Fatimid Caliphate - Knowledge

8142: 2407:. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjawan, the eunuch and tutor of the young al-Hakim, who took power in his stead. Barjawan stabilized the internal affairs of the empire but refrained from pursuing al-Aziz's policy of expansion towards Aleppo. In the year 1000, Barjawan was assassinated by al-Hakim, who now took direct and autocratic control of the state. His reign, which lasted until his mysterious disappearance in 1021, is the most controversial in Fatimid history. Traditional narratives have described him as either eccentric or outright insane, but more recent studies have tried to provide more measured explanations based on the political and social circumstances of the time. 1937: 3417:. After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir, a succession crisis resulted in the breakaway of the Nizaris, who supported the claim of his oldest son Nizar, as opposed to the Musta'lis who supported the successful enthronement of al-Musta'li. The Nizaris were also suppressed inside the Caliphate's borders, but continued to be active outside it, mostly in Iran, Iraq, and parts of Syria. After the death of Caliph al-Amir, al-Hafiz, his cousin, successfully claimed the title of Imam-Caliph at the expense of al-Amir's infant son, al-Tayyib. Those who recognized al-Hafiz in Cairo were known as the al-Hafizi branch, but those who opposed this unusual succession and supported the succession of al-Tayyib were known as the al-Tayyibi branch. This particular schism resulted in the loss of Fatimid support in Yemen. 2659:, a scion of the Hamdanids of Aleppo, and Black African troops, while the Berbers shifted alliance between the two sides. The Turkish faction under Nasir al-Dawla seized partial control of Cairo but their leader was not given any official title. In 1067–1068 they plundered the state treasury and then looted any treasures they could find in the palaces. The Turks turned against Nasir al-Dawla in 1069, but he managed to rally Bedouin tribes to his side, took over most of the Nile Delta region, and blocked supplies and food from reaching the capital from this region. Things degenerated further for the general population, especially in the capital, which relied on the countryside for food. Historical sources of this period report extreme hunger and hardship in the city, even to the point of 3738:

al-Mahdiyya is located on a narrow peninsula along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, east of Kairouan and just south of the Gulf of Hammamet, in modern-day Tunisia. The primary concern in the city's construction and locale was defense. With its peninsular topography and the construction of a wall 8.3 m thick, the city became impenetrable by land. This strategic location, together with a navy that the Fatimids had inherited from the conquered Aghlabids, made the city of Al-Mahdiyya a strong military base where ʿAbdullāh al-Mahdī consolidated power and planted the seeds of the Fatimid caliphate for two generations. The city included two royal palaces—one for the caliph and one for his son and successor al-Qāʾim—as well as a mosque, many administrative buildings, and an arsenal.

3018:, a Sunni Muslim, was appointed vizier. When Ridwan began to plot the deposition of al-Hafiz, he was expelled from Cairo and later defeated in battle. He accepted a pardon from the caliph and remained at the palace. Al-Hafiz chose not to appoint another vizier, and instead took direct control of the state until his death in 1149. During this time, the fervor of the Isma'ili religious cause in Egypt had significantly faded, and political challenges to the caliph became more common. Sunni Muslims were also increasingly appointed to high posts. The Fatimid dynasty largely continued to survive due to the established common interests that many factions and elites had in maintaining the current system of government. 2415:("House of Knowledge"), a library for the study of the sciences, which was in line with al-Aziz's previous policy of cultivating this knowledge. For the general population, he was noted for being more accessible and willing to receive petitions in person, as well as for riding out in person among the people in the streets of Fustat. On the other hand, he was also known for his capricious decrees aimed at curbing what he saw as public improprieties. He also unsettled the plurality of Egyptian society by imposing new restrictions on Christians and Jews, particularly on the way they dressed or behaved in public. He ordered or sanctioned the destruction of a number of churches and monasteries (mostly 3802: 6437: 1314:'s cause. Over the next two years Abu Abdallah was able to win over most of the Kutama tribes in the region through either persuasion or coercion. This left much of the countryside under his control, while the major cities remained under Aghlabid control. He established an Isma'ili theocratic state based in Tazrut, operating in a way similar to previous Isma'ili missionary networks in Mesopotamia but adapted to local Kutama tribal structures. He adopted the role of a traditional Islamic ruler at the head of this organization while remaining in frequent contact with Abdallah. He continued to preach to his followers, known as the 11526:, pp. 130–31: "All this and has been variously explained as eccentricity amounting to madness—the verdict of Yahya al-Antaki, who had it from al-Hakim's physician. Such a diagnosis, at such a distance in time and in the absence of any agreed definition of insanity, is unacceptable except as a confession of bafflement, a bafflement which al-Antaki observed in the faithful when they explained his actions as the product of the inscrutable inspiration of the Imam. But it has contributed to the black legend of a murderous maniac which was recounted at the beginning of the twentieth century by Stanley Lane-Poole in his 3470: 1472: 2883: 3783:

based on the Mamluk-era account of al-Maqrīzī. Perhaps the most important of Fatimid monuments outside the palace complex is the mosque of al-Azhar (359–61 AH/970–72 CE) which still stands today, though the building was significantly expanded and modified in later periods. Likewise the important Fatimid mosque of al-Ḥākim, built from 380 to 403 AH/990–1012 CE under two Fatimid caliphs, was significantly rebuilt and renovated in the 1980s. Cairo remained the capital for, including al-Muʿizz, eleven generations of caliphs, after which the Fatimid Caliphate finally fell to Ayyubid forces in 567 AH/1171 CE.

2136: 1750: 1841: 1573: 19282: 3721: 8515: 2557: 2687: 9039: 3022: 511: 1411:, the most fortified town on the old southern Roman road between Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb. The fortress, however, fell to the Kutama without a siege when local notables arranged to have the gates opened to them in May or June 907. This opened a hole in the wider defensive system of Ifriqiya and created panic in Raqqada. Ziyadat Allah III stepped up anti-Fatimid propaganda, recruited volunteers, and took measures to defend the weakly-fortified city of Kairouan. He spent the winter of 907–908 with his army in 2672: 3635: 1333: 3753:

commemoration of the victory of al-Manṣūr over the Khārijite rebel Abū Yazīd at Ṣabra. Construction of the city was not quite finished when al-Manṣūr died in 953, but his son and successor, al-Muʿizz, finished it and completed the city's mosque that same year. Like Baghdad, the plan of the city of Al-Manṣūriyya is round, with the caliphal palace at its center. Due to a plentiful water source, the city grew and expanded a great deal under al-Manṣūr. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were more than 300

5083: 1622:, was conquered by Ibrahim II in 902. However, some Christian or Byzantine resistance continued in some spots in the northeast of Sicily until 967, and the Byzantines still held territories in southern Italy, where the Aghlabids had also campaigned. This ongoing confrontation with the traditional foe of the Islamic world provided the Fatimids with a prime opportunity for propaganda, in a setting where geography gave them the advantage. Sicily itself proved troublesome, and only after a rebellion under 3546: 2475: 7333: 1459:

Kutama horsemen managed to outflank the Aghlabid army and finally caused a rout. When news of the defeat reached Raqqada, Ziyadat Allah III packed his valuable treasures and fled towards Egypt. The population of Kairouan looted the abandoned palaces of Raqqada and resisted Ibn Abi al-Aghlab's calls to organise a last-ditch resistance. Upon hearing of the looting, Abu Abdallah sent an advance force of Kutama horsemen who secured Raqqada on 24 March. On 25 March 909 (Saturday, 1

66: 2100:, the son of Ziri bn Manad (who died in 971), as his viceroy in the Maghreb. This established a dynasty of viceroys, with the title of "amir", who ruled the region on behalf of the Fatimids. Their authority remained disputed in the western Maghreb, where the rivalry with the Umayyads and with local Zenata leaders continued. After Jawhar's successful western expedition, the Umayyads returned to northern Morocco in 973 to reassert their authority. Buluggin launched one last 19085: 17501: 3370: 19095: 8593: 1388: 12292:: "It has been said that the Alid rulers of Egypt became fearful when they saw the strength and power of the Saljuq state, that it had gained control of Syrian lands as far as Gaza, leaving no buffer state between the Saljuqs and Egypt to protect them, and that Aqsis had entered Egypt and blockaded it. They therefore sent to the Franks to invite them to invade Syria, to conquer it and separate them and the Muslims, but God knows best." 19872: 8994: 3758:

merchants and artisans of Kairouan to be transferred to al-Manṣūriyya, which may have helped provoke a revolt in 1016 which damaged the city. In 1057, under pressure from the Banu Hilal invasions, the Zirids abandoned al-Manṣūriyya for Mahdiyya and the city was devastated. Unlike Kairouan, it remained in ruins afterwards and was never revived. The site was pillaged over time. Modern archeological excavations here began in 1921.

3056:(r. 1160–1171), were all children when they came to the throne. Under al-Zafir, an elderly Berber named Ibn Masal was initially vizier, per the instructions left by Al-Hafiz. The army, however, supported a Sunni named Ibn Sallar instead, whose supporters managed to defeat and kill Ibn Masal in battle. After negotiating with the women of the palace, Ibn Sallar was installed as vizier in 1150. In January 1153, the Crusader king 2651:

Traditionally the Kutama element of the army had the strongest sway over political affairs, but as the Turkish element grew more powerful, it began to challenge this. In 1062, the tentative balance between the different ethnic groups within the Fatimid army collapsed and they quarreled constantly or fought each other in the streets. At the same time, Egypt suffered a 7-year period of drought and famine known as the

19105: 17490: 7266: 592: 3397:("Sessions of Wisdom"), lectures and lessons that were delivered in a special hall inside the palaces of Cairo. The doctrine was kept secret from those who were not initiated. Additionally, Isma'ili doctrines were disseminated through the lectures hosted at Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, which became an intellectual center hosting teachers and students. Beyond the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate, recruitment to the 2879:, attempted to take the throne after his father's death and organized a rebellion in 1095, but he was defeated and executed that same year. Al-Afdal arranged for his sister to marry al-Musta'li and later for his daughter to marry al-Amir, hoping in this way to merge his family with that of the caliphs. He also attempted to secure the succession of his son to the vizierate as well, but this ultimately failed. 19115: 15749: 1300:(in northwestern Algeria today). However, due to hostility from the local Aghlabid authorities and other Kutuma tribes, he was forced to leave Ikjan and sought the protection of another Kutama tribe, the Banu Ghashman, in Tazrut (two miles southwest of Mila). From there, he began to build support for a new movement. Shortly after, the hostile Kutama tribes and the Arab lords of the nearby cities (Mila, 8526: 2451:, as the Sunni anti-caliph, but the latter's death in 1013 led to their surrender. Despite his policies against Christians and his demolition of the church in Jerusalem, al-Hakim maintained a ten-year truce with the Byzantines that began in 1001. For most of his reign, Aleppo remained a buffer state that paid tribute to Constantinople. This lasted until 1017, when the Fatimid 2576:, who had the longest reign in Fatimid history, serving as caliph from 1036 to 1094. However, he remained largely uninvolved in politics and left the government in the hands of others. He was seven years old at his accession and thus al-Jarjarā'ī continued to serve as vizier and his guardian. When al-Jarjarā'ī died in 1045 a series of court figures ran the government until 3120:

infamously set fire to Fustat in an attempt to deny the Crusaders a base from which to besiege the capital. After forcing the Crusaders to leave Egypt again, Shirkuh finally had Shawar murdered in 1169, with the agreement of Caliph al-Adid. Shirkuh himself was appointed as al-Adid's vizier, but he died unexpectedly two months later. The position passed to his nephew,

8141: 2975:, which was completed in 1125 and has largely survived to the present day. That same year, however, Caliph al-Amir had him arrested, probably due to his failure to resist the Crusaders or due to the caliph's resentment of his wealth and power. Three years later he was executed. Al-Amir then ruled the Caliphate personally, briefly interrupting the long period of 1085:, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect, which gave rise to the Fatimids, receives its name of "Isma'ili". Due to the harsh Abbasid persecution of the Alids, the Ismaili Imams went into hiding and neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of 3494:, followed by Melkite Christians. A large number of Armenian immigrants also arrived in Egypt during the late 11th and early 12th centuries when Armenian viziers like Badr al-Jamali dominated the state, which led to the Armenian church establishing a foothold in the country as well. In addition to churches in towns and cities, Christian 2995:, sidelining the infant al-Ṭayyib and breaking with the tradition of the succession passing directly from father to son. Most of the Fatimid lands acknowledged his succession, but the Sulayhids in Yemen did not and broke away from the Caliphate in Cairo, recognizing al-Ṭayyib as the true Imam. This caused another schism between the 1599:, began in 916. The new city was officially inaugurated on 20 February 921, though construction continued after this. The new capital was removed from the Sunni stronghold of Kairouan, allowing for the establishment of a secure base for the Caliph and his Kutama forces without raising further tensions with the local population. 2784:, patronised by Badr, established itself in the country along with a clerical hierarchy. He commanded a large contingent of Armenian troops, many (if not all) of whom were also Christian. Badr also used his relations and influence with the Coptic Church for political advantage. In particular, he enlisted 1040:. This figure was widely expected – not just among the Shi'a – to be a descendant of Ali. Among Shi'a, however, this belief became a core tenet of their faith, and was applied to several Shi'a leaders who were killed or died; their followers believed that they had gone into " 3782:

and giving us the modern English name "Cairo". Cairo can thus be considered the capital of Fatimid cultural production. Though the original Fatimid palace complex, including administrative buildings and royal residents, no longer exists, modern scholars can glean a good idea of the original structure

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in 961 and conquered Tartus, Al-Masaisah, 'Ain Zarbah, among other areas, gaining complete control of Iraq and the Syrian borders, and earning the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens". With the Fatimids, however, he proved less successful. After renouncing his payments of tribute to the Fatimid

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It's unclear what number or percentage of the population inside the caliphate were actually Isma'ilis, but they always remained a minority. Historical chronicles report large numbers of enthusiastic converts in Egypt during the reign of al-'Aziz, but this trend dropped significantly around the middle

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besieged Ascalon, the last remaining Fatimid foothold in the Levant. In April, Ibn Sallar was murdered in a plot organized by Abbas, his stepson, and Abbas's son, Nasr. As no relieving force arrived, Ascalon surrendered in August, on the condition that the inhabitants could leave safely for Egypt. It

2038:). Cairo eventually judged him to be a little too popular as governor of Damascus and he was forced to move to Raqqa while Munir, a eunuch in the caliph's household (like Jawhar before him), took direct control in Damascus on behalf of the caliph. Further north, Aleppo remained out of reach and under 1379:

and in the fall of 905, after receiving further reinforcements, set out to march against Abu Abdallah. However, they were surprised by Kutama forces on the first day of their march, which caused a panic and scattered their army. The Aghlabid general fled and the Kutama captured a large booty. Another

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as it is one of the earliest Islamic dynasties for which enough materials survive for a detailed study of their evolution. The stylistic diversity of Fatimid art was also a reflection of the wider cultural environment of the Mediterranean world at this time. The most notable characteristics of their

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built during this period in the city as well as numerous palaces. When al-Manṣūr's successor, al-Mu'izz, moved the caliphate to Cairo he left his deputy, Buluggin ibn Ziri, as regent of Ifriqiya, marking the beginning of the city's Zirid period. In 1014–15 the Zirid ruler Badis ibn al-Mansur ordered

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Christians may have still constituted a majority of the population in Egypt during the Fatimid period, although scholarly estimates on this issue are tentative and vary between authors. The proportion of Christians would have likely been greater in the rural population than in the main cities. Among

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school, which had generally been favoured by the Aghlabids. In Egypt, the majority of Muslims were Sunni and remained so throughout the Fatimid period. Cognizant of this, the Fatimid authorities introduced Shi'a changes to religious rituals only gradually after Jawhar's conquest. It was also in this

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Al-Amir apparently had a son born shortly before his death, known as al-Ṭayyib. One of Al-Amir's cousins (a grandson of al-Mustansir), Abd al-Majid, had himself appointed regent. Under pressure from the army, one of al-Afdal's sons, Abu Ali Ahmad (known as Kutayfāt), was appointed vizier with titles

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Al-Hakim also alarmed his Isma'ili followers in several ways. In 1013 he announced the designation of two great-great-grandsons of al-Mahdi as two separate heirs: one, Abd al-Raḥīm ibn Ilyās, would inherit the title of caliphate as the role of political ruler, and the other, Abbās ibn Shu'ayb, would

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Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime. He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to

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than hereditary. Members of other branches of Islam, like the Sunnis, were just as likely to be appointed to government posts as Shiites. Tolerance was extended to non-Muslims, such as Christians and Jews, who occupied high levels in government based on ability, and this policy of tolerance ensured

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independent rulers of Ifriqiya, while still officially maintaining their allegiance to the Fatimid caliphs. Caliph al-Aziz accepted this situation for pragmatic reasons to maintain his own formal status as universal ruler. Both dynasties exchanged gifts and the succession of new Zirid rulers to the

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ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

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Among other things, al-Hakim was known for executing his officials when unsatisfied with them, seemingly without warning, rather than dismissing them from their posts as had been traditional practice. Many of the executions were members of the financial administration, which may mean that this was

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died in late 991. Manjūtakīn, the Turkish Fatimid commander, advanced methodically north along the Orontes valley. He took Homs and Hama in 992 and defeated a combined force from Hamdanid Aleppo and Byzantine-held Antioch. In 993 he took Shayzar and in 994 he began the siege of Aleppo. In May 995,

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in 969 (around the same time as Jawhar was arriving in Egypt), but he was forced to call off the advance in order to face a new threat from the east. The Qarmatis of Bahrayn, responding to the appeal of the recently defeated leaders of Damascus, had organized a large coalition of Arab tribesmen to

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On 25 February 909, Abu Abdallah set out from Ikjan with an army of 200,000 men for a final invasion of Kairouan. The remaining Aghlabid army, led by an Aghlabid prince named Ibrahim Ibn Abi al-Aghlab, met them near al-Aribus on 18 March. The battle lasted until the afternoon, when a contingent of

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Al-Mahdiyya, the first capital of the Fatimid dynasty, was established by its first caliph, 'Abdullāh al-Mahdī (297–322 AH/909–934 CE) in 300 AH/912–913 CE. The caliph had been residing in nearby Raqqada but chose this new and more strategic location in which to establish his dynasty. The city of

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A fundamental change occurred when the Fatimid Caliphate attempted to push into Syria in the latter half of the tenth century. The Fatimids were faced with the now Turkish-dominated forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and began to realize the limits of their current military. Thus during the reign of

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families, were also present in Egypt and welcomed the Fatimids as fellow Shi'as or as blood relatives, but without necessarily converting to Isma'ilism. Many non-Isma'ili Muslims also accepted the Fatimid caliphs as having legitimate rights to lead the Muslim community but did not accept the more

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Fatimid society was highly pluralistic. Isma'ili Shi'ism was the religion of the state and the caliph's court, but most of the population followed different religions or denominations. Most of the Muslim population remained Sunni, and a large part of the population remained Christian. Jews were a

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with his army through Anatolia, forcing Manjūtakīn to lift the siege and return to Damascus. Before another Fatimid expedition could be sent, Basil II negotiated a one-year truce with the caliph, which the Fatimids used to recruit and build new ships for their fleet. In 996 many of the ships were

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Bajkūr, based in Raqqa, made another unsuccessful attempt against Aleppo in 991 which resulted in his capture and execution. That same year, Ibn Killis died and Munir was accused of conducting treasonous correspondence with Baghdad. These difficulties triggered a strong response in Cairo. A major

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Once Egypt was sufficiently pacified and the new capital was ready, Jawhar sent for al-Mu'izz in Ifriqiya. The caliph, his court, and his treasury, departed from al-Mansuriyya in fall 972, traveling by land but shadowed by the Fatimid navy sailing along the coast. After making triumphant stops in

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by attacking and capturing the city of Mila for the first time. This news triggered a serious response from the Aghlabids, who sent a punitive expedition of 12,000 men from Tunis in October of the same year. Abu Abdallah's forces were unable to resist this counterattack and after two defeats they

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when the Fatimids arrived on the scene. It is during the Fatimid period, however, that Coptic religious culture began to be translated into Arabic. By the end of the Fatimid period (12th century), many Coptic Christians could no longer understand the Coptic language, and eventually its usage was

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Isma'ili unity was weakened over time by several schisms after the establishment of the caliphate (in addition to the Qarmatian schism before its establishment). The Druze, who believed in the divinity of Caliph al-Hakim, were suppressed in Egypt and elsewhere, but eventually found a home in the

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amir Jaharkas al-Khalili in 1385 to make way for the construction of a new merchant building (which gave its name to the present-day market). During the demolition, Jaharkas reportedly desecrated the bones of the Fatimid royal family by having them dumped into the rubbish hills east of the city.

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leaders acted as proxies whose formal allegiances oscillated between the Umayyads or the Fatimids depending on the circumstances. As a result of the political instability in the western Maghreb, effective Fatimid control did not extend much beyond the former territory of the Aghlabids. Masala's

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Berbers, the uprising spread through Ifriqiya, taking Kairouan and blockading al-Qa'im at al-Mahdiyya, which was besieged in January–September 945. Al-Qa'im died during the siege, but this was kept secret by his son and successor, Isma'il, until he had defeated Abu Yazid; he then announced his

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Al-Manṣūriyya (also known as Ṣabra al-Manṣūriyya) was established between 334 and 336 AH (945 and 948 CE) by the third Fatimid caliph al-Manṣūr (334–41 AH/946–53 CE) in a settlement known as Ṣabra, located on the outskirts of Kairouan in modern-day Tunisia. The new capital was established in

2655:. Viziers came and went in flurry, the bureaucracy broke down, and the caliph was unable or unwilling to assume responsibilities in their absence. Declining resources accelerated the problems among the different ethnic factions, and outright civil war began, primarily between the Turks under 3119:

Shawar's remaining years continued in chaos as he made shifting alliances with either the King of Jerusalem or with Nur al-Din, depending on circumstances. In 1167 the Crusaders pursued Shirkuh's forces in to Upper Egypt. In 1168 Shawar, worried about the possible Crusader capture of Cairo,

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took power in Tunis. These internal Aghlabid troubles gave Abu Abdallah the opportunity to recapture Mila and then go on to capture Setif, another fortified city, by October or November 904. In 905 the Aghlabids sent a third expedition to try and subdue the Kutama. They based themselves in

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After Ibn Killis became vizier in 979, the Fatimids changed tactics. Ibn Killis was able to subjugate most of Palestine and southern Syria (the former Ikhshidid territories) by paying off the Qarmatis with an annual tribute and making alliances with local tribes and dynasties, such as the

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Events degenerated in Egypt and Syria, however. Starting in 1060, various local leaders began to break away or challenge Fatimid dominion in Syria. While the ethnic-based army was generally successful on the battlefield, it had begun to have negative effects on Fatimid internal politics.

1081:. Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who had gone into occultation and would one day return; hence this party is known as the "Seveners". The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with 1308:) allied together to march against him, but he was able to move quickly and muster enough support from friendly Kutama to defeat them one by one before they were able to unite. This first victory brought Abu Abdallah and his Kutama troops valuable loot and attracted more support to the 11074:

Originally based in Tunisia, the Fatimid Dynasty extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of their caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant, and the

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and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. Abdallah's claim caused a rift in the Isma'ili movement, as Hamdan Qarmat and other leaders denounced this change and held onto the original doctrine, becoming known as the

1711:. Jawhar and Ziri returned to al-Mansuriyya in 960. The subjugated parts of Morocco, including Fez and Sijilmasa, were left under the control of local vassals while most of the central Maghreb (Algeria), including Tahert, was given to Ziri ibn Manad to govern on the caliph's behalf. 2528:, a former finance official, at their head. Fatimid control in Syria was threatened during the 1020s. In Aleppo, Fatāk, who had declared his independence, was killed and replaced in 1022, but this opened the way for a coalition of Bedouin chiefs from the Banu Kilab, Jarrahids, and 2894:. Although initially both sides intended to reach an agreement and an alliance against the Seljuk Turks, these negotiations would eventually break down. First contact seems to have been established by the crusaders who sent in May or June 1097, on suggestion of Byzantine Emperor 3150:

White was the dynastic colour of the Fatimids, in opposition to Abbasid black, while red and yellow banners were associated with the Fatimid caliph's person. Green is also cited as their dynastic colour, based on a tradition that the Islamic prophet Muhammad wore a green cloak.

