1057:, it was revealed that the adoption of more cost-effective engine to replace the upper stages of the Vega have been postponed due to a failure to reduce the overall costs of the launcher, making it much less worthwhile to pursue. Despite this finding, efforts to improve the efficiency of the third stage continued. At this point, the certification of all four stages of the Vega launch was anticipated to be achieved prior to the end of 2009, while the first launch was scheduled to take place during 2010. The first flight was intended to be flown with a scientific payload, rather than a "dummy" placeholder; but had intentionally avoided a costly commercial satellite. By late 2010, the first flight had been delayed into 2011.
1449:
29:
1539:
4138:
1666:
7461:
1762:€25 million for each rocket alone, assuming a launch rate of 2 per year. In 2012, the managing director of ELV estimated that if the sustained flight rate were to increase to four flights per year, the price of each individual launch vehicle could potentially decrease to €22 million. In the event, by November 2020, Vega had never flown more than three flights in a single year, with an average flight rate of just under two launches per year.
1839:
7485:
7497:
7473:
935:(ESA), led by France and Italy. During June 1998, it was announced that ministers from European Space Agency (ESA) member states had agreed to proceed with the first phase of the development programme for Vega; the participating members were France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy – the latter had assumed 55% of the burden for financing the programme.
1073:, by sea for Kourou. At this point, the first launch was anticipated to occur during December 2011 or January 2012. During early January 2012, it was reported that the launch date would slip into the following month. On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega rocket occurred for Kourou; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".
1097:(ESA) declared the Vega rocket to be "fully functional". The lapse of more than one year between the inaugural flight and the second one was mainly due to the fact that the Italian manufacturer had to completely redevelop the Flight Control Software, due to the restrictions on French export control imposed on the software used on the first flight.
938:
By
September 1998, it was projected that, if fully funded, Vega would perform its first launch during 2002. However, by early 1998, France was publicly showing displeasure in the programme, leading to disputes in its funding. A new, higher-performance version of the Vega was proposed, but this failed
1515:
After a critical design review based on the completed first test firings, the second test-firing of the Zefiro 9 took place at Salto di Quirra on 28 March 2007. After 35 seconds, there was a sudden drop in the motor's internal pressure, leading to an increased combustion time. No public information
1033:
had shown formal interest in the Vega programme. In
December 2005, the Vega launcher, along with the Ariane and Soyuz launchers, were endorsed as the recognised "first choice" platforms for ESA payloads. On 19 December 2005, the first test firing of the Vega's third stage was completed successfully
1761:
Development costs for the Vega rocket totaled €710 million, with ESA spending an additional €400 million to sponsor five development flights between 2012 and 2014. Estimates of commercial launch costs in 2012 were projected to be €32 million, including
Arianespace's marketing and service costs, or
1092:
Following on from the first launch, a further four flights were conducted under the vestiges of the VERTA programme (Vega
Research and Technology Accompaniment), during which observation or scientific payloads were orbited while validating and readying the Vega rocket for more lucrative commercial
946:
Around 2000, an alternative use for the Vega was explored as a medium-class booster rocket to be used in conjunction with an improved, up-rated model of the Ariane 5 heavy launcher. In
October 2000, it was announced that France and Italy had settled their year-long dispute over the Vega programme;
1673:
Vega C was an evolution on the original Vega launcher to enable better launch performance and flexibility. Development started following the
December 2014 ESA Ministerial Council with the goal to meet the change in payload demands, both in regards to an increase in medium-sized institutional
1081:(DLR) was reportedly enthusiastic on the prospects of developing a European alternative to the Vega's final, fourth stage; however, it was widely believed that there should be no change to Vega hardware for roughly 10 years in order to consolidate operations and avoid unnecessary costs early on.
930:
However, it was recognised to be a costly project and thus difficult for Italy alone to finance; accordingly, international partners were sought early on in order to proceed with development. In April 1998, it was publicly stated that the Vega programme was dependent upon the securing of roughly
1650:
Avio was also considering a "Vega Light" that would omit the first stage of either the Vega-C or Vega-E and would be targeted at replenishing satellite constellations. The vehicle would be capable of launching between 250–300 kg or 400–500 kg depending on whether it was derived from a
1693:
These modifications will enable new mission parameters using various payload adapters and upper stages. The new rocket will be able to carry dual payloads using the Vespa-C payload adapter, or a single large satellite in addition to smaller payloads using the
Vampire and SMSS multiple payload
943:(ESA) formally dropped Vega as an endorsed programme, a decision which was largely attributed to France's withdrawal; Italy declared that it would proceed regardless, and threatened to re-direct its allocated contributions for the further development of the Ariane 5 to meet the shortfall.
923:, was promoted as functioning to expand the range of European launch capabilities; Vega would be capable of launching a 1000 kg payload into a 700 km polar orbit. From the onset, the first of three stages would be based on the solid booster of the existing
1620:. The Vega launcher manager stated that it will not fly in the near future because it takes some time to develop, but he confirmed it will be on agenda in the next meeting of ministers in late 2012. That way, all components of the rocket would be built inside the
1562:, has been designed to place the payload in the required orbit and to perform roll and attitude control functions. The AVUM consists of two modules: AVUM Propulsion Module (APM) and AVUM Avionics Module (AAM). The propulsion module uses a Ukrainian-built
1076:
During mid-2011, it was postulated that an evolved 'Europeanised' upgrade of the Vega rocket could be developed in the medium-to-long term future. Following the successful first launch, various improvements for the Vega were postulated. The
919:(BPD), commenced discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Around the same time, Italy began to champion the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher. This proposed launcher, dubbed
1689:
launcher, and the Zefiro 23 second stage will also be replaced with the Zefiro 40. The larger AVUM+ will replace the AVUM fourth stage, while the third Zefiro 9 stage will be carried over from the base version of the launcher.
1093:
operations. The second launch, performed on 6 May 2013, which followed a considerably more demanding flight profile and carried the type's first commercial payload, was also successful. In the aftermath of this second launch,
2103:
3245:
6166:
This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
1426:
The second test firing of the P80 first stage engine took place on 4 December 2007 in Kourou. Delivering a mean thrust of 190 tonnes over 111 seconds, the engine's behaviour was in line with predictions.
986:(CNES), the French space agency; Italy provided 65% of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder. In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator
947:
France and Italy agreed to provide 35% and 52%, respectively, of the financing towards the all-composite P80 booster for the Ariane 5 — work which would be included in the Vega programme. In March 2001,
963:
launcher would directly compete with the in-development Vega; demands for such launchers had declined with a downturn in the mobile telecommunications satellite market and doubts over the
European
3605:
Avio was developing a scaled-down version of Vega C, named Vega C Light. This rocket will not be equipped with the P120 C, consisting only of Zefiro 40, Zefiro 9 (improved) and AVUM plus stages.
1766:"Our belief was that we can charge up to 20% more per launch than our biggest competitors and still win business because of the value we provide at the space center here and with Arianespace"
1352:
of
Switzerland. It has a diameter of 2.6 metres, a height of 7.8 metres and a mass of 400 kg. The cylindrical part of the fairing has an outer diameter 2.6 m and a height 3.5 m.
939:
to sufficiently satisfy France. In September 1999, France decided to withdraw from the Vega programme entirely, leading to fears for the future of the launcher. In November 1999,
955:(ASI) formed a new company, European Launch Vehicle (ELV), to assume responsibility for the majority of development work on the Vega programme. By 2003, there was concerns that
1042:. For several years, further tests would be conducted at the Sardinia site. Progress on Vega was delayed by the failure of one such test of the third stage on 28 March 2007.
6303:
7054:
1393:, consisting of two electromechanical actuators that operate a movable nozzle with flexible joint using lithium-ion batteries. The 3 m diameter case was composed of
1727:
The Vega E (or Vega Evolution) is a further evolution of the Vega-C with the Zefiro 9 and AVUM+ third and fourth stages replaced with a cryogenic upper stage powered by
6404:
6901:
4435:
3256:
1385:
The P80 was the first stage of VEGA, its name was derived from the design phase propellant weight of 80 tons that was later increased to 88 tons. The P80 includes a
931:
ECU70 million of industrial investment, as well as the availability of around ECU350 million of funding that had been requested from interested member states of the
7079:
1486:
The second test firing of the Zefiro 23 second stage engine took place on 27 March 2008 also at Salto di Quirra. This successful test qualified the rocket engine.
1712:. On 21 December 2022 (UTC), Vega-C suffered a launch failure due to an anomaly with the Zefiro 40 second stage resulting in the loss of two spacecraft for the
6446:
2131:
1597:) has exceeded the feasibility study and was planned to replace the current third and fourth stages with a single low cost LOX/Liquid methane stage with a new
1590:
elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.
7186:
824:
orbits. The reference Vega mission was a polar orbit bringing a spacecraft of 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to an altitude of 700 kilometres (430 mi).
6169:
Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
6527:
890:
Vega struggled to compete in the commercial launch market in its decade of service. After initial success, two in-flight failures and rising competition
898:, which offered lower prices, relegated Vega to primarily serving European government agencies willing to pay more to support independent space access.
7533:
7192:
6394:
7180:
4300:
1735:. This variant offers even more flexibility than Vega-C, with the ability to deliver multiple satellites into different orbits on a single launch.
6827:
6200:
2254:
1367:
As of 2011, the design and production process of the three engine types intended for the three stages of Vega were planned to be verified in two
3698:
1996:
6313:
4061:
3646:
1006:
launcher. In September 2005, the successful completion of key tests on the Vega's solid rocket motor igniters, a key milestone, was reported.
