1178:, potentially several dozen Ugandan civilians were killed. Over 500 Ugandan soldiers were captured by the TPDF. They were temporarily housed on Kololo before being deported to prisoner-of-war camps in Tanzania. Kisule was attached to a battalion of the TPDF's 205th Brigade to act as its guide and assist it in the capture of Masindi. Sabuni fled to Kenya but was arrested by local authorities in May after being indicted by the Kampala chief magistrate for murder and extradited back to Uganda. The Libyans' few casualties during the battle included some deaths. The TPDF casualties were also deemed to be light; only three members of the 19th Battalion were wounded in the fighting. Large stocks of Libyan munitions were seized, as were significant caches of Ugandan weapons imported from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, Israel, and Spain.
1182:
Searches of Amin's residence at
Nakasero uncovered a basement occupied by starving prisoners and rotting corpses. Immediately after the seizure of Kampala the TPDF began establishing a new Ugandan government. A significant number of UNLF politicians subsequently settled in the city, and occupied its most luxurious hotels. Social tensions between the former exiles and the rest of Kampala's population quickly grew, as the politicians flaunted their role as "liberators" regardless of their involvement in the war, and began to live in style while the common citizens still suffered from a lack of basic necessities. Msuya was tasked with running errands on behalf of the UNLF ministers, while Walden's 207th Brigade was ordered to assume occupation duties throughout the entirety of Kampala. Tanzanian soldiers subsequently occupied the
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detailed plan for
Kampala's defence which specified the battalions and commanders responsible for each sector; most had already dispersed. By nightfall the 19th Battalion had not located the Command Post. Kampala was quiet and there was no electricity in the entire city, with the exception of a single traffic light. Eventually the Ugandan guide directed the unit to a golf course which the troops cut across to the base of Kololo. By 21:00 the Tanzanians were following residential streets up the hill. Frustrated by his guide's inability to locate the Command Post, Msuya decided to forgo the location and establish his own command post in an abandoned home whilst his battalion dug trenches and established roadblocks. According to him, by 22:00 Kampala was under Tanzanian control. At 23:00 he held a
1061:, "I literally held a gun on Oyite-Ojok's head to read the communiqué...I told him someone has got to say something and that person has got to be a Ugandan." Despite the persistence of gunfire, several technicians arrived for their scheduled workday and assisted Ojok in making the broadcast. His declaration was straightforward; he stated that Amin's government was deposed and that Kampala was under the control of the UNLF, and appealed to residents to remain calm and for Ugandan soldiers to surrender. Lule was infuriated by the broadcast and a prerecorded speech by him was not played on Radio Uganda until later that evening.
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and civilians are believed to have died. The battle marked the first time in the recent history of the continent that an
African state seized the capital of another African country and deposed its government. In the immediate aftermath, civilians engaged in rampant looting, despite the attempts of Tanzanian and UNLF troops to maintain order. A new Ugandan government was established by the UNLF. Though pro-Amin forces were left scattered and disjointed by the seizure of the capital, combat operations in the country continued until 3 June, when Tanzanian forces reached the
728:, an ally of Amin, attempted to stem the advance by sending an ultimatum to Nyerere, demanding that he withdraw his forces in 24 hours or face the opposition of Libyan troops (which were already operating in Uganda). Nyerere rejected the threat in a radio broadcast, announcing that Libya's entry into the war did not change the Tanzanian government's view of Amin. Ugandan rebel forces did not have the strength to defeat Libyan units, so Nyerere decided to use the TPDF to take Kampala. Tanzanian leaders were also inclined to capture the city after Ugandan planes bombed
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813:. The Tanzanian plan of attack called for an advance by the 207th Brigade and a UNLF battalion from the west along the road from Masaka with a simultaneous assault from Entebbe in the south by the 208th Brigade. The latter's 19th Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya was earmarked for the seizure of the city centre, while other units were to cover their flanks in the bush. The 201st Brigade was to maintain a "blocking action" north of Kampala to prevent Ugandan forces from escaping. The entire operation was supposed to take three days to complete.
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pockets of resistance to the TPDF. Meanwhile, the diplomatic staff resident on Kololo hill felt it was safe enough to begin visiting Msuya's command post to pay their respects to him. Civilians raided the files of the State
Research Bureau in search of records that contained the whereabouts of missing family members. The Tanzanians found among the documents a copy of their top-secret plan of attack for Kampala. Lieutenant Colonel Salim Hassan Boma led a detachment on a sweep of the capital, and on the edge of the city they discovered
932:
556:, the Tanzanians revised their existing offensive designs for Kampala. The plans called for the 208th Brigade to advance from the south, spearheaded by Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya's 800-strong 19th Battalion, which was to secure the centre of the city. The 207th Brigade and a UNLF battalion were to attack from the west, while the 201st Brigade was to establish roadblocks to the north to prevent Ugandan units from withdrawing. An eastern corridor was left open to allow the Libyans to evacuate to
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from state offices. Though a decree was issued that prohibiting looting, the authorities did not pursue legal action against the looters, and an appeal for the return of state property was modestly successful. Nyerere's decision to use his army to drive far into
Ugandan territory and depose Amin resulted in Tanzania becoming deeply involved in Ugandan affairs in the aftermath of the war, against his intentions. After a three-year-long occupation, the TPDF withdrew from Uganda in 1981.
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1051:. The first was to Nyerere, who was not present, though a message was recorded by a security officer. The second was to Obote. Ojok reportedly told Obote that he intended to announce the capture of Kampala in the name of the UNLF, to which Obote expressed his approval. According to historian Kenneth Ingham, Ojok asked Obote for direction on what to say, and he was instructed to appeal for support of a new national government without mentioning Obote or his party, the
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943:. The TPDF initiated a heavy 90-minute-long artillery bombardment of the Kampala at dawn, and another barrage later in the morning. Windows were shattered by the explosions, and several buildings and roads were struck. Only a few civilian casualties were reported, as most of the city's residents left the streets and sought shelter indoors. As the 19th Battalion moved down the Entebbe–Kampala road with its three tanks (a
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indiscriminately. Stores had their windows smashed and were cleared of furniture, documents were destroyed, and new cars were pushed out of show rooms and onto the streets. Some buildings were set on fire. The
Ministry of Health's offices were raided by its own employees. In what most observers described as the boldest incident of looting in the entire war, the six-foot-thick door to the vault of the
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When petrol became available, tow trucks recovered the vehicles abandoned across
Kampala. Makerere University students created a campaign to return looted office equipment to government buildings. Reconstruction efforts were slow, and the city displayed signs of dilapidation several years after the battle. As late as 2000, ruins from the conflict remained along Kampala Road in the city centre.
1066:"For six years Ugandans had seen their city taken over by a tiny fraction of the population. While the rest of the population lacked nearly every conceivable essential commodity, the shops, homes and stores of Amin's henchmen...were filled with goods. The looting and smashing of these shops was a symbolic expression of revenge by a people who had been terrorized for nearly eight years."
697:, the Ugandan capital, and overthrow Amin. He feared that scenes of Tanzanian troops occupying the city would reflect poorly on the country's image abroad. The fall of Masaka surprised and deeply troubled Ugandan commanders, who felt that the defeat made Kampala vulnerable to attack. They mobilised additional forces and began planning for a defence of the city. Some troops were sent to
1043:, and his wife left their residence in a small white car with another vehicle following in an attempt to escape the city. When they drove by the golf course the UNLF fired two rocket-propelled grenades, destroying the cars and killing the four occupants. As the morning progressed, the UNLF soldiers manning the roadblocks drunkenly harassed passing civilians and Tanzanian soldiers.
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headquarters at the edge of the city. They were unopposed, but five men were killed by friendly fire when
Tanzanian artillery bombarded the site, the gunners unaware that it had been taken. At around nightfall the UNLF force approached the State Research Bureau at Nakasero in the belief that it had been abandoned. When the unit was close, Ugandan soldiers opened fire, destroying a
1055:. Obote claimed that immediately after the phone call he telephoned Nyerere to inform him of the fall of Kampala, and Nyerere came to his residence to celebrate the occasion. Msuya asserted that Ojok had initially refused to make any declaration, saying "If our friends in Moshi and Dar es Salaam hear me reading this, they will think I have taken over." Msuya told the
960:, and a 75 mm tank shell. The Tanzanians searched the market but found no more Ugandans, and subsequently resumed their march into the capital, joined by the cheering civilians. The battalion received some harassing fire but took no casualties and at 17:00 reached the clock tower in Kampala where the Entebbe road entered the downtown.