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Al-Baṭā'iḥī took al-Afdal's place as vizier, but unlike his predecessors he had less support in the army and was ultimately reliant on the caliph for power. In 1124 he lost Tyre to the Crusaders. He was also responsible for constructing a small but notable mosque in Cairo, the

2836:, was also a victory monument commemorating vizier Badr's restoration of order for al-Mustansir. Between 1087 and 1092, the vizier also replaced the mudbrick walls of Cairo with new stone walls and slightly expanded the city. Three of its monumental gates still survive today: 12658:

Nevertheless, the Seljuqs of Syria kept the Crusaders occupied for several years until the reign of the last Fatimid Caliph al-Adid (1160–1171) when, in the face of a Crusade threat, the caliph appointed a warrior of the Seljuq regime by the name of Shirkuh to be his chief

3081:, to help. Tala'i drove out Abbas and Nasr from Cairo and became vizier that same year. Afterwards he also conducted renewed operations against the Crusaders, but he could do little more than harass them by sea. Al-Fa'iz died in 1160 and Tala'i was assassinated in 1161 by 1732:. While al-Mansur was campaigning to suppress the last remnants of the revolt, a new palace city was being constructed for him south of Kairouan. Construction began around 946 and it was only fully completed under al-Mansur's son and successor, al-Mu'izz. It was named 2045:

The incorporation of the Turkish troops into the Fatimid army had long-term consequences. On the one hand, they were a necessary addition to the military in order for the Fatimids to compete militarily with other powers in the region. The Fatimids began to recruit

1861:. In 988 the mosque also became an academic institution that was central in the dissemination of Isma'ili teachings. Until the last years of the Fatimid Caliphate, the economic centre of Egypt remained Fustat, where most of the general population lived and traded. 2991:. The coup did not last long, as Kutayfāt was assassinated in 1131 by al-Amir's followers in the Fatimid establishment. Abd al-Majid was released and resumed his role as regent. In 1132, however, he declared himself to be the new Imam-Caliph, taking the title of 3112:. The Crusaders had already forced Tala'i ibn Ruzzik to pay them a tribute in 1161 and had made an attempt to invade Egypt in 1162. When Shawar was driven out of Cairo by Dirgham in 1163, he sought refuge and help with Nur al-Din. Nur al-Din sent his general, 1219:, became the new head of the movement, and introduced a radical change in the doctrine: no longer was he and his forebears merely the stewards for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but they were declared to be the rightful imams, and Abdallah himself was the awaited 2760:, a Turkmen of the Nawaki tribe, conquered Jerusalem in 1073 and Damascus in 1076 before attempting to invade even Egypt itself. After defeating him at a battle close to Cairo, Badr was able to start a counter-offensive to secure coastal cities, such as 2499:

inherit the imamate or religious leadership. This was a serious departure from a central purpose of the Fatimid Imam-Caliphs, which was to combine these two functions in one person. In 1015 he also suddenly halted the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures of the

1370:. In early 903 Abdallah II set out on another expedition to destroy Ikjan and the Kutama rebels, but he ended the expedition prematurely due to troubles at home arising from disputes over his succession. On 27 July 903 he was assassinated and his son 2959:. He managed to carry out various administrative reforms and infrastructural projects in the later years of al-Afdal's term, including the construction of an astronomical observatory in 1119. Al-Afdal's was assassinated in 1121, an act blamed on the 2955:, and Sidon falling to them between 1109 and 1110. The Fatimids retained Tyre, Ascalon, and Gaza with the help of their fleet. After 1107, a new rising star rose through the ranks of the regime in the form of Muḥammad ʿAlī bin Fatik, better known as 1825:, into Egypt, seemingly without opposition. The Qarmatis spent time occupying the Nile Delta region, which gave Jawhar time to organize a defense of Fustat and Cairo. The Qarmati advance was halted just north of the city and eventually routed. A 3604:

Religious diversity notwithstanding, the spread of Arabic as the main language of the population had already progressed rapidly before the Fatimid period. In parts of Egypt, Copts and possibly also some Muslim communities were still speaking

3561:

Jewish communities existed across the territories under Fatimid control and also enjoyed a degree of self-governance. Although a smaller minority compared to Christians and Muslims, their history is relatively well-documented thanks to the

9446:... it was at this time that an indigenous Arabic culture was developed in Egypt, and Arab Egypt, so to speak, came of age to the extent that it was able to rival older centres like Baghdad as a seat of learning and intellectual activity. 3665:

and, later, black Africans (even later, other groups such as Armenians were also used). The army units were generally separated along ethnic lines: the Berbers were usually the light cavalry and foot skirmishers, while the Turks were the

2430:

Al-Hakim greatly expanded the recruitment of Black Africans into the army, who subsequently became another powerful faction to balance against the Kutama, Turks, and Daylamis. In 1005, during his early reign, a dangerous uprising led by

2066:(upper Nile valley) were also recruited afterward. In the short term the Kutama warriors remained the most important troops of the Caliph, but resentment and rivalry eventually grew between the different ethnic components of the army. 2503:("sessions of wisdom") which had taken place regularly inside the palace. In 1021, while wandering the desert outside Cairo on one of his nightly excursions, he disappeared. He was purportedly murdered, but his body was never found. 1718:

as well. Nevertheless, by the time of al-Mahdi's death in 934, the Fatimid Caliphate "had become a great power in the Mediterranean". The reign of the second Fatimid imam-caliph, al-Qa'im, was dominated by the Kharijite rebellion of

1821:

attack him. Ja'far chose to confront them in the desert in August 971, but his army was surrounded and defeated and Ja'far himself was killed. A month later the Qarmati imam Hasan al-A'ṣam led the army, with new reinforcements from

1807:

Control of Egypt was secured with relative ease and soon afterward, in 970, Jawhar sent a force to invade Syria and remove the remaining Ikhshidids who had fled there from Egypt. This Fatimid force was led by a Kutama general named

1427:), expecting an attack from the north. However, Abu Abdallah's forces had been unable to capture the northerly city of Constantine and therefore they instead attacked along the southern road from Baghaya in early 908 and captured 3313:, a term which implied both certain restrictions and certain liberties, though the practical circumstances of this status varied from context to context. As elsewhere in the historic Muslim world, they were required to pay the 2779:

Badr made major reforms to the state, updating and simplifying the administration of Egypt. As he was of Armenian background, his term also saw a large influx of Armenian immigrants, both Christian and Muslim, into Egypt. The

3596:'s own loss of influence and to the Jewish community's engagement with the centralizing politics that Badr al-Jamali pursued around this time (which had already resulted in the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate to Fustat). 3334:

There were exceptions to this general attitude of tolerance, however, most notably by Al-Hakim, though this has been highly debated, with Al-Hakim's reputation among medieval Muslim historians conflated with his role in the

1993:

tribes in Syria and invaded Palestine in the spring of 977. Jawhar, once again called into action, repelled their invasion and besieged Damascus. However he suffered a rout during the winter and was forced to hold out in

4037:

with full authority over Tayyibi religious matters. Tayyibi Isma'ili missionaries (in about 1067 AD (460 AH)) spread their religion to India, leading to the development of various Isma'ili communities, most notably the

2709:. Badr led his troops into Egypt, entered Cairo in January 1074, and successfully suppressed the different groups of the rebelling armies. As a result, Badr was made vizier, becoming one of the first military viziers ( 1675:, captured Fez from the Idrisids again, but in 932 defected to the Umayyads, taking the western Maghreb with him. The Umayyads gained the upper hand again in northern Morocco during the 950s, until the Fatimid general 2638:

as the new sharif and custodian of the holy sites under the suzerainty of the Fatimids. He returned to San'a where he established his family as rulers on behalf of the Fatimid caliphs. His brother founded the city of

2070:

military campaign was prepared to impose Fatimid control over all of Syria. Along the way, Munir was arrested in Damascus and sent back to Cairo. Circumstances were favourable to the Fatimids as the Byzantine emperor

3688:. This ethnic-based army system, along with the partial slave status of many of the imported ethnic fighters, would remain fundamentally unchanged in Egypt for many centuries after the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate. 1907:

trade allowed Fatimids to import other items from various parts of the world. The Fatimids built upon some of the bureaucratic foundations laid by the Ikhshidids and the old Abbasid imperial order. The office of the

1772:, another regional dynasty whose formal allegiance was to the Abbasids. Al-Mu'izz had given Jawhar specific instructions to carry out after the conquest, and one of his first actions was to found a new capital named 11019:

The Fatimid caliphate at its height included Egypt, Syria, the Hejaz, the Yemen, North Africa, and Sicily, and commanded the allegiance of countless followers in the eastern lands still subject to the Abbasids of

1225:. Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim by proving their descent from Isma'il ibn Ja'far, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams differ, while 2918:

with gifts as well as Frankish ambassadors. It is uncertain whether an agreement was reached but it seems that the parties expected to reach a conclusion in Cairo. Al-Afdal took then advantage of the crusader

848:

took on greater importance. Political and ethnic factionalism within the army led to a civil war in the 1060s, which threatened the empire's survival. After a period of revival during the tenure of the vizier

3592:. This official in the Egyptian capital became recognized afterward as the head and representative of the Jewish community in its dealings with the Fatimid state. This shift was likely due to the Jerusalem 3448:, and Maliki schools were beginning to think of themselves collectively, to one extent or another, as Sunni, which undermined the universalism that the Shi'a Isma'ilis promoted. Some Shi'as, including some 3389:) through a hierarchical organization. The Imam-Caliph, as successor to the Prophet Muhammad, was both the political and religious leader. Below the Imam-Caliph, the top of this hierarchy was headed by the 12811:

Den Heijer, Johannes; Immerzeel, Mat; Boutros, Naglaa Hamdi D.; Makhoul, Manhal; Pilette, Perrine; Rooijakkers, Tineke (2018). "Christian Art and Culture". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

2935:

in which al-Afdal was defeated. Nevertheless, the initial negotiations were held against the Fatimids and Ibn al-Athir wrote that it was said that the Fatimids had invited the crusaders to invade Syria.

2552:

and forced Aleppo to recognize his suzerainty. His death in 1034 changed the situation again and in 1036 peace was restored. In 1038 Aleppo was directly annexed by the Fatimids state for the first time.

2587:

In the 1040s (possibly in 1041 or 1044), the Zirids declared their independence from the Fatimids and recognized the Sunni Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, which led the Fatimids to launch the devastating

825:. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of the empire and it developed a new and "indigenous Arabic culture". After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of 2088:

destroyed by a fire at al-Maqs, the port on the Nile near Fustat, further delaying the expedition. Finally, in August 996 al-Aziz died and the objective of Aleppo became secondary to other concerns.

1888:. Egypt flourished, and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network both in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean. Their trade and diplomatic ties, extending all the way to China under the 12700:

Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras III: Proceedings of the 6th, 7th and 8th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1997, 1998, and 1999

10417: 1380:

Aghlabid military expedition organized the next year (906) failed when the soldiers mutinied. Around the same time or soon after, Abu Abdallah's forces besieged and captured the fortified cities of

10104:

Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2017). "The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: An Introduction". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).

9320: 3766:

Cairo was established by the fourth Fatimid caliph, al-Mu'izz, in 359 AH/970 CE and remained the capital of the Fatimid caliphate for the duration of the dynasty. The city was officially named

3525:) during the patriarchate of Cyril II (1078–1092), due to the demands of Badr al-Jamali, who wished for the Coptic pope to stay close to the capital. The Church of the Virgin, now known as the 1403:, in response to the growing threat. He fortified Raqqada in 907. In early 907 another Aghlabid army marched eastwards again against Abu Abdallah, accompanied by Berber reinforcements from the 740:

imam. The Fatimids were acknowledged as the rightful imams by different Isma'ili communities as well as by denominations in many other Muslim lands and adjacent regions. Originating during the

13033:

Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

3401:

continued to be performed in secret as it had been before the caliphate's establishment, though the many missionaries maintained contact with the leadership in Ifriqiya or Egypt. Some of the

3588:

of Jerusalem with responsibilities as representative of the community. By 1100, however, a new position was established by Egyptian Jews in Fustat, known as the "Head of the Jews" or as the

15509: 13290:

Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001

8068: 1541:, the capital of the Fatimids' Abbasid rivals. The ambition to carry the revolution eastward had to be postponed after the failure of two successive invasions of Egypt, led by al-Qa'im, in 9700:

In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the caliphate was dissolved and the Fatimid dynasty was overthrown by

3287:

market. The remains of the early Fatimid caliphs in Ifriqiya were also transferred here when al-Mu'izz moved his capital to Cairo. However, the mausoleum was completely demolished by the

3513:

Within the Christian communities, and especially among Copts, there emerged a relatively affluent class of notables who served as scribes or administrators in the Fatimid regime. These

12645: 1928:. The office of the vizier became progressively more important over the years, as the vizier became the intermediary between the caliph and the large bureaucratic state that he ruled. 1853:

major cities along the way, the caliph arrived in Cairo on 10 June 973. Like other royal capitals before it, Cairo was constructed as an administrative and palatine city, housing the

1695:. Jawhar took Sijilmasa in September or October 958 and then, with the help of Ziri, his forces took Fez in November 959. He was unable, however, to dislodge the Umayyad garrisons in 12743:

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2018). "The Fatimid Dream of a New Capital: Dynastic Patronage and Its Imprint on the Architectural Setting". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

9433: 853:, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. In addition to internal difficulties, the caliphate was weakened by the encroachment of the 3862:

exist in both Egypt and present-day Tunisia, particularly in the former capitals of Mahdia (al-Mahdiyya) and Cairo (al-Qahira). At Mahdia, the most important surviving monument is

1022:, whom their followers considered as the true representatives of God on earth. At the same time, there was a widespread messianic tradition in Islam concerning the appearance of a 3517:

used their wealth to patronize, and in turn influence, their churches. The state also had influence on the church, as demonstrated by the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate from

2914:

of Jerusalem as well as stressing their friendly attitude towards Christians. The Fatimid embassy stayed for a month with the crusading forces before returning via the harbour of

1989:

refugee who had fled an unsuccessful rebellion in Baghdad with his own contingent of Turkish soldiers, became the protector of Damascus. He allied with the Qarmatis and with Arab

829:

towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews and Christians. However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.

3073:. The next year (1154), Nasr murdered al-Zafir, and Abbas, now vizier, declared his 5-year-old son 'Isa (al-Fa'iz) the new caliph. The women of the palace intervened, calling on 12060: 11530:. Since then the effort has gone into finding more plausible explanations in the political and religious circumstances in which al-Hakim took charge of the dynasty's fortunes." 3708:, but was forced by defeats on land and sea to evacuate the island completely. In 967, he made peace with the Fatimids and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, 18934: 6397: 9064:

The mostly hostile Sunni sources call him with the diminutive "Ubayd Allah", probably intended to be pejorative; and his dynasty is hence often called the "Ubaydid" dynasty (

2104:

that reestablished his authority in the region temporarily, until a final decisive Umayyad intervention in 984–985 put an end to further efforts. In 978 the caliph also gave

1998:

against Aftakin. When his Kutama soldiers mutinied in April 978, Caliph al-Aziz himself led an army to relieve him. Instead of returning to Damascus, Aftakin and his Turkish

17967: 15783: 3972:

and Al-Musta'li both claimed the right to rule, leading to a split into the Nizari and Musta'li factions respectively. Nizar's successors eventually came to be known as the

1812:. This invasion was successful at first and many cities, including Damascus, were occupied that same year. Ja'far's next step was to attack the Byzantines, who had captured 1903:. The Fatimid focus on agriculture further increased their riches and allowed the dynasty and the Egyptians to flourish. The use of cash crops and the propagation of the 1654:, which they subjugated on both occasions. Fez and Sijilmasa were also captured in 921. These two expeditions were led by Masala ibn Habus, who had been made governor of 2983:

similar to al-Adal and Badr al-Jamali. Kutayfāt attempted to depose the Fatimid dynasty by imprisoning Abd al-Majid and by declaring himself to be the representative of

1061:

as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. Most of his followers followed al-Sadiq's son

14375:

The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 1: The Years 491–541/1097–1146: The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response

17962: 17957: 9238: 474: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 376: 351: 337: 323: 309: 2736:'commander of the armies') who would dominate late Fatimid politics. In 1078 al-Mustansir formally abdicated responsibility for all state affairs to him. His 1238:. The large-scale Abbasid reaction it precipitated and the attention it brought on him, forced Abdallah to abandon Salamiya for Palestine, Egypt, and finally for the 13714: 13675: 12995: 12953: 11061: 11006: 960:

movement "which was at the same time political and religious, philosophical and social," and which originally proclaimed nothing less than the arrival of an Islamic

2740:

rule initiated a temporary and limited revival of the Fatimid state, although it was now faced with serious challenges. Badr reestablished Fatimid authority in the

17240: 10459: 2927:

in April 1099 where an impasse was reached in regard to the question of ownership over Jerusalem. Following this, the crusaders crossed into Fatimid territory and

17122: 21901: 16490: 14872: 12721: 7715: 1075:. This branch is hence known as the "Twelvers". Others followed other sons, or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as the 3855:

workshop. A vast collection of different luxury objects once existed within the caliph's palaces, but few examples of them have survived to the present day.

2591:

invasions of North Africa. Fatimid suzerainty over Sicily also faded as the Muslim polity there fragmented and external attacks increased. By 1060, when the

1353:

evacuated Tazrut (which was largely unfortified) and fled to Ikjan, leaving Mila to be retaken. Ikjan became the new center of the Fatimid movement and the

10401: 17107: 15672: 7780: 2923:

to reconquer Jerusalem in August 1098, possibly to be in a better position in the negotiations with the crusaders. The next time both parties met was at

12534: 11786: 11442: 9314: 21906: 14717: 9216: 6390: 11088: 3124:(known in the West as Saladin). Salah ad-Din was openly pro-Sunni and suppressed the Shi'a call to prayer, ended the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures (the 19975: 18489: 15776: 19383: 17206: 10260: 3691:

The Fatimids focused their military on the defence of the empire as threats presented, which they were able to repel. In the mid-10th century, the

2830:'the Mosque of the Armies'), was commissioned by Badr and completed in 1085 under the patronage of the caliph. The mosque, identified as a 13116: 12616: 3537:), both churches were residences of the Coptic pope and served as venues for the consecrations of new popes and other important religious events. 2860:

system also ate into Fatimid central authority, as more and more the military officers at the further ends of the empire became semi-independent.

1455:

and taking control of the region. The Aghlabids responded by besieging Baghaya soon afterward in the same winter, but they were quickly repelled.

1431:(present-day Haïdra). An indecisive battle subsequently occurred between the Aghalabid and Kutama armies near Dar Madyan (probably a site between 17736: 10759: 8908: 7962: 7855: 2663:. The depredations in the Nile Delta may have also been a turning point that accelerated the long-term decline of the Coptic community in Egypt. 13287:

Brett, Michael (2005). "Population and Conversion to Islam in Egypt in the Mediaeval Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. Van (eds.).

21871: 19980: 20670: 12170: 2943:

as a new regional rival and although many crusaders returned to Europe, having fulfilled their vows, the remaining forces, often aided by the

2022:, Bajkūr, who appointed governor of Damascus at this time. That same year he tried and failed to take Aleppo, but he was soon able to conquer 18358: 12639: 7996: 6383: 1569:

describes the early Fatimid state as being, in essence, "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib".

14836: 8443: 3649:

tribesmen brought along on the march to Egypt, and they remained an important part of the military even after Ifriqiya began to break away.

21861: 20029: 15769: 15284: 8554: 8103: 8062: 8001: 2898:, an embassy to al-Afdal. In return the Fatimids dispatched an embassy to the crusading forces which arrived in February 1098 during their 2856:

As the military viziers effectively became heads of state, the Caliph himself was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The reliance on the

2135: 1595:

In 912, al-Mahdi began looking for the site of a new capital along the Mediterranean shore. Construction of the new fortified palace city,

1494:

Sijilmasa, whence he led Abdallah in triumph to Raqqada, which he entered on 15 January 910. There Abdallah publicly proclaimed himself as

1118:, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" ( 9112: 3319:

tax. Scholars generally agree that, on the whole, Fatimid rule was highly tolerant and inclusive towards different religious communities.

1796:, "The Subduer", rising in the sky at the time when the construction of the city started. The city was located several miles northeast of 1110:

Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (

17137: 15271: 15267: 13534:

Bloom, Jonathan M. "Fāṭimid art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7918: 7845: 3116:, to seize Egypt and reinstall Shawar as vizier. The accomplished this task in the summer of 1164, when Dirgham was defeated and killed. 14077: 9712:

and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.

9394: 9286: 17984: 17952: 15276: 9022: 3132:. He finally and officially deposed al-Adid, the last Fatimid caliph, in September 1171. This ended the Fatimid dynasty and began the 19368: 18813: 18341: 17823: 17211: 17127: 8453: 3534: 3085:, a sister of al-Zafir. Tala'i's son, Ruzzīk ibn Ṭalā'i', held the office of vizier until 1163, when he was overthrown and killed by 2756:

who had conquered much of the Middle East and had become the guardians of the Abbasid Caliphs as well as independent Turkmen groups.

13450: 3044:

Al-Hafiz was the last Fatimid caliph to rule directly and the last one to ascend to the throne as an adult. The last three caliphs,

1646:, which had been briefly captured by Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in 909, had to be retaken by the Fatimid general Masala ibn Habus of the 1384:

and Bilizma. The capture of Tubna was significant as it was the first major commercial center to come under Abu Abdallah's control.

18825: 18216: 17228: 15539: 10493:

Metcalfe, Alex. "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

6999: 6436: 2388: 1234:", while other communities remained loyal to Salamiya. Shortly after, in 902–903, pro-Fatimid loyalists began a great uprising in 18260: 17994: 17191: 17112: 14853: 14847: 13764:

The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE

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and then accepted as the Imam of the movement, becoming the first Caliph and founder of the dynasty in 909. In 921, the city of

21831: 19953: 19675: 19249: 19151: 17537: 17132: 16022: 14710: 12044: 7875: 7109: 3530: 2598:

began his conquest of the island (completed in 1091), the Kalbid dynasty, along with any Fatimid authority, were already gone.

1936: 1916:), which existed under the Ikhshidids, was soon revived under the Fatimids. The first to be appointed to this position was the 14859: 1561:, so that the real power base of Fatimids in Ifriqiya was quite narrow, resting on the Kutama soldiery, later extended by the 21876: 21623: 21005: 20246: 19062: 17142: 17099: 15717: 15544: 14362: 14307: 14097: 14067: 13967: 13945: 13918: 13894: 13791: 13628: 13460: 13298: 13061:

By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

12989: 12947: 12698:

Lev, Y. 2001. "Aspects of the Egyptian Society in the Fatimid Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain & J. van Steenbergen (eds.).

12054: 11597: 11212: 11055: 11000: 10909: 10453: 10115: 9492: 9467: 9427: 9356: 9280: 6838: 6538: 3950: 3584:

of Jerusalem, who appointed judges and other Jewish community officials across the region. The Fatimids formally charged the

2448: 2101: 2018:

Bultakīn finally succeeded in occupying the city for the Fatimids in 983, demonstrating the value of this new force. Another

1650:

tribe. The first Fatimid expeditions to what is now northern Morocco occurred in 917 and 921 and were primarily aimed at the

13265: 12573: 10668:"Sabra Al-Mansuriyya And Her Neighbors During The First Half Of The Eleventh Century: Investigations Into Stucco Decoration" 9687: 9362: 9242: 8223: 3902:, near Khan el-Khalili. Parts of the city walls constructed by Badr al-Jamali—most notably three of its gates—also survive. 21851: 21841: 19410: 19395: 18886: 18540: 18484: 18440: 18253: 17927: 17917: 17877: 15792: 15534: 15391: 12597:"The symbolism of the Arab flag in modern Arab states: between commonality and uniqueness*: The Symbolism of the Arab Flag" 8433: 6461: 21529: 18734: 15910: 12202: 21826: 18545: 18285: 18171: 14559: 8678: 7850: 7773: 7294: 3283:("the Saffron Tomb"), located at the southern end of the eastern Fatimid palace in Cairo on the site now occupied by the 1530:, which was suppressed. At the same time, al-Mahdi repudiated the millenarian hopes of his followers and curtailed their 620: 14293: 14244: 14195: 13880: 13824: 10593:

Eustache, D. (2012). "Idrīsids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

8473: 21891: 21846: 21675: 20675: 20007: 19854: 19187: 18998: 18929: 18808: 18430: 18307: 17974: 17855: 17782: 17770: 17731: 15752: 15504: 14920: 14896: 14841: 14490: 14383: 14329: 13772: 13378: 13259: 13092: 13054: 13026: 12853: 12821: 12567: 12528: 12102: 11951: 11780: 11436: 10961: 10411: 9681: 9210: 9168: 8945: 8898: 8698: 8658: 7957: 7907: 6925: 3485:(partly visible behind the screen here) dating from the late 12th or 13th century, before the church's later renovation 2789: 1439:), with neither side gaining the upper hand. During the winter of 908–909 Abu Abdallah campaigned in the region around 2931:

in July 1099 while al-Afdal was leading a relief army trying to reach the city. The two forces finally clashed in the

2524:. She served as his regent until her death in 1023, at which point an alliance of courtiers and officials ruled, with 1864:

Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the centre of an empire that included at its peak parts of North Africa, Sicily, the

21881: 21821: 20319: 18533: 18062: 16994: 16948: 16608: 16602: 14892: 14703: 14544: 14502: 14469: 14446: 14423: 14107: 13099:

With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the

11202: 10899: 10805: 9765: 3529:, became the new seat of the Patriarchate, along with an alternative church compound built on the upper floor of the 2635: 2516:

After al-Hakim's death his two designated heirs were killed, putting an end to his succession scheme, and his sister

1642:

and were hostile to the Fatimids' pretensions—in an effort to establish domination over the western Maghreb. In 911,

13248:

Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.).

