159:
149:
118:
137:
106:
425:. Most of the Safavi princes, as well as the Shah Sultan Husayn, were executed under the Ghilza supremacy. During that time, this political crisis motivated the Russian and Ottoman empire to declare war and conquer important Persian territories. Former Safavi-governed land in the Gilan and Azarbayjan area and in the Kurdish and Luristan territory were acquisitioned by both empires with the
401:, and some 600 soldiers fled their way out of the city in order to release a relief army. However, after 8 months famine prevailed and the shah capitulated on 23 October, abdicating in favor of Mahmud, who triumphantly entered the city on 25 October 1722. The Afghans would remain in Persia until 1729.
433:
had plans to build a trade route to India through the countries east of the
Caspian Sea, while the Ottomans wanted Russia to stay away from that area due to its close proximity to Turkey. Ashraf wanted full sovereignty over Iran. To do so, in 1727, he made an arrangement to incorporate western Iran
385:
was estimated to have about 18,000 troops, while the
Persian army counted around 40,000. After the battle, the Safavid forces fell back in disarray to Isfahan. This defeat would eventually cause the end of the Safavid empire, as Afghan troops approached the capital. The Afghans lacked artillery to
309:
The
Iranian Safavid Empire, once a powerful empire, had been in decline since the late 17th century. This was brought about by the lack of interest in ruling by many of the Shahs of that period, royal intrigues, civil unrest, especially among many of its subjects, and recurrent wars with their
457:
by the
Safavids under brilliant military commandment by Nader. This concluded Afghan rule in 1730, followed by the restoration of the former Safavid political-economic system under Tahmasp II. Nader was proclaimed shah in 1736 after deposing the newly appointed shah,
325:
of the risks that a lack of strong leadership could cause for the empire. However, this displeased the
Safavid political elite, who were content in their position of power and did not wish to see change in the system.
558:
505:
The
History of Persia, from the most early period to the present time: containing an Account of the religion, government, usages and character of the inhabitants of that Kingdom
785:
Ricks, Thomas M; Mannis (2012). "Political and
Socioeconomic Structures of Late-Safavid Iran, Southern Iran, and the Gulf: The Safavids, Afghans, and Afshars, 1700โ1745".
770:
Ricks, Thomas M; Mannis (2012). "Political and
Socioeconomic Structures of Late-Safavid Iran, Southern Iran, and the Gulf: The Safavids, Afghans, and Afshars, 1700โ1745".
470:
against the
Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1746. Nader Shah was assassinated by his own troops in 1747 while trying to dissolute an uprising against him in
429:
in 1724. This treaty was actually a settlement to avoid a potential war break-out, as the two empires wanted control of the north of Iran. Indeed, Russia's
219:
393:, and the city's defenders into surrender. Ill-organized Safavid efforts to relieve the siege failed and the shah's disillusioned Georgian vassal,
252:
637:
357:
had rebelled against the
Persian overlordship. A series of ensuing punitive campaigns sent by the Safavid government were defeated. However,
301:-led Afghan army. It lasted from March to October 1722 and resulted in the city's fall and the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty.
849:
212:
453:), defeated the Afghan army in Khorasan in a quest to restore Safafid domains, and Ashraf was killed. This led to a series of
854:
660:
613:
17:
353:
Pashtuns in what is now Afghanistan. Making use of the opportunity provided by the Safavid decline, the Pashtuns led by
831:
467:
205:
334:
the governor of Georgia, but used this opportunity to get closer to the Shah and convince him to send him back to
426:
381:, close to Isfahan, on 8 March 1722. While the exact number of soldiers who fought in this battle is unclear,
413:
in 1722 and until 1729, political control shifted from the Safavid dynasty to the succession of rule by the
859:
257:
454:
31:
262:
869:
864:
394:
518:
365:
took over his battle and led the Pashtun army to the capital of the empire Isfahan in 1722.
361:
was captured and imprisoned. He eventually died in 1715, and soon after his death, his son
8:
339:
631:
586:
410:
378:
242:
827:
701:
666:
656:
619:
609:
590:
578:
471:
446:
267:
752:
462:, son of Tahmasp II. Now ruler of Persia, he set to conquer India, with the opening
874:
693:
570:
463:
158:
653:
A global chronology of conflict: from the ancient world to the modern Middle East
430:
390:
290:
800:
Masroori, Cyrus; Mannis, Whitney; Christian Laursen, John (13 September 2021).
