552:like the Jews of Christendom. 13: 1: 5520:Ramón García-Pelayo y Gross, 5449:La historia de los judíos en 4052: 3078:Virgen de los Reyes Católicos 3014:Conversos and the Inquisition 2890:Jews in the fifteenth century 2796: 2634:Fourth Council of the Lateran 2476: 608:Christianity and Judaism 4285:Stavans, Ilan (2014-04-01). 4031:Tribunal of the Inquisition: 2572: 2496:Antisemitism in Christianity 2379:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 7: 6129:Forced migrations in Europe 4287:"Repatriating Spain's Jews" 3579:and of the Genovese banker 3435:The conditions of expulsion 1907: 1888: 1615:Latin America and Caribbean 311: 10: 6175: 6119:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 5676:El antisemitismo en España 5530: 5522:Pequeño Larousse Ilustrado 4459:Cahiers de la Méditerranée 4357:"Under Crescent and Cross" 3659:friar Hernando de Talavera 3327: 3184:Exigit sincerae devotionis 3025: 2685:At the Feet of the Saviour 2673: 2608:in 1490 stated that under 2579:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 2546:supersessionist oppression 2485: 2220:Jewish political movements 1917:Conversion to Judaism 6048: 6010: 5730: 5548:. Yale University Press. 5181:, pp. 117–118, 120–) 4336:Immigration Lawyers Spain 3933:, after having passed by 3750:cuius regio, eius religio 3604:Reasons for the expulsion 3512:the vast majority of the 3318:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 2737:Principality of Catalonia 2723:provoked assaults on the 2482:Jews in Peninsular states 623:Hinduism and Judaism 6134:History of the conversos 5672:Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida 5467:La vida judía en Sefarad 4605:, pp. 138, 164–165) 4070:www.sephardicstudies.org 3977: 3939:Suleiman the Magnificent 3359:A few months before, an 2735:and other places in the 2585:. The last Muslim king, 2577:On January 2, 1492, the 2538:Under Cross and Crescent 2506:Synagogue of El Transito 449:Temple in Jerusalem 142:Bar and bat mitzvah 5607:Pérez, Joseph (2012) . 5399:Murphy, Cullen (2012). 3851:University of Barcelona 3665:, the treasurer of the 2931:Jewish man celebrating 2898:Miniature of a Spanish 2442:In 1924, the regime of 411:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6154:Jewish Spanish history 5773:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5649:Suárez Fernández, Luis 5155:Suárez Fernández (2012 5045:Suárez Fernández (2012 4038: 4015:Friar Alonso De Ojeda: 3975: 3834: 3822: 3684: 3672:, or Mayr Melamed and 3643: 3630: 3616: 3613:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3601: 3571: 3548: 3534: 3496: 3486: 3450: 3446:(in the year 1492) by 3379: 3343: 3301: 3273: 3259: 3244: 3236: 3217: 3152:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3111:or eating meat during 3089: 3023: 2988: 2970: 2936: 2903: 2802: 2696: 2687:, massacre of Jews in 2667: 2630:Christian anti-Judaism 2593:Boabdil), withdrew to 2570: 2509: 2452:Second Vatican Council 2444:Miguel Primo de Rivera 2411:of Jews from Spain to 5337:10.1038/ejhg.2011.200 5239:Valdeón Baruque (2007 5215:Valdeón Baruque (2007 5167:Valdeón Baruque (2007 5108:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4970:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4933:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4873:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4861:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4849:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4441:Valdeón Baruque (2007 4247:Religion News Service 4104:Gerber, Jane (1994). 3970: 3828: 3815:Monument to Tolerance 3813: 3689:Luis Suárez Fernández 3682: 3638: 3626: 3611: 3596: 3562: 3551:to the monarchs, the 3543: 3521: 3491: 3481: 3442: 3370: 3337: 3295: 3268: 3264:Muslims of the region 3253: 3240: 3227: 3214:Fernando II of Aragon 3208: 3074: 3062:blood-purity statutes 3021: 2984: 2980:Isabella I of Castile 2966: 2930: 2897: 2787: 2683: 2650: 2565: 2503: 1157:São Tomé and Príncipe 1152:Republic of the Congo 546:Second Temple Judaism 417:Kingdom of Judah 388:Modern historiography 6139:Judaism and politics 5590:Los judíos en España 3829:Sephardic family of 3770:Pico della Mirandola 3222:Isabel and Ferdinand 2869:). In addition, the 2259:World Agudath Israel 1400:United Arab Emirates 487:Second Temple period 477:Babylonian captivity 6149:Spanish Inquisition 6144:Judaism and society 6011:States with limited 5440:, pp. 118–120) 5289:, pp. 129–132) 5277:, pp. 128–129) 5253:, pp. 125–126) 5229:, pp. 136–137) 5193:, pp. 124–125) 5098:, pp. 113–114) 5086:, pp. 112–113) 5008:, pp. 187–188) 4984:, pp. 185–186) 4911:, pp. 171–172) 4839:, pp. 176–178) 4692:, pp. 170–171) 4680:, pp. 169–170) 4656:, pp. 168–169) 4629:, pp. 165–167) 4617:, pp. 139–140) 4274:. 22 February 2014. 4268:"1492 and all that" 4043:Spanish Inquisition 3902:Kingdom of Portugal 3877:("transgressors"). 