12713: 21866: 20022: 19420: 19269: 19259: 18666: 18329: 18052: 16865: 16721: 16198: 16094: 8547: 8273: 8096: 7567: 7374: 7342: 6898: 5067: 3890:, was named in honour of Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad from whom the Fatimids claimed descent), who was called 3629: 886: 3510:, were also present in Fustat and Alexandria, moving goods between Egypt and the rest of the Mediterranean world. 3405:

s (missionaries) abroad sometimes came to Cairo and became important figures in the state, as with the example of

2119:(central Algeria) to the former Fatimid capital al-Mansuriyya, cementing the status of the Zirids as more or less 21806: 21301: 20272: 19987: 19756: 19688: 19628: 19405: 19025: 18993: 18746: 18472: 17882: 17602: 17359: 17165: 9143: 8611: 8238: 8015: 7981: 7512: 5349: 3355:

faced a mass persecution, which included large massacres against the Druze in Antioch, Aleppo, and other cities.

3014:, a Christian Armenian, to the office of vizier. Opposition from Muslim troops forced him to leave in 1137, when 2185: 20463: 10876: 8463: 7923: 4732: 1150:, with Abdallah al-Akbar being succeeded by his son and grandson as the secret "grand masters" of the movement. 21896: 20085: 19922: 19817: 19239: 18594: 18388: 18351: 17424: 16972: 16870: 15529: 14773: 13989: 13751: 13708: 13669: 11089:"The Nile: Its Role in the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Fatimid Dynasty During its Rule of Egypt (969–1171)" 9015: 8055: 7976: 7155: 6843: 6029: 4557: 3801: 3206: 2521: 1524:. The elimination of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and his brother led to an uprising among the Kutama, led by a child- 1006:

caliphates, whom they considered usurpers. Instead, they believed in the exclusive right of the descendants of

913: 65: 21739: 19849: 19415: 19390: 19312: 19207: 18881: 18676: 18082: 17607: 17590: 16782: 16541: 16218: 15686: 15514: 15064: 14938: 14909: 12518: 11770: 11426: 10952:

Daftary, Farhad (2018). "The Fatimid Caliphs: Rise and Fall". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

8638: 7378: 7019: 6873: 6803: 2903: 2536:

to take the city in 1024 or 1025 and to begin imposing their control on the rest of Syria. Al-Jarjarā'ī sent

2525: 1684: 1371: 756:

the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included—in addition to Egypt—varying areas of the

18793: 9200: 5594: 3227:(1101–1130). The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali/Taiyabi Ismailis. 21734: 21618: 19400: 18857: 18661: 18629: 18445: 18077: 17947: 17870: 17344: 17321: 16931: 16787: 16777: 16683: 16336: 15499: 14831: 14748: 11119: 8708: 8196: 8025: 7130: 6823: 4854: 4167: 4027:

and then Yahya ibn Lamak worked for the cause of the Fatimids. After At-Tayyib's disappearance, Arwa named

3172: 2424: 2423:), which was unprecedented, and in 1009, for reasons that remain unclear, he ordered the demolition of the 1581: 1509: 13371:

Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt: The Origins of the Office of the Head of the Jews, ca. 1065–1126

7824: 2979:

rule by the caliph's viziers. Al-Amir himself was assassinated in 1130, probably by the Nizari Assassins.

2435:

was successfully put down but had come within striking distance of Cairo. In 1012 the leaders of the Arab

1948:. Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, inv. no. 13703. Attribution to the Fatimid period is sometimes questioned. 21856: 21744: 20781: 20080: 19917: 19709: 19704: 19322: 19108: 19020: 18862: 18604: 18494: 18317: 18112: 17979: 17922: 17818: 17693: 17446: 17311: 17117: 16885: 16678: 16055: 15489: 15381: 15114: 15049: 14998: 14317: 13849:(2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 187–91. 9755: 8975: 8540: 8330: 8121: 8089: 8049: 7312: 6798: 6610: 6466: 4089: 2956: 2785: 2411:

al-Hakim's way of trying to impose discipline in an institution rife with corruption. He also opened the

1196: 1168: 892:. The dynasty legitimized its claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter and her husband 10252: 5524: 3808:

Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century. Archaeological digs have found many kilns and ceramic fragments in

3574:. Traditionally, up until the late 11th century, the most powerful head of the Jewish community was the 2403:

After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as

21816: 21801: 19970: 19807: 19668: 19478: 19378: 19144: 19015: 18820: 18717: 18700: 18683: 18624: 18450: 18405: 18336: 18275: 18248: 17892: 17751: 17530: 17196: 17079: 16596: 16015: 15691: 15667: 15524: 15289: 15029: 13127: 12844:

Sanders, Paula (2018). "Jewish Books in Fatimid Egypt". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

12596: 7768: 7205: 7174: 6828: 6561: 3988: 3956: 3879: 2944: 964:. The origins of that movement and of the dynasty itself, are obscure prior to the late ninth century. 14405:

The History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

10769: 7814: 21836: 21702: 20850: 20414: 20226: 20104: 19912: 19839: 19729: 19302: 18981: 18924: 18891: 18656: 18566: 18528: 18523: 18511: 18410: 18102: 18072: 18057: 17809: 17289: 17276: 16977: 16806: 16502: 16224: 16187: 15707: 15679: 15447: 15079: 14954: 14878: 14803: 14758: 14743: 14280: 14227: 13867: 12760:

Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle

9008: 8572: 8424: 7140: 7101: 6903: 6643: 6622: 6606: 4323: 3883: 3344: 3242: 3184: 3049: 3025: 2928: 2781: 2656: 1765: 1680: 1607: 1549:. In addition, the Fatimid regime was as yet unstable. The local population were mostly adherents of 1292:

Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i first settled among the Banu Saktan tribe (part of the larger Kutama tribe) in

818: 814: 244: 13563: 10522: 3816:

The Fatimids were known for their exquisite arts. The Fatimid period is important in the history of

3812:, and it was likely an important production location for Islamic ceramics during the Fatimid period. 2541: 21660: 21635: 21485: 21144: 21139: 20236: 19812: 19768: 19577: 19501: 19057: 19037: 18845: 18671: 18467: 18455: 18292: 18270: 17937: 17887: 17828: 17787: 17663: 17658: 17624: 17585: 17441: 17160: 16984: 16757: 16237: 15494: 15236: 12166: 9044: 8781: 8629: 8160: 7183: 7125: 7091: 6994: 6273: 4945: 3992: 3920: 3166: 3057: 2920: 1801: 1248: 1216: 1058: 1015: 976: 897: 794: 782: 192: 1471: 1251:

had made great headway in converting the Kutama Berbers to the Isma'ili cause. Unable to join his

21727: 21608: 21149: 21102: 21045: 20744: 20688: 20436: 20017: 19997: 19902: 19892: 19790: 19473: 19307: 19264: 18966: 18589: 18324: 18176: 18149: 18134: 18129: 17865: 17765: 17299: 16110: 15610: 15549: 14735: 14059:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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Yarbrough, Luke (2019). "Medieval Sunni historians on Fatimid policy and non-Muslim influence".

12816:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 190–217. 7496: 3435:. The Maliki school had become predominant here during the eighth century at the expense of the 1714:

All this warfare in the Maghreb and Sicily necessitated the maintenance of a strong army, and a

1635: 558: 21749: 21650: 21645: 21333: 21281: 21201: 21134: 21038: 21023: 20916: 20683: 20637: 20478: 20365: 19746: 19234: 19182: 19118: 19047: 18976: 18798: 18766: 18460: 18398: 18393: 18107: 17572: 17456: 17385: 17354: 17284: 16208: 16203: 16121: 15868: 15252: 15124: 15069: 14949: 14886: 14788: 14089: 13479:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 13427:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 13409:, 2nd ed., edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 12848:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 218–29. 9092: 8227: 7991: 7865: 7792: 7165: 6756: 6548: 6533: 6124: 6069: 5062: 3926: 3270:, wife of the seventh caliph Ali al-Zahir and mother of the eighth caliph al-Mustansir bi-llāh. 3224: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2719: 2623: 2577: 2416: 1341: 869:, which incorporated Egypt back into the nominal sphere of authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. 686: 14457: 14434: 14182: 14032:

Hofer, Nathan (2017). "Sufism in Fatimid Egypt and The Problem of Historiographical Inertia".

13698: 13659: 13618: 13251:

The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque

12979: 12937: 11045: 10990: 3322:

Unlike western European governments of the era, advancement in Fatimid state offices was more

3108:, who was now in control of Damascus and a large part of Syria, and of the King of Jerusalem, 2014:. Following another failed attempt by a Kutama general, Salman, to take Damascus, the Turkish 1885: 775:

Between 902 and 909, the foundation of the Fatimid state was realized under the leadership of

21680: 21640: 21453: 21328: 20392: 20382: 20341: 20312: 20184: 20169: 20126: 20116: 20055: 19960: 19948: 19834: 19800: 19778: 19751: 19661: 19595: 19542: 19506: 19468: 19430: 19337: 19137: 19052: 18944: 18914: 18803: 18783: 18729: 18641: 18280: 18238: 18233: 18211: 18019: 18009: 17794: 17673: 17641: 17523: 17402: 17380: 16131: 16008: 15964: 15657: 15452: 15309: 15119: 14990: 14943: 14925: 14768: 14352: 12922:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

12747:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 44–67. 9417: 9388: 9270: 7722: 7413: 7150: 7054: 6630: 6114: 6084: 4479: 3895: 3658: 3469: 3196: 3004: 3000: 2652: 2549: 2537: 2487: 2404: 1854: 1837:, was retaken by the Fatimids in May 972, but otherwise the progress in Syria had been lost. 1572: 837: 21568: 13741: 10443: 3778:), which can be translated as the "Victorious City of al-Mu'izz", known afterward simply as 3720: 3712:, who had proclaimed himself Roman Emperor and had attacked Byzantine possessions in Italy. 3306:

smaller minority. As in other Islamic societies of the time, non-Muslims were classified as

1124:). It is this role that the ancestors of the Fatimids are first documented. The first known 21773: 21603: 21573: 21448: 21379: 21350: 21269: 20603: 20441: 20431: 20136: 20070: 19992: 19822: 19795: 19496: 19463: 19435: 19281: 19212: 19202: 18919: 18869: 18739: 17843: 17833: 17059: 16966: 16911: 15976: 15712: 15597: 15519: 15457: 15435: 15134: 15129: 15109: 15044: 15008: 14986: 14958: 14679: 8688: 8648: 7840: 7531: 7202: 6979: 6813: 6776: 6706: 6696: 6518: 6258: 6139: 4727: 3969: 3932: 3859: 3821: 3796: 3696: 3340: 3109: 3100:. The internal disorder of the Caliphate attracted the attention and meddling of the Sunni 3074: 3061: 3029: 3015: 2996: 2960: 2940: 1921: 1822: 1809: 1480: 1376: 21553: 11582:

L'Eurasie autour de l'an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d'un monde en développement

10956:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. p. 27. 1749: 1036:("He Who Arises"), who would restore true Islamic government and justice and usher in the 8: 21811: 21465: 21345: 21311: 21213: 21033: 21028: 20840: 20559: 20495: 20370: 20355: 20231: 20131: 20002: 19425: 19197: 19030: 19010: 18830: 18778: 18773: 18712: 18614: 18297: 18228: 18223: 17942: 17646: 17294: 17170: 17064: 16880: 16319: 16116: 15727: 15647: 15199: 15089: 14778: 14081: 13853: 13504:

Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1990). "Petrography of Islamic pottery from Fustat".

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Islamic History of the Middle East: Backgrounds, Development, and Fall of the Arab Empire

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The Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa

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Badr al-Jamali died in 1094 (along with Caliph al-Mustansir that same year) and his son

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The new regime regarded its presence in Ifriqiya as only temporary: the real target was

21886: 21578: 21558: 21541: 21492: 21357: 21166: 21117: 21050: 20968: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20855: 20825: 20717: 20615: 20483: 20458: 20216: 20141: 20121: 20090: 20012: 19965: 19880: 19829: 19547: 19516: 19373: 19332: 19317: 19290: 18840: 18751: 18651: 18518: 18346: 18312: 18265: 18243: 18139: 18041: 17912: 17799: 17746: 17461: 17375: 17306: 17216: 17152: 16960: 16936: 16613: 16591: 16551: 16393: 16296: 16247: 16213: 16104: 15808: 15732: 15622: 15440: 15208: 15194: 15099: 14135: 14127: 13786:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 13551: 13509: 13348: 12905: 12015: 12007: 10764: 10689: 10510: 9416:

Julia Ashtiany; T.M. Johnstone; J.D. Latham; R.B. Serjeant; G. Rex Smith, eds. (1990).

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in 958 and spent two years subjugating most of northern Morocco. He was accompanied by

1160: 1054: 806: 606: 525: 467: 231: 94: 16459: 15761: 14271: 14222: 14173: 13858: 13806: 5644: 2471:. After a year or two, however, Fatāk made himself effectively independent in Aleppo. 1634:

For a large part of the tenth century the Fatimids also engaged in a rivalry with the

1404: 21687: 21583: 21519: 21514: 21443: 21340: 21055: 20983: 20978: 20820: 20749: 20727: 20722: 20522: 20473: 20151: 20075: 19936: 19785: 19763: 19590: 19582: 19562: 19356: 19342: 19217: 19094: 18988: 18788: 18695: 18646: 18599: 18584: 18499: 18415: 18302: 18200: 18181: 18014: 17683: 17614: 17597: 17580: 17436: 17431: 17336: 17326: 17316: 16989: 16875: 16827: 16670: 16581: 16284: 16274: 16259: 16254: 16087: 15850: 15820: 15814: 15572: 15256: 15228: 14626: 14519: 14486: 14465: 14442: 14419: 14379: 14358: 14325: 14303: 14254: 14205: 14156: 14139: 14093: 14063: 14020: 14012: 14003: 13985: 13963: 13941: 13914: 13890: 13834: 13787: 13768: 13747: 13704: 13665: 13624: 13539: 13456: 13374: 13352: 13294: 13255: 13088: 13050: 13022: 12985: 12943: 12909: 12871:

Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue

12849: 12817: 12612: 12563: 12524: 12098: 12050: 12019: 11947: 11776: 11593: 11577: 11432: 11251: 11208: 11169: 11111: 11051: 10996: 10957: 10905: 10801: 10498: 10449: 10407: 10111: 9761: 9677: 9488: 9463: 9423: 9352: 9276: 9206: 9104: 8830: 8810: 8800: 8743: 8602: 8359: 8349: 8292: 8282: 7746: 7663: 7655: 7575: 7504: 7386: 7231: 7221: 7081: 7030: 6984: 6771: 6164: 6009: 5614: 5244: 5234: 5119: 4033: 3348: 3070: 3037: 2984: 2932: 2832: 2660: 2595: 2305: 2243: 2097: 1769: 1603: 1066: 990:, who converted to the Fatimid cause early and made up its original military forces. 741: 717: 568: 540: 535: 530: 411: 383: 356: 342: 314: 218: 18850: 9415: 3441: 3069:

was allegedly brought from Ascalon to Cairo, where it was housed in what is now the

2752:

were able to hold on in Yemen. Syria, however, saw the advance of the Sunni-aligned

2108:

to Buluggin to govern, though Zirid authority there was later replaced by the local

1171:

of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam. Missionaries (

21536: 21323: 21318: 21274: 21261: 21191: 21159: 21154: 21018: 21013: 20995: 20956: 20889: 20872: 20813: 20803: 20798: 20739: 20695: 20665: 20625: 20608: 20591: 20554: 20305: 20265: 20211: 20174: 20161: 20043: 19907: 19897: 19719: 19696: 19621: 19530: 19511: 19451: 19244: 19169: 18949: 18906: 18876: 18724: 18506: 18435: 18377: 18092: 18087: 18067: 17989: 17804: 17705: 17636: 17619: 17560: 17466: 17451: 17201: 16906: 16628: 16566: 16556: 16546: 16531: 16279: 16182: 16154: 16042: 15880: 15862: 15832: 15294: 15224: 15214: 15184: 15104: 15003: 14971: 14914: 14753: 14591: 14507: 14266: 14217: 14168: 14119: 14041: 13340: 12897: 12608: 11999: 11585: 11241: 11181: 11103: 10679: 9152: 9038: 8965: 8860: 8581: 8186: 7944: 7687: 7599: 7541: 7438: 7249: 7014: 6761: 6506: 6318: 6314: 6303: 6284: 5949: 5929: 5909: 5829: 5624: 5504: 5429: 5419: 5369: 5299: 5199: 5149: 4055: 3886:. Al-Azhar Mosque, which was also a center of learning and teaching known today as 3837:

inscriptions. Among the best-known art forms that flourished are a type of ceramic

3700: 3692: 3567: 3393:

or "supreme missionary". Newcomers to the doctrine were initiated by attending the

3288: 3105: 3021: 3011: 2948: 2907: 2899: 2890:

During al-Afdal's tenure (1094–1121) the Fatimids faced a new external threat: the

2749: 2533: 2460: 2365: 2079: 2039: 1953: 1900: 1676: 1651: 1611: 1485: 939:), after the diminutive form Ubayd Allah for the name of the first Fatimid caliph. 705: 644: 573: 439: 328: 258: 122: 18761: 14008: 13344: 12901: 12869:

Fierro, Maribel (2015). "Dhimmīs in Fatimid Egypt: A View from the Islamic West".

10403:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

7870: 3327:

the flow of money from non-Muslims in order to finance the Caliphs' large army of

2686: 2115:

In 988 Buluggin's son and successor al-Mansur moved the Zirid dynasty's base from

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succeeded him in power as vizier. After al-Mustansir, the Caliphate passed on to

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in Yemen built a fortress and recruited tribes with which he was able to capture

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Map of Abu Abdallah's campaigns and battles during the overthrow of the Aghlabids

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forces paved the way for the establishment of the Caliphate. After the conquest,

701: 677: 397: 127: 43: 17: 21176: 13847:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

510: 16:"Fatimids" redirects here. For the ruling dynasty of the Fatimid Caliphate, see 21697: 21692: 21655: 21630: 21613: 21524: 21509: 21480: 21438: 21286: 21246: 21241: 21196: 21122: 21082: 21072: 21062: 20877: 20756: 20650: 20517: 20399: 20281: 20241: 20221: 20146: 19861: 19724: 19637: 19602: 19572: 19567: 19088: 19042: 18896: 18835: 18619: 18420: 17932: 17860: 17719: 17653: 17504: 17221: 17074: 16916: 16618: 15970: 15958: 15946: 15898: 15662: 15084: 14783: 14763: 14572: 14511: 14288: 14276: 14239: 14235: 14190: 14186: 13904: 13875: 13863: 13819: 13815: 12193: 9709: 9393:. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Department of the Army. p. 15. 9138: 9134: 8763: 8733: 8530: 8369: 8213: 7802: 7759: 7679: 7480: 7459: 7357: 7169: 7145: 7071: 6960: 6945: 6868: 6651: 6329: 6239: 6183: 5959: 5849: 5779: 5479: 4748: 4401: 4051: 4003:) claimed Al-Amir died without an heir. The supporters of At-Tayyib became the 3826: 3681: 3662: 3654: 3526: 3499: 3474: 3218: 3190: 3066: 3033: 2868: 2812: 2757: 2702: 2694: 2675: 2607: 2483: 2205: 2163: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1925: 1829:

relief force arriving by sea secured the expulsion of the Qarmatis from Egypt.

1688: 1531: 1448: 1363: 1348:, Abu Abdallah struck the first significant blow against Aghlabid authority in 1332: 1235: 987: 854: 850: 833: 752:). They extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast and ultimately made 151: 14123: 11246: 11229: 11186: 10684: 10667: 6481: 3545: 3010:

In 1135 al-Hafiz was pressured by the Fatimid Armenian troops into appointing

2050:

much as the Abbasids had done before them. They were soon joined by recruited

1736:(also known as Sabra al-Mansuriyya) and became the new seat of the caliphate. 844:

entrenched a regime in which the caliph remained aloof from state affairs and

821:, and in 973, the caliphate was moved to the newly founded Fatimid capital of 21795: 21778: 21665: 21460: 21433: 21406: 21384: 21362: 21129: 21112: 21097: 20941: 20894: 20882: 20808: 20700: 20574: 20569: 20544: 20426: 20206: 20189: 19557: 19327: 19222: 19177: 18971: 18959: 18954: 18634: 17724: 17407: 17234: 17084: 16623: 16586: 16561: 16398: 15940: 15928: 15916: 15892: 15479: 15428: 15400: 15396: 15366: 15319: 15180: 15174: 14966: 14609: 14523: 14284: 14258: 14231: 14209: 14178: 14160: 14024: 13871: 13838: 13811: 13801: 13543: 12975: 12559:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

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By 1072, in a desperate attempt to save Egypt, al-Mustansir recalled general

2584:

of Palestinian origin, took and kept the office of vizier from 1050 to 1058.

2491: 2474: 2456: 2327: 2002:

joined the Fatimid army and became a useful instrument in the Syrian effort.

1986: 1834: 1692: 1589: 1305: 1180: 1141: 1129: 1062: 972: 953: 425: 140: 21206: 21186: 14086:

Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East

10253:"Rock Crystal Ewer from the Keir Collection | DMA Content Management System" 9156: 5082: 2643:, while the city of Aden became an important hub of trade between Egypt and 1797: 1069:

who supposedly went into occultation in 874 and would one day return as the

1053:

These traditions manifested themselves in the succession of the sixth imam,

21670: 21411: 21401: 21367: 21296: 21291: 21218: 21008: 20990: 20951: 20946: 20926: 20921: 20793: 20786: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20660: 20598: 20579: 20564: 20500: 20286: 20199: 19844: 19736: 19642: 19483: 19098: 18688: 18097: 17756: 17494: 17419: 17069: 16921: 16799: 16515: 16364: 16349: 16063: 15722: 15642: 15637: 15352: 15335: 15059: 14695: 12777:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 211. 8998: 7831: 7270: 7009: 6883: 6656: 6528: 6491: 6213: 5684: 5439: 3875: 3623: 3563: 3554: 2972: 2841: 2706: 2690: 2671: 2592: 2517: 2345: 2336: 2316: 2263: 2196: 2109: 2105: 2084: 2059: 1889: 1744: 1715: 1416: 1349: 709: 596: 14537: 11589: 9139:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 7332: 6853: 1274:

Prior to the Fatimid rise to power, a large part of the Maghreb including

21389: 21374: 21223: 20936: 20845: 20835: 20761: 20409: 20404: 18117: 17848: 17838: 17631: 17046: 16536: 16444: 16344: 16231: 15652: 15615: 15593: 15567: 15484: 15314: 14045: 12758:

Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999).

8753: 7892: 7882: 7591: 7245: 7227: 7209: 6989: 6793: 6687: 6682: 6073: 5839: 5749: 5534: 5389: 5339: 4039: 3817: 3792: 3323: 3078: 2837: 2792:

from 1078 to 1092) to secure the allegiance of the Christian kingdoms of

2294: 1881: 1707:, and this marked the only time that the Fatimid army was present at the 1327: 1297: 1184: 1164: 802: 14147:

Lev, Yaacov (1995). "The Fatimids and Byzantium, tenth–12th Centuries".

14110:(1987). "Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094". 13513: 11170:"Talking Hats: What Documents and Textiles Can Tell Us about Each Other" 10693: 9386: 2614:

in 1048. In 1060 he began a campaign to conquer all of Yemen, capturing

1968:, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids. Meanwhile, the 700:

extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the

21416: 21233: 21107: 21067: 21000: 18166: 18124: 17349: 16431: 16388: 16359: 15988: 15982: 15418: 15304: 13955: 12981:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

11107: 9673: 9272:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century

9164: 7451: 6955: 6818: 6717: 6359: 5999: 5969: 5799: 5604: 5169: 3838: 3805: 3518: 3385:

of al-Hakim's reign. The Fatimid state promoted Isma'ili doctrine (the

3369: 2588: 2561: 2252: 2063: 2051: 2011: 1639: 1623: 1615: 1566: 1463:

296), Abu Abdallah himself entered Raqqada and took up residence here.

