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predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a limited number of lines until the process is reset, and a new "first line" encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for error correction. This is an optional facility, and some fax machines do not use MR in order to minimise the amount of computation required by the machine. The limited number of lines is 2 for "Standard"-resolution faxes, and 4 for "Fine"-resolution faxes.
42:
528:
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entered the field, but the printer and special paper were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was very slow and vulnerable to static, and the newspaper was too small. After more than ten years of repeated attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, apparently quite content with its cheaper and much more substantial home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" news, still showed only a passing curiosity about the new medium.
1508:
1078:, that is, both the encoder and decoder collect statistical information about the transmitted image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict the probability for each next pixel being either black or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how often in the past the next pixel has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability distribution of the next pixel. This is fed into an
1245:
4455:
1217:
1299:
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348:
54:
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come. Up until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released the
Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46 lb (21 kg) facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by
4444:
1494:
4475:
377:
365:
104:, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of the page, using
3026:
463:
644:
636:
1192:; therefore, many of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have color fax capability. There is a standard called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Annex E ) for faxing in color; however, it is not widely supported, so many of the color fax machines can only fax in color to machines from the same manufacturer.
614:, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996.
401:
first machine. In later years it would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we have today that copy, scan and fax. Some of the lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their
Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s.
1160:
Fax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Available classes include Class 1, Class 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems support at least class 1 and often either Class 2 or Class 2.0. Which is preferable to use depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem
1039:
The ITU-T T.6 recommendation adds a further compression type of
Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows a greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4. This is because T.6 makes the assumption that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors, such as digital
1156:
optimized for written text, achieving average compression factors of around 20. Typically a page needs 10 s for transmission, instead of about three minutes for the same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a
Huffman codebook for run
1105:
A proprietary compression scheme employed on
Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skip (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, but is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with one another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines
747:
used by legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the amount of time the user takes to load the document in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The resolution can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more.
671:
Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single page (not including the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard
655:
A major breakthrough in the development of the modern facsimile system was the result of digital technology, where the analog signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data across standard phone lines. The first digital fax machine was
388:
In 1964, Xerox
Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would set the standard for fax machines for years to
1015:
Modified
Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based run-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace. As most faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the transmission time of most faxes. Each line scanned is compressed
772:
Class 2.1 is an improvement of Class 2.0 that implements faxing over V.34 (33.6 kbit/s), which boosts faxing speed from fax classes "2" and 2.0, which are limited to 14.4 kbit/s. The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32 Amendment 1. Class 2.1 fax devices are referred to as
764:
What is commonly known as "Class 2" is an unofficial class of fax devices that perform T.30 session management themselves, but the T.4/T.6 data compression is performed by software on a controlling computer. Implementations of this "class" are based on draft versions of the standard that eventually
293:
Beginning in the late 1930s, the Finch
Facsimile system was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to private homes via commercial AM radio stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printer, which used thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon
232:
On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from
Cleveland to New York City, such photos being suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this
1024:
Modified READ, specified as an optional two-dimensional coding scheme in T.4, encodes the first scanned line using MH. The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and then the differences are encoded and transmitted. This is effective, as most lines differ little from their
956:
As well as specifying the resolution (and allowable physical size) of the image being faxed, the ITU-T T.4 recommendation specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted between the fax machines to transfer the image. The two methods defined in
535:
The once ubiquitous fax machine has also begun to disappear from the small office and home office environments. Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their existing e-mail accounts without the need for
400:
By the late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially
Japanese firms) had entered the fax market. Very shortly after this, a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax machine for years after their ground-breaking
1085:
The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to keep data about more than the last three pixel rows of an image in memory at any time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be
768:
Class 2.0 is the official ITU-T version of Class 2 and is commonly known as Class 2.0 to differentiate it from many manufacturer-specific implementations of what is commonly known as "Class 2". It uses a different but standardized command set than the various manufacturer-specific
625:
Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.3 and T.30. Group 2 faxes take three minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured. Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with
1231:
As a precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not accepted in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coating is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage.
1118:
of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per square inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, but fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 bit/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called
3064:"4.12 Filing rules: 19.Newspaper extracts or thermal facsimile paper should not be preserved as archives. Such extracts should be photocopied and the copy preserved. The original can then be destroyed." Office of Corporate & Legal Affairs, University College Cork, Ireland
1398:
With the surging popularity of mobile phones, virtual fax machines can now be downloaded as applications for Android and iOS. These applications make use of the phone's internal camera to scan fax documents for upload or they can import from various cloud services.
1208:. Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute. When the fax system scans in both directions, the stroke speed is twice this number. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speed.
1414:
T.30 specifies the procedures that a sending and receiving terminal use to set up a fax call, determine the image size, encoding, and transfer speed, the demarcation between pages, and the termination of the call. T.30 also references the various modem
2624:
1371:
files, or in proprietary formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any time that a user can get Internet access. Some services offer secure faxing to comply with stringent
565:
In 2018 two-thirds of Canadian doctors reported that they primarily used fax machines to communicate with other doctors. Faxes are still seen as safer and more secure and electronic systems are often unable to communicate with each other.
1063:
compression algorithm, or more precisely a "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% faster transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and up to 30 times faster transmission if the page includes
1480:
An emerging standard that allows a telephone based fax session to negotiate a fax transfer over the internet, but only if both sides support the standard. The standard is partially based on T.30 and is being developed by Hylafax+
408:
Qwip in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varying in intensity according to the light and dark areas of the document, was focused on a
192:, widespread in continental Europe especially following a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908, used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the
760:
Class 1 (also known as Class 1.0) fax devices do fax data transfer, while the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30 session management are performed by software on a controlling computer. This is described in ITU-T recommendation
150:
worked on chemical-mechanical fax-type devices and in 1846 Bain was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843, for his "Electric Printing Telegraph".