6283:
3356:
1543:
3465:
5736:
2659:
5776:
5741:
5731:
2884:
2868:
2785:
2769:
2473:
2457:
3113:
2964:
2737:
1708:
and six other satellites to orbit. This launch came as a way of filling the gap after the Russian rockets became unavailable due to the
6462:
3915:
2996:
2916:
2426:
1014:
3806:
P. Bellomi; M. Rudnykh; S. Carapellese; D. Liuzzi; G. Caggiano; L. Arione; A.A. Gurtovoy; S.D. Lobov; V. S. Rachuk (8 February 2019).
2753:
7786:
1963:
1940:
1434:, also with its name derived from the design phase propellant weight of 120 tons, will increase the propellant mass to 141–143 tons.
2410:
8310:
3807:
3220:
2333:
1867:
1500:
The first engine completed was Zefiro 9, the third-stage engine. The first test firing was carried out on 20 December 2005, at the
2598:
1616:
wanted to join the project. Germany would provide a replacement for the RD-843 engine on the AVUM fourth stage, currently made in
1002:
and a self-propelled structure to assist assembly of the stages; this site was built over the original launch pad for the retired
6429:
5327:
4415:
3012:
2804:
2613:
7433:
7144:
1519:
On 23 October 2008, an enhanced version of the Zefiro 9 with a modified nozzle design, the Zefiro 9-A, was successfully tested.
7476:
7342:
6414:
4178:
3513:
3081:
2948:
1522:
On 28 April 2009, the final qualification test firing of Zefiro 9-A took place at the Salto di Quirra Interforce Test Range in
2364:
7526:
6424:
3827:
2706:
2204:
3886:
2932:
2852:
2348:
998:. In November 2004, construction commenced upon a new dedicated launch pad for the Vega launcher at Kourou, this included a
8325:
6467:
4782:
4325:
4293:
2980:
2721:
2675:
2505:
1872:
7489:
6193:
4950:
4772:
3304:
6835:
6712:
6560:
5047:
4054:
2820:
2644:
7611:
3937:
2629:
7248:
6871:
6865:
6503:
2900:
2836:
2441:
1743:
1413:
927:
expendable launch system while the second and third stages would make use of the in-development Zefiro rocket motor.
601:
517:
433:
2521:
2489:
2048:
7606:
7519:
7500:
7218:
6907:
6288:
6278:
4170:
3672:
2690:
2075:
1719:
Following the failure, the next launch was delayed until late 2024 to allow the redesign of a rocket motor nozzle.
1709:
1516:
was available for this sudden drop of internal pressure, and whether any flaws were present in the motor's design.
960:
2551:
2299:
7230:
6298:
6153:
4286:
3153:
2583:
2379:
1742:
methane engine used in the new upper stage. The engine design was the result of a collaboration between Avio and
1578:
as propellants. The AVUM avionics module contains the main components of the avionics sub-system of the vehicle.
1571:
1465:
1394:
1694:
dispenser. Orbital transfer capability was also available with the Vega Electrical Nudge Upper Stage, or VENUS.
7465:
7307:
6399:
6186:
4866:
4697:
4633:
4320:
4182:
3028:
1819:
964:
2536:
8320:
7779:
7738:
4047:
1601:. The purpose of the program was to upgrade the performance by about 30% without significant price increase.
1448:
1017:
module to work in conjunction with the Vega launcher; this envisioned module would transfer payloads between
3561:
2177:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
6736:
3954:
1473:
28:
8335:
8315:
7070:
3766:
1368:
813:
4918:
4913:
4668:
3745:
1100:
Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to
7814:
7377:
7197:
6790:
6772:
6742:
6652:
6367:
6334:
6308:
6143:
5418:
4819:
4489:
4126:
2283:
1404:
was made of light low-cost carbon phenolic material; a consumable casing was used for the igniter. The
7362:
7000:
6666:
6508:
6293:
6148:
6138:
4457:
2000:
1050:
794:
766:
45:
3985:
3170:
3071:
IAC-07-B4.2.07, proceedings of the 58th International Astronautical Congress, India, Hyderabad, 2007
8246:
8226:
8117:
7772:
7322:
5810:
4586:
3960:
2395:
1567:
1341:
had indicated that the Vega launcher was able to carry 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to a circular
1085:(ESA) was also keen to take advantage of potential commonalities between the Vega and the proposed
848:
253:
3919:
3469:
3360:
3054:
2567:
2190:
The Italian-built Vega rocket was named after the second-brightest star in the northern hemisphere
2118:
1701:
vehicle, currently in development by ESA and due to launch on a Vega-C no earlier than July 2025.
7621:
7367:
6889:
6566:
6419:
6355:
4903:
4150:
4083:
4024:
4002:
3195:
2318:
1609:
1605:
1078:
916:
840:
832:
7121:
4246:
3808:"Development of LM10-MIRA liquid oxygen – liquid natural gas expander cycle demonstrator engine"
3414:
3344:
3333:
3287:
1713:
8305:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8127:
8072:
8023:
8003:
7993:
7988:
7882:
7637:
7337:
6730:
6029:
5684:
5611:
5401:
5374:
5369:
5052:
5015:
4341:
3980:
3117:
895:
847:
first stage, the Zefiro 23 second stage, and the Zefiro 9 third stage. The upper module was a
8268:
8137:
8132:
8082:
8077:
8051:
8018:
7085:
6384:
6209:
6073:
5940:
5706:
5559:
5151:
5069:
4777:
4207:
3858:
1857:
1824:
1644:
1495:
1443:
1151:
1144:
1105:
1094:
1082:
1046:
1010:
979:
956:
940:
932:
782:
190:
1108:
orbits. During its qualification flight, Vega placed its main payload of 386.8 kg, the
8330:
8190:
8142:
7708:
7423:
7127:
6971:
6853:
6621:
6603:
6554:
6377:
6372:
5985:
5845:
5315:
4096:
1575:
1461:
1401:
967:
952:
778:
699:
605:
521:
437:
74:
7586:
3587:
2231:
2154:
1970:
8:
8251:
8241:
8087:
8008:
7718:
7616:
7407:
7352:
7347:
7317:
7156:
7115:
7103:
7097:
6984:
6796:
6766:
6625:
6597:
6498:
6229:
5716:
5527:
4908:
4846:
4663:
4390:
4159:
4122:
4112:
4102:
1750:
1739:
1682:
1431:
1113:
1022:
852:
786:
301:
243:
8286:
Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups.
3723:
3381:
3227:
1753:
engine between May and July 2022 with the maiden flight of the Vega-E planned for 2027.
1608:(DLR) moved to be included in the program. Johann-Dietrich Wörner, at that time head of
808:
It was designed to launch small payloads, 300 to 2,500 kilograms (660 to 5,510 lb)
7972:
7695:
7397:
7302:
7109:
7046:
6919:
6803:
5517:
5460:
5146:
4851:
4242:
3833:
1844:
1678:
1636:
1380:
1137:
844:
361:
7596:
7484:
3491:
7753:
6877:
6778:
6676:
6659:
6637:
6051:
5626:
4967:
4188:
4092:
3975:
3837:
3823:
1505:
1109:
7591:
6859:
3990:
3970:
3517:
3451:
3437:
3425:
3403:
3392:
3088:
2132:"Antonio Fabrizi: from "nuts and bolts" to Europe's launchers of today and tomorrow"
8273:
8236:
8210:
8122:
8067:
8030:
7954:
7887:
7733:
7674:
7438:
7297:
7022:
6362:
6024:
5606:
5601:
5537:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4925:
4871:
4757:
4658:
4623:
4395:
4378:
4373:
4232:
4226:
4216:
3815:
1788:
1677:
This new evolution incorporates various changes to the Vega stack. The first stage
1469:
1397:
1386:
1065:
During October 2011, all major components of the first Vega rocket departed Avio's
734:
673:
580:
496:
412:
248:
7511:
3965:
1053:(GPS) navigation in order to support launches of the Vega and Ariane. At the 2009
8182:
8163:
7892:
7679:
7254:
7091:
6350:
6133:
6044:
5825:
5554:
5522:
5288:
5283:
5278:
4797:
4702:
4452:
2104:
THE SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF EUROPEAN VEGA LAUNCHER WITH UKRAINIAN UPPER-STAGE ENGINE
1598:
1538:
1501:
1480:
1035:
1018:
821:
742:
912:
8263:
8231:
8158:
8112:
7748:
7546:
7287:
6488:
6244:
6002:
5820:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5564:
5263:
5251:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4729:
4643:
4309:
3819:
1732:
1621:
1364:, that was the prime contractor for the Vega launcher through its company ELV.