1231: 14131: 13455:. I.B. Tauris (in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies). 12011: 11987: 3096:

As vizier, Shawar came into conflict with his rival, the Arab general

2540:, a Turkish commander, with a force that defeated them in 1029 at the 1792:), meaning "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", referenced the planet 1518:

over-powerful, but he demanded proof that the new caliph was the true

1282:, an Arab dynasty who ruled nominally on behalf the Abbasids but were 805:

was established as the capital. In 948, they shifted their capital to

724:

in the east. The Fatimids trace their ancestry to the Islamic prophet

21306: 21077: 20961: 20931: 20712: 20586: 20377: 19714: 19005: 18477: 17054: 16485: 16427: 16374: 16242: 15856: 15838: 15242: 15204: 14933: 14866: 14665: 14649: 12046:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity

11937: 10870: 8592: 8302: 7647: 7615: 7433: 7399: 6742: 6456: 6344: 6299: 6269: 6194: 6179: 5584: 5554: 5399: 5159: 5099: 4059: 4016: 3987:

The Fatimid dynasty continued and flourished under Al-Musta'li until

3809: 3522: 3495: 3478: 3453: 2761: 2529: 2452: 2432: 2216: 2174: 2031: 2007: 1961: 1848:, 11th century CE (pre-1168 CE). Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, 12880. 1845: 1720: 1554: 1436: 1412: 1279: 1258: 1133: 1019: 798: 713: 697: 493: 453: 166: 13940:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 423–26. 11986:

ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, Solomon; Greenstone, Julius H. (January 1906).

10988: 9487:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. p. 338. 9091:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

2520:

arranged to have his 15-year-old son Ali installed on the throne as

1614:

starting in 827. The conquest was generally completed when the last

1428: 1387: 1014:, to lead the Muslim community. This manifested itself in a line of 20707: 20490: 20448: 20387: 17678: 17397: 16893: 16751: 16703: 16497: 16403: 16354: 16082: 15922: 15886: 15826: 15232: 15188: 15094: 15054: 14981: 14977: 14903: 14798: 14793: 14599: 12003: 9708:. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the 8820: 7631: 7623: 7546: 7536: 7179: 6888: 6766: 6727: 6128: 5899: 5859: 5809: 5769: 5674: 5329: 5279: 5179: 4932: 4837: 4754: 3996: 3974: 3449: 3236: 3230: 3045: 2992: 2801: 2679: 2071: 2027: 1982: 1940:

Image of two standing soldiers. 11th century, Fatimid period, from

1619: 1400: 1275: 1167:, as well as from dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the 1159:

spread widely, profiting from the collapse of Abbasid power in the

1137: 1113: 957: 889: 858: 810: 786: 745: 725: 143: 12520:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

11772:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

11428:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

10445:

Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean

9189:

Daftary, 1990, pp. 144–273, 615–59; Canard, "Fatimids", pp. 850–62

3425:

In Ifriqiya, the Sunni Muslims of the cities largely followed the

3215:(1036–1094). Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split. 1924:, who was elevated to this office in 979 by al-Mu'izz's successor 1301: 20620: 20549: 20505: 20360: 19653: 17412: 17008: 16696: 16576: 16454: 16449: 16436: 16420: 16413: 16408: 16140: 15796: 15345: 15170: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15039: 14808: 14462:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

14439:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

13595:. London: The Institute of Ismaili Studies and I.B. Tauris. 1997. 12916: 12810: 10601: 9824: 9701: 9202:

Ibn Khaldun: The Birth of History and the Past of the Third World

8493: 7443: 7349: 7218: 7026: 6940: 6920: 6746: 6712: 6568: 6501: 6486: 6288: 6198: 6168: 6103: 5939: 5919: 5879: 5789: 5724: 5514: 5129: 5025: 5015: 4950: 4004: 3680:). The black Africans, Syrians, and Arabs generally acted as the 3676: 3580: 3458: 3445: 3431: 3328: 3248: 3121: 3113: 3097: 3053: 2915: 2797: 2627: 2626:'s death in 1061 provided an excuse. Along the way he forced the 2601:

There was more success in the east, however. In 1047 the Fatimid

2420: 2225: 2152: 2075: 1995: 1990: 1973: 1899:), eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the 1873: 1869: 1826: 1813: 1704: 1667: 1647: 1562: 1558: 1538: 1432: 1396: 1318:('Friends of God'), and to initiate them into Isma'ili doctrine. 1239: 1204: 1174: 1011: 1003: 999: 983: 961: 882: 862: 777: 757: 749: 721: 369: 204: 82: 20421: 13503: 1696: 1512:. Al-Mahdi quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah: not only was the 20453: 20328: 17710: 17668: 17515: 16926: 16900: 16859: 16820: 16737: 16650: 16571: 16473: 16383: 16314: 16309: 16076: 16000: 15748: 15605: 15340: 15299: 15218: 15139: 10872:

Social Fabrics: Inscribed Textiles from Medieval Egyptian Tombs

9734: 9732: 7404: 7394: 7004: 6523: 6363: 6243: 6099: 5109: 4843: 4000: 3842: 3834: 3754: 3709: 3705: 3685: 3643: 3507: 3482: 3436: 3426: 3374: 3307: 3101: 3086: 2952: 2773: 2745: 2376: 2274: 1941: 1913: 1865: 1817: 1724: 1663: 1655: 1643: 1626:

was subdued, was Fatimid authority on the island consolidated.

1596: 1585: 1577: 1550: 1495: 1444: 1424: 1420: 1408: 1407:. They were again scattered by Kutama cavalry and retreated to 1345: 1200: 1096:), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure. 980: 845: 790: 765: 761: 729: 280: 117: 88: 13019:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

12469: 11425:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Zirids and Hammadids".

4011:, Queen of Yemen. In 1084, Al-Mustansir had Arwa designated a 3978:, while Musta'li's followers eventually came to be called the 3233:(1130–1149). The Hafizi sect is founded with Al-Hafiz as Imam. 1050:) and would return (or be resurrected) at the appointed time. 21087: 19871: 19684: 19254: 19160: 17741: 17546: 17175: 17000: 16954: 16942: 16744: 16730: 16689: 16466: 16304: 16161: 16147: 16068: 16031: 15952: 15627: 15469: 15423: 15386: 15246: 15074: 12075: 11985: 11896: 11894: 11801: 11654: 7887: 6915: 6893: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6511: 6496: 6451: 6420: 6333: 6088: 6058: 3851: 3846: 3830: 3514: 3491: 3352: 3336: 3315: 3267: 3200: 3036:(the head ended up being interred instead at the present-day 2793: 2769: 2741: 2631: 2619: 2611: 2581: 2444: 2234: 2116: 2083:

however, Basil II unexpectedly arrived in the region after a

2035: 2023: 1945: 1877: 1830: 1777: 1757: 1700: 1499: 1460: 1452: 1381: 1293: 1226: 1192: 1025: 930: 923:

descent, the dynasty named itself simply the 'Alid dynasty' (

822: 769: 753: 276: 146: 100: 14482:

Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources

13307: 13196: 13194: 13137: 11678: 9729: 4007:

Isma'ilis. At-Tayyib's claim to the imamate was endorsed by

993: 20060: 18154: 16841: 16813: 16763: 16710: 16655: 16168: 13767:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill. 11750: 11405: 11403: 11137: 10741: 10739: 10561: 10559: 9848: 9836: 6593: 6588: 6228: 3129: 2924: 2857: 2640: 2615: 2436: 2055: 1917: 1904: 1793: 1764:

In 969 Jawhar launched a carefully-prepared and successful

1395:

Meanwhile, Ziyadat Allah III moved his court from Tunis to

1188: 920: 737: 20297: 14464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–50. 14441:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–74. 13913:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13487: 13485: 13475:

Rogers, J.M., J.M. Rogers and J. Jomier, "al-Ḳāhira", in:

11891: 11842: 11840: 11533: 11207:. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 52. 10904:. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 51. 10618: 10616: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10103: 10000: 9998: 9239:"Governance and Pluralism under the Fatimids (909–996 CE)" 2871:, and after his death in 1101 it passed to the 5-year-old 1508:, and presented his son and heir, with the regnal name of 13598: 13331:

Rustow, Marina (2021). "Jews and the Fāṭimid Caliphate".

13228: 13226: 13224: 13211: 13209: 13191: 13181: 13179: 13154: 13152: 12682: 12680: 12430: 12123: 12111: 11992:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

11325: 10087: 10085: 10070: 10058: 10022: 9799: 9797: 9348:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa

7061: 3533:. Until the 14th century (when the seat was moved to the 3090: 2666: 2124:

throne was officially sanctioned by the caliph in Cairo.

1728:

father's death and proclaimed himself imam and caliph as

1210: 1007: 893: 733: 665: 659: 653: 19129: 14062:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 13648:, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, pp. 109, 101 13623:. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. 12757: 12459: 12457: 12442: 12418: 12406: 12394: 12324: 12322: 12295: 12271: 12259: 12235: 12225: 12223: 12147: 12049:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 375. 11967: 11906: 11879: 11857: 11855: 11813: 11726: 11714: 11642: 11557: 11493: 11481: 11469: 11457: 11400: 11388: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11349: 10970: 10736: 10712: 10640: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10046: 9923: 9911: 9887: 9814: 9812: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9777: 3991:'s death in 1130. Leadership was then contested between 3279:

The Fatimid caliphs were buried in a mausoleum known as

1745:

Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo

15791: 13482: 13387: 13247: 11837: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11277: 11267: 11265: 10930: 10613: 10151: 9995: 9649: 9647: 2902:, witnessing and congratulating the crusaders on their 13254:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 80–93. 13221: 13206: 13176: 13164: 13149: 13073:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

12924:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

12677: 12334: 11918: 11578:"Droit et messianisme chez les Fatimides de l'an 1000" 11025: 10850: 10826: 10628: 10571: 10474: 10374: 10362: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10311: 10299: 10287: 10233: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10168: 10141: 10139: 10082: 9983: 9971: 9865: 9863: 3351:

to Islam. With the succession of Caliph al-Zahir, the

2634:

into submission. Upon arriving in Mecca, he installed

2544:

near Lake Tiberias. In 1030 the new Byzantine emperor

1269: 12454: 12382: 12370: 12358: 12346: 12319: 12307: 12247: 12220: 12135: 11867: 11852: 11825: 11738: 11702: 11690: 11666: 11630: 11618: 11545: 11505: 11361: 11337: 10918: 10800:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 84–86. 10700: 10541: 10529: 10034: 9959: 9947: 9935: 9899: 9875: 9809: 9774: 9409: 4015:(a holy, pious lady), the highest rank in the Yemeni 3032:

in 1160 and originally intended to house the head of

1602:

The Fatimids also inherited the Aghlabid province of

1359:

reestablished his network of missionaries and spies.

1153:

In the last third of the ninth century, the Isma'ili

650: 14554: 13938:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III

13430: 12935: 11308: 11289: 11262: 9717: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9065: 9034: 2724: 2602: 2572:

Al-Zahir died in 1036 and was succeeded by his son,

1629: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1503: 1354: 1309: 1287: 1252: 1243: 1220: 1172: 1154: 1145: 1119: 1111: 1105: 1076: 1070: 1045: 1031: 1023: 979:. The caliphate's establishment was accomplished by 971:

were Arab in origin, starting with its founder, the

952:

The Fatimid dynasty came to power as the leaders of

934: 924: 691: 668: 656: 49: 12762:. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 11230:"Painting in the Fatimid Period: A Reconsideration" 11149: 10838: 10814: 10724: 10335: 10323: 10275: 10221: 10192: 10180: 10136: 10124: 9860: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 2511: 1960:in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture 662: 647: 14501: 14270: 14221: 14172: 14002: 13857: 13805: 12517:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Fatimids". 12195:Men-at-arms series 171 – Saladin and the saracens 11979: 10992:A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years 10010: 9241:. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. Archived from 2096:Before leaving for Egypt, al-Mu'izz had installed 13982:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 13576: 11769:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Kalbids". 10982: 9501: 9387:American University Foreign Area Studies (1979). 9382: 9380: 9264: 9262: 9260: 4054:went to Dongaon to look after southern India and 1956:retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only 1466: 21793: 13506:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 12742: 12637: 11174:Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 10868: 9750: 9513: 9090: 3557:copied in Cairo/Fustat in the early 11th century 3498:also dotted the countryside. Some regions, like 3331:brought in from Circassia by Genoese merchants. 3231:Abu'l-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh 1321: 1132:("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from 14415:Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo 13960:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden 12775:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 11946:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–12. 11043: 10989:Kenneth M. Setton; Marshall W. Baldwin (1969). 10665: 3845:. The dynasty also sponsored the production of 3343:in particular were persecuted by Al-Hakim; the 3187:(953–975). Egypt is conquered during his reign. 2459:finally occupied Aleppo at the invitation of a 1884:, with its most remote territorial reach being 1187:spread the network of agents to the area round 1136:, who established himself at the small town of 857:into Syria in the 1070s and the arrival of the 14458:"The Ismā'īlī Da'wa and the Fātimid caliphate" 14418:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 13743:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 13579:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 13085:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49 12718:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 12670:Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini (2006), 9377: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9257: 9133: 3642:The Fatimid military was based largely on the 3347:included closing and demolishing churches and 2392:The Fatimid Caliphate and main Asian polities 21902:States and territories disestablished in 1171 20313: 19669: 19145: 17531: 16016: 15777: 14711: 13593:The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning 13452:The Fatimids: 1 – The Rise of a Muslim Empire 13047:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517) 12974: 12929: 11037: 10448:. Cornell University Press. pp. 119–20. 9093:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 9016: 8548: 8097: 7288: 6391: 3457:absolute Shi'a beliefs in the concept of the 2886:Fatimid horseman on a plate, 12th century CE. 2490:in 1013 (later renovated in the 1980s by the 1144:. Salamiya became the centre of the Isma'ili 865:abolished the dynasty's rule and founded the 614: 21770:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14725: 14112:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13910:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 13664:. University of Chicago Press. p. 139. 13114: 13049:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 12672:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam 10666:Barrucand, Marianne; Rammah, Mourad (2009). 10441: 3841:and the crafting of objects carved in solid 3829:motifs and the use of an angular, floriated 3249:Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh 3207:Abū'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 2091: 1800:, the older regional capital founded by the 1215:In 899, Abdallah al-Akbar's great-grandson, 933:sources only refer to them as the Ubaydids ( 497: 35: 13703:. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. 12984:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. 12968: 11200: 10897: 10795: 9301: 3866:. In Cairo, prominent examples include the 3661:, the Caliph began incorporating armies of 2967:, though the truth of this is unconfirmed. 2947:, overran much of the coastal Levant, with 1844:Architectural fragment from a bathhouse in 1760:, built by the Fatimids between 970 and 972 20320: 20306: 19676: 19662: 19152: 19138: 17538: 17524: 16023: 16009: 15784: 15770: 14718: 14704: 14316: 14294:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 14245:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 14196:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13881:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13825:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13700:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines 13529: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13491: 13143: 13044: 12436: 12117: 12081: 11900: 11684: 9422:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. 9023: 9009: 8555: 8541: 8104: 8090: 7295: 7281: 6398: 6384: 3535:Church of the Virgin Mary in Harat Zuwayla 3173:Abū'l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh 2697:'s reconstruction of the city walls (1987) 1768:, which had been under the control of the 621: 607: 64: 21907:States and territories established in 909 19976:Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs 15285:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi 14302:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–38. 14253:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 198–206. 14204:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1163–69. 13889:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1242–44. 13852: 13746:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13739: 13423:Talbi, M., "Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya", in: 13108: 12926:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp. 66–78 12887: 12806: 12804: 11756: 11463: 11409: 11245: 11185: 10869:McWilliams, Mary; Sokoly, Jochen (2021). 10791: 10789: 10787: 10683: 10622: 10607: 10406:. Yale University Press. pp. 47–51. 10162: 9754:(1970). "A Shi'ite Caliphate- Fatimids". 9738: 9462:. London: Rough Guides. pp. 136–37. 9344: 3638:Men hunting, on ivory panel, 11th century 3179:Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿil al-Manṣūr bi-Naṣr Allāh 3169:(909–934), founder of the Fatimid dynasty 994:Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism 14555:The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 14399: 14371: 14265: 14216: 14167: 13984:. Translated by Bonner, Michael. Brill. 13833:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–62. 13616: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12772: 12555: 12516: 12301: 12289: 12277: 12241: 11930: 11768: 11424: 11167: 10995:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 104. 10947: 10945: 10758:Beeson, Irene (September–October 1969). 10592: 10588: 10586: 10004: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9345:Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 9198: 3800: 3719: 3633: 3544: 3468: 3368: 3300: 3237:Abū Manṣūr Ismāʿil al-Zāfir bi-Amr Allāh 3203:religion is founded during his lifetime. 3197:Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 3020: 2881: 2693:, one of the gates of Cairo dating from 2685: 2670: 2555: 2473: 2127: 1981:, meaning soldiers recruited as slaves) 1964:, but he died in 976 on his way back to 1935: 1839: 1748: 1571: 1470: 1386: 1362:Ibrahim II died in October 902 while in 1331: 21594: 14432: 14411: 14350: 14338: 14052: 13927: 13903: 13696: 13604: 13520: 13393: 13243: 13241: 13215: 13124:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements 13082: 12843: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12686: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12475: 12340: 12191: 12129: 11924: 11846: 11575: 11086: 11031: 10976: 10951: 10924: 10820: 10745: 10718: 10706: 10480: 10076: 10064: 10028: 9989: 9977: 9929: 9917: 9893: 9881: 9268: 3786: 3490:Christians, the largest community were 3243:Abū'l-Qāsim ʿĪsā al-Fā'iz bi-Naṣr Allāh 3185:Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 3167:Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh 2678:, Cairo, overlooking the city from the 21794: 14499: 14478: 14455: 14324:. American University of Cairo Press. 14076: 13800: 13717:from the original on 16 September 2024 13678:from the original on 16 September 2024 13419: 13417: 13415: 13364: 13362: 13330: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13268:from the original on 16 September 2024 13232: 13200: 13185: 13170: 13158: 13103:) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ... 13016: 12998:from the original on 16 September 2024 12868: 12724:from the original on 16 September 2024 12619:from the original on 16 September 2024 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12265: 12253: 12229: 12208:from the original on 16 September 2024 12173:from the original on 16 September 2024 12095:al Juyushi: A Vision of the Fatemiyeen 12042: 12038: 12036: 11420: 11418: 11155: 11064:from the original on 16 September 2024 11009:from the original on 16 September 2024 10879:from the original on 16 September 2024 10784: 10757: 10565: 10550: 10486: 10462:from the original on 16 September 2024 10263:from the original on 16 September 2024 10052: 9818: 9803: 9482: 9457: 9436:from the original on 16 September 2024 9340: 9338: 9219:from the original on 16 September 2024 3898:in Cairo, covering a huge area around 3874:, as well as the smaller monuments of 3825:decorative arts are the use of lively 3440:era that the followers of the Hanafi, 3225:Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh 3065:was on this occasion that the head of 2705:, who was at the time the governor of 2667:Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival 2647:, which brought Egypt further wealth. 2343: 2334: 2325: 2292: 2281: 2214: 1257:directly, Abdallah instead settled at 1211:The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath 21872:Medieval countries in the Middle East 20301: 19657: 19133: 18564: 18375: 18198: 18039: 17558: 17519: 17261: 17029: 16645: 16004: 15765: 15718:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi 14699: 14031: 13781: 13760: 13657: 13436: 13368: 13313: 13293:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–32. 13286: 12956:from the original on 19 December 2023 12781: 12594: 12463: 12448: 12424: 12412: 12400: 12388: 12376: 12364: 12352: 12328: 12313: 12153: 12141: 11973: 11912: 11885: 11873: 11861: 11831: 11819: 11807: 11744: 11732: 11720: 11708: 11696: 11672: 11660: 11648: 11636: 11624: 11563: 11551: 11539: 11523: 11511: 11499: 11487: 11475: 11394: 11382: 11370: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11319: 11302: 11283: 11271: 11227: 11143: 10942: 10936: 10856: 10844: 10832: 10730: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10583: 10437: 10435: 10399: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 9869: 9723: 9653: 9507: 9171:from the original on 19 November 2018 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4927: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4726: 4724: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 3999:, Al-Amir's cousin whose supporters ( 3894:(the brilliant). There were two main 3219:Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Musta'lī bi-llāh 3213:Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh 2622:. In 1062 he marched on Mecca, where 2374: 2314: 2261: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2203: 2194: 2183: 2139: 1931: 1565:Berber tribes as well. The historian 1099: 19114: 17030: 16646: 14000: 13979: 13954: 13570: 13448: 13238: 12830: 12766: 12751: 11234:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11050:. Page Publishing Inc. p. 185. 10798:A concise history of the Middle East 10646: 10634: 10577: 10492: 10420:from the original on 15 January 2023 10380: 10368: 10356: 10344: 10329: 10317: 10305: 10293: 10281: 10239: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10186: 10174: 10145: 10130: 10091: 10040: 10016: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9905: 9690:from the original on 17 January 2023 9665: 9638: 9312: 5076:Historical Arab states and dynasties 3968:After Al-Mustansir Billah, his sons 3905: 3566:. The community was divided between 3521:to Fustat (specifically what is now 3134:Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria 2352: 2303: 2272: 2250: 2161: 2150: 2054:(footmen from the Buyid homeland in 1191:in the late 870s, and from there to 21862:Historical transcontinental empires 19104: 14146: 14106: 13412: 13359: 13319: 12736: 12648:from the original on 29 August 2021 12481: 12033: 11936: 11528:History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 11415: 11228:Bloom, Jonathan M. (October 2022). 10535: 9335: 8069:List of people on stamps of Algeria 7180:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh 3775: 2820: 2808:) as vassals to the Fatimid state. 2714: 2363: 2172: 1789: 1270:Establishment of the Isma'ili State 909: 744:, the Fatimids initially conquered 681: 498: 36: 23:Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171) 13: 19683: 19188:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 12576:from the original on 17 March 2024 11606:from the original on 27 April 2023 10652: 10432: 10386: 9397:from the original on 15 March 2023 9365:from the original on 15 March 2023 9323:from the original on 15 March 2023 9289:from the original on 15 March 2023 4023:(the imam's local representative) 3995:, Al-Amir's two-year-old son, and 3704:caliphs, he sent an expedition to 3617: 2875:. Another of al-Mustansir's sons, 2439:occupied Ramla and proclaimed the 1419:-era Laribus, between present-day 708:dynasty. Spanning a large area of 70:Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate 14: 21918: 18485:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 14560:The Shia Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt 14531: 13581:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. 13577:Behrens-Absouseif, Doris (1989). 13533: 13508:. Vol. 27. pp. 165–84. 12711: 12537:from the original on 20 July 2023 12201:. Osprey publishing. p. 23. 11789:from the original on 20 July 2023 11445:from the original on 20 July 2023 9669:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 9097:Journal of World-Systems Research 3715: 3191:Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-ʿAzīz bi-llāh 1630:Consolidation and western rivalry 1057:. Al-Sadiq had appointed his son 19870: 19280: 19113: 19103: 19093: 19084: 19083: 18342:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 17545: 17500: 17499: 17488: 17009:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 16199:Timeline of the history of Islam 16030: 15747: 14372:Richards, Donald Sidney (2017). 14011:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 13962:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. 13690: 13651: 13637: 13610: 13585: 13497: 13469: 13442: 13399: 13280: 13076: 13066: 13038: 13010: 12881: 12862: 12705: 12692: 12664: 12631: 12613:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x 12588: 12549: 12283: 12185: 12159: 12087: 11943:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 11762: 11569: 11517: 11221: 11194: 11168:Liebrenz, Boris (14 July 2023). 11161: 9115:from the original on 20 May 2019 9037: 8992: 8591: 8524: 8513: 8140: 7331: 7264: 7156:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 6435: 5497:Western dynasties and caliphates 5081: 5068:Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 3741: 3630:Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 3420: 3077:, a Muslim Armenian governor in 2851: 2512:Losses, successes, and civil war 2134: 2074:was campaigning far away in the 1340:In 902, while the Aghlabid emir 1264: 861:in the Levant in 1097. In 1171, 643: 590: 509: 472: 458: 444: 430: 416: 402: 388: 374: 349: 335: 321: 307: 19384:Foreign relations under Gaddafi 18826:Identification card controversy 17360:List of ex-Muslim organisations 15545:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 13845:Cortese, Delia, "Fatimids", in 13620:The Tribes and Castes of Bombay 12097:. Graphico Printing Ltd. 2002. 12063:from the original on 7 May 2023 11087:Cortese, Delia (January 2015). 11080: 10891: 10862: 10751: 10245: 10097: 9744: 9659: 9476: 9451: 9144:International Studies Quarterly 9058: 7097:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir 4068:Family tree of Fatimid Caliphs 3951:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 3699:, who had destroyed the Muslim 3274: 2987:, the "hidden" Imam awaited by 1894: 1886:Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) 1857:and the official state mosque, 1091: 559:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 17732:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 15535:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 15530:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 14019:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 13405:Talbi, M., "al-Mahdiyya", in: 13373:. Princeton University Press. 12523:. Edinburgh University Press. 11988:"The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo" 11775:. Edinburgh University Press. 11431:. Edinburgh University Press. 9231: 9192: 9183: 9127: 9084: 8056:List of wars involving Algeria 7175:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh 7166:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh 3732: 2636:Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far 2463:who had expelled the Hamdanid 2034:valley (present-day northeast 1723:. Starting in 943/4 among the 1467:Establishment of the Caliphate 1261:sometime between 904 and 905. 1195:(882) and thence India (884), 1030:("the Rightly Guided One") or 813:. In 969, during the reign of 1: 21832:Former countries in West Asia 19391:Government of National Accord 18040: 15687:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque 14939:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya 14899:Qarmatian invasions (971–974) 14832:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 14516:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 14435:"The Fāṭimid state, 969–1171" 13536:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 13345:10.1080/09503110.2021.1899548 12936:John Joseph Saunders (2002). 12902:10.1080/03044181.2019.1612186 10495:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 9485:Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 9077: 7092:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak 3464: 3345:persecution of the Christians 2425:Church of the Holy Sephulchre 2393: 1952:In 975 the Byzantine emperor 1868:(including Transjordan), the 1391:Fatimid ewer, 10th century CE 1322:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 1278:was under the control of the 716:, it ranged from the western 21877:History of the Mediterranean 19981:Minister for Foreign Affairs 19396:Government of National Unity 18359:Twin towns and sister cities 18199: 17871:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 17345:Apostasy in Islam by country 17212:Liberalism and progressivism 15500:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi 15004:End of the Fatimid Caliphate 14407:, Cambridge University Press 14357:. Harvard University Press. 12942:. Routledge. pp. 109–. 12702:. Peeters Publishers. p. 20. 11204:Islamic art and architecture 11201:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). 10901:Islamic art and architecture 10898:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). 10796:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). 10442:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017). 9269:Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). 7151:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 7141:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 7126:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh 3373:The original Fatimid-period 3358: 3339:. Christians in general and 3122:Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub 2939:This defeat established the 1588:(Mahdia), on display at the 1580:pavement from the palace of 1010:through Muhammad's daughter 900:, hence the dynasty's name, 7: 21852:Former monarchies of Europe 21842:Former monarchies of Africa 20327: 18887:Vehicle registration plates 18565: 18541:Water supply and sanitation 18376: 17559: 15490:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 14999:Crusader invasions of Egypt 14774:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah 14540:Encyclopaedia of the Orient 14460:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 14437:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 12939:A History of Medieval Islam 12890:Journal of Medieval History 12773:Williams, Caroline (2018). 10768:: 24, 26–30. Archived from 10400:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 9316:An Atlas of African History 9066: 8050:Military history of Algeria 7161:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh 5217:Arab empires and caliphates 5056: 3916:List of important figures: 3599: 3255: 2725: 2603: 2564:minted during the reign of 1658:. Thereafter, the weakened 1526: 1520: 1514: 1504: 1355: 1310: 1288: 1253: 1244: 1221: 1173: 1155: 1146: 1140:on the western edge of the 1120: 1112: 1106: 1077: 1071: 1046: 1032: 1024: 935: 925: 692: 50: 10: 21923: 21827:Former countries in Europe 18546:Water resources management 17262: 15668:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 15515:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 15290:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi 15065:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i 14034:Journal of Islamic Studies 13733: 12562:. SUNY Press. p. 97. 11047:The Clash of Civilizations 7170:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh 6874:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam 3909: 3880:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 3790: 3745: 3627: 3621: 3506:. Italian traders, led by 3502:, were ancient centres of 3362: 3295: 3259: 3158: 3154: 3143: 3139: 2945:Italian maritime republics 2506: 2482:in Cairo, commissioned by 1606:, which the Aghlabids had 1325: 947: 942: 789:Ifriqiya with the help of 682:ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة 232:Overthrow of the Aghlabids 37:ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة 15: 21892:Medieval history of Egypt 21847:Former monarchies of Asia 21763: 21715: 21232: 20636: 20335: 20259: 20160: 20112: 20103: 20051: 20042: 19944: 19935: 19888: 19879: 19868: 19855:Award of the George Cross 19695: 19615: 19538: 19529: 19459: 19450: 19364: 19355: 19298: 19289: 19278: 19168: 19159: 19079: 18905: 18577: 18573: 18560: 18441:Impact on the environment 18431:Entrepreneurship policies 18384: 18371: 18207: 18194: 18048: 18035: 18003: 17905: 17571: 17567: 17554: 17483: 17368: 17335: 17275: 17271: 17257: 17184: 17151: 17123:Geography and cartography 17098: 17045: 17041: 17025: 16851: 16773: 16720: 16669: 16665: 16641: 16511: 16335: 16295: 16178: 16130: 16054: 16050: 16039: 15804: 15745: 15708:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi 15700: 15592: 15585: 15558: 15468: 15411: 15374: 15365: 15328: 15266: 15163: 15080:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 15028: 15019: 14926:Bedouin alliance uprising 14824: 14734: 14684: 14663: 14655: 14648: 14638: 14631: 14623: 14606: 14596: 14588: 14568: 14124:10.1017/S0020743800056762 13740:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 13045:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 13021:. Yale University Press. 12846:The World of the Fatimids 12814:The World of the Fatimids 12745:The World of the Fatimids 12638:Wilson B. Bishai (1968). 12167:"Smithsonian Institution" 11576:Tillier, Mathieu (2022). 11247:10.1017/S1356186322000359 11187:10.1163/26666286-12340031 10954:The World of the Fatimids 10685:10.1163/22118993-90000154 9833:, pp. 1163–64, 1167. 9319:. E. Arnold. p. 11. 8754:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 8063:Postal history of Algeria 8002:Insurgency in the Maghreb 7825:Sétif and Guelma massacre 6904:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai 4984: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4794: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4596: 4594: 4518: 4516: 4440: 4438: 4362: 4360: 4284: 4282: 4206: 4204: 4128: 4126: 3963: 3884:Mosque of al-Salih Tala'i 3409:during al-Hakim's reign. 2906:against the Seljuk emirs 2657:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 2092:The Zirids in the Maghreb 1739: 1443:, capturing the towns of 1018:, descendants of Ali via 499: 286: 272: 268: 255: 245:Fatimid conquest of Egypt 241: 228: 224: 214: 210: 198: 186: 182: 172: 159: 136: 110: 75: 63: 58: 30: 21882:10th century in Ifriqiya 21822:Former countries in Asia 19502:National Oil Corporation 19421:House of Representatives 18212:Administrative divisions 17888:2011 Egyptian revolution 17829:1952 Egyptian revolution 17625:Lighthouse of Alexandria 17442:Islamic view of miracles 14538:"Fatimids" entry in the 14500:Walker, Paul E. (2018). 14479:Walker, Paul E. (2002). 14456:Walker, Paul E. (1998). 13928:Daftary, Farhad (1999). 13697:Daftary, Farhad (1992). 13661:Mullahs on the Mainframe 13017:Lyster, William (2013). 12043:Angold, Michael (2006). 11044:Allan Trawinski (2017). 10610:, pp. 63–64, 74–75. 9390:Algeria, a Country Study 9275:. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. 9051: 9045:Fatimid Caliphate portal 5525:Umayyad state of Córdoba 3768:al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyya 3761: 2486:in 990 and completed by 1804:in the seventh century. 1703:(present-day Ceuta) and 1479:receiving an envoy from 1344:was away on campaign in 1286:independent. In 893 the 977:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 795:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 247:and foundation of Cairo 200:• 1160–1171 (last) 193:Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah 21867:History of North Africa 18416:Egyptian stock exchange 17197:Creationism (evolution) 15859:(970–11th/12th century) 15701:Literature and learning 15692:Shrine of Husayn's Head 15611:Great Mosque of Mahdiya 15550:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 15525:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 14879:Conquest of Egypt (969) 14562:(archived 16 June 2010) 14547:1 November 2010 at the 14485:. London: I.B. Tauris. 14433:Sanders, Paula (1998). 14412:Sanders, Paula (1994). 14351:Raymond, André (2000). 13859:"al-Mahdī ʿUbayd Allāh" 13782:Brett, Michael (2017). 13761:Brett, Michael (2001). 13617:Enthoven, R.E. (1922). 13449:Jiwa, Shainool (2017). 13369:Cohen, Mark R. (2014). 13087:. Springer. p. 2. 12601:Nations and Nationalism 12556:Hathaway, Jane (2012). 12192:Nicolle, David (1997). 11810:, pp. 183, 197–98. 11663:, pp. 127, 140–41. 9483:Robert, Tignor (2011). 9458:Wintle, Justin (2003). 9157:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8699:3rd Intermediate Period 8679:2nd Intermediate Period 8659:1st Intermediate Period 8076:History of North Africa 7876:Independence referendum 7815:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 7146:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh, 6799:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 3989:Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah 3957:Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya 3939:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 3912:List of Fatimid caliphs 3724:Entrance portal of the 3540: 3161:List of Fatimid caliphs 3128:), and installed Sunni 2776:further north in 1089. 2764:and Ascalon, and later 2608:Ali Muhammad al-Ṣulayḥi 2078:and the Hamdanid ruler 1399:, the palace-city near 872: 693:al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya 188:• 909–934 (first) 51:Al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya 21807:1171 disestablishments 18747:International rankings 17752:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 17457:Persecution of Muslims 17355:List of former Muslims 16204:Succession to Muhammad 15680:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 15412:Branches and offshoots 15125:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh 15070:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri 14804:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah 14789:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 14759:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 14633:Ruling house of Egypt 14017:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13477:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13425:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13407:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13316:, pp. 93, 123–24. 12478:, pp. 83–85, 103. 11146:, pp. 89–90, 103. 10875:. p. 23, Fig. 7. 10597:(2nd ed.). Brill. 10595:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9760:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9419:Abbasid Belles Lettres 8228:Byzantine North Africa 7358:Iberomaurusian Culture 5063:List of Shia dynasties 3959:(also known as Durzan) 3927:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 3813: 3729: 3726:Great Mosque of Mahdia 3639: 3558: 3553:, a manuscript of the 3486: 3381: 3041: 3026:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 2887: 2698: 2683: 2624:Shukr ibn Abi al-Futuh 2569: 2495: 1949: 1849: 1761: 1681:Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 1679:, on behalf of Caliph 1592: 1490: 1392: 1337: 1067:twelfth and final imam 998:The Shi'a opposed the 885:, the daughter of the 21897:Shia Islam in Algeria 21740:Medieval great powers 19801:Rising of the Priests 19416:High Council of State 18352:Terrorism and tourism 17810:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17642:Library of Alexandria 17241:Conversion to mosques 17108:Alchemy and chemistry 15658:Fatimid Great Palaces 15495:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 15310:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 15120:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar 15115:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi 14944:Mustansirite Hardship 14883:Expansion into Syria 14854:2nd invasion of Egypt 14848:1st invasion of Egypt 14799:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 14794:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 14769:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 14749:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 14676:Later Abbasid dynasty 13658:Blank, Jonah (2001). 11590:10.2307/jj.1357315.11 11240:(4): 730–742, Fig.3. 10760:"Cairo, a Millennial" 9704:, the founder of the 9351:. Gale. p. 329. 9205:. Verso. p. 67. 8639:Early Dynastic Period 8224:2nd Roman (Byzantine) 7982:High Council of State 7762:(19th–20th centuries) 7723:Emirate of Beni Abbas 7710:(16th–19th centuries) 7414:Archeology of Algeria 7184:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib 6859:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi 6794:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab 6115:Sultanate of Zanzibar 6030:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 3993:At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim 3945:Hakim Nasir-i Khusraw 3921:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 3804: 3723: 3659:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 3637: 3622:Further information: 3548: 3472: 3372: 3363:Further information: 3301:Religious communities 3024: 2957:al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭā'iḥī 2885: 2689: 2674: 2653:Mustansirite Hardship 2559: 2550:invade northern Syria 2538:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 2477: 2128:The reign of al-Hakim 2102:expedition in 979–980 1939: 1855:palaces of the caliph 1843: 1752: 1685:expedition to Morocco 1652:Principality of Nakur 1575: 1474: 1390: 1366:and was succeeded by 1335: 1249:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 881:claimed descent from 748:(roughly present-day 111:Common languages 21750:European colonialism 21735:Ancient great powers 20247:World Heritage Sites 19830:British Protectorate 19497:Great Man-Made River 19401:Presidential Council 19213:Italian Tripolitania 19208:Italian colonization 19063:World Heritage Sites 18882:Units of measurement 18337:Proposed new capital 18083:Environmental issues 17844:United Arab Republic 17737:Muhammad Ali dynasty 16967:Ma malakat aymanukum 16542:Association football 16441:Moderate Kharijites 15989:Hashemites of Jordan 15110:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 15009:Battle of the Blacks 14809:al-Adid li-Din Allah 14346:(in French). Fayard. 