1276:, Amin's removal "marked a mile-post in the history of Africa." On the fifth anniversary of the fall of Kampala, Obote delivered a speech to commemorate the liberation of Uganda from the Amin regime. Footage from the battle was included in the 1980 Tanzania Film Company and Audio Visual Institute colour documentary chronicling the war,
775:. Many Libyan soldiers attempted to evacuate to Kampala but were intercepted and killed. Following the seizure of Entebbe, hundreds of Ugandan soldiers garrisoning Kampala fled, many of them relocating with their moveable possessions to the country's north. While these troops attempted to flee the capital, one unit relocated from
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Makerere
University went to their family homes outside the city. Kampala District Commissioner Wahib Muhammed claimed that a week before the Tanzanian attack Amin ordered all soldiers in the Kampala garrison to evacuate their families, and that most of the army subsequently withdrew "with a lot of discipline". On 8 April the
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unoccupied portions of the country fled to Kenya, precipitating a collapse in administration. After
Kampala's capture, little further damage was caused by the fighting in Uganda. Combat operations in the country continued until 3 June, when Tanzanian forces reached the Sudanese border and eliminated the last resistance.
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or fled the country. Many northern soldiers, feeling the conflict was primarily a southern affair, had little motivation to continue fighting away from their home territories, while some men began accusing the units which had fought in the south of performing poorly and losing the war. The 250-strong
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The remaining Ugandan soldiers in the city desperately attempted to escape by changing into civilian clothes and requisitioning civilian vehicles. They robbed residents at gunpoint and in some cases murdered them to secure the items. As Tanzanian patrols secured Kampala's neighbourhoods, some of them
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While the bulk of the 19th Battalion set out for Kololo, a detached company set up an ambush position in a park overlooking a street that led towards the Jinja road. The Tanzanians attacked two passing Ugandan Land Rovers, killing their three occupants. In one of the vehicles the soldiers recovered a
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roundabout from a marketplace by the left side of the road, about two kilometres from the centre of the city. The Tanzanian troops took cover in a drainage ditch and returned fire while the civilians scattered. Fire was exchanged for 10 minutes until the source of the opposition, a limousine occupied
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The 800-strong 19th Battalion entrenched itself on a hill 21 kilometres away from Kampala overlooking the road from Entebbe. Throughout the night of 8 April the battalion command post faced harassing fire from a tank. Ugandan reconnaissance patrols engaged in sporadic fighting with Tanzanian defences
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peninsula, where there was heavy Libyan air traffic and a large contingent of Ugandan and Libyan soldiers. If the TPDF seized Kampala before securing the town of Entebbe, it would be susceptible to a flanking attack. Taking Entebbe would cut off Uganda's Libyan reinforcements and permit an assault on
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According to Roberts, Amin left before the battle. Strasser, Gibson, and Moreau stated that he moved around in suburban houses until the day before the battle, when he drove to Jinja. According to several Ugandan soldiers, he fled in a helicopter on 10 April. Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, stated that his
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Later in the morning Tanzanian artillery bombarded parts of the city. Most Ugandan soldiers quickly broke and fled upon being subjected to shelling. More civilians, seeing that the troops on their streets were Tanzanian, came out from their dwellings to celebrate and loot. Some pointed out remaining
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were secured with only minimal resistance. The Tanzanians faced stiffer opposition at the Ministry of Internal Affairs building. Most of the Ugandan leadership had fled, leaving their defences confused and uncoordinated. Aside from a brief firefight with Ugandan soldiers positioned in a balcony, the
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would face retaliation for welcoming the Tanzanian invasion. The successful formation of the UNLF government eased Tanzanian concerns about the aftermath of a seizure of the capital. On 25 March Amin imposed a curfew and a blackout in Kampala, which was home to 400,000 residents. Four days later the
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people running amok once again, destroying their own communities.' It was anything but that...Amin had been a general from the northern tribe, and when he took over, he systematically seized the stores of Kampala and turned them over to his tribal compatriots. Thus, the orgy of looting and revenge
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On the morning of 10 April TPDF reconnaissance forces reported that the Ugandan defences around Kampala were weak. Though most units were not yet in position, Tanzanian forces were ordered to seize the capital. The 19th Battalion vacated its position and assembled on the Entebbe–Kampala road. Other
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bombarded parts of the city. The remaining Ugandan soldiers in the city desperately attempted to escape by changing into civilian clothes and requisitioning civilian vehicles. Casualty statistics are not exact, though Tanzanian losses are estimated to have been light, and dozens of Ugandan soldiers
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The fall of Kampala marked the first time in the post-colonial history of the continent that an African state seized the capital of another African country. The overthrow of a sovereign head of state by a foreign military had never occurred in modern Africa and had been strongly discouraged by the
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Caught unprepared by the fall of Kampala, Lule hurriedly compiled a list of ministers meant to represent the ethnic balances of the country. On 13 April he was flown into the city and installed as President of Uganda. The UNLF government's operations were greatly hampered by the theft of equipment
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Kampala was left damaged by the Tanzanian artillery bombardment and the looting. Electricity and water services were restored to a portion of the population a few days after the battle. In early May civilians and municipal officials cleaned up most of the debris and boarded up the smashed windows.
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On 11 April, following the reception of news of the fall of Kampala, Sudanese guards were placed on alert at the Ugandan frontier. Shortly thereafter Ugandan refugees began steadily fleeing over the border. On 12 April, Amin delivered a rambling radio broadcast via a mobile transmitter in which he
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Ojok proceeded to Radio Uganda to announce the fall of Amin's regime. According to Honey and Avirgan, Ojok had long desired to inform the Ugandan people that they were free of the dictatorship, but Lule had sent a message to the UNLF forces, prohibiting Ojok from making any broadcasts. Lule feared
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Msuya was eager to complete his battalion's objectives in the two hours remaining before nightfall. His decisions were complicated by the fact that he had no map of Kampala and had to rely upon a Ugandan guide for directions. He resolved to secure the radio station first. Leaving a guard behind to
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In early April Tanzanian forces began to concentrate their efforts on weakening the Ugandan position in Kampala. Jets conducted several sorties against military targets in the city. Tanzanian commanders had originally assumed that Amin would station the bulk of his forces in the capital, and their
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defected and established roadblocks around the town to protect it from Amin's forces while awaiting the arrival of the TPDF. A handful of forces rallied in Masindi to plan a counterattack to retake Kampala. Further Tanzanian advances prompted the Ugandans to abandon the town. Ugandan officials in
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Casualty statistics were unclear in the immediate aftermath of the battle. According to Honey, fewer than 100 Ugandan soldiers were killed. The Tanzanians estimated that 25 to 30 Ugandan soldiers had died in the city. The Superintendent of Mortuaries supervised the collection of bodies, and by 15
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were stolen. Msuya felt that the only way to stop the pillaging would be to open fire on the crowds, which would generate a highly negative response from the population. Instead, he ordered his men to quietly assist the looters in breaking into government warehouses and try to keep the situation
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and Kenya to await repatriation. Amin also fled to Jinja, though how and precisely when are not agreed upon. The UNLF battalion established its camp in the golf course. As the troops were settling down a small white car drove by and an occupant opened fire, mortally wounding an officer. The UNLF
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and began its advance. Two companies advanced parallel through the bush on both sides of the road to screen for ambushes. The rest of the battalion split into companies that walked on the dirt shoulders of the road, the units staggered on alternating sides. They occasionally paused to ensure the
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to Kampala to help defend Amin's government. It mostly consisted of members of West Nile tribes who were still loyal due to the patronage which they had received from the President. The remnants of the Libyan force joined the remaining Ugandan troops and took up positions around the capital. The
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Meanwhile, Kampala's residents engaged in rampant looting, despite the attempts of Tanzanian and UNLF troops to maintain order. A few looters were active in the morning and only targeted the homes of Amin's lieutenants but, by the afternoon, many were crowding the streets and pillaging property
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reported on 9 April an estimate that Amin had 2,000 to 3,000 men just south of the capital as "a last line of defence". The Kampala garrison included members of the Chui Battalion, personnel of the Ugandan Air Force, and a few tanks. In addition to Ugandan and Libyan soldiers, a small number of
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in northern Tanzania. Tanzania halted the sudden invasion, mobilised anti-Amin opposition groups, and launched a counter-offensive. Nyerere told foreign diplomats that he did not intend to depose Amin, but only "teach him a lesson". The claim was not believed; Nyerere despised Amin, and he made
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The Tanzanians recovered the body of Hans Poppe, a biracial Tanzanian police officer who had been killed by the Ugandans in a 1971 border clash. His corpse had been put on display by Amin as evidence that foreign mercenaries were being deployed against him. The body was repatriated and buried.