1054:
158:
4960:
4018:
3996:
2869:"Vega on track for January maiden flight from ESA's French Guiana launch site"
2025:
1460:, partially funded by the company and partially funded by a contract from the
8299:
7859:
7728:
7713:
6631:
6572:
6439:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5815:
5532:
5507:
5453:
5448:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5310:
5305:
5134:
4834:
4829:
4613:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4405:
3312:
2052:
1793:
1728:
995:
978:
In March 2003, contracts for development of the Vega launcher were signed by
2738:"PARIS AIR SHOW: Commercial Soyuz, Vega launchers face up to cost pressures"
2255:"The Vega rocket never found its commercial niche. After tonight, it's gone"
2079:
1704:
On 13 July 2022, Vega-C had its debut flight, during which it delivered the
1604:
On 14 February 2012, one day after the successful first launch of Vega, the
8256:
8105:
7854:
7849:
7844:
6615:
6434:
5945:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5657:
5596:
5502:
5443:
5423:
5079:
5074:
4940:
4824:
4648:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4534:
4400:
3805:
3139:
2259:
1862:
1665:
1586:
There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega and
4137:
1419:
The first test firing of the P80 engine took place on 30 November 2006 in
785:(ESA). Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from the
7998:
7743:
7700:
7669:
7581:
7372:
7292:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6933:
6929:
6646:
6483:
5916:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5640:
5497:
5413:
5364:
5141:
5129:
5119:
5114:
4812:
4807:
4792:
4596:
4482:
4477:
4430:
4425:
4278:
4116:
4070:
1912:
1904:
1798:
1698:
1625:
1555:
1342:
1338:
1112:
satellite, into a circular orbit at the altitude of 1450 km with an
1101:
987:
880:
876:
817:
770:
348:
126:
34:
6178:
5830:
3540:"ESA Ministerial Council: a historic leap forwards for space activities"
2660:"Vega launcher rocket engine tests progress with Sardinian trial firing"
7387:
7038:
7030:
7006:
6977:
6957:
6939:
6925:
6748:
6098:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5911:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5746:
5726:
5322:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5124:
4935:
4861:
4787:
4767:
4707:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4472:
4462:
4385:
4346:
4039:
2770:"PARIS AIR SHOW: Face the facts with Avio chief executive Orazio Ragni"
1895:, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in
1814:
1803:
1405:
1371:— one for design evaluation and one in the final flight configuration.
1349:
1066:
274:
3452:"Successful second test for Vega's Zefiro 9-A solid-fuel rocket motor"
1400:
case and low density rubber was used for the internal insulation. The
720:
8013:
7428:
7402:
7327:
7150:
6992:
6913:
6724:
6579:
6221:
6110:
6093:
6017:
6012:
5980:
5975:
5850:
5786:
5781:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5721:
5711:
5694:
5645:
5631:
5547:
5542:
5406:
5394:
5384:
5332:
5241:
5109:
5084:
5062:
4955:
4856:
4734:
4445:
4440:
4410:
4351:
3750:
3746:"Europe's Vega C rocket fails on 2nd-ever mission, 2 satellites lost"
3610:
3592:
3438:"Successful first test for Vega's Zefiro 9-A solid-fuel rocket motor"
3426:
ESA: Anomalous behaviour affects firing test of Vega's Zefiro 9 motor
1738:
As of March 2021 Avio was finalizing the development of the new
1547:
1479:
The Zefiro 23 second stage engine was first fired on 26 June 2006 at
1409:
1348:
The payload fairing of the Vega was designed and was manufactured by
809:
445:
1771:
Francesco De Pasquale, managing director of ELV SpA, 2012, SpaceNews
8100:
8095:
7866:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7560:
6819:
6754:
6684:
6493:
6257:
6252:
6115:
6103:
6088:
6083:
6034:
5990:
5840:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5699:
5689:
5621:
5616:
5589:
5569:
5389:
5379:
5300:
5295:
5246:
5236:
5104:
5057:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
4930:
4898:
4893:
4802:
4762:
4739:
4653:
4638:
4628:
4467:
4358:
4146:
4079:
2885:"Fingers crossed and re-crossed as Vega moves toward maiden flight"
1782:
1686:
1640:
1587:
1523:
1509:
1086:
1039:
1013:(ESA) declared its desire for the development and deployment of an
1003:
948:
924:
863:
was the leading contributor to the Vega program (65%), followed by
856:
529:
268:
238:
7764:
3539:
8046:
7910:
7905:
7601:
7392:
7267:
7260:
7242:
7236:
7174:
7168:
7162:
6883:
6609:
6409:
6389:
6329:
6234:
6078:
6007:
5997:
5835:
5756:
5751:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5359:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5099:
5094:
5089:
4841:
4675:
4368:
4363:
2786:"Maiden Vega to fly science payload to conduct tests with lasers"
1916:
1896:
1705:
1617:
1613:
872:
168:
1,500 km × 200 km (930 mi × 120 mi)
1360:
The first three stages are solid propellant engines produced by
7382:
7014:
6784:
6718:
6548:
5512:
5485:
5354:
4945:
4722:
4106:
3246:"Vega Launch System Final Preparation for Qualification Flight"
3069:
The Design of LARES: A Satellite for Testing General Relativity
1900:
1852:
1749:
Avio successfully conducted the first series of testing of the
1660:
1563:
1420:
1026:
999:
991:
891:
884:
864:
839:, was a single-body launcher (no strap-on boosters) with three
802:
653:
225:
3780:
3620:
2205:"European Vega Small-Class Launcher Targets Government Market"
7967:
7963:
7723:
7543:
7224:
6895:
6811:
6760:
6706:
6068:
6039:
5650:
5349:
4618:
4420:
4220:
1908:
1892:
1808:
1647:(ESA) Council meeting at Ministerial level in December 2014.
1527:
1390:
1030:
868:
860:
305:
263:
3938:"Vega Expected to be Price-competitive With Russian Rockets"
3334:
ESA: Successful firing of Vega's first-stage motor in Kourou
2997:"For 'flexible' Vega, second launch a step up in complexity"
8168:
7959:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7357:
7332:
7312:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5344:
4712:
4581:
4236:
3863:
3583:
1559:
1457:
1361:
1070:
990:
and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at
983:
836:
828:
774:
694:
258:
55:
2965:"IN FOCUS: Europe's next rocket has high hurdles to clear"
2754:"Italy has sights – and budget – set firmly on the cosmos"
797:
in history. The final flight of the rocket took place on 5
5490:
5339:
4192:
3647:"Media backgrounder for ESA Council at Ministerial Level"
1674:
payloads, and to compete with cheaper launch providers.
1049:(ESA) announced that the agency was studying the use of
851:
called AVUM. The improved version of the P80 stage, the
3288:"The Future of European Launchers: The ESA Perspective"
3029:"French Export Restrictions Snare Vega Flight Software"
2474:"Vega agreement paves way for P80 booster for Ariane 5"
1533:
1464:(ISA). A Zefiro 23 forms the second stage of Vega. Its
1025:(GEO). During November 2005, it was reported that both
3564:. Aviation Week and Space Technology. 22 November 2017
2458:"Arianespace adds Eurokot to satellite launcher range"
1697:
Return missions are also available using the reusable
3696:
3404:
ESA: Successful first test for Vega's Zefiro 9 engine
1456:
The development of the Zefiro motor was initiated by
801:
September 2024, after being replaced by the improved
4001:(Television production). Euronews. 1 February 2012.
3931:
3929:
3916:"Europe's Italian-led Vega Rocket Succeeds in Debut"
3724:"Successful debut flight for Europe's Vega-C rocket"
3615:
3613:
3253:
Proceedings of 47th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference
2427:"French withdrawal prompts ESA to drop Vega project"
1834:
7541:
3255:. San Diego, California (USA): AIAA. Archived from
2917:"Success of Vega rocket flight boosts Avio profile"
2232:"Vega launcher program courts German participation"
1476:throat insert. The propellant loading was 23 tons.
3907:
3393:Successful qualification firing test for Zefiro 23
2411:"ESA ponders Vega's future after France withdraws"
2203:
2178:"Europe Launches New Vega Rocket on Maiden Voyage"
3926:
3767:"ESA delays Vega C return to flight to late 2024"
3162:
2225:
2223:
8297:
6304:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
3699:"Vega-C successfully completes inaugural flight"
3013:"Vega's second success 'confirms functionality'"
2799:
2797:
2334:"Italy leads ESA interest in Vega K development"
2020:
2018:
855:, will also be used as the side boosters of the
3281:
3279:
3277:
1714:Airbus Pléiades Neo Earth-imaging constellation
1389:(TVC) system, developed and made in Belgium by
6314:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2614:"Israel and India show interest in ESA's Vega"
2599:"ESA wants electronic module for Vega vehicle"
2279:
2277:
2220:
2124:
2106:State Space Agency of Ukraine 21 November 2018
1955:
7780:
7527:
6194:
4294:
4055:
3171:"Vega: The European Small-Launcher Programme"
2805:"Vega maiden launch could slip into February"
2794:
2229:
2015:
1345:at an altitude of 700 km (430 mi).
4269:Symbol indicates failure or partial failure
4260:Between parentheses is the main payload only
3542:. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana. 2 December 2014
3532:
3382:ESA: Vega's second stage motor roars to life
3285:
3274:
2949:"SPACEFLIGHT: Partners look to enhance Vega"
2313:
2311:
1452:Nozzle of the Zefiro 23, Paris Air Show 2015
793:February 2012. It was the 8th most launched
3799:
3697:European Space Agency, ed. (13 July 2022).
3562:"Avio Considers 'Vega Light' Mini-Launcher"
3516:. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana. Archived from
3311:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3114:"Vega – Launcher composition (interactive)"
2365:"New European launcher awaits full funding"
2274:
2175:
2078:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2051:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
1639:for the first stage of the next generation
1423:, and the test was concluded successfully.
1355:
750:
7787:
7773:
7534:
7520:
6463:European Launcher Development Organisation
6201:
6187:
4308:
4301:
4287:
4062:
4048:
4023:. European Space Agency. 31 January 2012.
3971:First stone for Vega at Europe's Spaceport
3935:
3913:
3812:Progress in Propulsion Physics – Volume 11
3168:
1472:and its carbon phenolic nozzle includes a
27:
6526:
6208:
3914:de Selding, Peter B. (13 February 2012).