14322:The Mosques of Egypt 14001:Halm, Heinz (2014). 13980:Halm, Heinz (1996). 13977:English translation: 13083:Parsons, L. (2000). 12595:Podeh, Elie (2011). 11542:, pp. 134, 139. 10772:on 30 September 2007 10649:, pp. 399, 401. 9757:History of The Arabs 9313:Fage, J. D. (1958). 8909:Muhammad Ali dynasty 8494:Parliamentary system 8191:12th C.–146 BC 7532:Early African Church 7513:Prefecture of Africa 7497:Kingdom of the Aurès 7120:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh) 6980:Palace of Queen Arwa 6814:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi 6809:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 6777:Nizari Ismaili state 3860:Fatimid architecture 3797:Fatimid architecture 3787:Art and architecture 3697:Nikephoros II Phokas 3531:St. Mercurius Church 3052:(r. 1154–1160), and 2985:Muhammad al-Muntazar 2941:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2389:class=notpageimage| 1691:, the leader of the 1683:, led another major 1673:Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya 1553:Sunnism and various 1481:Simeon I of Bulgaria 929:), but many hostile 926:al-dawla al-alawiyya 840:, the long reign of 832:After the reigns of 785:, whose conquest of 259:Abolished by Saladin 21745:Modern great powers 19720:Carthaginian Empire 19250:Libya under Gaddafi 19198:Hospitaller Tripoli 18735:Freedom of religion 18630:Mass sexual assault 17995:Timekeeping devices 17893:2013 Rabaa massacre 17866:Egyptian–Libyan War 15943:(16th–19th century) 15937:(15th–19th century) 15889:(11th–12th century) 15841:(10th–11th century) 15728:al-Azhar University 15090:al-Afdal Shahanshah 14921:Muffarij b. Daghfal 14873:Conquest of Morocco 14860:2nd Sicilian revolt 14842:1st Sicilian revolt 14779:al-Mustansir Billah 12644:. Allyn and Bacon. 11334:, pp. 96, 121. 11125:on 20 December 2019 9857:, pp. 1235–37. 9845:, pp. 1230–34. 9741:, pp. 1242–44. 8744:Ptolemaic dynasties 8484:Tunisian revolution 7740:Barbary Slave Trade 7521:Exarchate of Africa 7489:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 6879:Rashid ad-Din Sinan 6804:ibn Mansur al-Yaman 5092:Ancient Arab states 3888:al-Azhar University 3612:liturgical language 3473:Side chapel in the 3281:Turbat az-Za'faraan 3114:Asad al-Din Shirkuh 3028:in Cairo, built by 2865:Al-Afdal Shahanshah 2566:al-Mustansir Billah 2449:al-Ḥasan ibn Ja'far 1780:) in 969. The name 1709:Strait of Gibraltar 1636:Umayyads of Cordoba 1608:gradually conquered 1296:, near the city of 1163:and the subsequent 827:religious tolerance 797:was retrieved from 720:in the west to the 579:Sharifian Caliphate 553:Parallel caliphates 21857:Former theocracies 20081:Telecommunications 19757:Byzantine invasion 19710:Megalithic Temples 19411:Head of government 18925:Art (contemporary) 18605:Capital punishment 18495:Telecommunications 18172:Towns and villages 18140:Qattara Depression 17953:Muslim Brotherhood 17923:Cigarette industry 17783:British occupation 17694:Crusader invasions 17664:Rashidun Caliphate 17462:Quran and miracles 17376:Criticism of Islam 17080:Geometric patterns 16932:Gender segregation 16503:Non-denominational 15983:Hashemites of Iraq 15733:House of Knowledge 15100:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz 14784:al-Musta'li Billah 14650:Titles in pretence 14616:as Fatimid clients 14078:Köhler, Michael A. 14046:10.1093/jis/etw042 14007:. In Fleet, Kate; 13784:The Fatimid Empire 13203:, pp. 148–49. 13115:Rebecca Erickson. 12451:, pp. 280–81. 12427:, pp. 276–77. 12415:, pp. 275–76. 12403:, pp. 265–66. 12156:, pp. 228–29. 12084:, pp. 220–23. 11976:, pp. 203–06. 11915:, pp. 207–09. 11888:, pp. 202–03. 11822:, pp. 198–99. 11735:, pp. 162–63. 11723:, pp. 157–60. 11651:, pp. 136–37. 11566:, pp. 130–33. 11502:, pp. 126–28. 11490:, pp. 125–26. 11478:, pp. 113–14. 11397:, pp. 123–24. 11385:, pp. 122–23. 11358:, pp. 121–22. 11108:10.1111/hic3.12210 10939:, pp. 80, 84. 10765:Saudi Aramco World 10637:, pp. 397–99. 10580:, pp. 266–67. 10568:, pp. 852–53. 10538:, pp. 194–95. 10383:, pp. 121–22. 10371:, pp. 120–21. 10359:, pp. 119–20. 10320:, pp. 115–17. 10308:, pp. 113–15. 10296:, pp. 112–13. 10242:, pp. 109–11. 10218:, pp. 107–08. 10177:, pp. 103–06. 10094:, pp. 108–09. 10079:, pp. 122–23. 10067:, pp. 100–07. 10055:, pp. 850–51. 10031:, pp. 108–10. 9666:Baer, Eva (1983). 9137:(September 1997). 8956:Sultanate of Egypt 8946:British occupation 8919:Khedivate of Egypt 8791:Rashidun caliphate 8612:Predynastic Period 8531:History portal 8444:Kingdom of Tunisia 8045:Outline of Algeria 7953:Algerian Civil War 7752:Second Barbary War 7708:Regency of Algiers 7241:Mufaddal Saifuddin 7112:(al-Taqī Muhammad) 7036:House of Knowledge 6926:Nizārī strongholds 6657:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 6157:Current monarchies 5820:Sharifate of Mecca 5290:Emirate of Tbilisi 5280:Emirate of Armenia 5130:Kingdom of Osroene 4019:. Under Arwa, the 3814: 3748:Mansouria, Tunisia 3730: 3640: 3559: 3549:Cover page of the 3504:Coptic monasticism 3487: 3382: 3089:, the governor of 3075:Ṭalā'i' ibn Ruzzīk 3042: 3005:Musta'li Isma'ilis 2929:captured Jerusalem 2921:victory at Antioch 2888: 2804:(specifically the 2699: 2684: 2570: 2542:Battle of Uqḥuwāna 2496: 1950: 1932:Campaigns in Syria 1850: 1762: 1662:and various local 1593: 1491: 1393: 1338: 1169:political quietism 1161:Anarchy at Samarra 1104:While the awaited 1100:The secret network 1059:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 956:, a revolutionary 914:relative adjective 526:Rashidun Caliphate 468:Sharifate of Mecca 21817:Emirate of Sicily 21802:Fatimid Caliphate 21789: 21788: 21711: 21710: 21676:Polish–Lithuanian 20851:Gurjara-Pratihara 20295: 20294: 20255: 20254: 20099: 20098: 20038: 20037: 20008:Political parties 19971:Foreign relations 19931: 19930: 19840:Language Question 19808:French occupation 19764:Kingdom of Sicily 19752:Aghlabid invasion 19651: 19650: 19611: 19610: 19525: 19524: 19446: 19445: 19379:Foreign relations 19351: 19350: 19240:Allied occupation 19218:Italian Cyrenaica 19127: 19126: 19075: 19074: 19071: 19070: 18999:Football stadiums 18930:Botanical gardens 18809:Catholic dioceses 18701:Gender inequality 18625:Human trafficking 18556: 18555: 18490:Tallest buildings 18451:Military industry 18367: 18366: 18308:Political parties 18261:Islamic extremism 18249:Foreign relations 18190: 18189: 18031: 18030: 18027: 18026: 17771:French occupation 17689:Fatimid Caliphate 17684:Ikhshidid dynasty 17513: 17512: 17479: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17447:Domestic violence 17437:Islamic terrorism 17432:Islamic extremism 17253: 17252: 17249: 17248: 17021: 17020: 17017: 17016: 16807:Marriage contract 16637: 16636: 16597:Political aspects 16326:Story of Prophets 16095:Prophets of Islam 15998: 15997: 15793:Islamic dynasties 15759: 15758: 15741: 15740: 15713:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 15581: 15580: 15573:Baghdad Manifesto 15520:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 15505:Abu Hatim al-Razi 15361: 15360: 15200:Sharifs of Medina 15135:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i 15130:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 15045:Ya'qub ibn Killis 14980:and accession of 14727:Fatimid Caliphate 14694: 14693: 14685:Succeeded by 14639:Succeeded by 14627:Ikhshidid dynasty 14619: 14607:Succeeded by 14508:Madelung, Wilferd 14364:978-0-674-00316-3 14309:978-90-04-07819-2 14218:Madelung, Wilferd 14099:978-90-04-24890-8 14082:Hirschler, Konrad 14069:978-0-367-36690-2 13969:978-3-406-35497-7 13947:978-0-933273-32-0 13920:978-0-521-61636-2 13896:978-90-04-07819-2 13793:978-0-7486-4076-8 13630:978-81-206-0630-2 13607:, pp. 49–52. 13462:978-1-78672-174-7 13300:978-90-429-1524-4 13146:, pp. 11–14. 12991:978-0-8014-5529-2 12949:978-1-134-93005-0 12714:"Khan al-Khalili" 12268:, pp. 48–50. 12132:, pp. 62–63. 12056:978-0-521-81113-2 11759:, pp. 68–69. 11687:, pp. 17–18. 11599:978-90-429-4894-5 11286:, pp. 94–95. 11214:978-0-500-20305-7 11057:978-1-63568-712-5 11002:978-0-299-04834-1 10979:, pp. 38–85. 10911:978-0-500-20305-7 10859:, pp. 83–84. 10835:, pp. 81–83. 10748:, pp. 43–44. 10721:, pp. 42–43. 10455:978-1-5017-1258-6 10117:978-90-04-35604-7 10043:, pp. 63–64. 9968:, pp. 22–24. 9956:, pp. 16–20. 9944:, pp. 29–30. 9932:, pp. 90–96. 9920:, pp. 89–90. 9908:, pp. 27–28. 9896:, pp. 88–89. 9710:Abbasid caliphate 9676:. p. xxiii. 9494:978-0-393-11968-8 9469:978-1-84353-018-3 9429:978-0-521-24016-1 9358:978-1-4144-4883-1 9282:978-0-313-37982-6 9199:Lascoste (1984). 9033: 9032: 8984: 8983: 8937:Late Modern Egypt 8927: 8926: 8899:French occupation 8869: 8868: 8831:Ikhshidid dynasty 8801:Umayyad caliphate 8772: 8771: 8726:Greco-Roman Egypt 8717: 8716: 8620: 8619: 8603:Prehistoric Egypt 8565: 8564: 8520:Africa portal 8505: 8504: 8415: 8414: 8378: 8377: 8321: 8320: 8264: 8263: 8168: 8167: 8114: 8113: 8026:COVID-19 pandemic 7747:First Barbary War 7716:Ottoman governors 7576:Umayyad Caliphate 7505:Kingdom of Altava 7305: 7304: 7232:Haatim Zakiyuddin 7196:Incumbent leaders 7031:Baghdad Manifesto 6985:Queen Arwa Mosque 6752:Fatimid Caliphate 6408: 6407: 6373: 6372: 6148: 6147: 6140:Tippu Tip's State 6038: 6037: 6010:Emirate of Beihan 5742:Arabian Peninsula 5733: 5732: 5488: 5487: 5272:Eastern dynasties 5263: 5262: 5208: 5207: 5120:Nabataean Kingdom 5110:Kingdom of Lihyan 5054: 5053: 5050: 5049: 3933:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 3906:Important figures 3578:or leader of the 3564:Genizah documents 3349:forced conversion 3071:al-Hussein Mosque 3038:al-Hussein Mosque 3030:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 2933:Battle of Ascalon 2829: 2735: 2723: 2676:Al-Juyushi Mosque 2548:broke a truce to 2469:Mansur ibn Lu'lu' 2112:dynasty in 1001. 2098:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1922:Ya'qub ibn Killis 1872:coast of Africa, 1833:, the capital of 1766:invasion of Egypt 1372:Ziyadat Allah III 1130:Abdallah al-Akbar 742:Abbasid Caliphate 690: 635:Fatimid Caliphate 631: 630: 569:Almohad Caliphate 564:Fatimid Caliphate 541:Ottoman Caliphate 536:Abbasid Caliphate 531:Umayyad Caliphate 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 412:Emirate of Sicily 384:Ayyubid Sultanate 362: 361: 357:Emirate of Tahert 343:Ikhshidid Wilayah 315:Abbasid Caliphate 264:17 September 1171 219:Early Middle Ages 32:Fatimid Caliphate 21914: 21837:Former countries 21592: 21591: 21257:Austro-Hungarian 20957:Chagatai Khanate 20322: 20315: 20308: 20299: 20298: 20275: 20268: 20227:National symbols 20110: 20109: 20049: 20048: 19942: 19941: 19886: 19885: 19874: 19823:Independent Gozo 19791:Invasion of Gozo 19786:Hospitaller rule 19678: 19671: 19664: 19655: 19654: 19631: 19624: 19536: 19535: 19487: 19457: 19456: 19362: 19361: 19296: 19295: 19284: 19154: 19147: 19140: 19131: 19130: 19117: 19116: 19107: 19106: 19097: 19087: 19086: 18892:Waste management 18657:Academic grading 18575: 18574: 18562: 18561: 18534:Railway stations 18512:Cultural tourism 18411:Economic regions 18373: 18372: 18196: 18195: 18037: 18036: 17706:Mamluk Sultanate 17637:Diocese of Egypt 17620:Battle of Actium 17569: 17568: 17556: 17555: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17517: 17516: 17503: 17502: 17495:Islam portal 17493: 17492: 17491: 17273: 17272: 17265: 17259: 17258: 17100:Medieval science 17043: 17042: 17033: 17027: 17026: 16684:Economic history 16667: 16666: 16643: 16642: 16629:Islam by country 16414:Bektashi Alevism 16052: 16051: 16043:Outline of Islam 16025: 16018: 16011: 16002: 16001: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15763: 15762: 15751: 15590: 15589: 15372: 15371: 15195:Sharifs of Mecca 15164:Vassal dynasties 15105:Bahram al-Armani 15026: 15025: 14972:Siege of Ascalon 14754:al-Mansur Billah 14720: 14713: 14706: 14697: 14696: 14671:909–1171 14656:Preceded by 14624:Preceded by 14613: 14598:Ruling house of 14592:Aghlabid dynasty 14589:Preceded by 14566: 14565: 14527: 14518:. Brill Online. 14505: 14496: 14475: 14452: 14429: 14408: 14401:Runciman, Steven 14396: 14394: 14392: 14368: 14347: 14335: 14313: 14274: 14262: 14225: 14213: 14176: 14164: 14143: 14103: 14088:. Translated by 14073: 14049: 14028: 14006: 13995: 13973: 13951: 13934:Yarshater, Ehsan 13924: 13900: 13861: 13842: 13809: 13797: 13778: 13757: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13683: 13655: 13649: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13589: 13583: 13582: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13561: 13557: 13555: 13547: 13531: 13518: 13517: 13501: 13495: 13489: 13480: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13421: 13410: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13366: 13357: 13356: 13328: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13284: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13245: 13236: 13230: 13219: 13213: 13204: 13198: 13189: 13183: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13126:. Archived from 13121: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13063: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13014: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12933: 12927: 12920: 12914: 12913: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12841: 12828: 12827: 12808: 12779: 12778: 12770: 12764: 12763: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12709: 12703: 12696: 12690: 12684: 12675: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12514: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12416: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12344: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12257: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12233: 12227: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12207: 12200: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12091: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12040: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 11983: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11850: 11844: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11811: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11531: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11422: 11413: 11407: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11306: 11300: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11260: 11259: 11249: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11124: 11118:. Archived from 11093: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11071: 11069: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11016: 11014: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10949: 10940: 10934: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10793: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10663: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10590: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10554: 10548: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10514: 10506: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10439: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10397: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10149: 10143: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10062: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9933: 9927: 9921: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9807: 9801: 9772: 9771: 9752:Hitti, Philip K. 9748: 9742: 9736: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9697: 9695: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9642: 9636: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9460:History of Islam 9455: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9384: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9310: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9266: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9088: 9071: 9069: 9062: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9025: 9018: 9011: 8999:Egypt portal 8997: 8996: 8995: 8966:Kingdom of Egypt 8942: 8941: 8885: 8884: 8787: 8786: 8730: 8729: 8635: 8634: 8608: 8607: 8595: 8585: 8567: 8566: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8501: 8430: 8429: 8393: 8392: 8336: 8335: 8279: 8278: 8260: 8255: 8246: 8241: 8208:146 BC–435 8205: 8183: 8182: 8157: 8156: 8144: 8134: 8116: 8115: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8071: 8058: 8009:2010s to present 7924:1965 coup d'état 7908:Contemporary era 7774:French governors 7692: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7542:Fossatum Africae 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7477: 7464: 7456: 7448: 7439:Ancient Carthage 7370: 7362: 7354: 7335: 7325: 7307: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7271:Islam portal 7269: 7268: 7267: 7250:Taher Fakhruddin 7215:Musta'li Ismaili 6864:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 6772:Hamdanid dynasty 6762:Sulayhid dynasty 6439: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6410: 6409: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6161: 6160: 6125:Nabahani dynasty 6070:Nabahani dynasty 6055:Makhzumi dynasty 6051: 6050: 5746: 5745: 5501: 5500: 5300:Emirate of Crete 5276: 5275: 5221: 5220: 5200:Kingdom of Kinda 5150:Kingdom of Hatra 5100:Kingdom of Qedar 5096: 5095: 5085: 5073: 5072: 4728:Nizār al-Muṣṭafá 4074: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4056:Syedi Fakhruddin 4048:Sulaymani Bohras 4029:Dhu'ayb bin Musa 3777: 3701:Emirate of Crete 3693:Byzantine Empire 3395:majālis al-ḥikma 3199:(996–1021). The 3126:majālis al-ḥikma 3048:(r. 1149–1154), 3003:branches of the 2908:Ridwan of Aleppo 2900:siege of Antioch 2896:Alexios Komnenos 2824: 2822: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2606: 2534:Salih ibn Mirdas 2501:majālis al-ḥikma 2398: 2395: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2332: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2138: 1901:High Middle Ages 1898: 1896: 1810:Ja'far ibn Falāḥ 1791: 1612:Byzantine Empire 1529: 1523: 1517: 1507: 1486:Madrid Skylitzes 1358: 1313: 1291: 1256: 1247: 1224: 1178: 1158: 1149: 1123: 1117: 1109: 1095: 1093: 1080: 1074: 1049: 1035: 1029: 938: 928: 919:Emphasizing its 911: 732:and her husband 695: 685: 683: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 623: 616: 609: 597:Islam portal 595: 594: 593: 574:Sokoto Caliphate 513: 504: 503: 501: 490: 489: 476: 475: 462: 461: 448: 447: 440:Hammadid Emirate 434: 433: 420: 419: 406: 405: 392: 391: 378: 377: 366: 365: 353: 352: 339: 338: 329:Aghlabid Emirate 325: 324: 311: 310: 304: 303: 288: 287: 155: 123:Berber languages 68: 53: 47: 39: 38: 28: 27: 21922: 21921: 21917: 21916: 21915: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21785: 21774:American Empire 21759: 21755:African empires 21707: 21590: 21282:Central African 21228: 21046:Romano-Germanic 20632: 20366:Middle Assyrian 20339: 20331: 20326: 20296: 20291: 20278: 20271: 20264: 20251: 20237:Public holidays 20156: 20095: 20034: 19927: 19875: 19866: 19779:Hafsid invasion 19774:Battle of Malta 19769:Norman invasion 19691: 19682: 19652: 19647: 19634: 19627: 19620: 19607: 19578:Public holidays 19521: 19485: 19442: 19347: 19285: 19276: 19270:2014–2020 19228:Libyan genocide 19193:Spanish Tripoli 19164: 19158: 19128: 19123: 19067: 19058:Public holidays 19048:National anthem 18901: 18814:Coptic Churches 18757:Egyptian Arabic 18667:Medical schools 18569: 18552: 18468:Nuclear program 18380: 18363: 18293:Nationality law 18286:Supreme Council 18271:Law enforcement 18203: 18186: 18162:Sinai Peninsula 18145:Red Sea Riviera 18044: 18023: 17999: 17901: 17788:1919 revolution 17776:Revolt of Cairo 17701:Ayyubid dynasty 17679:Tulunid dynasty 17563: 17550: 17544: 17514: 17509: 17489: 17487: 17471: 17393:Cultural Muslim 17364: 17331: 17277:Other religions 17267: 17263: 17245: 17180: 17147: 17094: 17037: 17035:Islamic studies 17031: 17013: 16847: 16792: 16769: 16716: 16661: 16660: 16633: 16582:Moral teachings 16525: 16507: 16481:Nation of Islam 16394:Twelver Shi'ism 16331: 16297:Religious texts 16291: 16209:Early conquests 16192: 16174: 16126: 16046: 16035: 16029: 15999: 15994: 15800: 15790: 15760: 15755: 15737: 15696: 15673:Portable mihrab 15633:Al-Hakim Mosque 15577: 15560: 15554: 15473:and theologians 15472: 15464: 15407: 15357: 15324: 15274: 15262: 15159: 15032: 15021: 15015: 14820: 14744:al-Mahdi Billah 14730: 14724: 14690: 14688:Abbasid dynasty 14680:Umayyad dynasty 14672: 14670: 14661: 14659:Abbasid dynasty 14644: 14642:Ayyubid dynasty 14635: 14629: 14612: 14603: 14594: 14584: 14581:Fatimid dynasty 14577: 14549:Wayback Machine 14534: 14512:Daftary, Farhad 14493: 14472: 14449: 14426: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14365: 14332: 14318:O'Kane, Bernard 14310: 14277:Bosworth, C. E. 14240:Bosworth, C. E. 14100: 14092:Leiden: Brill. 14070: 14013:Rowson, Everett 13992: 13970: 13948: 13921: 13905:Daftary, Farhad 13897: 13864:Bosworth, C. E. 13794: 13775: 13754: 13736: 13731: 13730: 13720: 13718: 13711: 13695: 13691: 13681: 13679: 13672: 13656: 13652: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13615: 13611: 13603: 13599: 13590: 13586: 13575: 13571: 13559: 13558: 13549: 13548: 13532: 13521: 13502: 13498: 13490: 13483: 13474: 13470: 13463: 13447: 13443: 13435: 13431: 13422: 13413: 13404: 13400: 13392: 13388: 13381: 13367: 13360: 13329: 13320: 13312: 13308: 13301: 13285: 13281: 13271: 13269: 13262: 13246: 13239: 13231: 13222: 13214: 13207: 13199: 13192: 13184: 13177: 13169: 13165: 13157: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13133:on 18 May 2015. 13130: 13119: 13113: 13109: 13095: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13067: 13057: 13043: 13039: 13029: 13015: 13011: 13001: 12999: 12992: 12973: 12969: 12959: 12957: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12921: 12917: 12886: 12882: 12867: 12863: 12856: 12842: 12831: 12824: 12809: 12782: 12771: 12767: 12756: 12752: 12741: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12710: 12706: 12697: 12693: 12685: 12678: 12669: 12665: 12651: 12649: 12636: 12632: 12622: 12620: 12593: 12589: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12531: 12515: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12462: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12411: 12407: 12399: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12320: 12312: 12308: 12300: 12296: 12288: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12264: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12240: 12236: 12228: 12221: 12211: 12209: 12205: 12198: 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12140: 12136: 12128: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12105: 12093: 12092: 12088: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12057: 12041: 12034: 12024: 12022: 11984: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11935: 11931: 11923: 11919: 11911: 11907: 11899: 11892: 11884: 11880: 11872: 11868: 11860: 11853: 11845: 11838: 11830: 11826: 11818: 11814: 11806: 11802: 11792: 11790: 11783: 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11731: 11727: 11719: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11683: 11679: 11671: 11667: 11659: 11655: 11647: 11643: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11600: 11574: 11570: 11562: 11558: 11550: 11546: 11538: 11534: 11522: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11494: 11486: 11482: 11474: 11470: 11462: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11439: 11423: 11416: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11389: 11381: 11377: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11318: 11309: 11301: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11263: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11199: 11195: 11166: 11162: 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11096:History Compass 11091: 11085: 11081: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11030: 11026: 11012: 11010: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10950: 10943: 10935: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10912: 10896: 10892: 10882: 10880: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10794: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10756: 10752: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10664: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10614: 10606: 10602: 10591: 10584: 10576: 10572: 10564: 10557: 10549: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10518: 10517: 10508: 10507: 10491: 10487: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10463: 10456: 10440: 10433: 10423: 10421: 10414: 10398: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10316: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10264: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10152: 10144: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10083: 10075: 10071: 10063: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9996: 9988: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9964: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9940: 9936: 9928: 9924: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9880: 9876: 9868: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9775: 9768: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9718: 9706:Ayyubid dynasty 9693: 9691: 9684: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9514: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9456: 9452: 9439: 9437: 9430: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9398: 9385: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9359: 9343: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9311: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9283: 9267: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9222: 9220: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9043: 9036: 9029: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8985: 8939: 8929: 8928: 8882: 8871: 8870: 8851:Ayyubid dynasty 8841:Fatimid dynasty 8821:Tulunid dynasty 8811:Abbasid dynasty 8784: 8774: 8773: 8727: 8719: 8718: 8632: 8622: 8621: 8605: 8583: 8576: 8561: 8525: 8523: 8514: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8499: 8478:1987–2011 8458:1957–1987 8448:1956–1957 8438:1881–1956 8427: 8417: 8416: 8411:1705–1881 8401:1574–1705 8390: 8380: 8379: 8374:1229–1574 8364:1160–1229 8354:1148–1160 8333: 8323: 8322: 8276: 8266: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8199: 8180: 8170: 8169: 8154: 8132: 8125: 8110: 8081: 8080: 8067: 8065: 8054: 8052: 8040: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8006: 7940: 7910: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7820:Operation Torch 7808:Cheikh Bouamama 7793:Emir Abdelkader 7769:French conquest 7756: 7735:Barbary pirates 7728:Emirate of Kuku 7704: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7563: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7476:(146 BC–590 AD) 7475: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7409: 7368: 7366:Capsian culture 7360: 7352: 7350:Aterian Culture 7345: 7323: 7316: 7301: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7222:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 7203:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 7197: 7189: 7188: 7104:(al-Wāfī Ahmad) 7087:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 7057: 7046: 7045: 6968:Qalaat al-Madiq 6899:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 6767:Zurayid dynasty 6734: 6678:Sulaymani Bohra 6613: 6599: 6598: 6564: 6554: 6553: 6447: 6426: 6425: 6414: 6413: 6404: 6375: 6374: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6085:Mahdali dynasty 6048: 6040: 6039: 5980:Muscat and Oman 5750:Imamate of Oman 5743: 5735: 5734: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5218: 5210: 5209: 5140:Emesene Dynasty 5093: 5059: 4090:Al-Mahdi Billāh 4025:Lamak ibn Malik 4009:Arwa al-Sulayhi 3966: 3947:(d. After 1070) 3941:(d. After 1020) 3914: 3908: 3900:Bayn al-Qasrayn 3896:Fatimid palaces 3876:al-Aqmar Mosque 3872:Al-Hakim Mosque 3868:Al-Azhar Mosque 3858:Many traces of 3849:textiles and a 3799: 3791:Main articles: 3789: 3776:القاهرة المعزية 3764: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3718: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3618:Military system 3602: 3551:Leningrad Codex 3543: 3467: 3423: 3379:al-Azhar Mosque 3367: 3361: 3303: 3298: 3285:Khan el-Khalili 3277: 3264: 3258: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3146:Fatimid dynasty 3142: 2973:Al-Aqmar Mosque 2854: 2782:Armenian church 2669: 2514: 2509: 2480:Al-Hakim Mosque 2461:local commander 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2094: 1934: 1897: 960–1279 1893: 1859:Al-Azhar Mosque 1816:and subjugated 1802:Arab conquerors 1754:Al-Azhar Mosque 1747: 1742: 1632: 1489:, 12th century. 