3847:Don Isaac Abravanel 3758:University of Paris 3448:Emilio Sala Francés 3391:Tomás de Torquemada 3372:Tomas de Torquemada 3353:Tomás de Torquemada 3338:Sealed copy of the 3266:, read as follows: 3210:Isabel I of Castile 3144:Isabel I of Castile 3083:Tomás de Torquemada 2968:Isabel I of Castile 2902:of the 14th century 2825:and the seizure of 2752:Henry II of Castile 2721:Black Death of 1348 2691:, oil on canvas by 2606:Bilbao City Council 2454:, by the regime of 2429:Mediterranean Basin 2403:as a result of the 552:Hellenistic Judaism 130:Land of Israel 89:Principles of faith 6124:Expulsions of Jews 5217:, pp. 89, 99) 5169:, pp. 99–100) 4490:, pp. 11, 16) 4321:, October 2, 2019. 4291:The New York Times 4229:The New York Times 3931:Republic of Ragusa 3906:Kingdom of Navarre 3835: 3823: 3685: 3617: 3572: 3497: 3451: 3388:inquisitor general 3380: 3376:inquisitor general 3344: 3302: 3260: 3218: 3090: 3052:and even bishops. 3028:limpieza de sangre 3024: 2996:Cortes de Madrigal 2971: 2942:Abraham Benveniste 2937: 2904: 2803: 2705:Shepherds' Crusade 2701:Kingdom of Navarre 2697: 2636:called in 1215 by 2583:Emirate of Granada 2526:María Rosa Menocal 2510: 2113:Jewish Koine Greek 1655:Dominican Republic 936:Judaism by country 615:Jews and Christmas 470:Assyrian captivity 6096: 6095: 5685:978-84-8427-471-1 5662:978-84-344-0025-2 5640:978-84-08-05538-9 5618:978-84-08-00695-4 5599:978-84-96467-03-3 5577:978-84-9892-198-4 5555:978-0-300-07522-9 5495:978-0-8147-2911-3 5412:978-0-618-09156-0 4815:, pp. 21–22) 4779:, pp. 26–27) 4764:, pp. 24–25) 4716:, pp. 19–20) 4704:, pp. 17–18) 4569:, pp. 16–17) 4530:, pp. 13–15) 4518:, pp. 12–13) 4467:10.4000/cdlm.6878 4005: 3994:was not punished: 3925:, such as in the 3778:Benzion Netanyahu 3694:Kingdom of France 3577:Luis de Santángel 3564:Luis de Santángel 3539:bills of exchange 3401:in that matter." 3384:Catholic Monarchs 3298:Córdoba Synagogue 3118:This is how the " 2815:Ferrand Martínez 2775:enslaved and sold 2638:Pope Innocent III 2375: 2374: 2324: 2323: 2072: 2071: 1819:Reconstructionist 1763: 1762: 915: 914: 722: 721: 559:Jewish–Roman wars 507:Hasmonean dynasty 423:Kingdom of Israel 327: 326: 16:(Redirected from 6166: 6049:Dependencies and 5990:Northern Ireland 5731:Sovereign states 5717: 5710: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5666: 5644: 5622: 5603: 5581: 5559: 5547: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5481: 5470: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5372:Wolf, A (1909). 5369: 5363: 5362:, pp. 29–31 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4191:. Archived from 4185: 4179: 4178: 4177:. 22 March 2019. 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4062: 4046: 4028: 4022: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3988: 3886:Beth Hatefutsoth 3651:history of Spain 3588:Andrés Bernaldez 3581:Francisco Pinelo 3340:Edict of Granada 3296:Interior of the 3004: 2871:mendicant orders 2857:Massacre of 1391 2817:, archdeacon of 2801: 2798: 2756:Peter of Castile 2748:Peter of Castile 2744:Crown of Castile 2676:Massacre of 1391 2655:mendicant orders 2504:Interior of the 2463:Cortes Generales 2456:Francisco Franco 2448:Sephardic Jewish 2405:Massacre of 1391 2367: 2360: 2353: 2216: 2215: 2097: 1918: 1912: 1893: 1857: 1856: 1804: 1751:New Zealand 1703: 1666:El Salvador 1656: 1588:Northern America 1580: 1174: 930: 929: 841:Crimean Karaites 737: 736: 715: 713: 634: 632: 624: 618: 609: 597:Rabbinic Judaism 578: 572: 566: 554: 542: 508: 501:Maccabean Revolt 478: 471: 465: 457: 450: 444: 436: 418: 342: 341: 316: 211: 210: 143: 131: 30: 29: 21: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6159:Racism in Spain 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6050: 6044: 6030:Northern Cyprus 6012: 6006: 5905:North Macedonia 5726: 5721: 5686: 5663: 5641: 5619: 5600: 5578: 5556: 5533: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5482: 5473: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5129: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 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Abarbanel 3667:Santa Hermandad 3645:As highlighted 3606: 3568:Isaac Abarbanel 3501:Isaac Abravanel 3493:Isaac Abravanel 3437: 3407:Crown of Aragon 3399:the Inquisition 3349:Isaac Abravanel 3332: 3330:Alhambra Decree 3326: 3290: 3203: 3198: 3148:Crown of Aragon 3087:Pedro of Arbués 3030: 3016: 2998: 2892: 2807:Crown of Aragon 2799: 2793:Josep Segrelles 2725:Jewish quarters 2717:Estella-Lizarra 2693:Vicente Cutanda 2678: 2672: 2663:deicidal people 2575: 2498: 2486:Main articles: 2484: 2479: 2471:Alhambra Decree 2433:Jewish surnames 2387:Alhambra Decree 2371: 2326: 2325: 2213: 2203: 2202: 2193:Judeo-Malayalam 2173:Judaeo-Georgian 2093: 2084: 2074: 2073: 1974:Yiddish theatre 1916: 1854: 1844: 1843: 1802: 1775: 1765: 1764: 1701: 1654: 1578: 1172: 956:Genetic studies 927: 917: 916: 734: 724: 723: 711: 710: 630: 629: 622: 612: 607: 589:and Middle Ages 587:Rabbinic period 574: 568: 561: 549: 520: 506: 476: 469: 460: 452: 448: 439: 434:in Judaism 431: 416: 339: 329: 328: 208: 198: 197: 141: 129: 74: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6051:other entities 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5980:United Kingdom 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Czech