3349:
2933:"PARIS: ESA to fire up next-gen launcher"
2707:"Italian Space Agency plans its relaunch"
2349:"ESA to develop small satellite launcher"
2308:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2097:
1685:, the same booster due to be used on the
1554:The Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM)
4069:
3936:de Selding, Peter B. (23 January 2012).
3458:
2981:"IN FOCUS: Europe forges ahead in space"
2853:"ESA counting down to historic launches"
2722:"GPS navigation may guide Europe's Vega"
1868:Comparison of orbital launchers families
1664:
1631:The revised Vega-C first stage, renamed
1537:
1447:
3415:ESA: Vega Critical Design Review begins
3074:
2676:"Rocket propulsion sees triple success"
2506:"Face the facts with Jean-Yves Le Gall"
1988:
1408:loaded has low binder content and high
959:(ESA)'s recent adoption of the Russian
739:Vettore Europeo di Generazione Avanzata
8298:
3106:
2472:Moxon, Julian and Giorgio di Barnado;
2201:
2109:
2094:
1669:Model of Vega-C at Paris Air Show 2015
747:Vecteur européen de génération avancée
7768:
7515:
6525:
6425:Space Situational Awareness Programme
6182:
4282:
4043:
4027:from the original on 12 December 2021
4005:from the original on 12 December 2021
3764:
2821:"Space, time and Vega's heavy burden"
2252:
1776:
7472:
6468:European Space Research Organisation
6284:Space Research and Technology Centre
4326:Comparison of orbital launch systems
3961:ELV – European Launch Vehicle s.p.a.
3582:
3345:ESA: Vega main engine test in Kourou
3243:
2152:
1873:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1534:Attitude Vernier Upper Module (AVUM)
339:13 February 2012 (multiple payloads)
7794:
7739:Liquid Fly-back Booster Derivatives
7496:
3588:"Vega C, a new generation launcher"
3176:. ESA, bulletin 109 — february 2002
2645:"Vega fires up on third-stage test"
2630:"ESA boosts science, delays Kliper"
2253:Clark, Stephen (5 September 2024).
2153:Amos, Jonathan (13 February 2012).
1512:. The test was a complete success.
1166:11.7 m (38 ft 5 in)
973:
911:During the mid-1990s, French firms
760:Vector European Generation Advanced
16:European Space Agency launch system
13:
3468:(in Italian). Avio. Archived from
2837:"Italy special: Towards the stars"
2442:"ESA budgets for Ariane 5 updates"
2230:Clark, Steven (14 February 2012).
2155:"Vega launcher makes first flight"
1542:AVUM undergoing vibration test at
1172:3.5 m (11 ft 6 in)
1169:7.5 m (24 ft 7 in)
984:Centre national d'études spatiales
867:(13%). Other participants include
14:
8347:
3948:
3887:"2023 half-year financial report"
3867:(Press release). 9 September 2022
2901:"Vega maiden launch goes to plan"
1744:Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
1430:The future version of the stage,
1217:88,000 kg (194,000 lb)
1192:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
1189:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
1186:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
1175:1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
1119:
915:and SEP, along with Italian firm
107:137,000 kg (302,000 lb)
7495:
7483:
7471:
7460:
7459:
6289:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
4136:
3879:
3851:
3357:"VEGA C: 1° Stage – P120C Motor"
3244:Neri, Agostino (4 August 2011).
2522:"Europe starts Vega development"
2490:"Italians form launcher company"
2176:Tariq Malik (13 February 2012).
2073:
2046:
1994:
1961:
1837:
1651:Vega-C or Vega-E, respectively.
1223:10,500 kg (23,100 lb)
1220:24,000 kg (53,000 lb)
1183:3 m (9 ft 10 in)
628:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
620:1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
547:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
463:1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
395:95,695 kg (210,971 lb)
33:Vega's VV05 before liftoff with
8311:Space launch vehicles of Europe
6154:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
3773:
3758:
3738:
3716:
3690:
3665:
3639:
3576:
3554:
3506:
3484:
3444:
3430:
3419:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3338:
3327:
3305:"Solid propellant rocket stage"
3297:
3237:
3226:. Aviogroup.com. Archived from
3213:
3188:
3146:
3132:
3061:
3047:
3021:
3005:
2989:
2973:
2957:
2941:
2925:
2909:
2893:
2877:
2861:
2845:
2829:
2813:
2778:
2762:
2746:
2730:
2715:
2699:
2691:"Vega third stage engine fails"
2684:
2668:
2653:
2638:
2622:
2607:
2592:
2576:
2560:
2545:
2530:
2514:
2498:
2482:
2466:
2450:
2435:
2425:Moxon, Julian and Andy Nativi;
2419:
2404:
2388:
2380:"Second test for Vega's Zefiro"
2373:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2300:"ESA plan emphasises launchers"
2292:
2246:
2202:Svitak, Amy (6 February 2012).
2195:
2169:
2146:
1891:The lead manufacturer was from
1635:(Common), has been selected as
1504:Inter-force Test Range, on the
1327:315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
1321:287.5 s (2.819 km/s)
1234:7,330 kg (16,160 lb)
777:, and jointly developed by the
563:11,815 kg (26,048 lb)
479:28,850 kg (63,600 lb)
7308:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
4321:List of orbital launch systems
3765:Foust, Jeff (2 October 2023).
3286:M. Caporicci (November 2000).
2552:"Vega launch pad taking shape"
2067:
2040:
1933:
1885:
1820:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
1268:2,200 kN (490,000 lb
1251:3,260 kg (7,190 lb)
1237:1,950 kg (4,300 lb)
1060:
901:
678:315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
501:287.5 s (2.819 km/s)
403:2,261 kN (508,000 lb
387:7,330 kg (16,160 lb)
1:
3154:"A significant role with ESA"
2584:"Key tests for Vega igniters"
2121:State Space Agency of Ukraine
1941:"VV01 – Vega's first liftoff"
1926:
906:
805:, already in use since 2022.
555:1,315 kg (2,899 lb)
471:2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
208:1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
184:1,963 kg (4,328 lb)
152:1,430 kg (3,150 lb)
4020:Vega's First Launch Campaign
1483:. This test was successful.
1437:
1324:296 s (2.90 km/s)
1275:871 kN (196,000 lb
1254:900 kg (2,000 lb)
1240:915 kg (2,017 lb)
1226:550 kg (1,210 lb)
487:871 kN (196,000 lb
7:
8326:Vehicles introduced in 2012
3991:Telemetry Simulator of VEGA
3918:. SpaceNews. Archived from
1830:
1581:
1489:
1318:280 s (2.7 km/s)
1282:260 kN (58,000 lb
1015:electric propulsion-powered
644:697 kg (1,537 lb)
585:296 s (2.90 km/s)
571:260 kN (58,000 lb
10:
8352:
7378:Mars sample return mission
7198:European Data Relay System
6878:Meteosat Second Generation
6791:James Webb Space Telescope
6653:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
6335:European Data Relay System
6309:Concurrent Design Facility
6144:Medium-lift launch vehicle
4127:James Webb Space Telescope
3514:"LIRA 124; VEGA evolution"
2537:"Vega nears maiden flight"
1681:will be replaced with the
1658:
1593:The future upgraded Vega (
1493:
1441:
1378:
1333:
1257:400 kg (880 lb)
1243:131 kg (289 lb)
539:4.12 m (13.5 ft)
455:8.39 m (27.5 ft)
417:280 s (2.7 km/s)
8282:
8219:
8181:
8151:
8060:
8039:
7981:
7947:
7921:
7875:
7807:
7800:
7688:
7630:
7574:
7553:
7451:
7416:
7278:
7207:
7137:
7069:
7001:Meteosat Third Generation
6860:Meteosat First Generation
6846:
6695:
6590:
6541:
6534:
6521:
6509:Planetary Science Archive
6476:
6455:
6343:
6322:
6294:European Astronaut Centre
6271:
6243:
6220:
6216:
6162:
6149:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6139:Small-lift launch vehicle
6126:
4976:
4750:
4334:
4316:
4256:
4202:
4169:
4145:
4134:
4078:
3221:"VEGA Satellite Launcher"
3169:Barbera, R.; Bianchi, S.
3082:"Vega Satellite Launcher"
1964:"Vega Satellite Launcher"
1722:
1654:
1289:2.42 kN (540 lb
1124:
1051:Global Positioning System
795:small lift launch vehicle
767:small-lift launch vehicle
717:
713:
690:
682:
672:
664:2.42 kN (540 lb
660:
648:
640:
636:147 kg (324 lb)
632:
624:
616:
611:
597:
589:
579:
567:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
513:
505:
495:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
429:
421:
411:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
355:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
297:
289:
284:
231:
221:
216:
212:
204:
200:400 km (250 mi)
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
148:
140:
136:700 km (430 mi)
132:
124:
119:
111:
103:
95:
87:
82:
69:
61:
51:
46:Small-lift launch vehicle
41:
26:
4266:indicate future launches
3859:"First Half 202 Results"
3820:10.1051/eucass/201911447
3726:. BBC News. 13 July 2022
3293:. European Space Agency.
1878:
1756:
1566:(RD-868P) rocket engine
1356:Three solid motor stages
1260:16 kg (35 lb)
827:The rocket, named after
371:11.7 m (38 ft)
6420:Living Planet Programme
6279:Space Operations Centre
3957:, European Space Agency
3653:. ESA. 27 November 2014
3440:. ESA. 24 October 2008.
1746:(KBKhA) ended in 2014.