1477:al-Mahdi Billah 1475:Fatimid Caliph 1469: 1405:Aurès Mountains 1330: 1324: 1272: 1267: 1213: 1102: 1090: 1087:Harun al-Rashid 1055:Ja'far al-Sadiq 996: 950: 945: 887:Islamic prophet 879:Fatimid dynasty 875: 867:Ayyubid dynasty 819:conquered Egypt 646: 642: 627: 591: 589: 584: 583: 554: 546: 545: 521: 520:Main caliphates 496: 473: 459: 445: 431: 417: 403: 398:Crusader States 389: 375: 350: 336: 322: 308: 261: 248: 234: 201: 189: 149: 132: 106: 71: 54: 48: 41: 33: 24: 21: 18:Fatimid dynasty 12: 11: 5: 21920: 21910: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21787: 21786: 21784: 21783: 21782: 21781: 21776: 21767: 21765: 21761: 21760: 21758: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21731: 21730: 21719: 21717: 21713: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21684: 21683: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21627: 21626: 21621: 21611: 21606: 21600: 21598: 21589: 21588: 21587: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21566: 21556: 21551: 21550: 21549: 21539: 21534: 21533: 21532: 21527: 21522: 21512: 21507: 21506: 21505: 21500: 21490: 21489: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21458: 21457: 21456: 21451: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21394: 21393: 21392: 21387: 21377: 21372: 21371: 21370: 21365: 21355: 21354: 21353: 21348: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21331: 21321: 21316: 21315: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21284: 21279: 21278: 21277: 21272: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21238: 21236: 21230: 21229: 21227: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21210: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21169: 21164: 21163: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21127: 21126: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21053: 21043: 21042: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20987: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20966: 20965: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20913: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20887: 20886: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20860: 20859: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20817: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20796: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20754: 20753: 20752: 20747: 20737: 20736: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20710: 20705: 20704: 20703: 20693: 20692: 20691: 20686: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20642: 20640: 20638:Post-classical 20634: 20633: 20631: 20630: 20629: 20628: 20618: 20613: 20612: 20611: 20606: 20596: 20595: 20594: 20584: 20583: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20536: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20510: 20509: 20508: 20503: 20493: 20488: 20487: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20445: 20444: 20439: 20437:Middle Kingdom 20434: 20424: 20419: 20418: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20397: 20396: 20395: 20393:Neo-Babylonian 20390: 20385: 20383:Old Babylonian 20375: 20374: 20373: 20368: 20358: 20353: 20347: 20345: 20333: 20332: 20325: 20324: 20317: 20310: 20302: 20293: 20292: 20290: 20289: 20284: 20277: 20276: 20269: 20261: 20260: 20257: 20256: 20253: 20252: 20250: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20203: 20202: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20166: 20164: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20113: 20107: 20101: 20100: 20097: 20096: 20094: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20071:Stock exchange 20068: 20063: 20058: 20052: 20046: 20040: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20033: 20032: 20030:Chief of Staff 20027: 20026: 20025: 20018:Prime Minister 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19998:Local councils 19995: 19990: 19988:Heads of state 19985: 19984: 19983: 19978: 19968: 19963: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19945: 19939: 19933: 19932: 19929: 19928: 19926: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19903:Fortifications 19900: 19895: 19889: 19883: 19877: 19876: 19869: 19867: 19865: 19864: 19862:State of Malta 19859: 19858: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19835:British Colony 19832: 19827: 19826: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19805: 19804: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19783: 19782: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19761: 19760: 19759: 19754: 19744: 19742:Byzantine rule 19739: 19734: 19733: 19732: 19725:Roman Republic 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19701: 19699: 19693: 19692: 19681: 19680: 19673: 19666: 19658: 19649: 19648: 19646: 19645: 19640: 19633: 19632: 19625: 19617: 19616: 19613: 19612: 19609: 19608: 19606: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19593: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19539: 19533: 19527: 19526: 19523: 19522: 19520: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19481: 19476: 19474:Communications 19471: 19466: 19460: 19454: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19443: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19438: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19387: 19386: 19376: 19371: 19365: 19359: 19353: 19352: 19349: 19348: 19346: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19333:Municipalities 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19299: 19293: 19287: 19286: 19279: 19277: 19275: 19274: 19273: 19272: 19267: 19257: 19255:State of Libya 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19231: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19174: 19172: 19166: 19165: 19157: 19156: 19149: 19142: 19134: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19121: 19111: 19101: 19091: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19073: 19072: 19069: 19068: 19066: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19034: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19008: 19003: 19002: 19001: 18996: 18994:Football clubs 18986: 18985: 18984: 18979: 18969: 18964: 18963: 18962: 18957: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18911: 18909: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18855: 18854: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18801: 18796: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18770: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18749: 18744: 18743: 18742: 18737: 18727: 18722: 18721: 18720: 18715: 18705: 18704: 18703: 18693: 18692: 18691: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18638: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18590:Animal welfare 18587: 18581: 18579: 18571: 18570: 18558: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18550: 18549: 18548: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18504: 18503: 18502: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18473:Power stations 18470: 18465: 18464: 18463: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18421:Egyptian pound 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18402: 18401: 18391: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18369: 18368: 18365: 18364: 18362: 18361: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18333: 18332: 18325:Prime Minister 18322: 18321: 18320: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18289: 18288: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18257: 18256: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18208: 18205: 18204: 18192: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18130:Northern coast 18127: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18049: 18046: 18045: 18033: 18032: 18029: 18028: 18025: 18024: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18005: 18001: 18000: 17998: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17909: 17907: 17903: 17902: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17880: 17875: 17874: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17861:Yom Kippur War 17853: 17852: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17816: 17815: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17780: 17779: 17778: 17763: 17762: 17761: 17760: 17759: 17754: 17744: 17739: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17713: 17703: 17698: 17697: 17696: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17656: 17651: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17629: 17628: 17627: 17622: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17605: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17583: 17577: 17575: 17565: 17564: 17552: 17551: 17543: 17542: 17535: 17528: 17520: 17511: 17510: 17508: 17507: 17497: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17417: 17416: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17395: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17383: 17372: 17370: 17369:Related topics 17366: 17365: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17341: 17339: 17333: 17332: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17303: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17281: 17279: 17269: 17268: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17243: 17238: 17231: 17226: 17225: 17224: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17188: 17186: 17182: 17181: 17179: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17157: 17155: 17149: 17148: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17104: 17102: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17051: 17049: 17039: 17038: 17023: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17015: 17014: 17012: 17011: 17006: 17005: 17004: 16992: 16990:Sources of law 16987: 16982: 16981: 16980: 16970: 16963: 16958: 16951: 16946: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16897: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16868: 16863: 16855: 16853: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16810: 16803: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16760: 16755: 16748: 16741: 16734: 16726: 16724: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16681: 16675: 16673: 16663: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16647: 16639: 16638: 16635: 16634: 16632: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16614:Social welfare 16611: 16606: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16528: 16526: 16524: 16523: 16518: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16483: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16439: 16425: 16424: 16423: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16386: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16341: 16339: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16301: 16299: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16240: 16235: 16228: 16221: 16219:Historiography 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16190: 16185: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16172: 16165: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16136: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16080: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16060: 16058: 16048: 16047: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16028: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16005: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15991:(1921–present) 15986: 15980: 15974: 15968: 15962: 15956: 15950: 15944: 15938: 15932: 15926: 15920: 15914: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15890: 15884: 15878: 15872: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15842: 15836: 15830: 15824: 15818: 15812: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15789: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15766: 15757: 15756: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15704: 15702: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15677: 15676: 15675: 15665: 15663:Juyushi Mosque 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15625: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15602: 15600: 15587: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15575: 15570: 15564: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15476: 15474: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15455: 15445: 15444: 15443: 15433: 15432: 15431: 15421: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15389: 15384: 15378: 15376: 15369: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15355: 15350: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15281: 15279: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15240: 15222: 15212: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15178: 15167: 15165: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15085:Badr al-Jamali 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15036: 15034: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15011: 15001: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902:Struggle with 14900: 14890: 14881: 14876: 14870: 14863: 14857: 14851: 14845: 14839: 14834: 14828: 14826: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14764:al-Aziz Billah 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14740: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14723: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14700: 14692: 14691: 14686: 14683: 14662: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14637: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14620: 14608: 14605: 14595: 14590: 14586: 14585: 14578: 14573:Imperial house 14569: 14564: 14563: 14557: 14552: 14533: 14532:External links 14530: 14529: 14528: 14497: 14492:978-1860646928 14491: 14476: 14470: 14453: 14447: 14430: 14424: 14409: 14397: 14385:978-1351892872 14384: 14369: 14363: 14348: 14340:Raymond, André 14336: 14331:978-9774167324 14330: 14314: 14308: 14281:van Donzel, E. 14263: 14228:van Donzel, E. 14214: 14165: 14149:Graeco-Arabica 14144: 14118:(3): 337–365. 14104: 14098: 14090:Holt, Peter M. 14074: 14068: 14050: 14029: 14009:Krämer, Gudrun 13998: 13997: 13996: 13990: 13968: 13952: 13946: 13925: 13919: 13901: 13895: 13868:van Donzel, E. 13850: 13843: 13802:Canard, Marius 13798: 13792: 13779: 13774:978-9004117419 13773: 13758: 13752: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13709: 13689: 13670: 13650: 13636: 13629: 13609: 13597: 13584: 13569: 13560:|journal= 13519: 13496: 13481: 13468: 13461: 13441: 13429: 13411: 13398: 13396:, p. 154. 13386: 13380:978-0691615424 13379: 13358: 13318: 13306: 13299: 13279: 13261:978-9774167690 13260: 13237: 13235:, p. 139. 13220: 13205: 13190: 13188:, p. 143. 13175: 13173:, p. 141. 13163: 13161:, p. 140. 13148: 13136: 13107: 13094:978-0230595989 13093: 13075: 13065: 13056:978-9774160936 13055: 13037: 13028:978-9774160936 13027: 13009: 12990: 12967: 12948: 12928: 12915: 12880: 12877:(4–5): 516–23. 12861: 12855:978-1926473123 12854: 12829: 12823:978-1926473123 12822: 12780: 12765: 12750: 12735: 12712:Torky, Tarek. 12704: 12691: 12676: 12663: 12630: 12587: 12569:978-0791486108 12568: 12548: 12530:978-0748696482 12529: 12480: 12468: 12466:, p. 282. 12453: 12441: 12429: 12417: 12405: 12393: 12391:, p. 265. 12381: 12379:, p. 260. 12369: 12367:, p. 263. 12357: 12355:, p. 261. 12345: 12333: 12331:, p. 257. 12318: 12316:, p. 251. 12306: 12304:, p. 303. 12294: 12282: 12280:, p. 296. 12270: 12258: 12246: 12244:, p. 229. 12234: 12219: 12184: 12158: 12146: 12144:, p. 228. 12134: 12122: 12110: 12104:978-0953927012 12103: 12086: 12074: 12055: 12032: 12004:10.1086/369565 11978: 11966: 11953:978-0521599849 11952: 11929: 11917: 11905: 11903:, p. 220. 11890: 11878: 11876:, p. 202. 11866: 11864:, p. 201. 11851: 11849:, p. 155. 11836: 11834:, p. 199. 11824: 11812: 11800: 11782:978-0748696482 11781: 11761: 11757:Abun-Nasr 1987 11749: 11747:, p. 173. 11737: 11725: 11713: 11711:, p. 151. 11701: 11699:, p. 149. 11689: 11677: 11675:, p. 156. 11665: 11653: 11641: 11639:, p. 160. 11629: 11627:, p. 138. 11617: 11598: 11568: 11556: 11554:, p. 134. 11544: 11532: 11516: 11514:, p. 129. 11504: 11492: 11480: 11468: 11464:Abun-Nasr 1987 11456: 11438:978-0748696482 11437: 11414: 11410:Abun-Nasr 1987 11399: 11387: 11375: 11373:, p. 122. 11360: 11348: 11346:, p. 121. 11336: 11324: 11307: 11288: 11276: 11261: 11220: 11213: 11193: 11160: 11148: 11136: 11079: 11056: 11036: 11034:, p. 167. 11024: 11001: 10981: 10969: 10963:978-1926473123 10962: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10910: 10890: 10861: 10849: 10837: 10825: 10813: 10806: 10783: 10750: 10735: 10723: 10711: 10699: 10651: 10639: 10627: 10623:Abun-Nasr 1987 10612: 10608:Abun-Nasr 1987 10600: 10582: 10570: 10555: 10553:, p. 853. 10540: 10528: 10519:|journal= 10485: 10483:, p. 143. 10473: 10454: 10431: 10413:978-0300218701 10412: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10349: 10347:, p. 118. 10334: 10332:, p. 117. 10322: 10310: 10298: 10286: 10284:, p. 111. 10274: 10244: 10232: 10230:, p. 108. 10220: 10208: 10206:, p. 107. 10191: 10189:, p. 106. 10179: 10167: 10163:Abun-Nasr 1987 10150: 10148:, p. 103. 10135: 10133:, p. 102. 10123: 10116: 10096: 10081: 10069: 10057: 10045: 10033: 10021: 10009: 10007:, p. 198. 9994: 9992:, p. 108. 9982: 9980:, p. 100. 9970: 9958: 9946: 9934: 9922: 9910: 9898: 9886: 9874: 9859: 9847: 9835: 9823: 9821:, p. 850. 9808: 9806:, p. 852. 9773: 9766: 9743: 9739:Dachraoui 1986 9728: 9726:, p. 294. 9716: 9683:978-0791495575 9682: 9658: 9656:, p. 207. 9643: 9512: 9500: 9493: 9475: 9468: 9450: 9428: 9408: 9376: 9357: 9334: 9300: 9281: 9256: 9245:on 23 May 2021 9230: 9212:978-0860917892 9211: 9191: 9182: 9135:Rein Taagepera 9126: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861:Mamluk dynasty 8857: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8785: 8782:Medieval Egypt 8780: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8764:Sasanian Egypt 8760: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8734:Argead dynasty 8728: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8669:Middle Kingdom 8665: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8454:Bourguiba rule 8450: 8449: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8434:French Tunisia 8428: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8344:973–1148 8342: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8060: 8047: 8041: 8039:Related topics 8038: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8021:Hirak Movement 8018: 8012: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7949: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7803:Mokrani Revolt 7800: 7798:Fatma N'Soumer 7795: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7760:French Algeria 7755: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691:(1235–1556 AD) 7685: 7683:(1229–1574 AD) 7677: 7675:(1215–1465 AD) 7669: 7667:(1121–1269 AD) 7661: 7659:(1040–1147 AD) 7653: 7651:(1014–1152 AD) 7645: 7637: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7564: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7486: 7481:Vandal Kingdom 7478: 7465: 7460:Jugurthine War 7457: 7449: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7371: 7363: 7355: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7212: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7177: 7172: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6987: 6982: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6923: 6918: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869:Hasan-i Sabbah 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6654: 6652:Hebtiahs Bohra 6649: 6648: 6647: 6618: 6616:Branches/sects 6614: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6432: 6431: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6184:Ras al Khaymah 6176: 6175: 6172: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6100:Mazrui dynasty 6096: 6095: 6092: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515:Fihrid Emirate 5511: 5510: 5507: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4848: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4070: 4069: 4052:Syedi Nuruddin 4034:Da'i al-Mutlaq 4021:Da'i al-Balagh 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3929:(d. After 971) 3924: 3923:(d. After 911) 3907: 3904: 3788: 3785: 3763: 3760: 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3728:(10th century) 3717: 3716:Capital cities 3714: 3682:heavy infantry 3655:al-Aziz Billah 3619: 3616: 3601: 3598: 3542: 3539: 3527:Hanging Church 3500:Wadi al-Natrun 3475:Hanging Church 3466: 3463: 3422: 3419: 3360: 3357: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3159:Main article: 3156: 3153: 3144:Main article: 3141: 3138: 2989:Twelver Shi'as 2853: 2850: 2821:الجامع الجيوشي 2813:Juyushi Mosque 2796:(specifically 2758:Atsiz ibn Uwaq 2726:amīr al-juyūsh 2703:Badr al-Jamali 2695:Badr al-Jamali 2668: 2665: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2427:in Jerusalem. 2387: 2386: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2093: 2090: 2060:Black Africans 1966:Constantinople 1954:John Tzimisces 1933: 1930: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1689:Ziri ibn Manad 1631: 1628: 1557:sects such as 1468: 1465: 1445:Tuzur (Tozeur) 1441:Chott el-Jerid 1364:southern Italy 1323: 1320: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1212: 1209: 1128:was a certain 1101: 1098: 1094: 786–809 995: 992: 988:Little Kabylia 969:Fatimid rulers 949: 946: 944: 941: 916:for "Fāṭima". 912:), the Arabic 874: 871: 851:Badr al-Jamali 639:Fatimid Empire 629: 628: 626: 625: 618: 611: 603: 600: 599: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 528: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 506: 505: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 470: 464: 463: 456: 450: 449: 442: 436: 435: 428: 422: 421: 414: 408: 407: 400: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 372: 363: 360: 359: 354: 346: 345: 340: 332: 331: 326: 318: 317: 312: 300: 299: 294: 284: 283: 274: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 256: 253: 252: 249: 242: 239: 238: 235: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 216: 215:Historical era 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 199: 196: 195: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 161: 157: 156: 152:State religion 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 120: 114: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 98: 92: 86: 79: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 56: 55: 34: 31: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21919: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21799: 21797: 21780: 21779:Soviet empire 21777: 21775: 21772: 21771: 21769: 21768: 21766: 21764:Miscellaneous 21762: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21729: 21726: 21725: 21724: 21721: 21720: 21718: 21714: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21682: 21679: 21678: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21616: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21601: 21599: 21597: 21593: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21548: 21545: 21544: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21517: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21495: 21494: 21491: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21462: 21459: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21446: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21399: 21398: 21395: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21382: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21363:German Empire 21361: 21360: 21359: 21356: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21343: 21342: 21339: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21326: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21289: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21239: 21237: 21235: 21231: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21174: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21132: 21131: 21128: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21104: 21103:Turco-Persian 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21044: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20971: 20970: 20967: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20892: 20891: 20888: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20865: 20864: 20861: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20843: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20759: 20758: 20755: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20742: 20741: 20738: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20702: 20699: 20698: 20697: 20694: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20643: 20641: 20639: 20635: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20601: 20600: 20597: 20593: 20590: 20589: 20588: 20585: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20552: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20515: 20514: 20511: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20498: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20429: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20402: 20401: 20398: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20380: 20379: 20376: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20363: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20338: 20334: 20330: 20323: 20318: 20316: 20311: 20309: 20304: 20303: 20300: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20274: 20270: 20267: 20263: 20262: 20258: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20201: 20198: 20197: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20190:Maltese cross 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20163: 20159: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20114: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20102: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20041: 20031: 20028: 20024: 20021: 20020: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19973: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19934: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19878: 19873: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19809: 19806: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19788: 19787: 19784: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19762: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19700: 19698: 19694: 19690: 19686: 19679: 19674: 19672: 19667: 19665: 19660: 19659: 19656: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19630: 19626: 19623: 19619: 19618: 19614: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19588: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19558:Libyan Arabic 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19540: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19528: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19461: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19449: 19437: 19434: 19433: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19406:Head of state 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19385: 19382: 19381: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19366: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19354: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19328:Libyan Desert 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19283: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19260:Libyan Crisis 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19235:The Holocaust 19233: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19223:Italian Libya 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19175: 19173: 19171: 19167: 19162: 19155: 19150: 19148: 19143: 19141: 19136: 19135: 19132: 19120: 19112: 19110: 19102: 19100: 19096: 19092: 19090: 19082: 19081: 19078: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19013: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18990: 18987: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18974: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18920:Art (ancient) 18918: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18908: 18904: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18860: 18859: 18856: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18838: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18806: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18799:Blasphemy law 18797: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18768: 18767:Sign Language 18765: 18763: 18762:Saʽidi Arabic 18760: 18758: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18732: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18698: 18697: 18694: 18690: 18687: 18686: 18685: 18682: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18654: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18582: 18580: 18576: 18572: 18568: 18563: 18559: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18539: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18517: 18513: 18510: 18509: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18475: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18462: 18459: 18458: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18399:National Bank 18397: 18396: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18386: 18383: 18379: 18374: 18370: 18360: 18357: 18353: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18331: 18328: 18327: 18326: 18323: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18287: 18284: 18283: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18218: 18215: 18214: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18206: 18202: 18197: 18193: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18152: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18050: 18047: 18043: 18038: 18034: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18002: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17904: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17825: 17822: 17821: 17820: 17817: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17785: 17784: 17781: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17764: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17725:Ottoman Egypt 17723: 17722: 17721: 17718: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17661: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17630: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17617: 17616: 17613: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17557: 17553: 17548: 17541: 17536: 17534: 17529: 17527: 17522: 17521: 17518: 17506: 17498: 17496: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17426: 17423: 17422: 17421: 17418: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17408:Post-Islamism 17406: 17404: 17401: 17400: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17377: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17367: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17334: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17301: 17300:Protestantism 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17280: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17260: 17256: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17236: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17189: 17187: 17183: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17154: 17150: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17138:Ophthalmology 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17101: 17097: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17052: 17050: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17028: 17024: 17010: 17007: 17003: 17002: 16998: 16997: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16968: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16956: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16944: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16891: 16887: 16886:Death penalty 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16852:Other aspects 16850: 16844: 16843: 16839: 16837: 16836: 16832: 16830: 16829: 16825: 16823: 16822: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16811: 16809: 16808: 16804: 16802: 16801: 16797: 16796: 16794: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16772: 16766: 16765: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16753: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16742: 16740: 16739: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16728: 16727: 16725: 16723: 16719: 16713: 16712: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16701: 16699: 16698: 16694: 16692: 16691: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16674: 16672: 16668: 16664: 16657: 16656:Jurisprudence 16654: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16604: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16422: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16337:Denominations 16334: 16328: 16327: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16171: 16170: 16166: 16164: 16163: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16145: 16143: 16142: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16122:Holiest sites 16120: 16118: 16117:Judgement Day 16115: 16113: 16112: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16053: 16049: 16045: 16044: 16038: 16033: 16026: 16021: 16019: 16014: 16012: 16007: 16006: 16003: 15990: 15987: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15975: 15972: 15969: 15966: 15963: 15960: 15957: 15954: 15951: 15948: 15945: 15942: 15939: 15936: 15933: 15930: 15927: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15915: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15894: 15891: 15888: 15885: 15882: 15879: 15876: 15873: 15870: 15867: 15864: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15846: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15803: 15798: 15794: 15787: 15782: 15780: 15775: 15773: 15768: 15767: 15764: 15754: 15750: 15744: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15681: 15678: 15674: 15671: 15670: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15584: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15557: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15480:Hamdan Qarmat 15478: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15446: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15437: 15434: 15430: 15429:Hamza ibn Ali 15427: 15426: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15364: 15354: 15351: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15327: 15321: 15320:Qadi al-Fadil 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15258: 15254: 15251: 15248: 15244: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15018: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14992: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14967:First Crusade 14965: 14960: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919:Uprisings of 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14898: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14868: 14865:Rebellion of 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14837:Establishment 14835: 14833: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14817: 14816: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14733: 14728: 14721: 14716: 14714: 14709: 14707: 14702: 14701: 14698: 14689: 14682: 14681: 14677: 14669: 14667: 14660: 14654: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14634: 14628: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14611: 14610:Zirid dynasty 14602: 14601: 14593: 14587: 14583: 14582: 14576: 14574: 14567: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14535: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14498: 14494: 14488: 14484: 14483: 14477: 14473: 14471:0-521-47137-0 14467: 14463: 14459: 14454: 14450: 14448:0-521-47137-0 14444: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14425:0-7914-1781-6 14421: 14417: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14398: 14387: 14381: 14378:. Routledge. 