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eXperimental” (POD-X) is dedicated to the investigation of combustion physics and has already made a test firing, yielding valuable information into solid propulsion combustion processes. The “Fibre
Reinforced Optimized Rocket Motor Case” (FORC) is dedicated to the development of the dry fibre winding combined with automated dry fibre placement and subsequent resin infusion technology for the manufacturing of large carbon fibre reinforced polymer solid rocket motor cases, including the production of a full-scale and representative test article featuring an outer diameter of 3.5 meters. As of September 2016, multiple sub-scale specimens have already been produced during the process development for FORC. Furthermore, the test article is in the manufacturing phase, with extensive mechanical load and pressure testing scheduled before the end of the year.
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uses novel cooling, injector and damping technologies. As of 2016, the demonstrator has successfully performed two test campaigns, performing both ground level as well as vacuum ignitions. Steady state behaviour was tested in a large range of operating points and for durations of up to 110s. In addition, combustion stability and thrust chamber length variations were tested.
203:
identification and maturation of promising technologies for future launchers as well as upgrades of current launch vehicles. The identification and maturation process of key technologies is still system driven and relies mainly on system studies and integrated demonstrators. An important objective is to foster synergies between different applications and launchers (e.g.
281:(IXV) is a re-entry demonstrator to test technologies for reusable launchers and spacecraft. The main focus in this project lies on the thermal protection, as well as flight mechanics and control. It was launched by a Vega rocket in February 2015. The re-entry was controlled via two movable flaps, prior to the deployment of parachutes and a splashdown into the ocean.
108:
characteristics of a subsystem. After this "high risk" maturation phase the technology can then be transferred to a launcher development. A major change in the anticipated characteristics of a technology during the course of a development is much less likely when already starting with a high TRL (i.e. TRL 6) as compared to a technology of low readiness.
62:(TRL) to allow a clear assessment of their performance and associated risk. Those technologies typically have an initial TRL of 3 or lower. The objective is to raise the TRL up to about 6, thus creating solutions which are proven under relevant conditions and can be integrated into development programmes with reduced cost and limited risk.
105:
then developed to reach a TRL high enough (at least 5, typically 6) to allow their implementation into current or future development programmes with largely reduced risks. As technology maturation has already been performed in FLPP, the necessary time span to develop a new launcher is also reduced significantly.
420:
Power over
Ethernet technology allows mixing of power and signal transmission on the same cable and has the potential to save mass and cost, as well as to decrease operational complexity for launcher telemetry. A project to define a modular launcher telemetry architecture based on this technology is
307:
The
Storable Propulsion Technology Demonstrator shall help develop technologies for a rocket engine in the thrust range between 3 and 8 kN. The technology developed in this project could be used in upper stages of small launchers or applications with similar thrust requirements. The demonstrator
190:
The second step of period 2 completed the system studies on expendable launchers. The technology development activities, especially on upper stage and re-entry technologies as well as propulsion were continued. While the Vinci engine was transferred to Ariane 5 ME development, a demonstrator project
268:
After the failed first flight of its predecessor ESC-A (V-157) in 2002, the development of ESC-B was stopped, but the Vinci development was continued and later transferred to FLPP. In FLPP the technology was matured and extensively tested. In the end of 2008, Vinci was transferred to Ariane 5 ME and
239:
as well as technologies which should be integrated into this launcher, to achieve high reliability, high performance and cost efficiency. If identified technologies did not have a sufficient TRL for efficient integration into a launcher development programme, those could then be matured within FLPP.
101:
FLPP addresses the problem that in many cases, promising new technologies for future launcher applications possess a low TRL. At this stage, an implementation of such a technology into a development programme poses a significant risk. If it turns out, that the technology does not perform as expected
130:
The projects performed by FLPP rely heavily on the collaboration with external partners. As the increase of TRL which is pursued is linked to the later application of the technology, these partners are usually industrial. If deemed beneficial, institutional partners or subcontractors will be chosen
116:
To increase the technology readiness level to 6, a technology has to be tested in a model or prototype in a relevant environment. Performing this in a cost-effective way, one or several technologies are integrated into a demonstrator and tested in a relevant environment, considering such parameters
337:
The cryogenic tank demonstrator is a series of demonstrators, which shall be used to develop and test technologies for future lightweight cryogenic tank systems. As of
September 2016 a sub-scale demonstrator has been manufactured and tested, with a full-scale version currently in the design phase.
298:
The
Expander-cycle Technology Integrated Demonstrator (ETID) is based on an advanced upper stage engine concept partially derived from Vinci technology. It shall incorporate several new technologies to improve the performance of the engine (esp. thrust/weight) and reduce the cost per unit. Some of
104:
FLPP addresses this issue via a system driven approach. Based on system studies for future launch systems or upgrades of current systems, promising technologies, which will provide benefits in line with the objectives of FLPP and have a low TRL (typically 2–3), are selected. These technologies are
393:
The scope of this activity is to analyse the needs, verify the feasibility, and provide a preliminary definition of a propulsive orbital module (APMAS), based on an existing multi-payload dispenser system, to enhance the mission and performance envelope of existing launch vehicle upper stages for
107:
The approach to mature a technology in a demonstrator based on system studies largely reduces the impact of worse than anticipated performance (e.g. in weight, efficiency, complexity) compared to a launcher development, were often a large part of the launcher design is affected by a change in the
173:
During this period, the work on reusable as well as expendable launch concepts was continued with system studies on several promising launcher configurations. In addition, key technologies for future launchers were integrated into demonstrators to increase their TRL sufficiently for an efficient
411:
The design for demise (D4D) project investigates the processes that launch vehicle components undergo during re-entry. Special focus lies on the fragmentation behaviour of components like depleted stages, boosters, fairings or payload adapters. The goal is to better understand the behaviour via
316:
Current efforts concerning solid propulsion focus on the development of technologies for future motor casings and the investigation of the physics of solid rocket motors, especially pressure oscillations. Both of these goals are pursued via demonstrators. The “Pressure
Oscillation Demonstrator
248:
The Staged
Combustion Rocket Engine Demonstrator (SCORE-D) was a project to develop key technologies and tools for the High Thrust Engine (HTE) which was planned to power the next generation launcher. As propellant combinations liquid oxygen/hydrogen and liquid oxygen/methane were considered.