1606:German Aerospace Center
1079:German Aerospace Center
917:Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino
65:European multi-national
8040:Soviet Union / Ukraine
6731:Hubble Space Telescope
6299:Space Astronomy Centre
4310:Orbital launch systems
3494:. ESA. 6 February 2012
3359:. Avio. Archived from
3087:. Avio. Archived from
2028:. ESA. 3 February 2012
1774:
1670:
1551:
1453:
1374:
746:
738:
379:3 m (9.8 ft)
99:3 m (9.8 ft)
91:30 m (98 ft)
7982:Soviet Union / Russia
6528:Projects and missions
6210:European Space Agency
3998:A star rocket is born
3454:. ESA. 30 April 2009.
3116:. ELV. Archived from
3067:I. Ciufolini et al.;
1858:List of Vega launches
1825:List of Vega launches
1764:
1668:
1645:European Space Agency
1570:burning pressure-fed
1541:
1496:Zefiro (rocket stage)
1451:
1444:Zefiro (rocket stage)
1387:thrust vector control
1095:European Space Agency
1083:European Space Agency
1047:European Space Agency
1045:During January 2007,
1011:European Space Agency
980:European Space Agency
957:European Space Agency
941:European Space Agency
933:European Space Agency
835:in the constellation
783:European Space Agency
8321:Italian Space Agency
7128:European Robotic Arm
6972:Sentinel-5 Precursor
4247:Pléiades Neo 5&6
3814:. pp. 447–466.
3233:on 11 December 2013.
3157:Flight International
3055:"Vega — Performance"
3016:Flight International
3000:Flight International
2984:Flight International
2968:Flight International
2952:Flight International
2936:Flight International
2920:Flight International
2904:Flight International
2888:Flight International
2872:Flight International
2856:Flight International
2840:Flight International
2824:Flight International
2808:Flight International
2789:Flight International
2773:Flight International
2757:Flight International
2741:Flight International
2725:Flight International
2710:Flight International
2694:Flight International
2679:Flight International
2663:Flight International
2648:Flight International
2633:Flight International
2617:Flight International
2602:Flight International
2587:Flight International
2571:Flight International
2555:Flight International
2540:Flight International
2525:Flight International
2509:Flight International
2493:Flight International
2477:Flight International
2461:Flight International
2445:Flight International
2430:Flight International
2414:Flight International
2399:Flight International
2383:Flight International
2368:Flight International
2352:Flight International
2337:Flight International
2322:Flight International
2303:Flight International
2287:Flight International
2284:"Launcher proposals"
2134:. ESA. 16 March 2007
1976:on 23 September 2015
1624:(EU), excluding the
1462:Italian Space Agency
968:satellite navigation
953:Italian Space Agency
779:Italian Space Agency
765:) was an expendable
7453:Future missions in
6499:European Space Camp
6230:Guiana Space Centre
3966:Vega Launcher, Avio
3922:on 2 February 2013.
3754:. 21 December 2022.
3262:on 13 December 2013
2082:on 28 December 2016
2055:on 28 December 2016
1943:. ESA. 6 March 2016
1710:invasion of Ukraine
1508:coast in southeast
1369:ground-test firings
1023:geostationary orbit
812:for scientific and
787:Guiana Space Centre
612:Fourth stage – AVUM
302:Guiana Space Centre
173:Orbital inclination
141:Orbital inclination
23:
8336:Italian inventions
8316:Solid-fuel rockets
7303:Ceres Polar Lander
7138:Telecommunications
5316:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
3520:on 25 January 2012
3472:on 2 December 2013
3196:"Space Propulsion"
3094:on 1 November 2014
1845:Spaceflight portal
1777:Comparable rockets
1671:
1576:nitrogen tetroxide
1568:liquid-fuel rocket
1552:
1454:
1381:P80 (rocket stage)
1009:In November 2005,
896:rideshare programs
347:5 September 2024 (
217:Associated rockets
21:
8293:
8292:
8177:
8176:
7762:
7761:
7509:
7508:
7447:
7446:
7065:
7064:
6847:Earth observation
6677:Comet Interceptor
6668:Rosalind Franklin
6640:Trace Gas Orbiter
6591:Planetary science
6517:
6516:
6430:Science Programme
6176:
6175:
4276:
4275:
3829:978-5-94588-228-7
3363:on 30 August 2017
3159:21 September 2004
3140:"Vega — Overview"
2589:21 September 2005
2416:15 September 1999
2234:. Spaceflight Now
1331:
1330:
1315:Specific impulse
814:Earth observation
728:
727:
62:Country of origin
8343:
8274:Universal Rocket
8183:Sounding rockets
8031:Universal Rocket
7805:
7804:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7499:
7498:
7487:
7475:
7474:
7463:
7462:
7439:Schiaparelli EDM
7298:Calathus Mission
7122:Georges Lemaître
7080:ISS contribution
6539:
6538:
6523:
6522:
6218:
6217:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6025:Universal Rocket
4396:Falcon 9 Block 5
4303:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4140:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3586:(2 March 2021).
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3152:Coppering, Rob;
3150:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:on 23 March 2014
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2970:27 November 2012
2961:
2955:
2954:23 February 2012
2945:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2922:22 February 2012
2913:
2907:
2906:13 February 2012
2897:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2874:13 December 2011
2867:Thisdell, Dan`;
2865:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2842:16 November 2010
2833:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2801:
2792:
2784:Coppinger, Rob;
2782:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2736:Coppinger, Rob;
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2705:Coppinger, Rob;
2703:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2674:Coppinger, Rob;
2672:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2635:13 December 2005
2628:Coppinger, Rob;
2626:
2620:
2619:29 November 2005
2611:
2605:
2604:22 November 2005
2596:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2566:Coppinger, Rob;
2564:
2558:
2557:23 November 2004
2549:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2396:"Finding a Role"
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:8 September 1998
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2289:18 December 1996
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1969:. Archived from
1968:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1920:
1889:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1772:
1406:solid propellant
1248:Motor case mass
1214:Propellant mass
1197:Propellant type
1129:
1128:
1089:heavy launcher.
974:Programme launch
800:
792:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
721:edit on Wikidata
709:
674:Specific impulse
581:Specific impulse
497:Specific impulse
413:Specific impulse
277:
78:
31:
24:
20:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8278:
8215:
8173:
8147:
8056:
8035:
7977:
7943:
7917:
7871:
7801:Carrier rockets
7796:
7795:Rocket families
7793:
7763:
7758:
7684:
7626:
7570:
7549:
7540:
7510:
7505:
7443:
7412:
7280:
7274:
7255:LISA Pathfinder
7212:
7210:
7203:
7133:
7116:Albert Einstein
7104:Johannes Kepler
7061:
6842:
6700:
6698:
6691:
6586:
6530:
6513:
6472:
6451:
6339:
6318:
6267:
6245:Launch vehicles
6239:
6212:
6207:
6177:
6172:
6158:
6134:Sounding rocket
6122:
4972:
4746:
4330:
4312:
4307:
4277:
4272:
4252:
4198:
4165:
4162:(maiden flight)
4141:
4132:
4074:
4068:
4030:
4028:
4017:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3830:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3781:"VEGA E | Avio"
3779:
3778:
3774:
3763:
3759:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3621:"VEGA C | Avio"
3619:
3618:
3611:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3492:"Vega Launcher"
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3315:on 21 June 2013
3309:astronautix.com
3303:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3011:Thisdell, Dan;
3010:
3006:
2995:Thisdell, Dan;
2994:
2990:
2979:Thisdell, Dan;
2978:
2974:
2963:Thisdell, Dan;
2962:
2958:
2947:Thisdell, Dan;
2946:
2942:
2931:Thisdell, Dan;
2930:
2926:
2915:Thisdell, Dan;
2914:
2910:
2899:Thisdell, Dan;
2898:
2894:
2890:26 January 2012
2883:Thisdell, Dan;
2882:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2858:17 October 2011
2851:Thisdell, Dan;
2850:
2846:
2835:Peruzzi, Luca;
2834:
2830:
2826:26 January 2012
2819:Thisdell, Dan;
2818:
2814:
2803:Thisdell, Dan;
2802:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2768:Peruzzi, Luca;
2767:
2763:
2752:Peruzzi, Luca;
2751:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2727:30 January 2007
2720:
2716:
2712:31 October 2008
2704:
2700:
2689:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2582:Bentley, Ross;
2581:
2577:
2573:8 November 2005
2565:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2479:31 October 2000
2471:
2467:
2455:
2451:
2447:1 February 2000
2440:
2436:
2432:3 November 1999
2424:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2309:
2298:Moxon, Julian;
2297:
2293:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2208:. Aviation Week
2200:
2196:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2003:on 26 July 2014
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1759:
1725:
1663:
1657:
1599:guidance system
1584:
1558:, developed by
1546:Test Centre in
1536:
1502:Salto di Quirra
1498:
1492:
1481:Salto di Quirra
1446:
1440:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1336:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1265:Average thrust
1231:Motor dry mass
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1122:
1106:Sun-synchronous
1069:facility, near
1063:
1036:Salto di Quirra
1019:low Earth orbit
976:
909:
904:
798:
790:
762:
759:
756:
753:
724:
707:
703:
698:
667:
574:
490:
444:Second stage –
406:
280:
273:
222:Derivative work
73:
70:Cost per launch
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8349:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7811:
7809:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7578:
7576:
7575:In development
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7547:launch systems
7539:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7318:Darwin Mission
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7264:
7263:(2019–present)
7258:
7252:
7246:
7245:(2013–present)
7240:
7239:(2009–present)
7234:
7228:
7227:(2001–present)
7222:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7200:(2016–present)
7195:
7190:
7189:(2014–present)
7184:
7183:(2011–present)
7178:
7177:(2010–present)
7172:
7171:(2008–present)
7166:
7165:(2005–present)
7160:
7159:(2001–present)
7154:
7148:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7110:Edoardo Amaldi
7107:
7101:
7100:(2010–present)
7095:
7089:
7088:(2008–present)
7083:
7082:(1998–present)
7076:
7074:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7035:
7027:
7019:
7011:
6997:
6989:
6981:
6980:(2018–present)
6975:
6974:(2017–present)
6969:
6968:(2016–present)
6955:
6954:(2015–present)
6937:
6936:(2014–present)
6923:
6922:(2013–present)
6917:
6916:(2010–present)
6911:
6910:(2009–present)
6905:
6899:
6898:(2006–present)
6893:
6887:
6881:
6880:(2002–present)
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6856:(1988–present)
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6832:
6824:
6816:
6808:
6800:
6799:(2023–present)
6794:
6793:(2021–present)
6788:
6787:(2019–present)
6782:
6781:(2013–present)
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6757:(2002–present)
6752:
6751:(1999–present)
6746:
6740:
6734:
6733:(1990–present)
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6664:
6656:
6650:
6649:(2018–present)
6644:
6643:(2016–present)
6635:
6629:
6619:
6618:(2003–present)
6613:
6607:
6601:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6575:(2020–present)
6570:
6564:
6563:(1995–present)
6558:
6552:
6545:
6543:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6489:ESA Television
6486:
6480:
6478:
6477:Related topics
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6323:Communications
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5853:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4751:In development
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4730:Vulcan Centaur
4727:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4230:
4224:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4089:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4015:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3949:External links
3947:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3906:
3878:
3850:
3828:
3798:
3772:
3757:
3737:
3715:
3689:
3664:
3638:
3609:
3575:
3553:
3531:
3505:
3483:
3457:
3443:
3429:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3385:
3374:
3348:
3337:
3326:
3296:
3273:
3236:
3212:
3187:
3161:
3145:
3142:. Arianespace.