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shared similar concerns. Some observers dissented from this line of thought and argued that the situation demonstrated that the OAU charter needed reform. Nyerere accused the OAU of shielding black African leaders from criticism, noting that Amin's regime had killed more people than the white
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hill, home to Amin's personal "Command Post", before nightfall. Msuya determined that only one area could be seized in the time frame, and of the two choices Kololo presented a safer location for an overnight encampment. Meanwhile, the UNLF battalion occupied Republic House, the Uganda Army's
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and reportedly ready to fight. Regardless, they also prepared possible evacuation routes. Many civilians fled in anticipation of a battle, though Minister of Commerce Muhammad Bakhit declared that they had to return within two days or have their property "reallocated". Most of the students at
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had close ties with Obote and had supported his socialist orientation. Amin installed himself as President of Uganda and ruled the country under a repressive dictatorship. Nyerere withheld diplomatic recognition of the new government and offered asylum to Obote and his supporters. He tacticly
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and never returned to Uganda. The next day, a band of lingering Ugandan soldiers in Kampala shot a Tanzanian sentry in front of the Bank of Uganda. Tanzanian sappers promptly razed the building the group was hiding in. Looting decreased over the following days, but random shootings occurred
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clear so that Libyan troops and foreign diplomats could evacuate. He thought that by letting the Libyans escape, Libya could avoid humiliation and quietly withdraw from the war. Nyerere also feared that further conflict with Libyan troops would incite Afro–Arab tensions and invite the armed
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On the morning of 8 April, Tanzanian officers held a final meeting in the Entebbe State House before the attack on Kampala. Brigadier Mwita Marwa, commander of the 208th Brigade, conducted the briefing. Nyerere requested that his commanders leave the eastern road from the city leading to
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By dawn of 11 April Tanzanian troops had cut off all routes leaving Kampala, including the road to Jinja, and began eliminating the remaining pockets of resistance. Some UNLF forces conducted revenge killings against suspected collaborators with the Amin regime, while others attacked
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the capital from the south. Msuguri made the decision to attack the peninsula first, and ordered the 208th Brigade to secure it. A preliminary bombardment frightened Amin in his official residence, the Entebbe State House, and he fled via helicopter to Kampala. On 7 April the brigade
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Uganda's economy languished under Amin's corrupt rule and instability manifested in the armed forces. Following a failed mutiny in late October 1978, Ugandan troops crossed the Tanzanian border in pursuit of rebellious soldiers. On 1 November Amin announced that he was annexing the
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By dawn on April 11, Tanzanian troops had cut off all routes out of Kampala, including the road to Jinja, and began eliminating remaining pockets of resistance. Some UNLF forces conducted revenge killings against suspected collaborators with the Amin regime, while others attacked
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Overnight several other battalions of the 208th moved into the southern portion of Kampala, while the 207th occupied the west. Brigadier Walden oversaw the capture of Amin's residence. The few Libyan units in the city put up little resistance. Most retreated to Jinja and then to
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established roadblocks north of Kampala and intercepted both forces attempting to reinforce Kampala from Bombo and those attempting to effect a breakout. Over the course of the day they destroyed seven vehicles and killed 80 Ugandan soldiers. The 207th Brigade under Brigadier
591:. The 19th Battalion encountered only sporadic resistance and was greeted by crowds of rejoicing civilians. Upon reaching Kampala's city centre, the unit, lacking maps, had trouble navigating the streets. The Tanzanians secured the radio station and set up a command post on
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According to historian Kenneth Ingham, Nyerere requested Obote, who was in exile in Tanzania, to fly to Masaka to accompany the Ugandan partisans as they entered the city, but Obote refused, fearing that such a dramatic return to the country would incite hostility against
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belligerence of other Arab states. He sent a message to Gaddafi explaining his decision, saying that the Libyans could be airlifted out of Uganda unopposed from the airstrip in Jinja. He further requested that his forces avoid damaging key buildings in Kampala, including
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stumbled across the Ugandan soldiers and exchanged fire with them. Three of the latter attempted to rob the residence of the First Secretary of the French Embassy, but were driven away by gunfire from the secretary's wife. Withdrawing troops also looted properties on
924:. The PLO fighters later claimed to have fought "valiantly" in the outskirts of Kampala, but retreated upon realising that their Ugandan allies were no longer willing to fight on. Da'as and his men consequently withdrew northwards, and eventually crossed into
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throughout the city. A small number of Ugandan and Libyan troops remained in hiding, and on 15 April three Libyans were killed while attempting to steal a car. In the days following the city's capture Tanzanian soldiers maintained roadblocks and checkpoints.
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statements to some of his colleagues about overthrowing him. The Tanzanian government also felt that its northern border would not be secure unless the threat presented by Amin was eliminated. After initial advances into Ugandan territory, Major General
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while artillery bombarded Kampala's suburbs. At 03:30 on 9 April the 19th Battalion descended from its position. Shortly afterwards, Tanzanian artillery began a 15-minute bombardment of Ugandan positions around Kampala. The battalion reassembled on the
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reported that "victorious soldiers helped Kampala residents loot shops and state warehouses" on 15 April. According to Edward Khiddu-Makubuya, the directions given to the police and soldiers on how to handle the looting "have never been made clear."
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on 11 April, prepared "to die in battle", but that some of his senior officers forced him into a car and drove him to Jinja. Researcher Muwonge Magembe stated that Amin left Munyonyo willingly after agreeing with his officers to go into
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that Ojok would declare the restoration of Obote's presidential regime (Ojok and Obote had been long-time allies in the resistance against Amin). Honey and Avirgan stated that upon reaching the station Ojok placed two phone calls to
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Amin had seized power in Uganda in 1971 and established a brutal dictatorship. Seven years later he attempted to invade Tanzania to the south. Tanzania repulsed the assault and launched a counter-attack into Ugandan territory. After
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19th Battalion located the Radio Uganda station without incident. Though its equipment was intact, Msuya was under orders not to make any broadcasts (he told a junior officer, "This is almost worth getting court-martialled for.").
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of Sudan said that the war had set a "serious precedent" and noted that the organisation's charter "prohibits interference in other people's internal affairs and invasion of their territory by armed force." Nigerian Head of State
1198:, over the control of surrendered Uganda Army soldiers in Kampala led to a leadership dispute. As a compromise, all UNLF forces were withdrawn from the city. The 201st Brigade proceeded from its position in the north to
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prevent the civilians from following, the battalion moved out into in city streets, but with only the guide's confused and limited directions, its progress was slow. The Bank of Uganda, Post Office, Parliament, and the
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The fall of Kampala on Wednesday 11th April 1979 marked the first and most important stop of a trek of nearly 200 miles. It had taken nearly four months and it will remain a landmark in the annals of Africa's military
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to overthrow Amin in 1972, and after a brief border conflict he and Amin signed a peace accord. Nevertheless, relations between the two presidents remained tense, and Amin made repeated threats to invade Tanzania.
1380:, citing friends who lived in Kampala, stated that the pillaging was led by the Tanzanians and the UNLF and that "most of the looted property was in fact loaded on looted trucks and dispatched to Tanzania." The
994:"Scores of dead bodies were scattered all over its fairways and greens. I saw not only several corpses of Ugandan soldiers in uniforms, but also a number of civilians who had been mowed down indiscriminately."
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advance units stayed ahead. At 09:00, having covered the distance necessitated by the battle plan, the battalion re-encamped itself around a residence along the side of the road. The 207th Brigade occupied
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calm. This strategy failed, as two civilians were accidentally killed in the pandemonium. Eventually the Tanzanians were authorised to seize a radio and a watch each from abandoned homes. According to a
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951:), it was joined by an increasing number of celebratory civilians, eager for the removal of the Amin regime. The column did not encounter resistance until it came under small-arms fire near the
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April he had recovered over 200 dead Ugandan soldiers and civilians. He estimated that the total count could be as high as 500. Journalist Baldwin Mzirai stated that 300 corpses were found.
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The Tanzanians began their assault on the city on the morning of 10 April. The 19th Battalion moved cautiously down the Entebbe–Kampala road. Other battalions of the 208th advanced on
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Amin's forces were left scattered and disjointed by the seizure of the capital. Discipline in the Uganda Army faltered and the command hierarchy collapsed. According to Ugandan Major
607:. Men of the 207th and 208th Brigades seized the southern and western portions of the city. The few Libyan units in the area put up little resistance, most having retreated to Jinja.