2616:
1408:
T.4 is the umbrella specification for fax. It specifies the standard image sizes, two forms of image-data compression (encoding), the image-data format, and references, T.30 and the various modem standards.
429:
converted the varying tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate.
1106:
of text, and then compresses several blank scan lines into the data space of a single character. (JBIG implements a similar technique called "typical prediction", if header flag TPBON is set to 1.)
278:
sent from New York to London on November 29, 1924, became the first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile. Commercial use of Ranger's product began two years later. Also in 1924,
3030:
1157:
lengths of black and white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that two adjacent scanlines are usually quite similar, saving bandwidth by encoding only the differences.
540:, eliminating the need for a stand-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users who only very occasionally need to use fax services. In July 2017 the United Kingdom's
1380:
requirements to keep medical information and financial information private and secure. Utilizing a fax service provider does not require paper, a dedicated fax line, or consumable resources.
524:(which may be secured). Such systems have the advantage of reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound analog phone lines needed by an office.
229:
marked a further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances.
92:
transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a
1437:: ITU modem standards used in facsimile. The first three were ratified prior to 1980, and were specified in the original T.4 and T.30 standards. V.34 was published for fax in 1994.
1395:. A virtual (email) fax can be printed out and then signed and scanned back to computer before being emailed. Also the sender can attach a digital signature to the document file.
562:
solutions because of the need to communicate with pharmacies and nursing homes which may not have access to the NHS email system and may need something in their paper records.
509:
has been criticised in Japan for introducing data errors and delays in reporting, slowing response efforts to contain the spread of infections and hindering the transition to
2767:
1093:
In "basic mode", the JBIG encoder must split the image into horizontal stripes of 128 lines (parameter L0 = 128) and restart the arithmetic encoder for each stripe.
1001:(T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, palette, and colour content. Fax machines can negotiate at the start of the T.30 session to use the best technique implemented on both sides.
569:
Hospitals are the leading users for fax machines in the United States where some doctors prefer fax machines over emails, often due to concerns about accidentally violating
2488:
2199:
2188:
715:
Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.6, T.62, T.70, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to operate over 64 kbit/s digital
2638:
3719:
756:
Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's CPU to the fax modem.
1373:
558:, generally viewed as digitally advanced in the NHS, was engaged in a process of removing its fax machines in early 2019. This involved quite a lot of
1275:
A CNG tone is an 1100 Hz tone transmitted by a fax machine when it calls another fax machine. Fax tones can cause complications when implementing
3332:
111:
Initially a niche product, fax machines became ubiquitous in offices in the 1980s and 1990s. They have largely been rendered obsolete as a whole by
2740:
1205:
2251:
618:
Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take six minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96
967:
520:
and other computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and then routing them to users on paper or via an
1826:
789:, and the fax devices will use the highest data rate that both fax devices support, usually a minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Group 3 fax.
501:
nationwide. Convenience-store fax machines commonly print the slightly re-sized content of the sent fax in the electronic confirmation-slip, in
536:
any hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle incoming and outgoing faxes using analog modems or
4427:
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4394:
3419:
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331:
Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea. The closely related technology of
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with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the mid-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes:
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3096:
2166:
1860:
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said that no more fax machines could be bought from 2019 and that the existing ones must be replaced by secure email by March 31, 2020.
544:
was said to be the world's largest purchaser of fax machines because the digital revolution has largely bypassed it. In June 2018 the
2393:
2777:
1699:
236:
The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special
647:
The chip in a fax machine. Only about one quarter of the length is shown. The thin line in the middle consists of photosensitive
178:
that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. An account of
667:
Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats and take advantage of digital compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times.
368:
4421:
1621:
163:. He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the
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circuits. The allowed resolutions, a superset of those in the T.4 recommendation, are specified in the T.6 recommendation.
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pass through - this is where the T.30 fax call is carried in a VoIP call encoded as audio. This is sensitive to network
4183:
2185:
555:
474:
Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from
413:
so that the current in a circuit varied with the amount of light. This current was used to control a tone generator (a
4277:
2073:
1985:
1950:
1338:
1114:
Group 3 fax machines transfer one or a few printed or handwritten pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a
17:
1907:
782:
Several different telephone-line modulation techniques are used by fax machines. They are negotiated during the fax-
4062:
3610:
3412:
1532:
1082:, which adds only a small fraction of a bit to the output sequence if the more probable pixel is then encountered.
989:
Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T recommendation T.30, such as the more efficient
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3041:
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917:
894:
840:
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The most basic fax mode transfers in black and white only. The original page is scanned in a resolution of 1728
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1377:
1320:
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and clock synchronization. When using voice high-compression encoding techniques such as, but not limited to,
486:, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business. In
380:
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1411:
T.6 specifies a compression scheme that reduces the time required to transmit an image by roughly 50-percent.
748:
This type of faxing is not related to the e-mail–to–fax service that still uses fax modems at least one way.
581:
There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rate, and conformance with
417:), the current determining the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted using an
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significantly evolved to become Class 2.0. All implementations of "Class 2" are manufacturer-specific.
297:
By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath the dashboard of
263:
179:
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2713:
483:
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transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, a natural-color photograph of silent film star
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4239:
4178:
3885:
3158:—A '97 essay with technical details on compression and error codes, and call establishment and release.
2887:
2246:
660:
Rapidfax first sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by
100:), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a
3004:"T.30 : Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network"
2344:
2229:
1200:
Stroke speed in facsimile systems is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of
425:. At the receiving end, a handset's speaker was attached to an acoustic coupler (a microphone), and a
4539:
4089:
4050:
3895:
3795:
3724:
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3181:
2326:
948:"Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s.
728:
531:
Professional laser fax machine for office use with the Super G3 standard for faster fax transmission.
147:
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2589:
2420:
2076:[On transmitting and receiving apparatuses for the electrical transmission of photographs].