Republic 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5639: 5623: 5617: 5604: 5598: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5554: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5513: 5511:, p. 116) 5501: 5494: 5471: 5442: 5430: 5428:, p. 115) 5418: 5411: 5391: 5379: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5320: 5308: 5306:, p. 117) 5291: 5279: 5267: 5265:, p. 124) 5255: 5243: 5241:, p. 101) 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5157:, p. 414) 5144: 5142:, p. 188) 5127: 5125:, p. 114) 5112: 5110:, p. 102) 5100: 5088: 5076: 5074:, p. 111) 5064: 5062:, p. 112) 5049: 5047:, p. 415) 5034: 5032:, p. 189) 5022: 5020:, p. 188) 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 187) 4986: 4974: 4972:, p. 101) 4962: 4955: 4937: 4925: 4923:, p. 182) 4913: 4901: 4899:, p. 181) 4889: 4887:, p. 178) 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4827:, p. 175) 4817: 4805: 4803:, p. 171) 4793: 4781: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4668:, p. 174) 4658: 4646: 4644:, p. 168) 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4581:, p. 138) 4571: 4559: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4492: 4480: 4445: 4433: 4411: 4392: 4375: 4366: 4361:Kirkus Reviews 4348: 4323: 4310: 4277: 4259: 4233: 4217: 4205: 4180: 4166: 4151: 4144: 4121: 4115:978-0029115749 4114: 4096: 4081: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4023: 4007: 3992:Crypto-Judaism 3982: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3898:refugee crisis 3893: 3890: 3831:Ottoman Bosnia 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3670:Abraham Senior 3663:Andrés Cabrera 3661:, the steward 3605: 3602: 3509:Christian name 3505:Abraham Senior 3470: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3328:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3289: 3286: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3156:crypto-Judaism 3124:Crypto-Judaism 3099:Crypto-Judaism 3042:Old Christians 3015: 3012: 2954:Abraham Senior 2891: 2888: 2875:Vincent Ferrer 2848:, 250; and in 2674:Main article: 2671: 2668: 2642:Siete Partidas 2581:conquered the 2574: 2571: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2409:mass migration 2385:following the 2373: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254:Territorialism 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2138:Judaeo-Spanish 2135: 2133:Judaeo-Iranian 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579:United Kingdom 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1012:Bilad-el-Sudan 1009: 1004: 996: 995: 989: 988: 987: 986: 981: 976: 968: 967: 965:Land of Israel 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 913: 912: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 825: 824: 823:Related groups 820: 819: 818: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 756: 755: 750: 735: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 719: 718: 717: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 680:Jewish atheism 677: 672: 667: 659: 658: 654: 653: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631:Islamic–Jewish 626: 619: 604: 599: 591: 590: 583: 582: 581: 580: 556: 543: 515: 510: 503: 498: 496:Yehud Medinata 490: 489: 483: 482: 481: 480: 473: 466: 458: 445: 437: 425: 420: 413: 405: 404: 402:Ancient Israel 398: 397: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Land of Israel 355: 347: 346: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 324: 323: 322: 317: 313:Shulchan Aruch 308: 303: 298: 293: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 246: 245: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 218: 217: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 138: 133: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 91: 86: 79:God in Judaism 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6171: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:1492 in Spain 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Faroe Islands 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6035:South Ossetia 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Liechtenstein 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5627:Pérez, Joseph 5624: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586:Pérez, Joseph 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5463:Reino de Judá 5460: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4958: 4956:9788400059613 4952: 4948: 4941: 4935:, p. 93) 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 94) 4874: 4869: 4863:, p. 92) 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 92) 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 25) 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4728:, p. 35) 4727: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4593:, p. 19) 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4557:, p. 17) 4556: 4551: 4549: 4542:, p. 15) 4541: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4443:, p. 98) 4442: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4388:0-691-01082-X 