373:
Several future technologies concerning fairings are developed within FLPP. These include a membrane to seal the inside of the fairing from the outside to keep environmental conditions and cleanliness at a desired level and technologies to minimize shock during the separation of the fairing.
119:
These demonstrators are based on requirements which are derived from current or future launch systems as well as general experience. The requirements are tailored to be representative of a launch system and provide the possibility to test the maximum attainable performance of the integrated
202:
Period 3 was started in 2013 and is overlapping with the FLPP NEO (New
Economic Opportunities) period, initiated in 2016. With the inception of a dedicated Ariane 6 project, FLPP broadened its scope from the preparation of technologies for a specific next generation launcher to the general
429:
The advanced avionics test bed features several innovative technologies such as: harness fault detection, power over
Ethernet, optoelectronic telemetry systems and fibre Bragg grating sensor modules that allow the connection of multiple sensors via a single fibre. On ground and in-flight
329:. This demonstrator, which has dimensions suitable for later flight applications, has as of September 2016 performed one hot fire test campaign. A second test campaign is on-going, leading to a design which is planned to be flown on a sounding rocket demonstrator.
289:
This section lists notable current projects in FLPP. As FLPP manages a multitude of projects in the main domains of "Propulsion", "Systems and
Technologies" and "Avionics and Electronics", the following list includes only some major projects and is not exhaustive.
191:
for a high thrust first stage engine called Score-D was started. In addition a demonstrator project for an upper stage engine using storable propellants was created. The later part of this phase saw the inception of a cryogenic expander cycle demonstrator project.
164:
Period 1 was focused on studies for future reusable launch vehicles (RLV). Several different RLV concepts were investigated to select feasible, cost-effective options. In addition, upgrades to reduce the cost of existing launchers were investigated.
350:
technologies - also known as 3D printing - for the application in launch vehicles. These technologies aim to provide faster and cheaper means of small scale production as well as additional design possibilities, leading to lighter more efficient
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Multiple technology development and demonstrator projects were started concerning a wide range of promising technologies. These were in the fields of stage and interstage structures, tanks, avionics as well as hybrid and solid propulsion.
402:
The objective of this project is to develop a structural and thermal model for a secondary payload adapter ring for payloads of up to 30 kg. This could help maximise the payload mass for the Vega, Ariane 6 and Soyuz launchers.
421:
currently on-going. It aims to utilise off-the-shelf components to reduce cost and development time. In the future, the system could be integrated into a larger avionics demonstrator and power other subsystems on the avionic bus.
265:
Vinci was conceived as the engine for the new upper stage of the Ariane 5, the ESC-B (Etage Supérieur Cryotechnique B/Cryogenic Upper Stage B). It is a re-ignitable expander cycle engine, powered by liquid oxygen and liquid
382:
The deorbitation observation capsule will provide detailed data about the disintegration of launcher upper stages during re-entry into the atmosphere. This will help to design future stages for a safe and efficient deorbit
79:
To identify and prepare the system competence and technology for development with the aim of confining launcher time-to-market within 5 years, reducing recurring cost and development risk, while keeping long-term industry
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numeric simulations, the creation of material databases and plasma wind tunnel tests. The findings contribute to a reduced risk of debris impacting on the ground in compliance with ESA debris mitigation requirements.
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Chronologically, FLPP is structured in successive periods, which usually correspond to the time between ministerial councils. To maintain a continuity of work, these periods are overlapping.
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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To collect this data, the capsule will be launched on a launcher and after separation of the concerned stage, will observe the behaviour and disintegration of that stage during re-entry.
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As a technology development programme for future launchers and upgrades to existing launchers, there is a close coordination between FLPP and the launcher development programmes for
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in the later stages of the development or the concept using that technology is not feasible, a redesign of the complete system often has severe impacts on time, quality and cost.
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To perform system studies to assess evolutions of operational launchers, future launcher architectures, advanced concepts, select technology and elaborate technology requirements.
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Apart from the application of AM in several other projects, a dedicated project was started to mature the technology and develop applications for future launchers.
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those technologies could also be beneficial for activities outside of the propulsion sector. As of 2016, the project is in the design and manufacturing phase.
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211:). FLPP NEO continues the technology approach of the previous periods with emphasis on flagship demonstrators and very low cost launcher concepts.
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FLPP is funded by ESA member states on an optional basis. Participating states sign their contribution to FLPP during the ESA ministerial council.
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365:(CFRP). These structures cover the range from cryogenic feed lines and cryogenic tanks over upper stage structures to interstage structures.
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46:(launchers) and in upgrades to existing launch vehicles. By this it helps to reduce time, risk and cost of launcher development programmes.
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As solid propulsion was initially selected as a baseline for the first stage of Ariane 6, the project was stopped at the stage of an SRR.
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To safeguard critical European industrial capabilities for the safe exploitation of the current launchers and guaranteed access to space.
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FLPP develops and matures technologies that are deemed promising for future application but currently do not have a sufficiently high
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Started in 2004, the programmes initial objective was to develop technologies for the Next Generation Launcher (NGL) to follow
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The NGL-ELV system studies were performed to identify promising configurations for a Next Generation Launcher to follow
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The demonstrators usually represent a sub-system of the complete launcher, e.g. a tank, a stage structure or an engine.
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This section lists notable past projects in FLPP. This list includes only some major projects and is not exhaustive.
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There are several projects within FLPP for advanced technologies to produce a wide range of structures out of
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project, the focus of FLPP was shifted to a general development of new technologies for European launchers.
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456:(ESA) with affordable and routine access to space. Development of Space RIDER is being led by the Italian
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The demonstrators can also be used as a test platform for other tank equipment and adjacent structure.
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integration into a launcher development. A major demonstrator project started in this period was the
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Hybrid propulsion activities in FLPP are centred around a demonstrator project in collaboration with
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FLPP was started in February 2004 with the subscription to its declaration by 10 ESA member states.
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Caruana, Jean-Noel; De Rosa, Marco; Kachler, Thierry; Schoroth, Wenzel; Underhill, Kate (2015).