3131:
3105:
3073:
3060:
3057:. Arianespace.
3046:
3035:. 11 June 2010
3020:
3004:
2988:
2972:
2956:
2940:
2924:
2908:
2892:
2876:
2860:
2844:
2828:
2812:
2810:6 January 2012
2793:
2777:
2761:
2745:
2729:
2714:
2698:
2683:
2667:
2652:
2650:3 January 2006
2637:
2621:
2606:
2591:
2575:
2568:"Bigger Stage"
2559:
2544:
2529:
2520:Furniss, Tim;
2513:
2504:Furniss, Tim;
2497:
2488:Nativi, Andy;
2481:
2465:
2456:Furniss, Tim;
2449:
2434:
2418:
2403:
2394:Furniss, Tim;
2387:
2372:
2363:Furniss, Tim;
2356:
2341:
2326:
2319:"A late entry"
2317:Furniss, Tim;
2307:
2291:
2273:
2245:
2219:
2194:
2168:
2145:
2123:
2108:
2093:
2066:
2039:
2014:
1987:
1954:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:7420 (retired)
1778:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1733:liquid methane
1724:
1721:
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1622:European Union
1583:
1580:
1535:
1532:
1494:Main article:
1491:
1488:
1470:filament-wound
1442:Main article:
1439:
1436:
1398:filament wound
1395:graphite epoxy
1379:Main article:
1376:
1373:
1357:
1354:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Specifications
1118:
1062:
1059:
1055:Paris Air Show
975:
972:
908:
905:
903:
900:
833:brightest star
781:(ASI) and the
773:, produced by
726:
725:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
705:
701:
692:
688:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:Maximum thrust
658:
657:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
613:
609:
608:
599:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
577:
576:
572:
569:
568:Maximum thrust
565:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
533:
532:
528:Third stage –
525:
524:
515:
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:Maximum thrust
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:
441:
440:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:Maximum thrust
397:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
360:First stage –
357:
356:
353:
352:
345:
341:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
312:Total launches
309:
308:
299:
295:
294:
291:
287:
286:
285:Launch history
282:
281:
279:
278:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
159:elliptic orbit
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8348:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8306:Vega (rocket)
8304:
8303:
8301:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:Other nations
8150:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:United States
8059:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7790:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7776:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7729:Hyperion SSTO
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7545:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7525:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7502:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7450:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7211:demonstrators
7206:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6697:Astronomy and
6694:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6632:Venus Express
6630:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:Solar Orbiter
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:Solar physics
6540:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6440:Cosmic Vision
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:UR-500 Proton
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:Space Shuttle
5814:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:Blue Scout II
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:Firefly Alpha
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Vega brochure
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:Vega launcher
3953:
3952:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3725:
3719:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3541:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3201:
3200:aviogroup.com
3197:
3191:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3002:18 April 2013
3001:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2696:30 March 2007
2695:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2339:29 April 1998
2338:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2179:
2172:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Firefly Alpha
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:liquid oxygen
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:Mediterranean
1503:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1474:carbon-carbon
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:French Guiana
993:
989:
985:
981:
971:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
936:
934:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:liquid rocket
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
716:
712:
708:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
276:
272:
270:
269:Shavit 2
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
7897:
7876:Europe / ESA
7565:
7488:
7477:
7464:
7454:
7363:Lunar Lander
7281:and proposed
7266:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6999:
6991:
6983:
6834:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6658:
6639:
6616:Mars Express
6578:
6456:Predecessors
6435:Horizon 2000
6262:
6061:
6056:
5924:Thorad-Agena
5597:Soyuz/Vostok
4717:
4401:Falcon Heavy
4263:
4229:(FalconEye1)
4203:
4029:. Retrieved
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
3997:
3981:Vega Leaflet
3940:. SpaceNews.
3920:the original
3909:
3899:10 September
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
3881:
3871:16 September
3869:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3811:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3784:
3775:
3769:. Spacenews.
3760:
3749:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3676:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3624:
3604:
3597:. Retrieved
3591:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:the original
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:the original
3460:
3446:
3432:
3421:
3410:
3399:
3388:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:the original
3351:
3340:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:the original
3308:
3299:
3264:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3252:
3239:
3228:the original
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3164:
3156:
3148:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3118:the original
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3089:the original
3076:
3068:
3063:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2938:24 June 2011
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2788:
2780:
2775:16 June 2009
2772:
2764:
2759:28 July 2010
2756:
2748:
2743:14 June 2009
2740:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2681:3 April 2008
2678:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2532:
2527:4 March 2003
2524:
2516:
2511:15 June 2003
2508:
2500:
2495:6 March 2001
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2406:
2401:28 July 1999
2398:
2390:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2324:15 July 1998
2321:
2305:8 April 1998
2302:
2294:
2286:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:Ars Technica
2258:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2210:. Retrieved
2197:
2189:
2182:. Retrieved
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2126:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2074:Wade, Mark.
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2047:Wade, Mark.
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1997:"Avio Space"
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1935:
1887:
1863:Solid rocket
1765:
1760:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1718:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1649:
1632:
1630:
1603:
1595:LYRA program
1594:
1592:
1585:
1553:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1499:
1485:
1478:
1466:carbon-epoxy
1455:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1412:percentage (
1384:
1366:
1359:
1347:
1337:
1099:
1091:
1075:
1064:
1044:
1021:(LEO) and a
1008:
977:
945:
937:
929:
920:
913:Aérospatiale
910:
889:
843:stages: the
841:solid rocket
826:
816:missions to
807:
769:operated by
730:
729:
509:71.6 seconds
336:First flight
298:Launch sites
52:Manufacturer
18:
8331:Arianespace
8242:Peacekeeper
8191:Black Brant
7744:BAC Mustard
7709:Capricornio
7701:Ariane 5 ME
7670:Black Arrow
7582:Ariane Next
7501:WikiProject
7373:MarcoPolo-R
7323:Don Quijote
7293:Ariane 5 ME
7257:(2015–2017)
7187:Galileo FOC
7181:Galileo IOV
7153:(1989–1993)
7092:Jules Verne
7073:spaceflight
6904:(2009–2013)
6892:(2003–2007)
6890:Double Star
6886:(2002–2012)
6874:(1995–2011)
6868:(1991–2000)
6862:(1977–1997)
6775:(2009–2013)
6769:(2009–2013)
6745:(1995–1998)
6727:(1989–1993)
6721:(1983–1986)
6715:(1978–1996)
6709:(1975–1982)
6647:BepiColombo
6634:(2005–2014)
6628:(2004–2016)
6612:(2003–2006)
6606:(1997–2005)
6600:(1985–1992)
6569:(2000–2024)
6557:(1990–2009)
6551:(1977–1987)
6484:Arianespace
5414:LauncherOne
5365:Kaituozhe-1
5142:Black Arrow
4894:Orbex Prime
4793:Hyperbola-2
4758:Antares 330
4458:Kaituozhe 2
4431:Hyperbola-1
4117:BepiColombo
4071:Arianespace
3986:Vega Nozzle
3703:www.esa.int
3677:www.esa.int
3568:28 November
3524:17 February
3498:16 February
3205:16 February
2986:3 July 2012
2791:5 June 2007
2665:4 July 2006
2542:25 May 2004
2463:6 June 2000
2385:7 July 1999
2354:1 July 1998
2266:6 September
2238:14 February
2180:. Space.com
2161:13 February
2049:"Zefiro 23"
2032:14 February
1913:Switzerland
1905:Netherlands
1799:Minotaur IV
1699:Space Rider
1628:made ones.