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by five Ugandan soldiers armed with semi-automatic weapons, emerged from cover and drove towards the Tanzanian column. It was quickly destroyed with small-arms fire, a
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and forcing the UNLF to retreat. The Ugandans later abandoned the Bureau, but threw grenades into the holding cells in an attempt to kill the last prisoners.
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1284:. Though the widespread looting of Kampala was unprecedented in Ugandan history, no comprehensive study of the phenomenon was ever undertaken.
1194:, successfully bringing in hundreds of fighters of northeastern origin into the group. Disagreement between Ojok and another UNLF commander,
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subsequently erected roadblocks around the location. The men maintaining them grew drunk throughout the night on pillaged beer and whisky.
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and those attempting to break out of Kampala. The 207th Brigade advanced from the west in tandem with the UNLF battalion, which secured
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Nyeko, Balam (January 1997). "Exile Politics and Resistance to Dictatorship: The Ugandan Anti-Amin Organizations in Zambia, 1972-79".
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report, the evening of 11 April "came to be called the 'Night of the Wheel-barrows,'" in allusion to civilians carting away property.
1092:. At least 10 Ugandan soldiers were beaten to death by enraged civilians armed with furniture and pieces of wood. Lieutenant Colonel
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The Tanzanians repulsed a brief ambush from an adjacent skyscraper before considering their next move. They were supposed to secure
567:. The 201st Brigade established its roadblocks north of Kampala and intercepted the forces attempting to reinforce Kampala from
745:. On 31 March the Tanzanians drew up their plans of attack. Despite the imminence of the TPDF offensive, the leadership of the
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to secure the northern section of the city. Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Kisule, the commander of an artillery unit based in
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According to journalist Martha Honey, Amin's "about 50 Palestinian bodyguards" began leaving Uganda on 4 April.
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Despite the controversy, most Western and African states tacitly accepted the action. According to Roy May and
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Mzirai wrote that Butabika was killed at a roadblock on the Bombo road three days before Kampala was captured.
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on 24 February 1979. Nyerere originally planned to halt his forces there and allow Ugandan exiles to attack
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1322:(SUM) member Paul Oryema Opobo later claimed that one SUM rebel, John Okumu Samora, was killed during an
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denounced Ojok's speech and declared that his forces still held Kampala. He then boarded an aircraft in
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in Kampala to fall back to Kenya at this point, much to the SUM guerrillas' confusion and frustration.
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1112:, surrendered in the capital, as did the Uganda Army's chief medical officer, Brigadier G. D. Bogere.
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121:
2438:
1280:. Avirgan and Honey included an account of the event in their 1983 book on the Uganda–Tanzania War,
1213:, news of the defeat provoked desertions among the Ugandan ranks, and many officers withdrew to the
1039:, both ethnic groups that had benefited from the dictatorship. At 04:00 the East German ambassador,
4186:
4068:
957:
857:
822:
4181:
1117:
750:
662:
525:
378:
39:
3976:"The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979"
3117:
Winfrey, Carey (16 April 1979). "Death Toll in Uganda Increases in Wake of Battle for Kampala".
3094:
1183:
560:
and fly out of the country. Amin prepared for the defence of Kampala but fled through the gap.
549:
476:
407:
135:
619:, both ethnic groups that had benefited from the dictatorship. Later in the morning Tanzanian
3635:
3517:
3122:
2188:
1995:
1673:
402:
3754:
3744:
1319:
1214:
965:
810:
746:
741:
announced that it would evacuate the approximately 140 dependents of its Kampala staff to
8:
4024:
3901:
1442:
1398:, who was in Kampala at the time, wrote, "There was a vague tone in the Western press of
806:
432:
4094:
3962:
3662:
2631:
1990:
1883:
893:
762:
initial plans called for a direct attack on the city. However, from the high ground in
437:
397:
392:
252:
226:
142:
3631:
Reel Pleasures: Cinema Audiences and Entrepreneurs in Twentieth-Century Urban Tanzania
4171:
4137:
4113:
4073:
4049:
4028:
4002:
3983:
3939:
3914:
3876:
3857:
3838:
3817:
3798:
3779:
3758:
3725:
3704:
3685:
3639:
3614:
3593:
3574:
3503:"Ugandan President's Liberation Anniversary Speeches: Comments on Opposition Kampala"
1966:
1261:
1210:
1040:
917:
772:
588:
545:
444:
20:
3006:
Honey, Martha (16 April 1979). "Hunt for Amin intensifies as his troops surrender".
939:
The 19th Battalion began its advance at 03:36, accompanied by freelance journalists
839:
took up positions in the outskirts of Kampala. These Palestinians were commanded by
4127:
3897:
1381:
1377:
1121:
1036:
897:
848:'s diplomats evacuated to Kenya in a convoy, accompanied by the personnel of other
840:
702:
687:
616:
427:
422:
412:
272:
231:
216:
3043:
1146:(pictured) denied, over radio, that Kampala had fallen to the Tanzanians and UNLF.
4131:
4107:
4063:
4043:
4018:
4014:
3975:
3929:
3832:
3773:
3740:
3719:
3675:
3629:
3608:
3568:
3502:
3071:
2935:
1395:
1323:
1266:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1170:
1000:
826:, there were approximately 1,000 soldiers garrisoning the city, while journalist
802:
721:
709:
481:
466:
459:
3126:
2192:
2121:
1999:
1120:
main branch building was breached with plastic explosives and 2.25 million
896:
advanced from the west in tandem with a UNLF battalion under Lieutenant Colonel
3510:
2014:"NRM Bush War Memories: Risking all to avenge a brother's death – Col. Ggwanga"
1256:
738:
698:
657:
471:
4156:
4085:
Umozurike, U.D.; Umozurike, U.O. (1982). "Tanzania's Intervention in Uganda".
1084:, where over 1,700 prisoners were held; Boma ordered them all to be set free.
599:'s headquarters at the edge of the city—unopposed, but was unable to take the
4165:
4077:
1631:
1327:
1273:
1191:
1093:
1057:
1048:
1010:
880:
817:
797:
776:
729:
676:
671:
568:
557:
540:
was deposed, his forces were scattered, and a UNLF government was installed.
212:
201:
4141:
4020:
A Primate's Memoir: A Neuroscientist's Unconventional Life Among the Baboons
4006:
1174:
reported the deaths of "dozens of soldiers and civilians". According to the
787:
3880:
2816:
1156:
1032:
944:
913:
849:
845:
827:
749:(SUM) –a rebel group with active guerrillas in Ugandan cities– ordered its
649:
612:
584:
4157:
Dead Ugandan and Libyan soldiers on the streets of Kampala, 15 April 1979
3980:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States
1677:. Vol. 95, no. 113. Associated Press. 26 March 1979. p. 2.
909:
888:
816:
Amin made final preparations for the defence of the capital, and General
580:
4098:
3966:
980:(Amin's secret police organisation) and the presidential residence, and
3666:
2076:
1988:
Darnton, John (10 April 1979). "Amin's Forces Appear to Fight Harder".
1355:
986:
784:
troops was extremely low despite Amin's public claims to the contrary.
713:
47:
931:
346:
4062:
2848:
2846:
1972:
884:
732:
and following Amin's announcement that the inhabitants of Masaka and
683:(TPDF)'s 20th Division and ordered to push further into the country.
620:
564:
517:
1074:'s psychological explanation for the wave of looting as Kampala fell
2490:
1341:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1018:
973:
952:
862:
653:
637:
604:
537:
258:
247:
238:
190:
160:
3795:
Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents: 1979–1980
3234:
2843:
1926:
1924:
1734:"U.N. Announces Plans To Evacuate Dependents From Ugandan Capital"
1721:. No. 29, 213. Associated Press. 16 April 1979. pp. 1–2.
4109:
Barrel of a Gun: A War Correspondent's Misspent Moments in Combat
2906:
2904:
1109:
1105:
1101:
948:
921:
901:
767:
733:
694:
572:
553:
533:
73:
3432:
3335:
3333:
3210:
879:
battalions of the 208th secured Cape Town View (Amin's villa on
3590:
African MiGs: MiGs and Sukhois in Service in Sub Saharan Africa
3152:"Amin's U.K. adviser, 3 former ministers charged with murder".