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492:. Many of the technologies matured in FLPP are baselined for the configurations of Ariane 6 and
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To promote reusability of existing and new technologies to reduce development costs globally.
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Status of FLPP Propulsion Demonstrators – Technology Maturation, Application Perspectives
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Several sub-scale tests were performed in the preparation of the demonstrator project.
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674:. 6th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences (EUCASS). KrakĂłw, Poland.
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Delivering Engine Demonstrators for Competitive Evolutions of the European Launchers
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The FLPP is a development programme within the directorate of launchers at ESA.
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Caisso, Philippe; et al. (December 2009). "A liquid propulsion panorama".
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1621:
1617:
1334:
1171:
638:(11). Acta Astronautica, Volume 65, Issues 11–12, Pages 1723–1737: 1723.
525:
439:
347:
866:
5193:
3021:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
2704:
2323:
2296:
2075:
1726:
1718:
1694:
1665:
1645:
1627:
1613:
1436:
449:
219:
FLPP consists of multiple coordinated technology development projects.
178:(IXV). In addition, the development of the launcher upper stage engine
42:(ESA). It develops technologies for the application in future European
6936:
6924:
6888:
6589:
6154:
5780:
5768:
4749:
4413:
4276:
4137:
4051:
3374:
2962:
2345:
2116:
2090:
2015:
1838:
1680:
1601:
1412:
1267:
909:
615:
Underhill, K.; Caruana, J.-N.; De Rosa, M.; Schoroth, W. (May 2016).
515:
3004:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
293:
4951:
4915:
4797:
4145:
2930:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
2719:
2643:
2455:
1507:
1442:
1372:
1181:
945:
940:
753:
751:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
520:
236:
53:
49:
823:"ESA signs contracts for reusable Space RIDER up to maiden flight"
6419:
6048:
5011:
4821:
4150:
3218:
2653:
2572:
2080:
1955:
1948:
1930:
1924:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1571:
1297:
1097:
1077:
1017:
922:
259:
The development of the re-ignitable cryogenic upper stage engine
182:
was financed and managed by the FLPP programme during this time.
748:
711:
5035:
4963:
4927:
4855:
4809:
4773:
4761:
4623:
3389:
2814:
2070:
1702:
1472:
1406:
1236:
838:"ESA aims to privatize Space Rider unmanned spaceplane by 2025"
473:
468:
rocket from the French Guiana in 2023, and land on a runway on
465:
388:
302:
38:) is a technology development and maturation programme of the
7149:
7035:
5059:
5047:
4939:
4867:
4785:
4611:
4266:
4007:
3106:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
2804:
2541:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
1912:
1583:
1499:
1448:
1394:
326:
665:
663:
661:
6613:
6355:
5881:
5518:
5071:
4833:
4374:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
3008:
2045:
2020:
2000:
623:
4036:
2920:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
658:
608:
530:
509:
4488:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
4379:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2999:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
263:
was financed and managed by FLPP from 2006 until 2008.
2958:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
5251:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
4394:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
687:
685:
683:
681:
479:
3048:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
377:
5258:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
4369:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
3038:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
3016:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
678:
4499:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4359:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
294:Expander-cycle Technology Integrated Demonstrator
269:after the stop of that programme on to Ariane 6.
92:To develop environmentally friendly technologies.
27:European Space Agency rocket development projects
7298:
5353:
4354:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
992:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
799:
629:
197:
4482:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
3009:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2883:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
3766:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
2551:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2507:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
1002:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
341:
332:
185:
168:
7271:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
5339:
4317:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
4289:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
3124:Creation of the British National Space Centre
2512:European Space Research and Technology Centre
2422:
2412:
2215:
882:
460:for ESA, and it inherits technology from the
424:
2563:European Space Security and Education Centre
397:
389:Auto-propulsive multi payload adapter system
4404:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
4364:International Mobile Satellite Organization
4244:Politics of the International Space Station
2879:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
2229:
619:. Space Propulsion Conference. Rome, Italy.
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
303:Storable Propulsion Technology Demonstrator
5346:
5332:
4399:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
4389:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
3736:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
3153:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
2476:European Launcher Development Organisation
2222:
2208:
1151:European Launcher Development Organisation
889:
875:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
4476:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
4322:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
4262:International Civil Aviation Organization
3804:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
3701:Launch of the Space Launch System program
3696:Cancellation of the Constellation program
1214:
896:
835:
433:
230:
3856:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
4505:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
3627:2002 National missile defense directive
2980:Council of European Aerospace Societies
2862:Western European Union Satellite Centre
829:
557:
452:under development aimed to provide the
368:
159:
120:technologies as well as safety margins.
14:
7299:
5278:International Astronautical Federation
4059:
3587:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
2995:European Committee for Standardization
2607:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
415:
32:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
5327:
5273:International Academy of Astronautics
4494:International Docking System Standard
4339:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
4332:International Planetary Data Alliance
4239:International Space Station programme
3961:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
3871:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
3163:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
2925:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
2602:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2203:
1213:
1113:Space Situational Awareness Programme
870:
117:as media, pressures and temperatures.
5268:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
3283:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
2490:European Space Research Organisation
2160:
1156:European Space Research Organisation
972:Space Research and Technology Centre
406:
356:
320:
4127:United Rocket and Space Corporation
3781:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
3661:Launch of the Constellation program
3385:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
2184:
812:(CIRA). Accessed: 15 November 2018.