1556:upper stage
1343:polar orbit
1339:Arianespace
1114:inclination
1061:Into flight
988:Arianespace
902:Development
881:Switzerland
877:Netherlands
771:Arianespace
686:317 seconds
593:117 seconds
425:107 seconds
349:Sentinel-2C
344:Last flight
320:Success(es)
189:Payload to
157:Payload to
127:polar orbit
125:Payload to
35:Sentinel-2A
8300:Categories
7815:Long March
7607:North Star
7388:Phootprint
7368:Marco Polo
7209:Technology
7039:MetOp-SG-B
7031:MetOp-SG-A
7007:Sentinel-4
6978:ADM-Aeolus
6958:Sentinel-3
6940:Sentinel-2
6926:Sentinel-1
6854:Copernicus
6749:XMM-Newton
6567:Cluster II
6373:Copernicus
6344:Programmes
6272:Facilities
6222:Spaceports
5419:Long March
5323:Feng Bao 1
4936:Tianlong-3
4862:New Line 1
4820:Long March
4768:Cyclone-4M
4708:Tianlong-2
4686:2.1b / STB
4681:2.1a / STA
4624:Pegasus XL
4490:Long March
4463:Kinetica 1
4386:Chollima-1
4031:3 February
4009:3 February
3791:18 January
3682:17 January
3657:17 January
3631:17 January
3266:9 December
3018:9 May 2013
2157:. BBC News
2076:"Zefiro 9"
1927:References
1815:Soyuz-2-1v
1804:Minotaur-C
1643:rocket at
1350:RUAG Space
1298:Burn time
1116:of 69.5°.
1067:Colleferro
982:(ESA) and
907:Background
810:satellites
691:Propellant
649:Powered by
641:Gross mass
633:Empty mass
598:Propellant
560:Gross mass
552:Empty mass
514:Propellant
476:Gross mass
468:Empty mass
430:Propellant
392:Gross mass
384:Empty mass
328:Failure(s)
275:Soyuz-2.1v
232:Comparable
77:37 million
8237:Minuteman
7696:Aldebaran
7689:Cancelled
7542:European
7429:CryoSat-1
7403:STE-QUEST
7338:Eddington
7328:e.Deorbit
7279:Cancelled
7151:Olympus-1
6993:EarthCARE
6914:CryoSat-2
6763:(2006–13)
6739:(1992–93)
6725:Hipparcos
6699:cosmology
5518:Paektusan
5147:Conestoga
4904:Red Dwarf
4857:New Glenn
4788:Gravity-2
4778:Epsilon S
4411:Gravity-1
3838:139531422
3751:Space.com
3593:SpaceNews
3180:18 August
3033:SpaceNews
1811:(retired)
1679:P80 motor
1548:Noordwijk
1468:case was
1438:Zefiro 23
1414:HTPB 1912
1410:aluminium
1180:Diameter
1145:Zefiro 23
822:low Earth
683:Burn time
656:(RD-868P)
590:Burn time
506:Burn time
446:Zefiro 23
422:Burn time
120:Capacity
8257:Semyorka
8247:Redstone
8227:Aggregat
8220:Missiles
8118:Minotaur
8088:Electron
7867:Kuaizhou
7705:Ariane M
7622:Spectrum
7597:Haas 2CA
7587:Bloostar
7561:Ariane 6
7490:Wikinews
7466:Category
7086:Columbus
7010:) (2024)
6820:ARRAKIHS
6773:Herschel
6755:INTEGRAL
6685:EnVision
6638:ExoMars
6494:EUMETSAT
6385:Columbus
6378:Sentinel
6258:Ariane 6
6253:Ariane 5
6062:original
6052:Vanguard
6035:Proton-K
6008:original
5856:Ablestar
5841:Terran 1
5799:original
5658:Rocket 3
5565:original
5375:original
5301:Falcon 9
5296:Falcon 1
5252:IV Heavy
4968:Zuljanah
4931:Terran R
4914:Block 1B
4899:Pallas-1
4803:Kuaizhou
4763:Bloostar
4703:Starship
4654:Shavit 2
4639:Qaem 100
4629:Proton-M
4587:Minotaur
4468:Kuaizhou
4391:Electron
4359:Ariane 6
4147:Ariane 6
4080:Ariane 5
4073:launches
4025:Archived
4003:Archived
3843:23 March
3785:avio.com
3673:"Vega-C"
3625:avio.com
3476:23 April
3124:23 April
3098:23 April
2212:11 March
2138:11 March
2086:11 March
2059:11 March
1947:11 March
1831:See also
1783:Delta II
1769:—
1687:Ariane 6
1641:Ariane 6
1588:Ariane 5
1582:Variants
1524:Sardinia
1510:Sardinia
1490:Zefiro 9
1152:Zefiro 9
1087:Ariane 6
1040:Sardinia
1004:Ariane 1
970:system.
951:and the
949:FiatAvio
925:Ariane 5
857:Ariane 6
625:Diameter
544:Diameter
530:Zefiro 9
460:Diameter
376:Diameter
254:Minotaur
244:Electron
239:Delta II
197:Altitude
165:Altitude
133:Altitude
96:Diameter
42:Function
8211:Skylark
8123:Pegasus
8113:Jupiter
8092:Falcon
8068:Antares
8047:Tsyklon
8014:Molniya
7955:Epsilon
7888:Diamant
7734:Liberty
7675:Diamant
7631:Retired
7612:RFA One
7602:Miura 5
7592:Haas 2b
7544:orbital
7478:Commons
7455:italics
7424:Cluster
7408:THESEUS
7393:SOLARIS
7268:PROBA-3
7261:OPS-SAT
7243:PROBA-V
7237:PROBA-2
7225:PROBA-1
7175:HYLAS-1
7169:GIOVE-B
7163:GIOVE-A
7157:Artemis
6985:Biomass
6884:Envisat
6823:(2030s)
6622:Rosetta
6610:SMART-1
6604:Huygens
6555:Ulysses
6535:Science
6410:ExoMars
6400:GALILEO
6390:CryoSat
6351:Artemis
6330:ESTRACK
6235:Esrange
6127:Classes
5998:Tsyklon
5836:Start-1
5607:Voskhod
5602:Sputnik
5538:Molniya
5523:Pilot-2
5360:Juno II
5274:Epsilon
5269:Energia
5259:Diamant
5135:Centaur
4984:Antares
4977:Retired
4926:Soyuz-7
4919:Block 2
4852:Neutron
4842:Miura 5
4676:Soyuz-2
4669:Block 1
4659:Simorgh
4436:Jielong
4364:Atlas V
4335:Current
4264:Italics
4183:Galileo
4097:Cluster
3730:14 July
3708:14 July
3651:esa.int
3599:4 March
3039:16 June
2007:24 July
1980:24 July
1917:Ukraine
1897:Belgium
1789:Epsilon
1706:LARES 2
1637:booster
1618:Ukraine
1614:Germany
1612:, said
1334:Payload
1209:Liquid
1163:Height
1156:Stage 4
1149:Stage 3
1142:Stage 2
1135:Stage 1
1132:Stages
965:Galileo
873:Belgium
754:
735:Italian
293:Retired
249:Epsilon
8206:Rehbar
8201:Rohini
8196:Lambda
8164:Shavit
8128:Saturn
8073:Athena
8024:Vostok
8004:Proton
7994:Kosmos
7989:Angara
7902:Miura
7893:Europa
7883:Ariane
7719:Hopper
7680:Europa
7638:Ariane
7617:Skylon
7554:Active
7434:GEOS 1
7417:Failed
7383:ODINUS
7353:Hopper
7348:Hermes
7343:EXPERT
7271:(2024)
7251:(2015)
7233:(2007)
7221:(1998)
7147:(1978)
7145:GEOS 2
7130:(2021)
7124:(2014)
7118:(2013)
7112:(2012)
7106:(2011)
7098:Cupola
7094:(2008)
7058:(2027)
7050:(2025)
7042:(2025)
7034:(2025)
7026:(2025)
7018:(2025)
7015:ALTIUS
6996:(2024)
6988:(2024)
6839:(2035)
6831:(2035)
6828:Athena
6815:(2029)
6807:(2026)
6797:Euclid
6785:CHEOPS
6767:Planck
6737:Eureca
6719:EXOSAT
6688:(2031)
6680:(2029)
6672:(2028)
6663:(2024)
6655:(2023)
6626:Philae
6598:Giotto
6583:(2031)
6549:ISEE-2
6363:Aurora
6111:Zhuque
6045:Strela
6003:R-36-O
5946:II GLV
5934:SLV-2H
5929:SLV-2G
5917:DSV-2U
5895:Burner
5831:SS-520
5826:Sparta
5794:Shavit
5685:Saturn
5646:Shtil'
5612:Vostok
5555:Polyot
5513:Naro-1
5402:Lambda
5370:Kosmos
5355:Juno I
5279:Europa
5053:Athena
5016:Ariane
4956:Zhuque
4946:Vega E
4798:Irtysh
4735:Zhuque
4453:KAIROS
4342:Angara
4107:SES-14
3836:
3826:
3787:. Avio
3627:. Avio
3466:"AVUM"
3319:4 July
2184:29 May
2026:"Vega"
1995:Avio.
1962:Avio.