1804:
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They are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of all
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The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system
1309:
1010:
961:
541:
2982:"T.30: Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network"
2590:"Online criticism of outdated paper-and-fax coronavirus infection reports spark change in Japan"
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786:
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2805:"T.6: Facsimile coding schemes and coding control functions for Group 4 facsimile apparatus"
2029:
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The ITU standard for sending a fax-image file via e-mail to the intended recipient of a fax.
4025:
3985:
3955:
3712:
3647:
3469:
3174:
2568:"Tokyo test centers trade fax machines for computers with new coronavirus reporting system"
2303:
Perratore, Ed (September 1992). "GammaFax MLCP-4/AEB: High-End Fax, Long-Range Potential".
1962:
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2714:"OK, it's early 2019. Has Leeds Hospital finally managed to 'axe the fax'? Um, yes and no"
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ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to negotiate one of two options of the T.85 "fax profile":
1044:. In this case, the number of lines for which the differences are encoded is not limited.
8:
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2074:"Uber Gebe- und Empfangsapparate zur elektrischen Fernubertragung von Photographien"
1467:, some fax tonal signals may not be correctly transported across the packet network.
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said that the NHS had at least 11,620 fax machines in operation and in December the
527:
404:
Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the
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1970:
1941:
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which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers, utilizing
1363:. No software, fax server or fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached
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1149:
1079:
418:
171:
160:
155:
made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The
105:
58:
492:
197:
123:, but are still used in some medical administration and law enforcement settings.
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1827:"1851 Great Exhibition: Official Catalogue: Class X.: Frederick Collier Bakewell"
1755:
1672:
1549:
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One of the advantages of inkjet printing is that inkjets can affordably print in
1170:
727:) can transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near-realtime speeds using
426:
279:
275:
46:
3003:
2828:
Business telecom systems: a guide to choosing the best technologies and services
1471:
516:
In many corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced by
4133:
4005:
3980:
3940:
3910:
3785:
3620:
3573:
3548:
3506:
3291:
3286:
3241:
2943:
2922:"T.4: Standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals for document transmission"
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1748:
1201:
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321:
120:
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implementations of "Class 2". The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32.
467:
439:
393:, which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at
336:
298:
237:
202:
65:
which came in rolls. The roll was inserted into a compartment in the machine.
62:
2959:
2859:"Supra Technical Support Bulletin: Class 2 Fax Commands For Supra Faxmodems"
1861:"Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Italy. Italian biography of Giovanni Caselli"
1477:
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4160:
4000:
3945:
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3840:
3775:
3674:
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3516:
2772:
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1606:
1579:
1352:
1288:
1060:
222:
156:
2448:"Taro Kono, Japan's administrative reform minister, declares war on faxes"
1793:
English patent no. 12,352 (filed: 2 December 1848; issued: 2 June 1849).
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4010:
3920:
3905:
3865:
3825:
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3051:
2686:
2661:"NHS 'Struggling To Keep Up' As It Holds On To Thousands Of Fax Machines"
2639:"Digital doldrums: NHS remains world's largest purchaser of fax machines"
2277:, Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, pages 112–114, 213, 239
1456:
1383:
Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer
1276:
510:
490:, faxes are still used extensively as of September 2020 for cultural and
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226:
207:
183:
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1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1388:
1323: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
878:
847:
829:
811:
732:
622:
per inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
517:
405:
325:
2921:
2804:
2135:
U.S. patent no. 386,815 (filed: June 13, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).
274:, the forerunner of today's "fax" machines. A photograph of President
4350:
3815:
3630:
3397:
2122:
U.S. patent no. 386,814 (filed: May 31, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).
1975:
1932:
1627:
1554:
1527:
1216:
1131:
692:
Vertical: 400 or 391 (note not 392) scan lines per inch ("Superfine")
619:
443:
414:
410:
313:
188:
164:
137:
89:
2981:
1298:
4345:
4335:
4252:
4077:
3900:
2520:
1589:
1584:
1384:
1065:
1057:
502:
475:
447:
347:
302:
271:
249:
112:
53:
2741:"Why are fax machines still the norm in 21st-century health care?"
2542:"Japan's reliance on fax machines lambasted by coronavirus doctor"
2230:"The Newspaper of the Air: Early Experiments with Radio Facsimile"
108:
to transmit areas that are all-white or all-black, more quickly.
4340:
4325:
1886:"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Giovanni Caselli biography"
1616:
1564:
1544:
422:
421:(a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common
290:
in period costume, using red, green and blue color separations.
4370:
4330:
3652:
3296:
3271:
2394:"In High-Tech Japan, the Fax Machines Roll On (Published 2013)"
1522:
1460:
635:
101:
2617:"Faxing is old tech. So why is it also growing in popularity?"
2421:"Low-tech Japan challenged in working from home amid pandemic"
2038:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: S. Hirzel.
610:
Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in the same manner as a frame of
593:, most fax machines have been designed to connect to standard
217:
Input (left) and output (right) of a telautograph transmission
4355:
4292:
3600:
3372:
3256:
3196:
2017:] (in German). Graz, Austria: Ulrich Mosers Buchhandlung.
1611:
1464:
1452:
1355:
service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their
1189:
1141:
1120:
783:
657:
648:
586:
582:
570:
559:
521:
487:
390:
116:
2186:
A Facsimile transceiver for Pickup and Delivery of Telegrams
4297:
3316:
2275:
Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication
1674:
Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy
1600:
1446:
1364:
1169:
Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct
1071:
1053:
994:
990:
924:
740:
736:
724:
716:
594:
462:
210:, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
2307:. Vol. 17, no. 9. McGraw-Hill. pp. 82, 84.
2270:
2268:
1123:(formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have the
643:
1368:
505:
size. Use of fax machines for reporting cases during the
258:
Children read a wirelessly transmitted newspaper in 1938.