759:"ESA FLPP Electronics and Avionics"
734:"ESA FLPP Systems and Technologies"
699:from the original on 13 August 2022
311:
284:
24:
5221:Air & Space Forces Association
3861:Antennas & Propagation Society
3069:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
2990:European Civil Aviation Conference
480:Coordination with other programmes
70:
25:
7328:
4294:General Assembly Fourth Committee
4282:Space Generation Advisory Council
3716:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2890:EU Agency for the Space Programme
2639:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2612:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
2439:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
2381:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
855:
810:Italian Aerospace Research Centre
462:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
279:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
176:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
75:The main objectives of FLPP are:
7312:European Space Agency programmes
7250:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7190:
7167:
7155:
7143:
7043:
7024:
6997:
6985:
6966:
6954:
6930:
6918:
6906:
6894:
6882:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6785:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6559:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6478:
6466:
6373:
6303:
6284:
6265:
6246:
6227:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6125:
6113:
6101:
6089:
6077:
6065:
6042:
6030:
6001:
5989:
5966:
5954:
5930:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5875:
5821:
5798:
5774:
5762:
5705:
5693:
5664:
5652:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5591:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5543:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5411:
5399:
5283:International Astronomical Union
5105:
5093:
5081:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5010:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4106:Medvedev modernisation programme
3809:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
3477:1985 anti-satellite missile test
3141:Space Innovation and Growth Team
2886:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
2568:European Space Operations Centre
2529:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
2183:
2171:
2159:
2148:
2147:
977:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
378:Deorbitation Observation Capsule
222:
125:
111:
4532:Astronomical naming conventions
3457:Strategy of Technology doctrine
3229:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
3147:Creation of the UK Space Agency
2597:European Space Policy Institute
2557:European Space Astronomy Centre
836:Coppinger, Rob (22 June 2017).
815:
652:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.04.020
363:carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer
7317:Proposed space launch vehicles
5263:British Interplanetary Society
5226:Alliance for Space Development
4349:Global Standards Collaboration
4272:Office for Outer Space Affairs
3799:China exclusion policy of NASA
3467:Space Station Freedom proposal
3380:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
2450:Planetary Exploration of China
2274:Planetary protection principle
1996:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
773:
464:(IXV). It is to launch atop a
13:
1:
4446:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
3776:Launch of the Artemis program
3706:Redesign of the Orion program
3622:Aerospace Industry Commission
3318:Launch of the Mariner program
3043:European Southern Observatory
2743:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
551:
430:demonstrations are foreseen.
198:Period 3/FLPP NEO (2013-2019)
5355:Public-sector space agencies
4527:Extraterrestrial real estate
4067:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3967:Soviet crewed lunar programs
3876:Vehicular Technology Society
3866:Broadcast Technology Society
3641:Vision for Space Exploration
3558:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3516:Space Exploration Initiative
3462:Strategic Defense Initiative
3415:Launch of the Viking program
3328:Launch of the Apollo program
3323:Launch of the Gemini project
3175:Defence in a Competitive Age
3112:Start of the Ariel programme
3026:European Patent Organisation
348:additive layer manufacturing
151:
134:
52:. With the inception of the
7:
4344:Group on Earth Observations
4327:Committee on Space Research
3771:Creation of the Space Force
3691:Kennedy Space Center speech
3334:We choose to go to the Moon
3265:Introduction to Outer Space
2985:European Broadcasting Union
499:
342:Additive Manufacturing (AM)
333:Cryogenic tank demonstrator
214:
186:Period 2 Step 2 (2009-2013)
169:Period 2 Step 1 (2006-2009)
96:
10:
7333:
5293:Space Exploration Alliance
4522:Common heritage of mankind
4440:Space Liability Convention
4212:North Korean space program
4138:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
3602:Launch of the X-37 program
3452:Citizens' Advisory Council
2546:European Data Relay System
2517:Concurrent Design Facility
2262:Space Debris Working Group
2066:Mars sample return mission
1886:European Data Relay System
1566:Meteosat Second Generation
1479:James Webb Space Telescope
1341:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1023:European Data Relay System
997:Concurrent Design Facility
541:Prometheus (rocket engine)
425:Advanced Avionics Test Bed
243:
146:
65:
60:technology readiness level
7265:
7182:
7058:
7016:
6874:
6452:
6334:
6327:
6140:
6057:
5981:
5813:
5754:
5738:
5731:
5606:
5492:
5485:
5391:
5368:
5361:
5236:Space Frontier Foundation
5211:
5122:
4731:
4722:
4663:Launch market competition
4595:
4412:
4302:
4254:
4234:Ugandan space initiatives
4169:
4119:
4098:
4050:
4029:
3982:
3934:
3910:
3897:
3890:
3794:
3754:
3674:
3610:
3539:
3504:
3440:
3423:
3398:
3363:
3343:
3306:
3288:Launch of Project Mercury
3237:
3195:
3186:
3094:
3056:
2948:
2852:
2784:
2742:
2666:
2585:Ariane launcher programme
2524:European Astronaut Centre
2482:Europa launcher programme
2466:
2423:
2413:
2369:
2314:
2302:The Spaceguard Foundation
2237:
2139:
2104:
1966:
1895:
1825:
1757:
1689:Meteosat Third Generation
1548:Meteosat First Generation
1534:
1383:
1278:
1229:
1222:
1209:
1197:Planetary Science Archive
1164:
1143:
1031:
1010:
982:European Astronaut Centre
959:
931:
908:
904:
695:. ESA. 30 November 2016.
398:Secondary payload adapter
394:both, Vega and Ariane 6.
5189:Reconnaissance satellite
4562:International Designator
4229:Philippine space program
4177:Australian space program
3829:Office of Space Commerce
3819:House Committee on Space
3731:Space Shuttle retirement
3686:2009 Augustine Committee
3521:1990 Augustine Committee
2667:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
2252:Space traffic management
254:
5303:Space Force Association
5288:Lunar Explorers Society
4458:Registration Convention
4422:Partial Test Ban Treaty
4303:Other intergovernmental
4217:Pakistani space program
4182:Brazilian space program
3552:Faster, better, cheaper
3355:1967 Outer Space Treaty
3158:Space Industry Act 2018
2935:European Defence Agency
2591:Vega launcher programme
2534:Living Planet Programme
2257:Space debris management
2231:Politics of outer space
1108:Living Planet Programme
967:Space Operations Centre
825:. ESA. 9 December 2020.