1901:France
1853:Vega-C
1723:Vega-E
1661:Vega C
1655:Vega C
1564:RD-843
1421:Kourou
1402:nozzle
1310:667 s
1307:120 s
1301:110 s
1206:Solid
1203:Solid
1200:Solid
1125:Stages
1027:Israel
1000:bunker
992:Kourou
892:SpaceX
885:Sweden
875:, the
865:France
831:, the
803:Vega C
799:
791:
743:French
654:RD-843
617:Height
536:Height
452:Height
368:Height
290:Status
226:Vega C
112:Stages
88:Height
8269:RS-82
8159:Safir
8138:Titan
8133:Scout
8106:Heavy
8083:Delta
8078:Atlas
8052:Zenit
8019:Soyuz
7968:H-IIB
7964:H-IIA
7948:Japan
7922:India
7808:China
7749:OTRAG
7724:HOTOL
7398:SPICA
7193:EGNOS
7055:FORUM
7047:SMILE
6920:Swarm
6896:MetOp
6872:ERS-2
6866:ERS-1
6812:ARIEL
6804:PLATO
6761:CoRoT
6707:Cos-B
6670:rover
6580:Vigil
6504:GEWEX
6447:Pride
6405:ELIPS
6395:EGNOS
6074:Zenit
6069:VLS-1
6040:Rokot
5941:Titan
5912:Delta
5873:Agena
5821:SPARK
5707:Scout
5663:Safir
5651:Volna
5560:Soyuz
5350:H-IIB
5264:Dnepr
5152:Delta
5130:Agena
5120:SLV-3
5115:LV-3B
5070:Atlas
4644:Qased
4619:OS-M1
4421:H-IIA
4369:Ceres
4221:LARES
4171:Soyuz
4160:VA262
4123:VA256
4113:VA245
4103:VA241
3890:(PDF)
3834:S2CID
3546:5 May
3367:5 May
3291:(PDF)
3260:(PDF)
3249:(PDF)
3231:(PDF)
3224:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
3085:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1909:Spain
1893:Italy
1879:Notes
1809:Rokot
1757:Costs
1683:P120C
1633:P120C
1626:Swiss
1544:ESTEC
1528:Italy
1432:P120C
1391:SABCA
1304:77 s
1158:AVUM
1110:LARES
1102:polar
1031:India
961:Soyuz
869:Spain
861:Italy
853:P120C
818:polar
789:on 13
719:[
264:Rokot
8264:R-36
8232:Agni
8169:Unha
8143:Thor
7960:H-II
7939:LVM3
7934:GSLV
7929:PSLV
7898:Vega
7754:SOAR
7714:Haas
7566:Vega
7358:LOFT
7333:EChO
7313:CSTS
7288:AIDA
7231:YES2
7023:FLEX
6908:SMOS
6902:GOCE
6836:LISA
6779:Gaia
6660:Hera
6561:SOHO
6415:FLPP
6263:Vega
6099:3SLB
6057:Vega
5986:CT-3
5971:IIIE
5966:IIID
5961:IIIC
5956:IIIB
5951:IIIA
5851:Able
5846:Thor
5747:X-2B
5737:X-3M
5727:X-2M
5641:R-29
5533:Luna
5508:N-II
5486:3SII
5385:2/2I
5345:H-II
5333:Mk I
5328:GSLV
5311:v1.1
5306:v1.0
5232:5000
5227:4000
5222:3000
5217:2000
5212:1000
5207:0100
5125:Able
5048:ASLV
5009:230+
4951:Zero
4877:OS-M
4872:Nova
4867:NGLV
4783:Eris
4773:Deca
4718:Vega
4713:Unha
4698:SSLV
4691:2-1v
4634:PSLV
4614:Nuri
4582:LVM3
4515:3B/E
4416:GSLV
4243:VV22
4237:SSMS
4233:VV16
4227:VV15
4217:VV01
4208:list
4204:Vega
4189:VS22
4179:VS09
4151:list
4084:list
4033:2012
4011:2012
3901:2023
3894:Avio
3873:2022
3864:Avio
3845:2021
3824:ISBN
3793:2021
3732:2022
3710:2022
3684:2021
3659:2021
3633:2021
3601:2021
3584:Avio
3570:2017
3548:2017
3526:2012
3500:2012
3478:2014
3369:2017
3321:2013
3268:2013
3207:2012
3182:2023
3126:2014
3100:2014
3041:2022
2268:2024
2240:2012
2214:2010
2186:2014
2163:2012
2140:2019
2119:Vega
2088:2019
2061:2019
2034:2012
2009:2014
1982:2014
1949:2019
1915:and
1731:and
1574:and
1572:UDMH
1560:Avio
1458:Avio
1362:Avio
1104:and
1071:Rome
1029:and
921:Vega
883:and
837:Lyra
829:Vega
820:and
775:Avio
751:lit.
731:Vega
695:UDMH
652:1 ×
602:HTPB
518:HTPB
434:HTPB
259:PSLV
205:Mass
181:Mass
176:5.4°
149:Mass
104:Mass
83:Size
75:US$
56:Avio
22:Vega
8252:R-7
8009:R-7
7249:IXV
7219:ARD
7071:ISS
6743:ISO
6713:IUE
6368:ATV
6356:ESM
6094:3SL
6089:2FG
5981:23G
5976:34D
5811:SLV
5787:G-1
5782:F-1
5777:E-1
5772:A-1
5767:D-1
5762:B-1
5742:X-4
5732:X-3
5722:X-2
5712:X-1
5528:R-7
5503:N-I
5340:H-I
5242:III
5110:III
5085:E/F
5004:230
4999:130
4994:120
4989:110
4941:VLM
4909:SLS
4847:MLV
4664:SLS
4649:RS1
4575:11H
4347:1.2
4193:O3b
4093:V88
3816:doi
1751:M10
1740:M10
1610:DLR
1416:).
1375:P80
1138:P80
1034:at
894:'s
845:P80
362:P80
306:ELV
191:SSO
144:90°
8302::
7999:N1
7973:Mu
7966:/
7962:/
7860:11
6966:3B
6964:/
6962:3A
6960:/
6952:2C
6950:/
6948:2B
6946:/
6944:2A
6942:/
6934:1B
6932:/
6930:1A
6928:/
6104:3F
6084:2M
5991:IV
5695:IB
5678:1B
5673:1A
5632:2M
5590:U2
5570:FG
5498:N1
5481:3S
5476:3H
5471:3C
5466:4S
5461:Mu
5454:4A
5449:3B
5439:2E
5434:2A
5429:1D
5407:4S
5395:3M
5289:II
5247:IV
5237:II
5105:II
5063:II
4835:12
4830:10
4813:31
4808:21
4597:IV
4570:11
4560:7A
4550:6A
4540:5B
4530:4C
4525:4B
4520:3C
4510:3A
4505:2F
4500:2D
4495:2C
4483:11
4478:1A
4426:H3
4379:1S
4352:A5
3928:^
3892:.
3861:.
3832:.
3822:.
3810:.
3783:.
3748:.
3701:.
3675:.
3649:.
3623:.
3612:^
3603:.
3590:.
3307:.
3276:^
3251:.
3198:.
3031:.
2796:^
2310:^
2276:^
2257:.
2222:^
2188:.
2111:^
2096:^
2017:^
1911:,
1907:,
1903:,
1899:,
1716:.
1530:.
1526:,
1293:)
1286:)
1279:)
1272:)
1038:,
994:,
887:.
879:,
871:,
859:.
749:,
745::
741:,
737::
697:/
606:AP
604:/
522:AP
520:/
438:AP
436:/
323:20
315:22
304:,
8101:9
8096:1
7911:5
7906:1
7855:8
7850:7
7845:6
7840:5
7835:4
7830:3
7825:2
7820:1
7788:e
7781:t
7774:v
7663:5
7658:4
7653:3
7648:2
7643:1
7535:e
7528:t
7521:v
7004:(
6624:/
6202:e
6195:t
6188:v
6116:1
6079:2
6018:3
6013:2
5905:2
5900:1
5888:D
5883:B
5878:A
5866:2
5861:1
5804:1
5757:A
5752:B
5700:V
5690:I
5668:1
5627:2
5622:K
5617:L
5585:U
5580:M
5575:L
5548:L
5543:M
5491:V
5444:3
5424:1
5390:3
5380:1
5284:I
5202:N
5197:M
5192:L
5187:J
5182:G
5177:E
5172:D
5167:C
5162:B
5157:A
5100:I
5095:H
5090:G
5080:D
5075:B
5058:I
5041:5
5036:4
5031:3
5026:2
5021:1
4961:3
4887:4
4882:2
4825:9
4740:2
4723:C
4607:C
4602:V
4592:I
4565:8
4555:7
4545:6
4535:5
4473:1
4446:3
4441:1
4374:1
4302:e
4295:t
4288:v
4249:)
4245:(
4239:)
4235:(
4223:)
4219:(
4210:)
4206:(
4195:)
4191:(
4185:)
4181:(
4153:)
4149:(
4129:)
4125:(
4119:)
4115:(
4109:)
4105:(
4099:)
4095:(
4086:)
4082:(
4063:e
4056:t
4049:v
4035:.
4013:.
3903:.
3875:.
3847:.
3818::
3795:.
3734:.
3712:.
3686:.
3661:.
3635:.
3572:.
3550:.
3528:.
3502:.
3480:.
3371:.
3323:.
3270:.
3209:.
3184:.
3128:.
3102:.
3043:.
2270:.
2242:.
2216:.
2165:.
2142:.
2090:.
2063:.
2036:.
2011:.
1984:.
1951:.
1919:.
1550:.
1291:f
1284:f
1277:f
1270:f
763:'
757:'
733:(
723:]
706:4
704:O
702:2
700:N
668:)
666:f
575:)
573:f
491:)
489:f
407:)
405:f
351:)
331:2
115:4
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