2950:
2877:
2738:
2599:
2410:
2338:
2326:
2283:
2211:
2199:
1921:
1835:
1354:
The Tanzanians initially claimed that one of the occupants was
1097:
1089:
981:
905:
720:(UNLF) and established a cabinet. Shortly thereafter President
690:
652:, precipitating a deterioration of relations with neighbouring
645:
592:
576:
77:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2901:
2789:"The Kagera War: Facing naked Ugandan women on the front line"
2687:
2685:
2683:
2484:
Strasser, Steven; Gibson, Helen; Moreau, Ron (23 April 1979).
2388:
2386:
2384:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1939:
1651:
1649:
3610:
In Idi Amin's Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda
3330:
1549:
1547:
1219:
1187:
925:
836:
763:
742:
725:
625:
290:
3444:
3345:
3318:
3306:
3294:
2543:"Guards tie up Amin, force him into car as regime collapses"
1571:
4133:
Gordon B.K. Wavamunno: The Story of an African Entrepreneur
3420:
3222:
2982:
2831:
2726:
2714:
2680:
2653:
2381:
2350:
2307:
2295:
2271:
2259:
2164:
2133:
1951:
1936:
1646:
1595:
1583:
1152:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2670:
2668:
2369:
2048:"When Brig Gwanga was taken prisoner of war by Tanzanians"
1823:
1787:
1544:
528:
in 1979, in which the combined forces of Tanzania and the
3357:
3044:"Uganda; Kampala tries to rebuild—and regain its dignity"
2974:
Morton, Cam (16 May 1979). "Kampala's liberation scars".
2611:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1811:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1472:
3797:. Vol. XII. New York: Africana Publishing Company.
3677:
East African Doctors: A History of the Modern Profession
2889:
2755:
2753:
2223:
2183:"Shelling Gives Kampala its "First Real Night of War"".
1688:
1686:
1684:
1559:
1462:
1460:
1269:, Lule's successor, praised the Tanzanian intervention.
1013:
with his officers to celebrate the capture of the city.
3978:. In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.).
3483:
3471:
3384:
3198:
3098:. Vol. 121, no. 101. 11 April 1979. p. 1
2697:
2665:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1669:"Amin Shuts Entebbe Airport as Rebels Approach Capital"
3875:(in Swahili). Dar es Salaam: Publicity International.
3408:
3396:
3270:
3258:
3186:
2936:"Sudan Refugee Problem in Relation to Sudan Discussed"
2916:
2561:
2453:
2074:
1902:
1799:
3282:
3133:
3031:. Vol. 113, no. 19. 7 May 1979. p. 32.
2765:
2750:
1864:
1681:
1484:
1457:
1155:
and flew to Libya. He eventually settled in exile in
820:
was left in charge of the defences. According to the
595:
hill. The UNLF battalion occupied Republic House—the
3953:
Posnett, Richard (April 1980). "Uganda after Amin".
3538:"War in Uganda: Coverage of the 1979 liberation war"
3526:, Chapter 4 : Global Films and Local Reception.
3246:
2483:
2398:
2152:
1847:
1532:
1255:(OAU). At an OAU conference in July 1979, President
4045:
Culture of the Sepulchre: Idi Amin's Monster Regime
3468:, The Verdict on Tanzania: International Relations.
1376:In contrast to other accounts, Ugandan businessman
1265:minority governments in southern Africa. President
4084:
3911:My Role In Removing Idi Amin: Save Uganda Movement
3814:Idi Amin : The Story of Africa's Icon of Evil
3240:
1003:'s description of the golf course on 11 April 1979
532:(UNLF) attacked and captured the Ugandan capital,
3816:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
19:For the 1986 battle of the Ugandan Bush War, see
4163:
3652:
3216:
2873:. No. 29, 914. Associated Press. p. 1.
3931:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
3738:
3721:Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
2910:
2852:
2431:"Mfahamu 'Black Mamba' na Historia ya Tanzania"
1769:"How Mbarara, Kampala fell to Tanzanian army"
362:
98:Kampala occupied by Tanzanian and UNLF forces
16:Battle in the Uganda–Tanzania War, April 1979
3908:
3741:"Violence and conflict resolution in Uganda"
3573:. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
3566:
3507:Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa
3450:
3438:
3351:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3228:
2993:
2956:
2883:
2837:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2691:
2659:
2605:
2416:
2392:
2375:
2363:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2217:
2205:
2170:
2146:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1841:
1793:
1655:
1601:
1589:
1526:
341:Several dozen civilians may have been killed
2782:
2780:
2479:
2477:
2075:Janan Osama al-Salwadi (27 February 2017).
2041:
2039:
1983:
1981:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1627:"39 years after war that brought down Amin"
935:The clock tower by the Entebbe road in 2017
628:border and eliminated the last resistance.
3837:. Milton, Vale of White Horse: Routledge.
3169:"He was one of Uganda's best paratroopers"
1973:Uganda – UR Tanzania: Amin Overthrown 1979
369:
355:
4126:
3996:
3830:
3465:
3363:
3339:
3025:"Uganda: Saving Some Bullets For The End"
2969:
2967:
2965:
2895:
2864:
2511:
2509:
2070:
2068:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1577:
1565:
1340:father was in the northeastern suburb of
4013:
3771:
3019:
3017:
2922:
2777:
2708:
2674:
2582:"Aspects of Amin's life that you missed"
2474:
2036:
1978:
1886:["Chop off this snake's head"].
1752:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1138:
930:
786:
112:
4064:"Uganda – UR Tanzania: Amin Overthrown"
3982:. London: Routledge. pp. 154–171.
3973:
3952:
3927:
3851:
3811:
3613:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
3489:
3477:
3390:
3204:
3192:
3116:
2867:"U.K. Envoy Reopens Offices in Kampala"
2771:
2579:
2567:
2468:
1987:
1915:
1829:
1805:
1715:"Liberators Join in Looting of Kampala"
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1553:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
908:. One of the 207th's battalions seized
579:. One of the 207th's battalions seized
376:
126:
4164:
4105:
3870:
3717:
3698:
3673:
3606:
3587:
3535:
3414:
3402:
3276:
3264:
3166:
3139:
3072:"How Uganda led to Nyerere's downfall"
3069:
2973:
2962:
2786:
2759:
2617:
2515:
2506:
2127:
2104:"The Fall of Idi Amin: Man on the Run"
2065:
2045:
1870:
1858:
1817:
1692:
1624:
1607:
1538:
1186:, looting it and tossing thousands of
4207:Military operations involving the PLO
4041:
3887:
3792:
3570:War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin
3567:Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983).
3426:
3288:
3252:
3014:
3005:
2944:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
2809:
2632:"The UPC Role in the Removal of Amin"
2428:
2404:
2229:
2158:
2101:
2079:[Fatah's mission in Uganda].
1884:"Dieser Schlange den Kopf abschlagen"
1731:
1435:
1420:
1330:where the Republic House is located.
1282:War in Uganda: The legacy of Idi Amin
887:. The 201st Brigade led by Brigadier
350:
3902:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007823
3703:. New York & London: Routledge.
3627:
3523:
3380:. Reuters. 20 April 1979. p. 3.
3041:
2046:Mugabe, Faustin (22 November 2015).
1698:
3856:. Dar es Salaam: Longman Tanzania.
3854:The Tanzania–Uganda war in pictures
3156:. Reuters. 30 May 1979. p. 11.
3090:"Ugandan capital falls to invaders"
2580:Magembe, Muwonge (18 August 2015).
2243:"Tanzania Reported to Bomb Kampala"
791:Map of Kampala and its surroundings
13:
4202:Battles of the Uganda–Tanzania War
4128:Wavamunno, Gordon Babala Kasibante
4048:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India.
3772:Kiwanuka, M.S.M. Semakula (1979).
3724:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press.
2865:Schmemann, Serge (17 April 1979).
2429:Daudi, Francis (11 January 2018).
14:
4218:
4150:
3928:Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2004).
3831:May, Roy; Furley, Oliver (2017).
2629:
2130:, Chapter 8: Militant Motherhood.
2020:. 9 February 2004. Archived from
833:Palestine Liberation Organisation
708:Ugandan opposition groups met in
536:. As a result, Ugandan President
327:Dozens of Ugandan soldiers killed
148:Palestine Liberation Organisation
3739:Khiddu-Makubuya, Edward (1994).
3529:
3495:
3376:"Amin henchmen on the rampage".
3369:
3160:
3145:
3110:
3082:
3063:
3035:
2999:
2812:"Ugandans go on a looting spree"
718:Uganda National Liberation Front
644:that overthrew the President of
530:Uganda National Liberation Front
266:
257:
246:
237:
225:
206:
195:
184:
172:Uganda National Liberation Front
165:
153:
141:
128:
114:
46:
3751:United Nations University Press
3559:
3536:Lugeba, Henry (24 April 2017).