761:. ESA. 30 November 2016
736:. ESA. 30 November 2016
693:"Propulsion activities"
596:. ESA. 30 November 2016
5231:National Space Society
5132:Space domain awareness
4305:or inter-agency bodies
4207:Lebanese space program
4192:Japanese space program
4133:2014 Military doctrine
4111:2010 Military doctrine
3531:National Space Council
3526:Hubble Space Telescope
3298:Launch of X-15 program
3219:Aerobee rocket program
3169:2021 Integrated Review
3031:European Patent Office
2951:initiatives and bodies
2341:Billionaire space race
2267:Space Debris Committee
1419:Hubble Space Telescope
987:Space Astronomy Centre
434:Space Rider spaceplane
272:
231:NGL-ELV System studies
5313:The Planetary Society
5142:Anti-satellite weapon
4537:ITU Radio Regulations
4187:Emirati space program
3918:Operation Osoaviakhim
3786:Executive Order 13959
3666:Operation Burnt Frost
3597:Decadal Planning Team
3079:Indian ASAT programme
3074:Space Activities Bill
2496:European Space Agency
2468:ESA Science Programme
2279:Post-detection policy
1216:Projects and missions
898:European Space Agency
536:Vinci (rocket engine)
506:European Space Agency
454:European Space Agency
40:European Space Agency
7277:Soviet space program
4735:units and formations
4705:Project Harvest Moon
4452:Satellite Convention
4312:African Space Agency
4222:Space programme 2040
4202:Kenyan space program
4197:Kazakh space program
3130:Outer Space Act 1986
3118:Black Arrow launcher
2901:Copernicus programme
2874:EU/ESA Space Council
2502:EU/ESA Space Council
2393:Chinese ASAT program
1816:European Robotic Arm
1660:Sentinel-5 Precursor
369:Fairing technologies
160:Period 1 (2004-2006)
6427:Guiana Space Centre
5169:Kinetic bombardment
4695:Space manufacturing
4685:Space-based economy
4658:Private spaceflight
4078:Shuttle–Mir program
3646:Aldridge Commission
3568:Shuttle–Mir program
3276:Space Act Agreement
3207:Operation Paperclip
3064:Department of Space
3057:Indian space policy
2940:Europe by Satellite
2868:EU Satellite Centre
2580:Guiana Space Centre
2324:Cold War space race
2242:Spacefaring nations
2141:Future missions in
1187:European Space Camp
918:Guiana Space Centre
644:2009AcAau..65.1723C
416:Power over Ethernet
346:FLPP is developing
5184:Military satellite
5022:Ranks and insignia
4517:Space jurisdiction
4464:Bogota Declaration
4428:Outer Space Treaty
3924:list of scientists
3212:list of scientists
2854:EU Space Programme
1991:Ceres Polar Lander
1826:Telecommunications
470:Santa Maria Island
7292:
7291:
7012:
7011:
6323:
6322:
5727:
5726:
5609:and the Caribbean
5481:
5480:
5321:
5320:
5207:
5206:
5199:Satellite jamming
4675:Space advertising
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4046:
4045:
3886:
3885:
3506:George H. W. Bush
2975:Council of Europe
2896:Galileo programme
2848:
2847:
2835:Comet Interceptor
2361:Space competition
2197:
2196:
2135:
2134:
1753:
1752:
1535:Earth observation
1365:Comet Interceptor
1356:Rosalind Franklin
1328:Trace Gas Orbiter
1279:Planetary science
1205:
1204:
1118:Science Programme
806:Space RIDER PRIDE
632:Acta Astronautica
407:Design for demise
357:CFRP technologies
321:Hybrid propulsion
16:(Redirected from
7324:
7275:Preceded by the
7255:
7254:
7253:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6332:
6331:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5736:
5735:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5490:
5489:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5366:
5365:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5308:Space Foundation
5298:Space Fellowship
5110:
5109:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5063:
5062:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5038:
5015:
5014:
4991:
4990:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4955:
4954:
4943:
4942:
4931:
4930:
4919:
4918:
4907:
4906:
4895:
4894:
4883:
4882:
4871:
4870:
4859:
4858:
4837:
4836:
4825:
4824:
4813:
4812:
4801:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4777:
4776:
4765:
4764:
4753:
4752:
4729:
4728:
4680:Space technology
4651:
4650:
4639:
4638:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4614:
4557:COSPAR standards
4434:Rescue Agreement
4057:
4056:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3254:Project Vanguard
3193:
3192:
2664:
2663:
2649:Aurora programme
2635:Mars and beyond
2426:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2387:Shuguang program
2356:Space propaganda
2283:Asteroid impact
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2127:Schiaparelli EDM
1986:Calathus Mission
1810:Georges Lemaître
1768:ISS contribution
1227:
1226:
1211:
1210:
906:
905:
891:
884:
877:
868:
867:
850:
849:
847:
845:
833:
827:
826:
819:
813:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
755:
746:
745:
743:
741:
730:
709:
708:
706:
704:
689:
676:
675:
667:
656:
655:
627:
621:
620:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:
590:
546:Themis programme
312:Solid propulsion
285:Current Projects
80:competitiveness.
21:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7288:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7215:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7156:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7025:
7023:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6967:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6931:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6870:
6860:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6822:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6747:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6620:
6618:
6608:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6541:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6479:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6448:
6374:
6372:
6319:
6304:
6302:
6285:
6283:
6266:
6264:
6247:
6245:
6228:
6226:
6209:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6173:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6053:
6043:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6002:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5931:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5907:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5876:
5874:
5822:
5820:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5775:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5750:
5723:
5706:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5665:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5525:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5412:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5370:
5357:
5352:
5322:
5317:
5203:
5179:Missile defense
5118:
5104:
5092:
5069:
5057:
5045:
5033:
5009:
4985:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4865:
4853:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4734:
4718:
4712:Asteroid mining
4700:Lunar resources
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4591:
4584:ISECG standards
4547:ODCWG standards
4542:CCSDS standards
4511:Artemis Accords
4408:
4304:
4298:
4250:
4157:
4115:
4094:
4042:
4025:
3978:
3973:Voskhod program
3942:Sputnik program
3930:
3902:
3900:
3891:USSR and Russia
3882:
3790:
3757:
3750:
3677:
3670:
3613:
3606:
3542:
3535:
3507:
3500:
3443:
3436:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3394:
3366:
3359:
3346:
3339:
3309:
3302:
3240:
3233:
3198:
3188:US space policy
3182:
3098:space programme
3097:
3090:
3052:
2950:
2944:
2911:EUSST programme
2906:EGNOS programme
2844:
2780:
2769:LISA Pathfinder
2738:
2680:Cassini–Huygens
2662:
2573:ESTRACK network
2462:
2445:Mars and beyond
2372:
2365:
2310:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2131:
2100:
1968:
1962:
1943:LISA Pathfinder
1900:
1898:
1891:
1821:
1804:Albert Einstein
1792:Johannes Kepler
1749:
1530:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1274:
1218:
1201:
1160:
1139:
1027:
1006:
955:
933:Launch vehicles
927:
900:
895:
858:
853:
843:
841:
834:
830:
821:
820:
816:
804:
800:
790:
788:
779:
778:
774:
764:
762:
757:
756:
749:
739:
737:
732:
731:
712:
702:
700:
691:
690:
679:
668:
659:
628:
624:
613:
609:
599:
597:
592:
591:
558:
554:
502:
482:
458:PRIDE programme
436:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
384:
380:
371:
359:
352:
344:
335:
323:
314:
305:
296:
287:
275:
267:
264:
257:
250:
246:
233:
225:
217:
200:
192:
188:
171:
162:
154:
149:
142:
140:
137:
128:
121:
118:
114:
106:
103:
99:
73:
71:Main objectives
68:
57:
47:
44:launch vehicles
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7330:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7273:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7164:
7152:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6963:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6707:
6695:
6683:
6671:
6659:
6647:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6616:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6462:
6460:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6122:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6061:
6059:
6058:Southeast Asia
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
5998:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5927:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5771:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5702:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5661:
5649:
5637:
5625:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5521:
5509:
5496:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5408:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5213:Space advocacy
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5100:United Kingdom
5090:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5029:Space commands
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4983:
4981:United Kingdom
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4739:
4737:
4726:
4724:Militarisation
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4643:
4641:United Kingdom
4631:
4619:
4605:Space industry
4601:
4599:
4597:Commercial use
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4567:IPDA standards
4564:
4554:
4552:CEOS standards
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4255:United Nations
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4170:Other policies
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4146:MARS-500 study
4140:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4002:Salyut program
3999:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3955:Vostok program
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:Sputnik crisis
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3814:Budget of NASA
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3746:2015 Space Act
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:Space Shuttle
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:George W. Bush
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:1998 Space Act
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:Space Shuttle
3479:
3474:
3472:1984 Space Act
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3261:
3259:Sputnik crisis
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:Mission Shakti
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2952:
2949:Other European
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:MARS-500 study
2641:
2633:
2631:ESA Television
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:MARS-500 study
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
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2793:
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2786:Cosmic Vision
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2373:space program
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2019:
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2014:
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2007:
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1899:demonstrators
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1385:Astronomy and
1382:
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1320:Venus Express
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1261:Solar Orbiter
1259:
1256:
1253:
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1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:Solar physics
1228:
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1221:
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1208:
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1128:Cosmic Vision
1126:
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1120:
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869:
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839:
832:
824:
818:
811:
807:
802:
786:
782:
781:"Space Rider"
776:
760:
754:
752:
735:
729:
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723:
721:
719:
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475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:is a planned
441:
431:
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386:
375:
366:
364:
354:
349:
339:
330:
328:
318:
309:
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291:
282:
280:
270:
262:
252:
241:
238:
228:
223:Past Projects
220:
212:
210:
206:
195:
183:
181:
177:
166:
157:
144:
132:
126:Collaboration
123:
112:Demonstrators
109:
91:
88:
85:
82:
78:
77:
76:
63:
61:
55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7294:
7281:Preceded by
7133:Intersputnik
6978:TĂśBÄ°TAK UZAY
6439:EUTELSAT IGO
6335:Pan-European
6296:TĂśBÄ°TAK UZAY
5755:Central Asia
5371:and pan-Arab
5246:Moon Society
5241:Mars Society
5174:Kill vehicle
5137:Space weapon
4743:Space forces
4384:Intersputnik
4020:Apollo–Soyuz
3758:space policy
3678:space policy
3633:
3614:space policy
3550:
3543:space policy
3508:space policy
3483:
3444:space policy
3427:space policy
3410:Apollo–Soyuz
3402:space policy
3375:Moon landing
3367:space policy
3347:space policy
3310:space policy
3263:
3241:space policy
3199:space policy
3173:
3135:Project Juno
2773:
2761:
2731:
2724:
2712:
2706:
2685:
2678:
2606:
2478:(1960–1975)
2247:Space policy
2176:
2165:
2152:
2142:
2051:Lunar Lander
1969:and proposed
1954:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1327:
1304:Mars Express
1266:
1144:Predecessors
1123:Horizon 2000
1102:
842:. Retrieved
840:. Space News
831:
817:
801:
789:. Retrieved
784:
775:
763:. Retrieved
738:. Retrieved
701:. Retrieved
671:
635:
631:
625:
616:
610:
598:. Retrieved
483:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
381:
372:
360:
345:
336:
324:
315:
306:
297:
288:
276:
258:
247:
234:
226:
218:
201:
189:
172:
163:
155:
138:
129:
115:
100:
74:
35:
31:
29:
7283:Interkosmos
7257:Interkosmos
6363:Eurocontrol
6013:Antrix Corp
5369:Pan-African
4909:North Korea
4897:New Zealand
4885:Netherlands
4690:Space trade
4470:Moon Treaty
4129:(2013–2015)
4039:(1986–2001)
4016:(1974–1993)
4010:(1973–1977)
4004:(1971–1986)
3998:(1967–1991)
3996:Interkosmos
3975:(1964–1966)
3969:(1961–1976)
3963:(1960–1982)
3957:(1960–1963)
3496:Ride Report
3293:Missile gap
3165:(2018–2020)
3143:(2009–2010)
3120:(1964–1971)
2970:Eurocontrol
2864:(1992–2002)
2788:(2015–2025)
2775:BepiColombo
2622:Space Rider
2553:(1983–2010)
2492:(1964–1975)
2484:(1962–1973)
2406:Project 921
2389:(1966–1972)
2383:(1966–1976)
2316:Space races
2189:WikiProject
2061:MarcoPolo-R
2011:Don Quijote
1981:Ariane 5 ME
1945:(2015–2017)
1875:Galileo FOC
1869:Galileo IOV
1841:(1989–1993)
1780:Jules Verne
1761:spaceflight
1592:(2009–2013)
1580:(2003–2007)
1578:Double Star
1574:(2002–2012)
1562:(1995–2011)
1556:(1991–2000)
1550:(1977–1997)
1463:(2009–2013)
1457:(2009–2013)
1433:(1995–1998)
1415:(1989–1993)
1409:(1983–1986)
1403:(1978–1996)
1397:(1975–1982)
1335:BepiColombo
1322:(2005–2014)
1316:(2004–2016)
1300:(2003–2006)
1294:(1997–2005)
1288:(1985–1992)
1257:(2000–2024)
1245:(1990–2009)
1239:(1977–1987)
1172:Arianespace
844:19 December
791:19 December
765:30 November
740:30 November
703:30 November
600:30 November
526:Ariane Next
440:Space RIDER
383:manoeuvres.