2167:"Photos Sent Over Telephone Wire by Cleveland to N.Y.",
2265:
2368:"Why is hi-tech Japan using cassette tapes and faxes?"
708:
Vertical: 400 or 391 scan lines per inch ("Ultrafine")
270:
invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic
182:
was published in 1896. Around 1900, German physicist
1489:
686:
Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per inch ("Standard")
2345:"Enforceability of Fax and Scanned Signature Pages"
2242:
2240:
2238:
2944:"International digital facsimile coding standards"
2327:"Manual of fax machine Brother 8070, see 3rd page"
689:Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch ("Fine")
27:Method of transmitting images, often of documents
4491:
2235:
1878:
1770:"Alexander Bain: The real father of television?"
1749:"Improvement in copying surfaces by electricity"
1449:The ITU standard for sending Fax over IP (FoIP).
1016:independently of its predecessor and successor.
478:-based alternatives. In some countries, because
450:. Such boards could provide voice telephony via
446:, produced the first computer fax board, called
2146:"The History of Fax – from 1843 to Present Day"
433:
312:transmitted the first photograph via satellite
45:This fax machine from 1999 used relatively new
3132:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015) 308 pp.
2941:
2888:"Fax Developer's Guide: Classes 2 and 2.0/2.1"
2489:"In High-Tech Japan, the Fax Machines Roll On"
2232:. theradiohistorian.org. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
2180:
2178:
2036:Electrical transmission of images and similar
1853:
1351:One popular alternative is to subscribe to an
1096:In "option mode", there is no such constraint.
639:The Dacom DFC-10—the first digital fax machine
3413:
3182:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2197:Western Union Technical Review, Vol. 3, No, 1
1670:
1204:is crossed in one direction by a scanning or
57:Like many fax machines, this 1990 model used
2818:
1100:
664:for transmission of images from satellites.
4428:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3130:Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine
2614:
2365:
2175:
739:compression. T.38 is designed to work with
705:Horizontal: 400 or 408 scan lines per inch
683:Horizontal: 200 or 204 scan lines per inch
678:Vertical: 100 scan lines per inch ("Basic")
30:"T.30" redirects here. For other uses, see
4464:
3420:
3406:
3189:
3175:
2873:
2031:Elektrisches Fernphotograhie und Ähnliches
2011:Die Bildtelegraphie im Dienste der Polizei
1109:
978:An additional method is specified in T.6:
672:to vary among a set of fixed resolutions:
3198:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes
2687:"NHS told to ditch 'absurd' fax machines"
2565:
2302:
2222:
2015:Tele-photography in service to the police
1990:Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review
1974:
1931:
1339:Learn how and when to remove this message
1086:known until the last row is transmitted.
1052:In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added
1028:
777:
342:
2824:
2641:. National Health Executive. 5 July 2017
2366:Fitzpatrick, Michael (3 November 2015).
1802:
1758:U.S. patent no. 5,957 (5 December 1848).
1727:"Mr. Bain's electric printing telegraph"
1215:
642:
634:
526:
461:
346:
253:
243:
212:
52:
40:
2765:
2539:
2486:
2391:
2053:[Electrical tele-photography].
1983:
1949:Bidwell, Shelford (February 10, 1881).
1948:
1906:Bidwell, Shelford (November 18, 1880).
1905:
1850:U.S. patent no. 20,698 (June 29, 1858).
1767:
1724:
1697:
993:(T.82, T.85) for bi-level content, and
14:
4492:
3427:
2615:Coopersmith, Jonathan (16 June 2021).
2209:
2096:"Edouard Belin - Belinograph Inventor"
1677:. Harvard Business Press. p. 13.
1671:Shapiro, Carl; Varian, Hal R. (1999).
1622:Transmitting Subscriber Identification
457:
206:, invented in 1929 by German inventor
159:was invented by the Italian physicist
3401:
3170:
3137:Transmitting Photographs by Telegraph
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2446:Osaki, Tomohiro (27 September 2020).
2445:
2342:
1647:
466:Laser fax having a compact, built-in
4474:
2766:Haigney, Sophie (18 November 2018).
2711:
2487:Fackler, Martin (13 February 2013).
2392:Fackler, Martin (13 February 2013).
2071:
2048:
2027:
2008:
1863:. Itisgalileiroma.it. Archived from
1402:
1321:adding citations to reliable sources
1292:
1239:
697:Horizontal: 300 scan lines per inch
675:Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch
550:Department of Health and Social Care
131:
3001:
2974:
2942:Hunter, R.; Robinson, A.H. (1980).
2566:Takahashi, Ryusei (4 August 2020).
1164:
1004:
351:A two-page fax message sent in 2006
24:
3122:
2905:
2792:
2627:from the original on May 26, 2023.
2517:"Japan and the fax: A love affair"
2514:
972:Relative Element Address Designate
651:. The read-out circuit is at left.
589:) recommendations. Since the 1968
556:Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
25:
4561:
3149:
3145:article, 12 May 1877, p. 297
2831:. Focal Press. pp. 191–192.
2712:Hill, Rebecca (4 February 2019).
2049:Korn, Arthur (14 December 1905).
1841:"Improved pantographic telegraph"
1592:—image transmission over HF radio
731:to send digitised images over an
700:Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch
4473:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4063:Free-space optical communication
3029: This article incorporates
3024:
1803:Bakewell, F.C. (November 1851).
1768:Ruddock, Ivan S. (Summer 2012).
1533:Called subscriber identification
1506:
1492:
1297:
1243:
1019:
743:services and often supported by
375:
363:
200:first, then since the 1930s the
3156:Group 3 Facsimile Communication
3089:
3075:"Online Fax vs Traditional Fax"
3067:
3058:
3042:General Services Administration
3017:
2995:
2935:
2851:
2759:
2733:
2705:
2679:
2653:
2631:
2608:
2582:
2559:
2533:
2508:
2480:
2462:
2439:
2413:
2385:
2359:
2336:
2319:
2296:
2280:
2160:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2088:
2065:
2042:
2021:
2002:
1896:
1833:
1308:needs additional citations for
1282:
1195:
1144:/line and 1145 lines/page (for
576:
369:LDX system, Scanner and Printer
2825:Peterson, Kerstin Day (2000).