3167:Mugisa, Anne (14 August 2009).
3078:. No. 384. pp. 30–32.
3042:Lief, Louise (30 August 1983).
2928:
2858:
2810:Honey, Martha (12 April 1979).
2803:
2623:
2573:
2535:
2518:"How Amin escaped from Kampala"
2422:
2235:
2176:
2102:Honey, Martha (14 April 1979).
2095:
2006:
1876:
1732:Honey, Martha (29 March 1979).
1725:
1661:
1625:Lubega, Henry (11 April 2018).
1436:Honey, Martha (12 April 1979).
1388:
1370:
1361:
1348:
1333:
1313:
1304:
705:to halt the Tanzanian advance.
681:Tanzania People's Defence Force
679:was appointed commander of the
4023:(reprint ed.). New York:
3834:African Interventionist States
3775:Amin and the Tragedy of Uganda
3241:Umozurike & Umozurike 1982
2516:Mugabe, Faustin (8 May 2016).
2255:. 11 April 1979. pp. 1–2.
1294:
329:500+ Ugandan soldiers captured
1:
3778:. München: Weltforum Verlag.
3655:Economic and Political Weekly
3049:The Christian Science Monitor
2940:Near East/North Africa Report
2787:Lubega, Henry (4 June 2014).
1413:
1253:Organisation of African Unity
941:Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey
835:(PLO) militants belonging to
631:
309:
3936:University of Nebraska Press
3701:Obote: A political biography
3661:(21): 907–910. 26 May 1979.
3070:Gombya, Henry (April 2000).
2871:International Herald Tribune
2437:(in Swahili). Archived from
2248:International Herald Tribune
2187:. 9 April 1979. p. A3.
1719:International Herald Tribune
1358:, a close associate of Amin.
1326:attack by Amin loyalists on
1134:
712:in late March. They elected
7:
4192:April 1979 events in Africa
3997:Rwehururu, Bernard (2002).
3909:Oryema Opobo, Paul (2014).
1202:and the 208th moved out to
1184:Kampala International Hotel
1104:area as they moved in from
1025:
873:
524:), was a battle during the
10:
4223:
3793:Legum, Colin, ed. (1981).
3682:Cambridge University Press
3607:Decker, Alicia C. (2014).
3592:. Wien: SHI Publications.
2253:United Press International
1890:(in German). 16 April 1979
1438:"Ugandan Capital Captured"
1406:against the northerners."
976:hill, the location of the
780:morale of the Libyans and
756:
334:Light Tanzanian casualties
18:
4042:Singh, Madanjeet (2012).
1230:
868:
495:Foreign support of Uganda
388:
340:
321:
303:
278:
177:
106:
56:
45:
37:
32:
4136:. Kampala: Wavah Books.
4069:Africa Research Bulletin
3974:Roberts, George (2017).
3871:Mzirai, Baldwin (1980).
3699:Ingham, Kenneth (1994).
3451:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3439:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3352:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3325:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3313:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3301:Avirgan & Honey 1983
3229:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2994:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2957:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2884:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2838:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2745:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2733:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2721:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2692:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2660:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2640:Uganda People's Congress
2606:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2417:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2393:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2364:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2345:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2333:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2321:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2302:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2290:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2278:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2266:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2218:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2206:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2171:Avirgan & Honey 1983
2147:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1961:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1946:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1931:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1842:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1656:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1602:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1590:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1527:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1287:
1053:Uganda People's Congress
958:rocket-propelled grenade
823:Africa Research Bulletin
4197:Battles involving Libya
4177:20th century in Kampala
4112:. Havertown: Casemate.
4087:Archiv des Völkerrechts
3913:. London: Alawi Books.
3749:. Vol. 81. Tokyo:
3746:The Culture of Violence
2077:"مهمّة "فتح" في أوغندا"
1118:Barclays Bank of Uganda
663:failed attempt by Obote
548:the Ugandans and their
522:Kukombolewa kwa Kampala
336:6+ UNLF soldiers killed
331:Light Libyan casualties
3852:Mmbando, S.I. (1980).
3812:Leopold, Mark (2021).
3095:Lawrence Journal-World
2486:"The Fall of Idi Amin"
1248:
1147:
1068:
996:
936:
792:
773:advanced into the town
656:. Tanzanian President
178:Commanders and leaders
88:Tanzanian–UNLF victory
3674:Iliffe, John (1998).
3636:Ohio University Press
3466:May & Furley 2017
3429:, pp. B350–B351.
3217:Fall of Idi Amin 1979
1674:The Cornell Daily Sun
1234:
1142:
1064:
992:
978:State Research Bureau
934:
900:. Ojok's men secured
790:
601:State Research Bureau
514:Liberation of Kampala
322:Casualties and losses
287:Uganda Army Air Force
4025:Simon & Schuster
4001:. Kampala: Monitor.
3653:"Fall of Idi Amin".
3628:Fair, Laura (2018).
3588:Cooper, Tom (2004).
2946:. 1979. p. 133.
2911:Khiddu-Makubuya 1994
2853:Khiddu-Makubuya 1994
2251:. No. 29, 909.
1320:Save Uganda Movement
1215:West Nile sub-region
858:Entebbe–Kampala road
811:Parliament of Uganda
747:Save Uganda Movement
512:, also known as the
315:3 Tanzanian brigades
4106:Venter, Al (2010).
4072:: 5220–5228. 1979.
4015:Sapolsky, Robert M.
3873:Kuzama kwa Idi Amin
3718:Kasozi, A. (1994).
3441:, pp. 232–233.
3342:, pp. 127–128.
3121:. pp. A1, A8.
2959:, pp. 146–147.
2886:, pp. 147–148.
2855:, pp. 150–151.
2747:, pp. 148–149.
2620:, pp. 154–155.
2608:, pp. 145–146.
2419:, pp. 140–141.
2347:, pp. 137–138.
2335:, pp. 136–137.
2292:, pp. 134–135.
2232:, pp. 176–177.
2220:, pp. 132–133.
2208:, pp. 126–127.
2108:The Washington Post
2081:Al Akhbar (Lebanon)
1933:, pp. 124–125.
1844:, pp. 121–122.
1832:, pp. 372–373.
1820:, pp. 144–145.
1738:The Washington Post
1580:, pp. 125–126.
1556:, pp. 162–163.
1517:, pp. 163–164.
1505:, pp. 160–161.
1481:, pp. 155–156.
1443:The Washington Post
904:and passed through
807:Makerere University
766:they could see the
575:and passed through
526:Uganda–Tanzania War
380:Uganda–Tanzania War
40:Uganda–Tanzania War
3378:The Globe and Mail
3154:The Globe and Mail
3119:The New York Times
2976:The Globe and Mail
2630:Obote, A. Milton.
2441:on 12 January 2019
2185:The New York Times
1991:The New York Times
1148:
966:Nile Mansion Hotel
937:
883:) and advanced on
793:
253:John Butler Walden
4055:978-0-670-08573-6
4034:978-1-4165-9036-1
3989:978-1-317-53952-0
3945:978-0-8032-0686-1
3863:978-0-582-78534-2
3844:978-1-351-75635-8
3823:978-0-300-26088-5
3804:978-0-8419-0160-5
3785:978-3-8039-0177-4
3764:978-92-808-0866-7
3710:978-0-415-05342-6
3691:978-0-521-63272-0
3645:978-0-8214-4611-9
3620:978-0-8214-4502-0
3599:978-3-200-00088-9
3580:978-9976-1-0056-3
3509:. No. 7618.
2942:. No. 1998.
2376:Oryema Opobo 2014
1794:Oryema Opobo 2014
1262:Olusegun Obasanjo
1243:Semakula Kiwanuka
1211:Bernard Rwehururu
1072:Semakula Kiwanuka
1041:Gottfried Lessing
503:
502:
345:
344:
102:
101:
21:Battle of Kampala
4214:
4145:
4123:
4102:
4081:
4059:
4038:
4010:
3999:Cross to the Gun
3993:
3970:
3949:
3924:
3905:
3884:
3867:
3848:
3827:
3808:
3789:
3768:
3735:
3714:
3695:
3670:
3649:
3624:
3603:
3584:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3513:. 14 April 1984.