734:
Masroori, Cyrus; Mannis, Whitney; Christian Laursen, John (13 September 2021).
697:
354:
311:
122:
110:
78:
574:
843:
705:
670:
623:
582:
442:
418:
387:
374:
358:
327:
322:
318:
298:
153:
141:
197:
422:
382:
362:
342:
and eventually murdered him, leading to a series of revolts in the region.
230:
823:
820:
The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
331:
450:
438:
398:
346:
721:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopaedia
606:
Conflict and conquest in the Islamic world: a historical encyclopedia
544:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
459:
434:
into the Ottoman empire; in exchange, they recognized him as ruler.
386:
breach the city walls and blockaded Isfahan in order to subdue Shah
335:
286:
66:
799:
787:
Notables, Merchants, and Shaykhs of Southern Iran and Its Ports
772:
Notables, Merchants, and Shaykhs of Southern Iran and Its Ports
733:
414:
350:
397:, refused to come to the Safavids' aid. Shah Husayn's son,
294:
377:
after their decisive victory over the Safavid army at the
686:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
484:
563:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
437:
In 1729, the Persian military, under the rule of Shah
373:
Isfahan was besieged by the Afghan forces led by Shah
345:
The Safavids, at that time being strongly in favor of
804:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 103.
738:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 103.
321:, a well-respected tribe leader, attempted to inform
285:(Persian: ุณููุท ุงุตููุงู) was a six-month-long siege of
841:
747:
745:
723:. Santa Barbara: Calif.: Abc-Clio. p. 352.
650:
227:
213:
789:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 43.
774:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 42.
742:
559:"Georgia and the Fall of the แนขafavi Dynasty"
784:
769:
718:
603:
541:
636:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
338:. Once there, he strategically befriended
220:
206:
817:
490:
330:was sent to be imprisoned in Isfahan by
502:
14:
842:
519:"The Fall of Isfahan | History Today"
201:
719:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
604:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
556:
542:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
30:For the siege occurred in 1387, see
655:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
24:
25:
886:
511:
192:80,000 Civilians killed in siege
157:
147:
135:
116:
104:
793:
778:
763:
727:
850:Battles involving Safavid Iran
712:
677:
644:
597:
550:
535:
496:
13:
1:
477:
466:in 1739. In 1743, he went to
304:
855:Sieges involving Afghanistan
651:Spencer Tucker, ed. (2010).
557:Lang, D. M. (October 1952).
404:
7:
86:Fall of the Safavid capital
10:
891:
818:Axworthy, Michael (2006).
812:
802:Persia and the Enlightment
736:Persia and the Enlightment
698:10.1163/156852002320123082
45:Part of Hotaki-Safavid war
29:
575:10.1017/S0041977X00088492
421:, followed by his cousin
238:
191:
178:
165:
128:
97:
57:8 March โ 23 October 1722
49:
44:
39:
608:. Santa Barbara, Calif.
546:. ABC-CLIO. p. 352.
427:Treaty of Constantinople
368:
349:, heavily oppressed the
757:Encyclopedia Britannica
468:war for the second time
32:Siege of Isfahan (1387)
503:Malcolm, John (1829).
317:Some subjects such as
129:Commanders and leaders
441:, son of ousted Shah
395:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
289:, the capital of the
179:Casualties and losses
523:www.historytoday.com
18:Fall of the Safavids
323:Shah Sultan Hussayn
253:Safavid restoration
753:"Afghan interlude"
455:victorious battles
445:, and his general
411:battle of Gulnabad
379:battle of Gulnabad
243:Battle of Gulnabad
860:Conflicts in 1722
662:978-1-85109-672-5
615:978-1-59884-337-8
493:, pp. 54โ55.
447:Tahmasp Qoli Khan
278:
277:
196:
195:
93:
92:
16:(Redirected from
882:
837:
806:
805:
797:
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782:
776:
775:
767:
761:
760:
759:. 10 April 2018.
749:
740:
739:
731:
725:
724:
716:
710:
709:
692:(1): 139. 2002.