2540:Osborne, Samuel (6 May 2020).
2343:Adams, Ken (7 November 2007).
2171:(Montreal), May 20, 1924, p.10
2051:"Elektrische Fernphotographie"
1819:
1796:
1783:
1761:
1741:
1718:
1698:Haigney, Sophie (2018-11-19).
1691:
1664:
1641:
951:
13:
1:
2768:"The Fax Is Not Yet Obsolete"
2472:(in Japanese). Archived from
2427:. The Mainichi. 26 April 2020
2215:Sipley, Louis Walton (1951).
2055:Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift
1700:"The Fax Is Not Yet Obsolete"
1648:Rouse, Margaret (June 2006).
1634:
1148:). The resulting raw data is
597:lines and telephone numbers.
397:for satellite communication.
4550:Telecommunications equipment
4449:Telecommunication portal
4230:Telecommunications equipment
3543:
2287:An Exxon Sale To Harris Unit
1789:Bakewell, Frederick Collier
1211:
1161:firmware, and expected use.
434:Computer facsimile interface
381:Magnafax Telecopier by Xerox
264:Radio Corporation of America
115:-based technologies such as
7:
3966:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2206:(January 1949); page 17-26.
1809:American Journal of Science
1485:
1235:
49:technology on normal paper.
10:
4566:
3670:Telecommunications history
2893:. Multi-Tech Systems. 2017
2596:. The Mainichi. 2 May 2020
1805:"On the copying telegraph"
1286:
1032:
1008:
630:
247:
221:The 1888 invention of the
180:Henry Sutton's "telephane"
170:In 1880, English inventor
135:
126:
29:
4437:
4379:
4316:
4278:Public Switched Telephone
4238:
4202:
4159:
4100:
4090:telecommunication circuit
4051:Fiber-optic communication
4034:
3796:Francis Blake (telephone)
3743:
3591:Optical telecommunication
3435:
3386:
3325:
3204:
2515:Oi, Mariko (2012-07-31).
2078:Physikalische Zeitschrift
1984:(Staff) (March 1, 1881).
1725:(Staff) (20 April 1844).
1175:thermal transfer printers
1101:Matsushita Whiteline Skip
745:analog telephone adapters
729:ITU-T recommendation T.38
605:
482:on contracts are not yet
374:
362:
357:
4189:Orbital angular-momentum
3626:Satellite communications
3465:Communications satellite
2228:Schneider, John (2011).
1500:Telecommunication portal
1056:(ITU-T T.82) as another
751:
600:
61:on relatively expensive
4068:Molecular communication
3891:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3720:Undersea telegraph line
3455:Cable protection system
3162:ITU T.30 Recommendation
3128:Coopersmith, Jonathan,
2960:10.1109/PROC.1980.11751
2948:Proceedings of the IEEE
2262:, November 1991, page 2
2217:A Half Century of Color
1110:Typical characteristics
1047:
1011:Modified Huffman coding
542:National Health Service
176:scanning phototelegraph
4210:Communication protocol
3996:Charles Sumner Tainter
3811:Walter Houser Brattain
3756:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3564:Information revolution
3037:Federal Standard 1037C
3031:public domain material
2807:. ITU-T. November 1988
1777:Scottish Local History
1378:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
1228:
1029:Modified Modified READ
983:Modified Modified READ
778:Data transmission rate
652:
640:
532:
471:
352:
343:Telephone transmission
262:As a designer for the
259:
218:
66:
50:
4530:ITU-T recommendations
4184:Polarization-division
3916:Narinder Singh Kapany
3881:Erna Schneider Hoover
3801:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3781:Alexander Graham Bell
3512:online video platform
3050: (in support of
2028:Korn, Arthur (1907).
2009:Korn, Arthur (1927).
1791:"Electric telegraphs"
1539:Error correction mode
1219:
646:
638:
626:Group 3 fax machines.
530:
480:electronic signatures
465:
350:
257:
244:Wireless transmission
216:
56:
44:
4510:Computer peripherals
4026:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3986:Almon Brown Strowger
3956:Charles Grafton Page
3611:Prepaid mobile phone
3539:Electrical telegraph
2293:, February 22, 1985.
1706:. Emerson Collective
1596:Slow-scan television
1317:improve this article
1076:adaptive compression
452:Analog Expansion Bus
333:slow-scan television
76:), sometimes called
36:Fax (disambiguation)
32:T30 (disambiguation)
4545:Scottish inventions
4535:Japanese inventions
4505:American inventions
3976:Johann Philipp Reis
3735:Wireless revolution
3697:The Telephone Cases
3554:Hydraulic telegraph
3142:Scientific American
3077:. eFax. 16 May 2013
2984:. ITU-T. 2014-05-15
2924:. ITU-T. 2011-03-14
2594:Mainichi Daily News
2470:"FAXサービス|サービス|ローソン"
2425:Mainichi Daily News
2258:– Edward C. Chung,
2120:"Art of telegraphy"
1967:1881Natur..23..344B
1924:1880Natur..23...58B
1731:Mechanics' Magazine
1474:image/t38 MIME-type
1035:Group 4 compression
803:Data rates (bit/s)
591:Carterfone decision
458:In the 21st century
305:delivery vehicles.