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
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2862:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2795:. Archived from
2784:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
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2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2239:
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2209:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1784:
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1711:
1696:
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1622:
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1563:
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1518:
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1506:
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1494:
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1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1433:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1382:Associated Press
1378:Gordon Wavamunno
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1246:
1075:
1004:
999:Indian diplomat
898:David Oyite-Ojok
716:chairman of the
703:vainly attempted
383:
381:
371:
364:
357:
348:
347:
317:1 UNLF battalion
311:
273:David Oyite-Ojok
271:
270:
269:
262:
261:
251:
250:
242:
241:
230:
229:
221:
211:
210:
200:
199:
189:
188:
170:
169:
168:
159:
157:
156:
146:
145:
138:
134:
132:
131:
124:
120:
118:
117:
64:10–11 April 1979
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4187:Battles in 1979
4162:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4120:
4056:
4035:
3990:
3955:The World Today
3946:
3934:. Lincoln, NE:
3921:
3896:(382): 95–108.
3890:African Affairs
3864:
3845:
3824:
3805:
3786:
3765:
3732:
3711:
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3646:
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3311:
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3247:
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3211:
3203:
3199:
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3187:
3177:
3175:
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3151:
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3146:
3138:
3134:
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3111:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2983:
2972:
2963:
2955:
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2934:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2549:. 27 April 2013
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2514:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1986:
1979:
1975:, p. 5222.
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:. 27 April 2014
1767:
1766:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1623:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1396:Robert Sapolsky
1394:Neuroscientist
1393:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1278:Vita vya Kagera
1267:Godfrey Binaisa
1247:
1241:
1233:
1196:Yoweri Museveni
1137:
1077:
1070:
1028:
1006:
1001:Madanjeet Singh
998:
920:, the kings of
876:
871:
803:Mulago Hospital
759:
722:Muammar Gaddafi
642:a military coup
634:
510:Fall of Kampala
506:
505:
504:
499:
486:
384:
379:
377:
375:
335:
330:
328:
316:
298:
296:
289:
285:
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236:
224:
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217:
205:
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194:
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183:
166:
164:
163:
154:
152:
140:
139:
129:
127:
125:
115:
113:
94:
80:
51:
33:Fall of Kampala
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:1979 in Uganda
4179:
4174:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4151:External links
4149:
4147:
4146:
4124:
4118:
4103:
4093:(3): 301–313.
4082:
4060:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4011:
3994:
3988:
3971:
3961:(4): 147–153.
3950:
3944:
3925:
3920:978-0992946234
3919:
3906:
3885:
3868:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3809:
3803:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3709:
3696:
3690:
3671:
3650:
3644:
3634:. Athens, OH:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3528:
3516:
3511:BBC Monitoring
3494:
3492:, p. 165.
3482:
3480:, p. 164.
3470:
3455:
3453:, p. 124.
3443:
3431:
3419:
3417:, p. 118.
3407:
3405:, p. 155.
3395:
3393:, p. 148.
3383:
3368:
3366:, p. 130.
3364:Rwehururu 2002
3356:
3354:, p. 162.
3344:
3340:Rwehururu 2002
3329:
3327:, p. 194.
3317:
3315:, p. 155.
3305:
3303:, p. 180.
3293:
3291:, p. 206.
3281:
3279:, p. 130.
3269:
3267:, p. 306.
3257:
3245:
3243:, p. 305.
3233:
3221:
3219:, p. 910.
3209:
3207:, p. 375.
3197:
3185:
3159:
3144:
3132:
3109:
3081:
3062:
3034:
3013:
2998:
2996:, p. 154.
2981:
2961:
2949:
2927:
2915:
2913:, p. 151.
2900:
2898:, p. 178.
2896:Wavamunno 2000
2888:
2876:
2857:
2842:
2840:, p. 147.
2830:
2802:
2799:on 7 May 2017.
2776:
2764:
2762:, p. 150.
2749:
2737:
2735:, p. 151.
2725:
2723:, p. 150.
2713:
2711:, p. 193.
2696:
2694:, p. 143.
2679:
2677:, p. 194.
2664:
2662:, p. 146.
2652:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2572:
2570:, p. 285.
2560:
2534:
2505:
2473:
2471:, p. 163.
2452:
2421:
2409:
2407:, p. 179.
2397:
2395:, p. 149.
2380:
2368:
2366:, p. 144.
2349:
2337:
2325:
2323:, p. 138.
2306:
2304:, p. 135.
2294:
2282:
2280:, p. 134.
2270:
2268:, p. 128.
2258:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2175:
2173:, p. 126.
2163:
2161:, p. 180.
2151:
2149:, p. 145.
2132:
2120:
2094:
2064:
2035:
2024:on 11 May 2019
2005:
1994:. p. A1.
1977:
1965:
1963:, p. 130.
1950:
1948:, p. 125.
1935:
1920:
1918:, p. 373.
1901:
1875:
1873:, p. 148.
1863:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1808:, p. 372.
1798:
1786:
1751:
1724:
1697:
1695:, p. 158.
1680:
1660:
1658:, p. 121.
1645:
1606:
1604:, p. 120.
1594:
1592:, p. 117.
1582:
1578:Rwehururu 2002
1570:
1568:, p. 124.
1566:Rwehururu 2002
1558:
1543:
1541:, p. 150.
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 157.
1483:
1471:
1469:, p. 155.
1456:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1387:
1369:
1360:
1347:
1332:
1312:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1257:Gaafar Nimeiry
1239:
1232:
1229:
1136:
1133:
1063:
1027:
1024:
991:
875:
872:
870:
867:
758:
755:
739:United Nations
672:Kagera Salient
658:Julius Nyerere
633:
630:
501:
500:
498:
497:
492:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
463:
462:
455:Eastern Uganda
452:
447:
442:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:Western Uganda
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
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373:
366:
359:
351:
343:
342:
338:
337:
332:
324:
323:
319:
318:
313:
312:1,000 soldiers
306:
305:
301:
300:
293:
284:Chui Battalion
281:
280:
279:Units involved
276:
275:
234:
180:
179:
175:
174:
150:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
52:Map of Kampala
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4219:
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4119:9781612000329
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3731:9780773564879
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3683:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3543:
3542:Daily Monitor
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3255:, p. 96.
3254:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3231:, p. 35.
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3195:, p. 91.
3194:
3189:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3142:, p. 96.
3141:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2978:. p. 13.
2977:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2925:, p. 88.
2924:
2923:Sapolsky 2007
2919:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2774:, p. 92.
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2709:Kiwanuka 1979
2705:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2675:Kiwanuka 1979
2671:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2548:
2547:Daily Monitor
2544:
2538:
2523:
2522:Daily Monitor
2519:
2512:
2510:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2378:, p. 68.
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2053:
2052:Daily Monitor
2049:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2019:
2018:Daily Monitor
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 97.
1860:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 63.
1795:
1790:
1774:
1773:Daily Monitor
1770:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1740:. p. A16
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1634:
1633:
1632:Daily Monitor
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1529:, p. 79.
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1404:
1397:
1391:
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1379:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Oliver Furley
1270:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1204:capture Jinja
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Kikosi Maalum
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1176:Daily Monitor
1173:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Juma Butabika
1091:
1085:
1083:
1082:Luzira Prison
1076:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:Daily Monitor
1054:
1050:
1049:Dar es Salaam
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
983:
979:
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961:
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954:
950:
946:
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929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
881:Lake Victoria
866:
864:
859:
853:
851:
847:
842:
841:Mahmoud Da'as
838:
834:
829:
825:
824:
819:
818:Dusman Sabuni
814:
812:
808:
804:
799:
789:
785:
783:
778:
774:
769:
765:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
701:, where they
700:
696:
692:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:David Msuguri
673:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
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622:
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614:
608:
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547:
541:
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531:
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353:
352:
349:
339:
333:
326:
325:
320:
314:
308:
307:
302:
299:208th Brigade
297:207th Brigade
295:205th Brigade
294:
292:
288:
283:
282:
277:
274:
260:
254:
249:
240:
235:
233:
232:Mahmoud Da'as
228:
222:
220:
214:
213:Juma Butabika
209:
203:
202:Dusman Sabuni
198:
192:
187:
182:
181:
176:
173:
162:
151:
149:
144:
137:
123:
111:
110:
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68:
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63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4132:
4108:
4090:
4086:
4067:
4044:
4019:
3998:
3979:
3958:
3954:
3930:
3910:
3893:
3889:
3872:
3853:
3833:
3813:
3794:
3774:
3745:
3720:
3700:
3680:. New York:
3676:
3658:
3654:
3630:
3609:
3589:
3569:
3560:Bibliography
3545:. Retrieved
3541:
3531:
3519:
3506:
3497:
3490:Roberts 2017
3485:
3478:Roberts 2017
3473:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3391:Posnett 1980
3386:
3377:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3205:Pollack 2004
3200:
3193:Mmbando 1980
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3135:
3118:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3075:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3047:
3037:
3028:
3010:. p. 5.