351:structures.
7301:Categories
7269:See also:
5982:South Asia
5586:USSPACECOM
5194:Spaceplane
3935:Khrushchev
3484:Challenger
3239:Eisenhower
2700:Cluster II
2297:Spaceguard
2287:Prediction
2076:Phootprint
2056:Marco Polo
1897:Technology
1727:MetOp-SG-B
1719:MetOp-SG-A
1695:Sentinel-4
1666:ADM-Aeolus
1646:Sentinel-3
1628:Sentinel-2
1614:Sentinel-1
1542:Copernicus
1437:XMM-Newton
1255:Cluster II
1061:Copernicus
1032:Programmes
960:Facilities
910:Spaceports
594:"ESA FLPP"
552:References
450:spaceplane
6937:Roscosmos
6925:KazCosmos
6889:ArmCosmos
6590:DTU Space
6552:BIRA-IASB
6499:EU SatCen
6258:KACST-SRI
6155:ArmCosmos
6141:West Asia
5814:East Asia
5781:Roscosmos
5769:KazCosmos
5739:Pan-Asian
5003:Structure
4755:Australia
4414:Space law
4277:UN-SPIDER
4052:Roscosmos
4030:Gorbachev
2963:Eurospace
2399:2007 test
2346:Mars race
2292:Avoidance
2117:CryoSat-1
2091:STE-QUEST
2026:Eddington
2016:e.Deorbit
1967:Cancelled
1839:Olympus-1
1681:EarthCARE
1602:CryoSat-2
1451:(2006–13)
1427:(1992–93)
1413:Hipparcos
1387:cosmology
516:PLD Space
472:, in the
266:hydrogen.
152:Inception
135:Structure
131:as well.
7162:UNCOPUOS
6473:DG DEFIS
6434:EUMETSAT
5486:Americas
5392:National
4957:Thailand
4921:Pakistan
4803:Colombia
4099:Medvedev
4088:Politics
4074:(1993–)
3983:Brezhnev
3726:Title 51
3636:disaster
3634:Columbia
3578:Politics
3486:disaster
2892:(2021–)
2810:EnVision
2755:Politics
2726:Herschel
2720:INTEGRAL
2498:(1975–)
2424:Tiangong
2414:Shenzhou
2408:(1992–)
2395:(1964–)
2334:Timeline
2178:Wikinews
2154:Category
1774:Columbus
1698:) (2024)
1508:ARRAKIHS
1461:Herschel
1443:INTEGRAL
1373:EnVision
1326:ExoMars
1182:EUMETSAT
1073:Columbus
1066:Sentinel
946:Ariane 6
941:Ariane 5
862:ESA FLPP
697:Archived
521:Ariane 6
500:See also
444:uncrewed
237:Ariane 5
215:Projects
97:Approach
54:Ariane 6
50:Ariane 5
7123:ISS MCB
7017:Oceania
6792:PTSPACE
6758:CBK PAN
6420:ESTRACK
6346:CENELEC
6049:SUPARCO
5996:SPARRSO
5833:SASTIND
5550:FAA/AST
5383:Arabsat
5017:Vietnam
4998:History
4827:Germany
4151:ExoMars
4060:Yeltsin
3992:(1967–)
3920:(1946)
3903:program
3841:FAA/AST
3541:Clinton
3345:Johnson
3308:Kennedy
3249:WS-117L
3096:British
2870:(2002–)
2714:Rosetta
2695:Cluster
2687:Huygens
2654:ExoMars
2593:(1998–)
2587:(1973–)
2559:(2005–)
2452:(2016–)
2441:(2003–)
2427:program
2417:program
2371:Chinese
2351:Records
2166:Commons
2143:italics
2112:Cluster
2096:THESEUS
2081:SOLARIS
1956:PROBA-3
1949:OPS-SAT
1931:PROBA-V
1925:PROBA-2
1913:PROBA-1
1863:HYLAS-1
1857:GIOVE-B
1851:GIOVE-A
1845:Artemis
1673:Biomass
1572:Envisat
1511:(2030s)
1310:Rosetta
1298:SMART-1
1292:Huygens
1243:Ulysses
1223:Science
1098:ExoMars
1088:GALILEO
1078:CryoSat
1039:Artemis
1018:ESTRACK
923:Esrange
640:Bibcode
447:orbital
244:Score-D
147:History
66:Purpose
7183:Former
7174:UNOOSA
7076:COSPAR
6547:BELSPO
6328:Europe
6120:GISTDA
6096:PhilSA
5961:SaTReC
5863:PLAASF
5531:NESDIS
5461:NASRDA
5378:RASCOM
5362:Africa
5157:Russia
5086:
5041:France
4969:Turkey
4933:Russia
4861:Israel
4815:France
4779:Canada
4767:Brazil
4629:Russia
4513:(2020)
4507:(2012)
4501:(1999)
4490:(1998)
4484:(1988)
4478:(1981)
4472:(1979)
4466:(1976)
4460:(1975)
4454:(1974)
4448:(1972)
4442:(1972)
4436:(1968)
4430:(1967)
4424:(1963)
4022:(1975)
3949:(1957)
3911:Stalin
3899:Soviet
3824:NESDIS
3442:Reagan
3425:Carter
3390:Skylab
3197:Truman
3149:(2010)
3137:(1991)
3126:(1985)
3114:(1962)
3108:(1958)
2825:ATHENA
2815:CHEOPS
2800:Euclid
2733:Planck
2707:Newton
2122:GEOS 1
2105:Failed
2071:ODINUS