142:Scottish inventors
4525:Italian inventions
4515:English inventions
4174:Frequency-division
4151:Telephone exchange
4021:Charles Wheatstone
3951:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3926:Innocenzo Manzetti
3861:Reginald Fessenden
3596:Optical telegraphy
3429:Telecommunications
2494:The New York Times
2399:The New York Times
2291:The New York Times
2254:2016-03-03 at the
2202:2016-03-10 at the
2191:2016-02-08 at the
1986:"Tele-photography"
1951:"Tele-photography"
1846:2021-05-14 at the
1839:Caselli, Giovanni
1754:2021-05-14 at the
1652:. SearchNetworking
1359:using an existing
1357:personal computers
1255:. You can help by
1229:
806:Modulation method
653:
641:
533:
499:convenience stores
472:
353:
310:United States Army
308:In the 1960s, the
260:
219:
153:Frederick Bakewell
67:
51:
4520:German inventions
4487:
4486:
4225:Store and forward
4220:Data transmission
4134:Network switching
4085:Transmission line
3931:Guglielmo Marconi
3896:Internet pioneers
3761:Mohamed M. Atalla
3730:Whistled language
3395:
3394:
3358:irc / irc6 / ircs
3101:www.itwissen.info
2693:. 9 December 2018
2570:. The Japan Times
2450:. The Japan Times
2072:Korn, A. (1904).
1684:978-0-87584-863-1
1514:Telephones portal
1403:Related standards
1393:unified messaging
1349:
1348:
1341:
1273:
1272:
1152:using a modified
944:
943:
837:9600, 7200, 4800
612:analog television
507:COVID-19 pandemic
484:recognized by law
423:telephone handset
386:
385:
335:is still used by
326:Courier satellite
288:Rudolph Valentino
268:Richard H. Ranger
132:Wire transmission
18:Facsimile machine
16:(Redirected from
4557:
4540:Office equipment
4477:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4318:Notable networks
4308:Wireless network
4248:Cellular network
4240:Types of network
4215:Computer network
4102:Network topology
4016:Thomas A. Watson
3871:Oliver Heaviside
3856:Philo Farnsworth
3831:Daniel Davis Jr.
3806:Charles Bourseul
3766:John Logie Baird
3475:Data compression
3470:Computer network
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3103:. Archived from
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3044:. Archived from
3028:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2244:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2061:(50): 1131–1134.
2046:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1980:
1978:
1976:10.1038/023344a0
1961:(589): 344–346.
1945:
1935:
1933:10.1038/023058a0
1908:"The photophone"
1900:
1894:
1893:
1888:. Archived from
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1747:Bain, Alexander
1745:
1739:
1738:
1737:(1080): 268–270.
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1645:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1301:
1293:
1268:
1265:
1247:
1240:
1171:thermal printers
1165:Printing process
1136:
1129:
1080:arithmetic coder
1005:Modified Huffman
962:Modified Huffman
937:
936:
914:
913:
891:
890:
867:
866:
860:
859:
794:
793:
773:"super G3".
496:
419:acoustic coupler
379:
378:
367:
366:
355:
354:
266:(RCA), in 1924,
174:constructed the
172:Shelford Bidwell
161:Giovanni Caselli
106:data compression
59:thermal printing
21:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4375:
4312:
4234:
4198:
4155:
4104:
4096:
4037:
4030:
3936:Robert Metcalfe
3791:Tim Berners-Lee
3739:
3559:Information Age
3431:
3426:
3396:
3391:
3382:
3321:
3200:
3195:
3152:
3125:
3123:Further reading
3120:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2861:. June 19, 1992
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2803:
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2793:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2665:Huffington Post
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2621:Washington Post
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2546:The Independent
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2347:. AdamsDrafting
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2301:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2260:Ohio University
2256:Wayback Machine
2245:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2204:Wayback Machine
2193:Wayback Machine
2184:G. H. Ridings,
2183:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2148:. Fax Authority
2144:
2143:
2139:
2133:"Telautography"
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2070:
2066:
2047:
2043:
2026:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1901:
1897:
1892:on May 6, 2008.
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1848:Wayback Machine
1838:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1756:Wayback Machine
1746:
1742:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1550:Fax demodulator
1512:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1405:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1253:needs expansion
1238:
1214:
1198:
1179:inkjet printers
1167:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1103:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1007:
954:
934:
932:
911:
909:
888:
886:
864:
862:
857:
855:
780:
754:
633:
608:
603:
579:
491:
460:
436:
376:
364:
358:External images
345:
280:Herbert E. Ives
276:Calvin Coolidge
272:radio facsimile
252:
246:
140:
134:
129:
47:inkjet printing
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4485:
4484:
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4471:
4461:
4451:
4438:
4435:
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4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4389:
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4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Space-division
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Camille Tissot
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Claude Shannon
3978:
3973:
3971:Tivadar Puskás
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:Antonio Meucci
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Charles K. Kao
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Harold Hopkins
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Emile Berliner
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Videotelephony
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3621:Radiotelephone
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Internet video
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3150:External links
3148:
3147:
3146:
3133:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3088:
3066:
3057:
3048:on 2022-01-22.
3016:
2994:
2973:
2954:(7): 854–867.
2934:
2904:
2872:
2850:
2837:
2817:
2791:
2758:
2747:. 11 June 2018
2745:Globe and Mail
2732:
2704:
2678:
2667:. 11 June 2018
2652:
2630:
2607:
2581:
2558:
2532:
2507:
2479:
2476:on 2015-02-10.
2461:
2438:
2412:
2384:
2358:
2335:
2318:
2295:
2279:
2264:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2174:
2159:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2087:
2064:
2041:
2020:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1946:
1918:(577): 58–59.
1895:
1877:
1852:
1832:
1818:
1811:. 2nd series.
1795:
1782:
1760:
1740:
1717:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1650:"What is fax?"