4385: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4272:The Economist 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4195:on 2021-01-25 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4164:, p. 12) 4163: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4145:9780252031410 4141: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4130:Pérez, Joseph 4125: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4094:, p. 17) 4093: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4033:officially, " 4032: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962:Judeo-Spanish 3958: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3786:Granada Edict 3782: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3647:Julio Valdeón 3642: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3523:To all their 3520: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150:, the future 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3075:The painting 3073: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:money-lenders 2945: 2943: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2777:. In 1367 in 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:, whose book 2535: 2534:Mark R. Cohen 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461:In 2015, the 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178:Judeo-Aramaic 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2168:Judeo-Italian 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148:Ghardaïa Sign 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773:Denominations 1769: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:United States 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087:Guinea-Bissau 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 994: 991: 990: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 970: 969: 966: 963: 962: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 941:Lists of Jews 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 926: 921: 920: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 822: 821: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 727: 716: 708: 706: 703: 701: 700:The Holocaust 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 660: 656: 655: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 627: 625: 620: 616: 610: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 592: 588: 585: 584: 577: 571: 565: 560: 557: 553: 547: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 472: 467: 463: 459: 456: 451: 446: 442: 438: 435: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 403: 400: 399: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 344: 343: 338: 333: 332: 321: 318: 315: 314: 309: 307: 304: 302: 301:Mishneh Torah 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 201: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 139: 137: 134: 132: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 62: 61:Who is a Jew? 59: 57: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 6040:Transnistria 5675: 5652: 5630: 5608: 5589: 5567: 5564:Kamen, Henry 5543: 5538:Kamen, Henry 5521: 5516: 5504: 5485: 5466: 5450: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5401: 5394: 5389:, p. 24 5387:Kamen (1998) 5382: 5373: 5367: 5360:Kamen (1998) 5355: 5343: 5327:Bedford, F. 5323: 5311: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5205:, p. 8) 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4946: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4495: 4483: 4458: 4448: 4436: 4430:. Routledge. 4427: 4414: 4405: 4395: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4340:. Retrieved 4338:. 2019-09-18 4335: 4326: 4313: 4302:. Retrieved 4290: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4215:(in Spanish) 4208: 4197:. Retrieved 4193:the original 4183: 4169: 4134: 4124: 4105: 4099: 4073:. Retrieved 4069: 4060: 4037:" (Spanish: 4030: 4026: 4017:this is not 4014: 4010: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3948: 3895: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3801:Consequences 3793: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3766:Guicciardini 3754: 3686: 3655: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3597: 3592:Los Palacios 3590:, pastor of 3585: 3573: 3549: 3544: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3452: 3443: 3429: 3403: 3381: 3358: 3345: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3189: 3182: 3167: 3141: 3137:Law of Moses 3119: 3117: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3054: 3031: 3008: 2989: 2985: 2972: 2946: 2938: 2909: 2905: 2864: 2854: 2842:North Africa 2831: 2827:prayer books 2804: 2788: 2768: 2741: 2728: 2698: 2684: 2659:Black Plague 2651: 2647: 2627: 2618:Joseph Pérez 2603: 2590: 2587:Muhammad XII 2576: 2566: 2561:Islamophobia 2554: 2550:demonisation 2537: 2511: 2492:Anti-Judaism 2460: 2441: 2394: 2378: 2376: 2317:Post-Zionism 2188:Judeo-Berber 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Expulsion of Jews from Spain

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