3008:The Guardian
3007:
3001:
2975:
2952:
2939:
2930:
2918:
2891:
2879:
2870:
2860:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:The Guardian
2815:
2805:
2797:the original
2792:
2772:Mmbando 1980
2767:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:
2575:
2568:Leopold 2021
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2496:. Retrieved
2494:. p. 41
2489:
2469:Roberts 2017
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2434:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2371:
2340:
2328:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2246:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2017:
2008:
1989:
1968:
1916:Pollack 2004
1892:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1866:
1837:
1830:Pollack 2004
1825:
1813:
1806:Pollack 2004
1801:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1742:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1718:
1672:
1663:
1636:. Retrieved
1630:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1554:Roberts 2017
1534:
1522:
1515:Roberts 2017
1510:
1503:Roberts 2017
1498:
1491:Roberts 2017
1486:
1479:Roberts 2017
1474:
1467:Roberts 2017
1447:. Retrieved
1441:
1402:
1390:
1372:
1363:
1350:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1249:
1235:
1225:
1218:garrison of
1208:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:Saudi Arabia
1149:
1126:
1114:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1045:
1029:
1015:
1007:
997:
993:
971:
962:
938:
877:
854:
850:Eastern bloc
846:Soviet Union
828:John Darnton
821:
815:
794:
760:
707:
685:
668:
661:supported a
650:Milton Obote
635:
609:
562:
542:
521:
513:
509:
507:
490:Air campaign
477:Karuma Falls
449:
438:
408:Gayaza Hills
218:
107:Belligerents
38:Part of the
25:
3753:. pp.
3547:23 November
3415:Mzirai 1980
3403:Ingham 1994
3277:Kasozi 1994
3265:Venter 2010
3178:27 February
3140:Mzirai 1980
3102:21 November
3076:New African
2793:The Citizen
2760:Iliffe 1998
2618:Ingham 1994
2128:Decker 2014
2083:(in Arabic)
2057:15 December
1871:Decker 2014
1859:Mzirai 1980
1818:Cooper 2004
1693:Decker 2014
1539:Ingham 1994
1090:Mulago hill
910:Kasubi hill
894:John Walden
889:Imran Kombe
852:legations.
782:Uganda Army
597:Uganda Army
581:Kasubi hill
403:Simba Hills
243:Mwita Marwa
93:Territorial
4166:Categories
3427:Legum 1981
3289:Singh 2012
3253:Nyeko 1997
3173:New Vision
3055:7 November
2823:7 November
2591:10 January
2586:New Vision
2527:14 October
2498:7 November
2445:11 January
2405:Singh 2012
2230:Singh 2012
2159:Singh 2012
2113:5 November
1894:9 December
1744:9 December
1449:7 November
1414:References
1356:Bob Astles
1328:Mengo Hill
1200:take Bombo
987:Land Rover
914:royal tomb
809:, and the
714:Yusuf Lule
632:Background
585:royal tomb
552:allies in
4078:933316914
3524:Fair 2018
3127:120903533
2636:UPC Party
2553:4 January
2193:120907636
2087:6 October
2000:120905202
1779:6 October
1638:6 October
1135:Aftermath
1122:shillings
885:Port Bell
686:The TPDF
640:launched
636:In 1971,
621:artillery
565:Port Bell
518:Kiswahili
433:Sembabule
263:Ben Msuya
4172:Idi Amin
4142:46969423
4130:(2000).
4099:40797989
4017:(2007).
4007:50243051
3967:40395418
3123:ProQuest
2645:30 March
2491:Newsweek
2189:ProQuest
1996:ProQuest
1342:Munyonyo
1240:—
1237:history.
1144:Idi Amin
1128:Newsweek
1026:11 April
1019:Ethiopia
974:Nakasero
953:Makindye
947:and two
912:and the
874:10 April
863:Mutundwe
654:Tanzania
638:Idi Amin
626:Sudanese
605:Nakasero
583:and the
538:Idi Amin
439:Dada Idi
398:Mutukula
304:Strength
191:Idi Amin
161:Tanzania
69:Location
3881:9084117
3755:144–177
3667:4367633
1888:Spiegel
1110:Masindi
1106:Mityana
1102:Kawempe
1037:Nubians
922:Buganda
918:Kabakas
916:of the
902:Nateete
831:allied
768:Entebbe
757:Prelude
734:Mbarara
695:Kampala
617:Nubians
589:Kabakas
587:of the
573:Nateete
554:Entebbe
546:routing
534:Kampala
450:Kampala
445:Entebbe
219:†
95:changes
74:Kampala
4140:
4116:
4097:
4076:
4052:
4031:
4005:
3986:
3965:
3942:
3917:
3879:
3860:
3841:
3820:
3801:
3782:
3761:
3728:
3707:
3688:
3665:
3642:
3617:
3596:
3577:
3125:
2191:
2028:11 May
1998:
1345:exile.
1324:mortar
1245:, 1979
1231:Legacy
1188:Qurans
1098:Bwaise
982:Kololo
906:Rubaga
869:Battle
730:Kagera
699:Lukaya
691:Masaka
688:seized
646:Uganda
593:Kololo
577:Rubaga
550:Libyan
428:Lukaya
423:Tororo
413:Masaka
393:Kagera
215:
158:
133:
122:Uganda
119:
85:Result
78:Uganda
4095:JSTOR
3963:JSTOR
3663:JSTOR
1403:those
1400:'
1288:Notes
1220:Mbale
1033:Kakwa
1011:toast
949:T-62s
926:Sudan
837:Fatah
798:Jinja
777:Bombo
764:Mpigi
751:cells
743:Kenya
726:Libya
710:Moshi
613:Kakwa
569:Bombo
558:Jinja
482:Bondo
467:Bombo
460:Jinja
291:Fatah
136:Libya
4138:OCLC
4114:ISBN
4074:OCLC
4050:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4003:OCLC
3984:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3877:OCLC
3858:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3686:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3549:2018
3180:2020
3104:2018
3057:2018
3029:Time
2825:2018
2647:2019
2593:2019
2555:2018
2529:2018
2500:2018
2447:2019
2115:2019
2089:2019
2059:2018
2030:2019
1896:2019
1781:2018
1746:2018
1640:2018
1451:2018
1301:him.
1171:Time
1153:Arua
1035:and
945:T-59
615:and
508:The
472:Lira
61:Date
3898:doi
2435:Rai
724:of
603:at
4168::
4091:20
4089:.
4066:.
4027:.
3959:36
3957:.
3938:.
3894:96
3892:.
3757:.
3743:.
3684:.
3659:14
3657:.
3638:.
3540:.
3505:.
3458:^
3332:^
3171:.
3092:.
3074:.
3046:.
3027:.
3016:^
2984:^
2964:^
2938:.
2903:^
2869:.
2845:^
2814:.
2791:.
2779:^
2752:^
2699:^
2682:^
2667:^
2638:.
2634:.
2584:.
2545:.
2520:.
2508:^
2488:.
2476:^
2455:^
2433:.
2383:^
2352:^
2309:^
2245:.
2135:^
2106:.
2067:^
2050:.
2038:^
2016:.
1980:^
1953:^
1938:^
1923:^
1904:^
1849:^
1771:.
1754:^
1736:.
1717:.
1700:^
1683:^
1671:.
1648:^
1629:.
1609:^
1546:^
1459:^
1440:.
1422:^
1206:.
928:.
865:.
805:,
648:,
520::
310:c.
76:,
4144:.
4122:.
4101:.
4080:.
4058:.
4037:.
4009:.
3992:.
3969:.
3948:.
3923:.
3904:.
3900::
3883:.
3866:.
3847:.
3826:.
3807:.
3788:.
3767:.
3734:.
3713:.
3694:.
3669:.
3648:.
3623:.
3602:.
3583:.
3551:.
3182:.
3129:.
3106:.
3059:.
2827:.
2649:.
2595:.
2557:.
2531:.
2502:.
2449:.
2195:.
2117:.
2091:.
2061:.
2032:.
2002:.
1898:.
1783:.
1748:.
1642:.
1453:.
1100:–
516:(
370:e
363:t
356:v
23:.
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