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1347:
1346:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1234:
1225:direct thermal
1213:
1210:
1206:recording spot
1197:
1194:
1183:laser printers
1166:
1163:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1049:
1046:
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
997:(T.81), T.43,
987:
986:
976:
975:
965:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
930:
927:
921:
920:
915:
907:
904:
898:
897:
892:
884:
881:
875:
874:
869:
853:
850:
844:
843:
838:
835:
832:
826:
825:
820:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
801:
800:Released date
798:
779:
776:
775:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
750:
721:
720:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
703:
702:
701:
695:
694:
693:
690:
687:
681:
680:
679:
632:
629:
628:
627:
623:
607:
604:
602:
599:
578:
575:
459:
456:
435:
432:
384:
383:
372:
371:
360:
359:
344:
341:
322:Deal Test Site
248:Main article:
245:
242:
148:Alexander Bain
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:World Wide Web
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4562:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4194:Code-division
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Time-division
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:and switching
4103:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4056:optical fiber
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Coaxial cable
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Radia Perlman
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Lee de Forest
3849:
3847:
3846:Thomas Edison
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Donald Davies
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Claude Chappe
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Smoke signals
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:Semiconductor
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:Digital media
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3390:
3389:Protocol list
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3107:on 2016-12-28
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3020:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2860:
2854:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2780:on 2018-11-18
2779:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2449:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2346:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2131:Gray, Elisha
2128:
2121:
2118:Gray, Elisha
2115:
2101:
2100:Fax Authority
2097:
2091:
2084:(4): 113–118.
2083:
2080:(in German).
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2057:(in German).
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1867:on 2020-08-17
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1786:
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1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Image scanner
1573:
1571:
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1556:
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1362:
1361:email account
1358:
1354:
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1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:This section
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1251:This section
1249:
1246:
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1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
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1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1020:Modified READ
1017:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
981:
980:
979:
973:
969:
968:Modified READ
966:
963:
960:
959:
958:
949:
939:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
916:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
868:, 9600, 7200
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
797:ITU standard
796:
795:
792:
791:
790:
788:
785:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
757:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:Fax Over IP (
718:
714:
707:
706:
704:
699:
698:
696:
691:
688:
685:
684:
682:
677:
676:
674:
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637:
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547:
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529:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
468:laser printer
464:
455:
453:
449:
445:
442:, founder of
441:
440:Hank Magnuski
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
402:
398:
396:
392:
382:
373:
370:
361:
356:
349:
340:
338:
337:amateur radio
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
301:'s "Telecar"
300:
299:Western Union
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
251:
241:
239:
238:spark printer
234:
230:
228:
224:
215:
211:
209:
205:
204:
203:Hellschreiber
199:
198:Édouard Belin
195:
191:
190:
189:Bildtelegraph
186:invented the
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
139:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:telefacsimile
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
63:thermal paper
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4161:Multiplexing
4036:Transmission
4001:Nikola Tesla
3991:Henry Sutton
3946:Samuel Morse
3876:Robert Hooke
3841:Amos Dolbear
3776:John Bardeen
3695:
3675:Telautograph
3579:Mobile phone
3534:Edholm's law
3517:social media
3450:Broadcasting
3140:
3129:
3109:. Retrieved
3105:the original
3100:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3046:the original
3036:
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2976:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2926:. Retrieved
2895:. Retrieved
2863:. Retrieved
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2827:
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2782:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2773:The Atlantic
2771:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:The Register
2717:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2633:
2620:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2492:
2482:
2474:the original
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2338:
2321:
2304:
2298:
2282:
2274:
2247:
2224:
2219:. Macmillan.
2216:
2211:
2168:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2140:
2127:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1958:
1954:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1890:the original
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1855:
1835:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1785:
1776:
1763:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:The Atlantic
1703:
1693:
1673:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1643:
1607:Telautograph
1580:Internet fax
1397:
1382:
1353:Internet fax
1350:
1335:
1326:
1315:Please help
1310:verification
1307:
1289:Internet fax
1283:Internet fax
1274:
1264:October 2023
1261:
1257:adding to it
1252:
1230:
1199:
1196:Stroke speed
1187:
1168:
1159:
1154:Huffman code
1139:
1113:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1070:
1051:
1038:
1023:
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988:
977:
974:), optional.
971:
955:
947:
781:
755:
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654:
609:
580:
577:Capabilities
568:
564:
554:
546:Labour Party
534:
515:
473:
437:
403:
399:
387:
330:
307:
296:
292:
261:
235:
231:
223:telautograph
220:
201:
194:Bélinographe
193:
187:
175:
169:
157:Pantelegraph
144:Matthew Cash
143:
141:
110:
97:
93:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:
4361:NPL network
4073:Radio waves
4011:Alfred Vail
3921:Hedy Lamarr
3906:Dawon Kahng
3866:Elisha Gray
3826:Yogen Dalal
3751:Nasir Ahmed
3685:Teleprinter
3549:Heliographs
3307:view-source
3052:MIL-STD-188
2500:14 February
2169:The Gazette
1779:(83): 3–13.
1603:Fax-over-IP
1481:developers.
1457:packet loss
1389:fax servers
1277:fax over IP
1227:fax machine
1135:image/g3fax
952:Compression
819:4800, 2400
518:fax servers
511:remote work
427:demodulator
339:operators.
318:Puerto Rico
227:Elisha Gray
208:Rudolf Hell
184:Arthur Korn
94:fax machine
84:(short for
78:telecopying
72:(short for
4494:Categories
4407:Antarctica
4366:Toasternet
4288:Television
3771:Paul Baran
3703:Television
3687:(teletype)
3680:Telegraphy
3658:transistor
3636:Phryctoria
3606:Photophone
3584:Smartphone
3574:Mass media
3326:Unofficial
3287:sip / sips
3111:2018-01-12
3081:8 December
3010:2014-02-16
2988:2013-12-28
2928:2013-12-28
2844:2011-04-02
2838:1578200415
2811:2013-12-28
2784:30 January
2725:5 February
2697:9 December
2526:2014-02-16
2105:2023-05-22
1871:2014-02-16
1635:References
1570:Fultograph
1560:Fax server
1415:standards.