2041:Hopper
2036:Hermes
2031:EXPERT
1959:(2024)
1939:(2015)
1921:(2007)
1909:(1998)
1835:(1978)
1833:GEOS 2
1818:(2021)
1812:(2014)
1806:(2013)
1800:(2012)
1794:(2011)
1786:Cupola
1782:(2008)
1746:(2027)
1738:(2025)
1730:(2025)
1722:(2025)
1714:(2025)
1706:(2025)
1703:ALTIUS
1684:(2024)
1676:(2024)
1527:(2035)
1519:(2035)
1516:Athena
1503:(2029)
1495:(2026)
1485:Euclid
1473:CHEOPS
1455:Planck
1425:Eureca
1407:EXOSAT
1376:(2031)
1368:(2029)
1360:(2028)
1351:(2024)
1343:(2023)
1314:Philae
1286:Giotto
1271:(2031)
1237:ISEE-2
1051:Aurora
494:Vega C
486:Ariane
474:Azores
466:Vega-C
205:Ariane
7233:NASDA
7150:ITU-R
7138:ODCWG
7118:ISECG
7108:ICSMD
7066:CCSDS
7059:World
7036:CSIRO
6875:Other
6768:KRRiT
6753:POLSA
6523:BEREC
6485:EUSPA
6405:ECSAT
6400:ESRIN
6390:ESTEC
6314:MBRSC
6310:UAESA
6203:NEHSA
6191:IRIAF
6072:LAPAN
5868:CASIC
5857:CGWIC
5746:APSCO
5647:CONAE
5473:SANSA
5449:GSSTC
5437:ESSTI
5423:NARSS
5152:India
5147:China
5088:NORAD
5065:Italy
5053:India
4945:Spain
4873:Japan
4838:Iran
4791:China
4617:India
4267:ITU-R
4142:Mars
4120:Putin
4008:Almaz
3901:space
3756:Trump
3676:Obama
3365:Nixon
2840:SMILE
2820:JUICE
2805:ARIEL
2617:PRIDE
2086:SPICA
1881:EGNOS
1743:FORUM
1735:SMILE
1608:Swarm
1584:MetOp
1560:ERS-2
1554:ERS-1
1500:ARIEL
1492:PLATO
1449:CoRoT
1395:Cos-B
1358:rover
1268:Vigil
1192:GEWEX
1135:Pride
1093:ELIPS
1083:EGNOS
787:. ESA
327:Nammo
261:Vinci
255:Vinci
180:Vinci
7307:CNES
7209:KCST
7197:BNSC
7128:ITSO
7113:IMSO
7103:IADC
7081:IPDA
7071:CEOS
7050:NZSA
7004:UKSA
6992:SSAU
6947:VVKO
6901:MAKA
6866:SNSA
6816:INTA
6804:ROSA
6741:NOSA
6717:SRON
6614:CNES
6566:SRTI
6511:EASA
6456:and
6415:ESOC
6410:ESAC
6385:ECSS
6368:ECAC
6356:ETSI
6351:CEPT
6277:GORS
6239:NCSR
6220:ISRC
6179:NSSA
6167:MAKA
6132:VNSC
6108:SSTL
6084:MYSA
6023:NRSC
6008:ISRO
5973:TASA
5947:KASI
5942:KARI
5937:KASA
5925:NATA
5913:NICT
5887:ISAS
5882:JAXA
5848:CAST
5843:CALT
5838:CASC
5828:CNSA
5805:TNSA
5732:Asia
5717:IVIC
5712:ABAE
5681:INPE
5676:DCTA
5623:ALCE
5574:USSF
5519:NASA
5418:EgSA
5406:ASAL
5077:NATO
4847:IRGC
3851:IEEE
3651:ESAS
3400:Ford
3224:RAND
2830:LISA
2763:Gaia
2705:XMM-
2674:SOHO
2046:LOFT
2021:EChO
2001:CSTS
1976:AIDA
1919:YES2
1711:FLEX
1596:SMOS
1590:GOCE
1524:LISA
1467:Gaia
1348:Hera
1249:SOHO
1103:FLPP
951:Vega
846:2017
793:2017
767:2016
742:2016
705:2016
602:2016
490:Vega
488:and
438:The
277:The
209:Vega
207:and
36:FLPP
30:The
18:FLPP
7245:SSP
7221:NAL
7098:GSC
7093:GEO
7031:ASA
6973:TUA
6961:SSO
6942:SRI
6913:BSA
6854:AEE
6842:EAE
6828:AEC
6778:ULC
6773:ORO
6763:UKE
6729:NSO
6705:LSO
6693:LSA
6681:ASI
6669:HSO
6657:HSA
6645:DLR
6631:CdE
6626:AAE
6602:ESO
6578:CSO
6535:ALR
6458:EEA
6444:ESO
6395:EAC
6380:ESA
6342:CEN
6291:TUA
6272:SSA
6253:SSA
6234:ISA
6215:ISA
6037:DSA
6018:DoS
5901:JSS
5853:CCF
5786:SRI
5700:CCE
5686:ITA
5671:AEB
5659:ABE
5635:AEM
5598:NRO
5562:FCC
5536:OSC
5507:CSA
4842:AJA
4072:ISS
4037:Mir
3846:NRO
3836:FCC
3563:ISS
1937:IXV
1907:ARD
1759:ISS
1431:ISO
1401:IUE
1056:ATV
1044:ESM
785:ESA
648:doi
531:IXV
510:ESA
273:IXV
7303::
6454:EU
5791:VK
1654:3B
1652:/
1650:3A
1648:/
1640:2C
1638:/
1636:2B
1634:/
1632:2A
1630:/
1622:1B
1620:/
1618:1A
1616:/
808:.
783:.
750:^
713:^
680:^
660:^
646:.
636:65
634:.
559:^
496:.
476:.
6344:/
6316:)
6312:(
5347:e
5340:t
5333:v
3336:"
3332:"
2997:/
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
1692:(
1312:/
890:e
883:t
876:v
848:.
795:.
769:.
744:.
707:.
654:.
650::
642::
604:.
512:)
508:(
34:(
20:)
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