681:
675:
674:
648:
642:
641:
635:
627:
601:
595:
594:
554:
548:
547:
539:
533:
532:
530:
529:
515:
509:
508:
500:
494:
488:
464:Battle of Karnal
449:(later known as
283:siege of Isfahan
248:Siege of Isfahan
233:
222:
215:
208:
199:
198:
161:
152:
151:
150:
140:
139:
138:
121:
120:
119:
109:
108:
107:
69:, Central Persia
51:
50:
40:Siege of Isfahan
37:
36:
21:
890:
889:
885:
884:
883:
881:
880:
879:
840:
839:
834:
815:
810:
809:
798:
794:
783:
779:
768:
764:
751:
750:
743:
732:
728:
717:
713:
683:
682:
678:
663:
649:
645:
629:
628:
616:
602:
598:
555:
551:
540:
536:
527:
525:
517:
516:
512:
501:
497:
489:
485:
480:
407:
371:
307:
291:Safavid dynasty
279:
274:
234:
228:
226:
148:
146:
136:
134:
117:
115:
105:
103:
89:
82:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
888:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
832:
814:
811:
808:
807:
792:
777:
762:
741:
726:
711:
684:"CORRECTION".
676:
661:
643:
614:
596:
569:(3): 523โ539.
549:
534:
510:
495:
482:
481:
479:
476:
406:
403:
370:
367:
359:Mir Wais Hotak
355:Mir Wais Hotak
319:Mir Wais Hotak
306:
303:
276:
275:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
225:
224:
217:
210:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
144:
131:
130:
126:
125:
123:Safavid Empire
113:
111:Hotaki Dynasty
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
83:
76:
72:
71:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
887:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
838:
835:
833:1-85043-706-8
829:
825:
821:
803:
796:
788:
781:
773:
766:
758:
754:
748:
746:
737:
730:
722:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
672:
668:
664:
658:
654:
647:
639:
633:
625:
621:
617:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
545:
538:
524:
520:
514:
506:
499:
492:
491:Axworthy 2006
487:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Sultan Husayn
440:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:Sultan Husayn
384:
380:
376:
375:Mahmud Hotaki
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
315:
314:arch rivals.
313:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
229:Campaigns of
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
200:
190:
186:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
169:
164:
160:
155:
154:Sultan Husayn
145:
143:
142:Mahmud Hotaki
133:
132:
127:
124:
114:
112:
102:
101:
96:
85:
84:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
870:1722 in Asia
865:1722 in Iran
819:
816:
801:
795:
786:
780:
771:
765:
756:
735:
729:
720:
714:
689:
685:
679:
652:
646:
605:
599:
566:
562:
552:
543:
537:
526:. Retrieved
522:
513:
504:
498:
486:
436:
408:
383:Mahmud Hotak
372:
363:Mahmud Hotak
344:
316:
308:
282:
280:
263:Murche-Khort
247:
231:Ashraf Hotak
98:Belligerents
824:I.B. Tauris
417:'i Afghans
340:Gurgin Khan
332:Gurgin Khan
844:Categories
528:2022-05-17
478:References
451:Nader Shah
439:Tahmasp II
409:After the
347:Shia Islam
305:Background
27:1722 siege
706:0022-4995
671:617650689
632:cite book
624:763161287
591:128468654
583:1474-0699
507:. London.
460:Abbas III
405:Aftermath
297:, by the
472:Khorasan
336:Kandahar
166:Strength
62:Location
875:Isfahan
813:Sources
431:Peter I
399:Tahmasp
312:Ottoman
287:Isfahan
268:Zarghan
258:Damghan
187:Unknown
184:Unknown
174:Unknown
171:Unknown
81:victory
67:Isfahan
830:
704:
669:
659:
622:
612:
589:
581:
423:Ashraf
419:Mahmud
415:Ghilza
391:Safavi
299:Hotaki
156:
79:Hotaki
75:Result
587:S2CID
369:Siege
351:Sunni
328:Hotak
828:ISBN
702:ISSN
667:OCLC
657:ISBN
638:link
620:OCLC
610:ISBN
579:ISSN
295:Iran
281:The
54:Date
694:doi
571:doi
293:of
846::
826:.
822:.
755:.
744:^
700:.
690:45
688:.
665:.
634:}}
630:{{
618:.
585:.
577:.
567:14
565:.
561:.
521:.
474:.
836:.
708:.
696::
673:.
640:)
626:.
593:.
573::
531:.
221:e
214:t
207:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