1287:See also:
1150:compressed
1116:resolution
733:IP network
620:scan lines
585:(formerly
324:using the
136:See also:
98:telecopier
90:telephonic
88:), is the
4391:Americas
4380:Locations
4351:Internet2
4112:Bandwidth
3816:Vint Cerf
3713:streaming
3691:Telephone
3631:Semaphore
3522:streaming
3006:. Itu.int
3002:tsbmail.
2897:March 23,
2865:March 23,
2600:6 October
2574:6 October
2551:6 October
2454:6 October
2431:6 October
2405:6 October
2377:6 October
2313:0360-5280
1628:Wirephoto
1555:Fax modem
1528:Black fax
1470:RFC
1329:June 2017
1223:roll for
1212:Fax paper
1132:MIME type
1074:performs
957:T.4 are:
787:handshake
493:graphemic
444:GammaLink
438:In 1985,
415:modulator
411:photocell
320:from the
314:facsimile
233:process.
165:telephone
138:Wirephoto
74:facsimile
4459:Category
4346:Internet
4336:CYCLADES
4253:Ethernet
4203:Concepts
4127:terminal
4078:wireless
3901:Bob Kahn
3744:Pioneers
3569:Internet
3460:Cable TV
3312:ws / wss
3205:Official
2968:46403372
2751:21 April
2625:Archived
2521:BBC News
2372:BBC News
2252:Archived
2200:Archived
2189:Archived
1996:: 82–84.
1844:Archived
1752:Archived
1710:13 March
1590:Radiofax
1585:Junk fax
1486:See also
1385:software
1236:Fax tone
1202:scanning
1130:and the
1068:images.
1066:halftone
1061:bi-level
1058:lossless
940:digital
662:Lockheed
503:A4 paper
495:reasons.
476:Internet
448:GammaFax
395:Lockheed
303:telegram
284:AT&T
250:Radiofax
119:and the
113:Internet
4479:Commons
4469:Outline
4422:Oceania
4341:FidoNet
4326:ARPANET
4139:circuit
3708:digital
3437:History
2671:11 June
2645:1 March
2351:25 July
2152:25 July
1963:Bibcode
1942:4127035
1920:Bibcode
1656:25 July
1617:Teletex
1565:Faxlore
1545:Fax art
1478:SSL Fax
1423:V.27ter
902:V.34bis
631:Digital
470:, 2001.
240:paper.
127:History
82:telefax
4417:Europe
4387:Africa
4371:Usenet
4331:BITNET
4268:Mobile
4144:packet
3653:MOSFET
3648:device
3445:Beacon
3368:magnet
3353:finger
3343:gemini
3333:coffee
3297:telnet
3272:mailto
3247:gopher
3097:"V.34"
2966:
2835:
2311:
1955:Nature
1940:
1912:Nature
1815:: 278.
1681:
1624:(TSID)
1535:(CSID)
1523:3D Fax
1461:jitter
1142:pixels
1125:suffix
985:(MMR).
970:(MR) (
735:using
649:pixels
606:Analog
102:bitmap
96:(or a
4400:South
4395:North
4356:JANET
4293:Telex
4283:Radio
4122:Nodes
4117:Links
4038:media
3616:Radio
3601:Pager
3529:Drums
3495:video
3490:image
3480:audio
3378:ymsgr
3373:rsync
3363:ldaps
3257:https
3212:about
3033:from
2964:S2CID
2891:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2034:[
2013:[
1938:S2CID
1902:See:
1773:(PDF)
1612:Telex
1541:(ECM)
1465:G.729
1453:G.711
1374:HIPAA
1221:Paper
1190:color
1121:ITU-T
964:(MH).
929:1986
906:1998
883:1994
852:1991
834:1988
816:1988
784:modem
761:T.31.
752:Class
658:Dacom
601:Group
587:CCITT
583:ITU-T
571:HIPAA
560:e-fax
522:email
488:Japan
406:Exxon
391:Dacom
117:email
4412:Asia
4298:UUCP
4258:ISDN
3348:feed
3338:ed2k
3317:xmpp
3282:nntp
3267:ldap
3262:info
3252:http
3232:file
3227:data
3222:crid
3217:acct
3083:2013
2899:2019
2867:2019
2833:ISBN
2786:2023
2753:2019
2727:2019
2699:2018
2673:2018
2647:2018
2602:2020
2576:2020
2553:2020
2502:2013
2456:2020
2433:2020
2407:2020
2379:2020
2353:2012
2309:ISSN
2305:Byte
2154:2012
1712:2022
1679:ISBN
1658:2012
1601:T.38
1472:3362
1447:T.38
1441:T.37
1435:V.34
1431:V.17
1427:V.29
1419:V.21
1391:and
1376:and
1365:TIFF
1181:and
1072:JBIG
1054:JBIG
1048:JBIG
1042:ISDN
995:JPEG
991:JBIG
925:ISDN
879:V.34
848:V.17
830:V.29
812:V.27
741:VoIP
737:JPEG
725:FoIP
717:ISDN
656:the
595:PSTN
538:ISDN
146:and
34:and
4500:Fax
4303:WAN
4273:NGN
4263:LAN
3544:Fax
3485:DCT
3302:urn
3292:tag
3277:nfs
3242:geo
3237:ftp
3139:",
2956:doi
2691:BBC
1971:doi
1928:doi
1369:PDF
1367:or
1319:by
1259:.
1128:.g3
999:MRC
935:000
918:QAM
912:600
895:QAM
889:800
872:TCM
865:000
858:400
841:QAM
823:PSK
316:to
282:of
225:by
196:by
80:or
70:Fax
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3054:).
3040:.
2962:.
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2950:.
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2875:^
2794:^
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2098:.
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1992:.
1988:.
1969:.
1959:23
1957:.
1953:.
1936:.
1926:.
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1914:.
1910:.
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1279:.
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1177:,
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