14377: 14376: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14295: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14246: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14224: 14223:"Ismāʿīliyya" 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14197: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14183:Ménage, V. L. 14180: 14175: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14054:Kennedy, Hugh 14051: 14047: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13993: 13987: 13983: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13882: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13854:Dachraoui, F. 13851: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13826: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13785: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13702: 13701: 13693: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13654: 13647: 13646: 13640: 13632: 13626: 13622: 13621: 13613: 13606: 13601: 13594: 13591:Halm, Heinz. 13588: 13580: 13573: 13565: 13553: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13488: 13486: 13478: 13472: 13464: 13458: 13454: 13453: 13445: 13439:, p. 80. 13438: 13433: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13408: 13402: 13395: 13390: 13382: 13376: 13372: 13365: 13363: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13339:(2): 169–87. 13338: 13334: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13315: 13310: 13302: 13296: 13292: 13291: 13283: 13267: 13263: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13244: 13242: 13234: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13218:, p. 69. 13217: 13212: 13210: 13202: 13197: 13195: 13187: 13182: 13180: 13172: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13153: 13145: 13140: 13129: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13104: 13102: 13096: 13090: 13086: 13079: 13069: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13020: 13013: 12997: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12976:Marina Rustow 12971: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12932: 12925: 12919: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12896:(3): 331–46. 12895: 12891: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12857: 12851: 12847: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12825: 12819: 12815: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12776: 12769: 12761: 12754: 12746: 12739: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12695: 12689:, p. 57. 12688: 12683: 12681: 12674:, pp. 111–14. 12673: 12667: 12660: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12634: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12607:(2): 419–42. 12606: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12477: 12472: 12465: 12460: 12458: 12450: 12445: 12439:, p. 38. 12438: 12433: 12426: 12421: 12414: 12409: 12402: 12397: 12390: 12385: 12378: 12373: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12349: 12343:, p. 65. 12342: 12337: 12330: 12325: 12323: 12315: 12310: 12303: 12302:Runciman 1951 12298: 12291: 12290:Richards 2017 12286: 12279: 12278:Runciman 1951 12274: 12267: 12262: 12256:, p. 45. 12255: 12250: 12243: 12242:Runciman 1951 12238: 12232:, p. 44. 12231: 12226: 12224: 12204: 12197: 12196: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12131: 12126: 12120:, p. 22. 12119: 12114: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12083: 12078: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12039: 12037: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11998:(2): 144–75. 11997: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11970: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11933: 11927:, p. 78. 11926: 11921: 11914: 11909: 11902: 11897: 11895: 11887: 11882: 11875: 11870: 11863: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11833: 11828: 11821: 11816: 11809: 11804: 11788: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11773: 11765: 11758: 11753: 11746: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11722: 11717: 11710: 11705: 11698: 11693: 11686: 11681: 11674: 11669: 11662: 11657: 11650: 11645: 11638: 11633: 11626: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11572: 11565: 11560: 11553: 11548: 11541: 11536: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11477: 11472: 11466:, p. 67. 11465: 11460: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11430: 11429: 11421: 11419: 11412:, p. 75. 11411: 11406: 11404: 11396: 11391: 11384: 11379: 11372: 11367: 11365: 11357: 11352: 11345: 11340: 11333: 11328: 11322:, p. 96. 11321: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11305:, p. 95. 11304: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11285: 11280: 11274:, p. 94. 11273: 11268: 11266: 11257: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11224: 11216: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11197: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11140: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11040: 11033: 11028: 11021: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10985: 10978: 10973: 10965: 10959: 10955: 10948: 10946: 10938: 10933: 10927:, p. 46. 10926: 10921: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10894: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10858: 10853: 10847:, p. 83. 10846: 10841: 10834: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10809: 10807:0-8133-3885-9 10803: 10799: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10740: 10733:, p. 77. 10732: 10727: 10720: 10715: 10709:, p. 44. 10708: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10648: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10625:, p. 64. 10624: 10619: 10617: 10609: 10604: 10596: 10589: 10587: 10579: 10574: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10552: 10547: 10545: 10537: 10532: 10524: 10512: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10477: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10438: 10436: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10382: 10377: 10370: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10346: 10341: 10339: 10331: 10326: 10319: 10314: 10307: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10283: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10241: 10236: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10171: 10165:, p. 61. 10164: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10142: 10140: 10132: 10127: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10086: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10061: 10054: 10049: 10042: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10019:, p. 47. 10018: 10013: 10006: 10005:Madelung 1978 10001: 9999: 9991: 9986: 9979: 9974: 9967: 9962: 9955: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9931: 9926: 9919: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9895: 9890: 9884:, p. 89. 9883: 9878: 9872:, p. 18. 9871: 9866: 9864: 9856: 9855:Madelung 1986 9851: 9844: 9843:Madelung 1986 9839: 9832: 9831:Madelung 1971 9827: 9820: 9815: 9813: 9805: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9769: 9767:0-06-106583-8 9763: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9662: 9655: 9650: 9648: 9640: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9509: 9504: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9412: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9383: 9381: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9341: 9339: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9195: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9083: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9046: 9040: 9035: 9026: 9021: 9019: 9014: 9012: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8890: 8889:Ottoman Egypt 8887: 8886: 8880: 8875: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8630:Ancient Egypt 8626: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8558: 8553: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8317:909–973 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8307:800–909 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8297:750–800 8296: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8287:698–750 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8274:Early Islamic 8270: 8269: 8259:590–698 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8245:534–590 8243: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232:534–698 8231: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8218:435–534 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7997:Peace Charter 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Civil Concord 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Berber Spring 7929: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7919:FFS rebellion 7917: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7871:Évian Accords 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7678: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7662: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7643:(973–1152 AD) 7641: 7638: 7635:(970–1068 AD) 7633: 7630: 7627:(909–1171 AD) 7625: 7622: 7617: 7614: 7609: 7606: 7601: 7598: 7593: 7590: 7587:(742–1066 AD) 7585: 7582: 7577: 7574: 7569: 7568:Arab conquest 7566: 7565: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7519: 7514: 7511: 7506: 7503: 7498: 7495: 7490: 7487: 7482: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7458: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7359: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237:Dawoodi Bohra 7235: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015:Jama'at Khana 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6849:Nasir Khusraw 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6789:Hamdan Qarmat 6787: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6638:Dawoodi Bohra 6636: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562:Seven Pillars 6558: 6557: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6544:Reincarnation 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274:Umm al-Quwain 6271: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5575:Muslim Sicily 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5204:450 AD–550 AD 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144:64 BC–300s AD 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134:132 BC–244 AD 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5124:400 BC–106 AD 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114:600 BC–100 BC 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5104:800 BC–300 BC 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5047: 5028: 5027: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5007: 4967: 4965: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4923: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4857: 4856: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4823: 4821: 4781: 4779: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4686: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4621: 4619: 4581: 4579: 4560: 4559: 4543: 4541: 4503: 4501: 4482: 4481: 4465: 4463: 4425: 4423: 4404: 4403: 4387: 4385: 4347: 4345: 4326: 4325: 4309: 4307: 4269: 4267: 4248: 4247: 4231: 4229: 4191: 4189: 4170: 4169: 4153: 4151: 4113: 4111: 4092: 4091: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058:went to East 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3981:Dawoodi bohra 3977: 3976: 3971: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3756: 3749: 3742:Al-Mansuriyya 3739: 3727: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3695:was ruled by 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3672:heavy cavalry 3669: 3668:horse archers 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3610:reduced to a 3608: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3421:Other Muslims 3418: 3416: 3415:Mount Lebanon 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262:Fatimid harem 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:Sitt al-Qusur 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:First Crusade 2884: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2852:Final decline 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2806:Zagwe dynasty 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2492:Dawoodi Bohra 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2390: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2311: 2300: 2289: 2278: 2269: 2258: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2198:KHITAN EMPIRE 2191: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2158: 2156: 2147: 2137: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2080:Sa'd al-Dawla 2077: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1737: 1735: 1734:al-Mansuriyya 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1716:capable fleet 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1590:Mahdia Museum 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576:Fragments of 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1453:Qafsa (Gafsa) 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1316:Awliya' Allah 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1265:Rise to power 1262: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Hamdan Qarmat 1177: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1142:Syrian Desert 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1063:Musa al-Kazim 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 940: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 915: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 888: 884: 880: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:al-Mansuriyya 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:(missionary) 780: 779: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:Mediterranean 715: 711: 707: 706:Isma'ili Shia 703: 699: 694: 688: 679: 673: 640: 636: 624: 619: 617: 612: 610: 605: 604: 602: 601: 598: 588: 587: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 550: 549: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 517: 516: 512: 508: 507: 495: 492: 491: 471: 469: 466: 465: 457: 455: 452: 451: 443: 441: 438: 437: 429: 427: 426:Zirid Emirate 424: 423: 415: 413: 410: 409: 401: 399: 396: 395: 387: 385: 382: 381: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 358: 355: 348: 347: 344: 341: 334: 333: 330: 327: 320: 319: 316: 313: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 282: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260: 254: 250: 246: 240: 236: 233: 227: 223: 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 203: 197: 194: 191: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 168: 165: 162: 158: 153: 148: 145: 142: 139: 135: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 102: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 78: 74: 67: 62: 57: 52: 45: 29: 26: 19: 21530:Contemporary 21380:Indo-Persian 21368:Nazi Germany 21312:Contemporary 21214:Vijayanagara 21113:Great Seljuk 21024:Thessalonica 20952:Golden Horde 20732: 20592:Carthaginian 20371:Neo-Assyrian 20356:Neo-Sumerian 20185:Coat of arms 20170:Architecture 20117:Demographics 20086:Trade unions 20056:Central Bank 19961:Constitution 19949:Armed Forces 19850:World War II 19737:Roman Empire 19543:Demographics 19507:Oil reserves 19469:Central Bank 19431:Human rights 19369:Constitution 19338:Subdivisions 18945:Coat of arms 18915:Architecture 18804:Christianity 18784:Prostitution 18730:Human rights 18689:Abaza family 18677:Universities 18642:Demographics 18595:Billionaires 18239:Constitution 18234:Conscription 18217:Governorates 18098:Halfaya Pass 17968:1954–present 17928:Constitution 17883:2010s Crisis 17795:World War II 17757:Urabi revolt 17688: 17674:Islamization 17608:31st Dynasty 17603:27th Dynasty 17420:Islamophobia 17285:Christianity 17233: 17166:Contemporary 17060:Architecture 16999: 16965: 16953: 16941: 16899: 16892: 16858: 16840: 16835:Nikah mut'ah 16833: 16826: 16819: 16812: 16805: 16798: 16762: 16750: 16743: 16736: 16729: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16601: 16324: 16269: 16248: 16230: 16223: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132:Five Pillars 16109: 16075: 16064:God in Islam 16041: 15949:(1560s–1690) 15844: 15723:al-Musabbihi 15643:Bab al-Futuh 15638:Aqmar Mosque 15598:architecture 15559:Anti-Fatimid 15470:Missionaries 15353:Fatimid navy 15336:Fatimid army 15060:Sitt al-Mulk 15022:and military 14887:Alexandretta 14813: 14736:Imam-Caliphs 14726: 14674: 14664: 14632: 14615: 14614: 14597: 14579: 14570: 14539: 14515: 14481: 14461: 14438: 14414: 14404: 14389:. Retrieved 14374: 14353: 14343: 14321: 14299: 14292: 14267:Madelung, W. 14250: 14243: 14201: 14194: 14169:Madelung, W. 14152: 14148: 14115: 14111: 14085: 14058: 14040:(1): 28–67. 14037: 14033: 14016: 13981: 13976: 13959: 13937: 13909: 13886: 13879: 13846: 13830: 13823: 13783: 13763: 13742: 13719:. Retrieved 13699: 13692: 13680:. Retrieved 13660: 13653: 13644: 13639: 13619: 13612: 13605:Raymond 2000 13600: 13592: 13587: 13578: 13572: 13535: 13505: 13499: 13476: 13471: 13451: 13444: 13432: 13424: 13406: 13401: 13394:Sanders 1998 13389: 13370: 13336: 13332: 13309: 13289: 13282: 13270:. Retrieved 13250: 13216:Raymond 1993 13166: 13139: 13128:the original 13123: 13110: 13100: 13098: 13084: 13078: 13068: 13060: 13046: 13040: 13032: 13018: 13012: 13000:. Retrieved 12980: 12970: 12958:. Retrieved 12938: 12931: 12923: 12918: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12845: 12813: 12774: 12768: 12759: 12753: 12744: 12738: 12726:. 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Retrieved 9100: 9096: 9086: 9060: 8980:1953–present 8879:Early modern 8840: 8758:30 BC–641 AD 8693:1550–1069 BC 8683:1650–1550 BC 8673:2055–1650 BC 8663:2181–2055 BC 8653:2686–2181 BC 8643:3150–2686 BC 8616:6000–3000 BC 8474:Ben Ali rule 8464:Ben Ali coup 8388:Early modern 8312: 8008: 8007: 7992:Black Spring 7942: 7941: 7912: 7832:Algerian War 7830: 7829: 7786:Pacification 7758: 7757: 7706: 7703:Modern times 7619:(800–909 AD) 7611:(789–828 AD) 7603:(776–909 AD) 7595:(771–793 AD) 7579:(703–744 AD) 7571:(647–709 AD) 7524:(585–698 AD) 7516:(534–585 AD) 7508:(578–708 AD) 7500:(484–703 AD) 7492:(477–578 AD) 7484:(435–534 AD) 7463:(111–106 BC) 7455:(264–146 BC) 7373:Rock art in 7119: 7111: 7103: 7102:ʿAbad Allāh 6995:Constitution 6973: 6972: 6909: 6908: 6884:Pir Sadardin 6844:al-Naysaburi 6829:al-Sijistani 6782: 6781: 6751: 6736: 6735: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6668: 6661: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6369:1921–present 6354:1900–present 6339:1868–present 6324:1833–present 6309:1810–present 6294:1783–present 6279:1775–present 6264:1761–present 6249:1752–present 6234:1749–present 6219:1744–present 6214:Saudi Arabia 6204:1727–present 6189:1727–present 6174:1631–present 5254: 5184:300s–500s AD 5023: 5013: 4948: 4930: 4852: 4841: 4835: 4755:Mustā'līyyah 4752: 4746: 4730: 4637:Al-Mustansir 4636: 4633: 4555: 4477: 4399: 4321: 4243: 4165: 4087: 4032: 4020: 4012: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3915: 3891: 3864:Great Mosque 3857: 3850: 3843:rock crystal 3822:architecture 3815: 3779: 3767: 3765: 3751: 3736: 3690: 3675: 3651: 3641: 3624:Fatimid navy 3603: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3560: 3555:Hebrew Bible 3512: 3488: 3481:, including 3430: 3424: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391:dā'ī l-du'āt 3390: 3386: 3383: 3333: 3324:meritocratic 3321: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3280: 3278: 3275:Burial place 3149: 3125: 3118: 3095: 3043: 3009: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2938: 2889: 2862: 2855: 2842:Bab al-Futuh 2831: 2810: 2778: 2754:Seljuk Turks 2737: 2700: 2691:Bab al-Futuh 2649: 2600: 2593:Italo-Norman 2586: 2574:al-Mustansir 2571: 2526:al-Jarjarā'ī 2518:Sitt al-Mulk 2515: 2500: 2497: 2464: 2429: 2412: 2409: 2402: 2354: 2207: 2187: 2176: 2154: 2120: 2114: 2110:Banu Khazrun 2106:Tripolitania 2095: 2085:forced march 2068: 2047: 2044: 2019: 2015: 2004: 1999: 1978: 1972: 1951: 1909: 1890:Song Dynasty 1863: 1851: 1806: 1781: 1773: 1763: 1713: 1633: 1618:stronghold, 1601: 1594: 1536: 1534:tendencies. 1492: 1484: 1457: 1394: 1361: 1350:North Africa 1339: 1315: 1283: 1273: 1242:, where the 1214: 1152: 1125: 1103: 1052: 997: 975:Shia caliph 966: 951: 918: 901: 896:, the first 876: 855:Seljuk Turks 842:al-Mustansir 831: 783:Abu Abdallah 776: 774: 736:, the first 728:'s daughter 710:North Africa 638: 634: 632: 563: 297:Succeeded by 296: 291: 95:al-Mansuriya 25: 21118:Khwarezmian 21051:Carolingian 20856:Rashtrakuta 20560:Shaishunaga 20459:Hellenistic 20442:New Kingdom 20432:Old Kingdom 20137:Immigration 19993:LGBT rights 19796:Great Siege 19747:Arab Period 19715:Phoenicians 19464:Agriculture 19109:WikiProject 18870:Scientology 18740:LGBT rights 18662:Law schools 18446:Lighthouses 18389:Agriculture 18118:Mount Sinai 18078:Earthquakes 17878:Mubarak era 17849:Six-Day War 17839:Suez Crisis 17834:Land reform 17581:Prehistoric 17290:Catholicism 17185:Other areas 17176:Theological 17171:Eschatology 17128:Mathematics 17065:Calligraphy 16995:Theological 16949:Inheritance 16866:Cleanliness 16238:Shi'a Imams 16232:Ahl al-Bayt 15985:(1921–1958) 15979:(1805–1952) 15973:(1726–1834) 15967:(1704–1831) 15961:(1697–1842) 15955:(1649–1850) 15931:(1382–1517) 15925:(1376–1843) 15919:(1250–1382) 15913:(1234–1262) 15907:(1171–1341) 15901:(1127–1250) 15895:(1104–1154) 15883:(1024–1080) 15653:Bab Zuweila 15648:Bab al-Nasr 15616:Skifa Kahla 15568:Akhu Muhsin 15485:Ibn Hawshab 15392:Esotericism 15315:al-Basasiri 15033:and regents 14289:Pellat, Ch. 14236:Pellat, Ch. 14200:Volume III: 14191:Schacht, J. 14187:Pellat, Ch. 14155:: 190–208. 14108:Lev, Yaacov 13956:Halm, Heinz 13876:Pellat, Ch. 13820:Schacht, J. 13816:Pellat, Ch. 13492:O'Kane 2016 13233:Walker 1998 13201:Walker 1998 13186:Walker 1998 13171:Walker 1998 13159:Walker 1998 13144:O'Kane 2016 13117:"The Druze" 12652:11 November 12437:O'Kane 2016 12266:Köhler 2013 12254:Köhler 2013 12230:Köhler 2013 12118:O'Kane 2016 12082:O'Kane 2016 11901:O'Kane 2016 11685:O'Kane 2016 11156:Canard 1965 11068:26 February 11013:26 February 10566:Canard 1965 10551:Canard 1965 10257:cms.dma.org 10053:Canard 1965 9819:Canard 1965 9804:Canard 1965 9067:Banū ʿUbayd 8709:Late Period 8703:1069–664 BC 8689:New Kingdom 8649:Old Kingdom 8582:History of 8498:2011– 8152:Prehistoric 8131:History of 8016:Arab Spring 7893:Oujda Group 7883:Pieds-noirs 7866:1961 putsch 7861:1958 crisis 7841:Nationalism 7834:(1954–1962) 7592:Muhallabids 7561:Middle Ages 7447:(202–46 BC) 7369:(10,000 BC) 7361:(20,000 BC) 7353:(80,000 BC) 7322:History of 7246:Qutbi Bohra 7228:Alavi Bohra 7210:Aga Khan IV 6688:Qutbi Bohra 6683:Alavi Bohra 6644:Progressive 6074:Pate Island 6047:East Africa 5840:Sulaymanids 5780:Ukhaidhirds 5565:Sulaymanids 5535:Muhallabids 5440:Munqidhites 5340:Shirvanshah 5194:300s–602 AD 5164:196–1100 AD 5154:100s–241 AD 4951:Ṭāyyībīyyah 4749:Al-Mustā'lī 3833:script for 3818:Islamic art 3793:Fatimid art 3733:Al-Mahdiyya 3710:Otto I 3496:monasteries 3377:inside the 3337:Druze faith 3251:(1160–1171) 3245:(1154–1160) 3239:(1149–1154) 3221:(1094–1101) 3209:(1021–1036) 3079:Upper Egypt 3058:Baldwin III 2869:al-Musta'li 2846:Bab al-Nasr 2838:Bab Zuweila 2790:Coptic Pope 2744:(Mecca and 2715:امير الجيوش 2661:cannibalism 2568:(1036–1094) 2546:Romanos III 2437:Tayyi tribe 2413:Dar al-'Ilm 2397: 1000 1823:Transjordan 1671:successor, 1638:—who ruled 1597:al-Mahdiyya 1586:al-Mahdiyya 1500:regnal name 1377:Constantine 1368:Abdallah II 1328:Al-Muqtadir 1185:Ibn Hawshab 1179:s) such as 1165:Zanj Revolt 1042:occultation 803:al-Mahdiyya 292:Preceded by 21812:Caliphates 21796:Categories 21688:Portuguese 21569:Revival Le 21559:Vietnamese 21202:Later Tran 21172:Vietnamese 21068:Singhasari 21056:Holy Roman 20680:Bulgarian 20616:Satavahana 20587:Phoenician 20523:Achaemenid 20484:Indo-Greek 20464:Macedonian 20378:Babylonian 20232:Philosophy 20217:Literature 20132:Healthcare 20127:Emigration 20003:Parliament 19918:Localities 19563:Literature 19486:(currency) 19323:Ecoregions 19021:Newspapers 19011:Mass media 18863:Synagogues 18831:Irreligion 18779:Literature 18774:Liberalism 18713:Healthcare 18615:Corruption 18298:Parliament 18229:Corruption 18224:Civil Code 18167:Suez Canal 18125:Nile Delta 18010:Alexandria 17980:Population 17975:Parliament 17943:Healthcare 17824:Nasser era 17598:Achaemenid 17573:Chronology 17350:Ex-Muslims 17235:Shu'ubiyya 17229:Psychology 17217:Literature 17207:Inventions 17153:Philosophy 16961:Leadership 16937:Honorifics 16592:Philosophy 16399:Isma'ilism 16360:Maturidism 16243:Caliphates 16214:Golden Age 16105:Revelation 15877:(990–1096) 15871:(990–1085) 15865:(990–1081) 15847:(909–1171) 15835:(890–1004) 15823:(750–1258) 15510:Abu Tammam 15419:Qarmatians 15367:Isma'ilism 15305:Manjutakin 15020:Government 14976:Regime of 14948:Revolt of 14932:Revolt of 14503:"Fāṭimids" 14391:3 February 14272:"al-Mahdī" 14249:Volume IV: 14004:"Fāṭimids" 13991:9004100563 13930:"Fatimids" 13829:Volume II: 13807:"Fāṭimids" 13753:0521337674 13710:0521429749 13671:0226056767 13645:The Bohras 13437:Brett 2017 13314:Brett 2017 13002:8 November 12960:8 November 12464:Brett 2017 12449:Brett 2017 12425:Brett 2017 12413:Brett 2017 12401:Brett 2017 12389:Brett 2017 12377:Brett 2017 12365:Brett 2017 12353:Brett 2017 12329:Brett 2017 12314:Brett 2017 12177:8 February 12154:Brett 2017 12142:Brett 2017 11974:Brett 2017 11938:Gil, Moshe 11913:Brett 2017 11886:Brett 2017 11874:Brett 2017 11862:Brett 2017 11832:Brett 2017 11820:Brett 2017 11808:Brett 2017 11745:Brett 2017 11733:Brett 2017 11721:Brett 2017 11709:Brett 2017 11697:Brett 2017 11673:Brett 2017 11661:Brett 2017 11649:Brett 2017 11637:Brett 2017 11625:Brett 2017 11584:: 205–36. 11564:Brett 2017 11552:Brett 2017 11540:Brett 2017 11524:Brett 2017 11512:Brett 2017 11500:Brett 2017 11488:Brett 2017 11476:Brett 2017 11395:Brett 2017 11383:Brett 2017 11371:Brett 2017 11356:Brett 2017 11344:Brett 2017 11332:Brett 2017 11320:Brett 2017 11303:Brett 2017 11284:Brett 2017 11272:Brett 2017 11180:(2): 185. 11144:Brett 2017 11129:2 December 10937:Brett 2017 10883:8 February 10857:Brett 2017 10845:Brett 2017 10833:Brett 2017 10731:Brett 2017 10678:: 349–76. 9870:Brett 2017 9724:Brett 2017 9674:SUNY Press 9654:Brett 2017 9508:Brett 2017 9223:20 October 9151:(3): 495. 9103:(2): 222. 9078:References 8738:332–310 BC 8713:664–332 BC 8239:Prefecture 8161:Prehistory 7936:1988 riots 7781:Resistance 7656:Almoravids 7469:Mauretania 7452:Punic Wars 7343:Prehistory 7000:Delegation 6956:Maymun-Diz 6839:al-Shirazi 6834:al-Kirmani 6819:Qadi Numan 6718:Qarmatians 6607:Musta'lism 6594:Pilgrimage 6534:Numerology 6428:Isma'ilism 6360:Hashemites 6315:Al Maktoum 6285:Al Khalifa 5970:Upper Yafa 5960:Ya'arubids 5800:Qarmatians 5685:Sumadihids 5174:220–638 AD 5170:Ghassanids 4844:Ḥāfīzīyyah 4733:Nizārīyyah 4031:the first 3910:See also: 3882:, and the 3839:lustreware 3827:figurative 3806:Lustreware 3674:(known as 3628:See also: 3568:Rabbanites 3519:Alexandria 3508:Amalfitans 3465:Christians 3429:school or 3413:region of 3407:al-Kirmani 3365:Isma'ilism 3260:See also: 3106:Nūr ad-Dīn 2748:) and the 2589:Banū Hilal 2562:gold dinar 2143:KARAKHANID 2012:Banu Kilab 1782:al-Qāhirah 1770:Ikhshidids 1640:Al-Andalus 1624:Ibn Qurhub 1567:Heinz Halm 1532:antinomian 1342:Ibrahim II 1326:See also: 1232:Qarmatians 1203:, and the 1065:down to a 954:Isma'ilism 936:Banu Ubayd 898:Shī'a Imām 768:, and the 164:Hereditary 160:Government 103:(973–1171) 21887:Ismailism 21681:Couronian 21319:Ethiopian 21307:Manchukuo 21262:Brazilian 21108:Ghaznavid 21078:Srivijaya 21029:Trebizond 21014:Byzantine 20996:North Sea 20991:Norwegian 20979:Almoravid 20962:Ilkhanate 20932:Majapahit 20905:Muromachi 20814:Solomonic 20799:Ethiopian 20713:Caliphate 20646:Aragonese 20474:Ptolemaic 20142:Languages 20122:Education 20091:Transport 20013:President 19966:Elections 19954:Commander 19881:Geography 19548:Education 19517:Transport 19479:Companies 19374:Elections 19318:Districts 19291:Geography 19016:Magazines 19006:Egyptians 18841:Ahmadiyya 18752:Languages 18718:Hospitals 18652:Education 18519:Transport 18478:Aswan Dam 18406:Companies 18347:Terrorism 18313:President 18276:Massacres 18266:Judiciary 18244:Elections 18113:Mountains 18042:Geography 18020:Port Said 17963:1939–1954 17958:1928–1938 17913:Anarchism 17856:Sadat era 17800:Sultanate 17747:Khedivate 17647:Christian 17615:Ptolemaic 17467:Symbolism 17425:Incidents 17403:Criticism 17295:Mormonism 17192:Astrology 17118:Cosmology 17113:Astronomy 17055:Arabesque 16922:Etiquette 16881:Blasphemy 16671:Economics 16486:Ahmadiyya 16428:Muhakkima 16375:Wahhabism 16365:Mu'tazili 16350:Ash'arism 15911:Lu'lu'ids 15881:Mirdasids 15869:Marwanids 15863:Numayrids 15857:Jarrahids 15853:(935–969) 15851:Ikhsidids 15839:Hadhabani 15833:Hamdanids 15829:(868–905) 15817:(661–750) 15811:(632–661) 15809:Rashiduns 15623:Mansuriya 15441:Assassins 15375:Doctrines 15272:governors 15268:Officials 15243:Banu Kanz 15229:Hamdanids 15225:Sulayhids 15215:Mirdasids 15209:Palestine 15205:Jarrahids 15185:Hammadids 15050:Ibn Ammar 14934:Abu Rakwa 14906:(974–978) 14875:(958–960) 14869:(943–947) 14867:Abu Yazid 14862:(937–941) 14856:(919–921) 14850:(914–915) 14844:(913–917) 14666:Caliphate 14636:969–1171 14524:1875-9831 14298:Volume V: 14285:Lewis, B. 14259:758278456 14232:Lewis, B. 14210:495469525 14179:Lewis, B. 14161:183390203 14140:162310414 14025:1873-9830 13885:Volume V: 13872:Lewis, B. 13839:495469475 13812:Lewis, B. 13721:12 August 13682:12 August 13562:ignored ( 13552:cite book 13544:1873-9830 13538:. Brill. 13353:237271659 12910:164922323 12659:minister. 12020:170839031 11256:1356-1863 11116:1478-0542 10647:Halm 1996 10635:Halm 1996 10578:Halm 1996 10521:ignored ( 10511:cite book 10503:1873-9830 10497:. Brill. 10381:Halm 1996 10369:Halm 1996 10357:Halm 1996 10345:Halm 1996 10330:Halm 1996 10318:Halm 1996 10306:Halm 1996 10294:Halm 1996 10282:Halm 1996 10240:Halm 1996 10228:Halm 1996 10216:Halm 1996 10204:Halm 1996 10187:Halm 1996 10175:Halm 1996 10146:Halm 1996 10131:Halm 1996 10110:. Brill. 10092:Halm 1996 10041:Halm 1991 10017:Halm 1991 9966:Halm 1991 9954:Halm 1991 9942:Halm 1991 9906:Halm 1991 9694:13 August 9639:Halm 2014 9109:1076-156X 8970:1922–1953 8960:1914–1922 8950:1882–1922 8923:1867–1914 8913:1805–1953 8903:1798–1801 8893:1517–1867 8865:1250–1517 8855:1171–1250 8748:310–30 BC 8253:Exarchate 8197:1st Roman 7963:Massacres 7913:1960s–80s 7688:Ziyyanids 7648:Hammadids 7632:Maghrawas 7616:Aghlabids 7600:Rustamids 7434:Phoenicia 7427:Antiquity 7412:Related: 7400:Madghacen 7136:al-Manṣūr 7077:al-Sajjad 7010:Holy Du'a 6889:Aga Khans 6824:al-Nasafi 6745:state of 6743:Qarmatian 6723:Assassins 6457:Batiniyya 6345:Al Sharqi 6300:Al Nuaimi 6270:Al Mualla 6259:Abu Dhabi 6255:Al Nahyan 6195:Al Qasimi 6180:Al Qasimi 6144:1860–1887 6134:1858–1895 6119:1856–1964 6109:1746–1828 6094:1277–1495 6079:1203–1894 6034:1926–1970 6024:1906–1934 6014:1903–1967 6004:1858–1967 6000:Qu'aitids 5994:1836–1921 5990:Rashidids 5984:1820–1970 5974:1800–1967 5964:1624–1742 5954:1597–1872 5944:1463–1521 5934:1454–1526 5924:1395–1967 5920:Kathirids 5914:1305–1487 5910:Jarwanids 5904:1253–1320 5894:1229–1454 5884:1159–1174 5874:1154–1624 5870:Nabhanids 5864:1083–1174 5854:1076–1253 5844:1063–1174 5834:1047–1138 5830:Sulayhids 5729:1837–1969 5725:Senussids 5719:1554–1659 5709:1230–1492 5699:1049–1078 5689:1041–1091 5679:1039–1110 5669:1031–1091 5665:Jawharids 5659:1027–1063 5655:Muzaynids 5649:1026–1057 5645:Hammudids 5639:1023–1062 5635:Yahsubids 5629:1023–1091 5619:1020–1086 5609:1013–1039 5599:1012–1051 5589:1004–1412 5555:Aghlabids 5484:1697–1842 5474:1517–1865 5464:1480–1677 5454:1517–1697 5444:1025–1157 5434:1024–1080 5430:Mirdasids 5420:Numayrids 5400:Jarrahids 5390:Mazyadids 5370:Hamdanids 5360:Hashimids 5320:Habbarids 5310:Dulafids 5160:Tanukhids 4946:Aṭ-Ṭāyyīb 4324:Al-Mu'izz 4246:Al-Mansur 4060:Rajasthan 3953:(d. 1078) 3810:al-Fustat 3780:al-Qāhira 3684:and foot 3523:Old Cairo 3479:Old Cairo 3359:Isma'ilis 3193:(975–996) 3181:(946–953) 3175:(934–946) 3110:Amalric I 3062:Jerusalem 2965:Assassins 2750:Sulayhids 2720:romanized 2578:al-Yāzūrī 2530:Banu Kalb 2433:Abu Rakwa 2367:BYZANTINE 2358:CALIPHATE 2287:CHALUKYAS 2254:GHAZNAVID 2218:SRIVIJAYA 2177:Pechenegs 2062:from the 2042:control. 2032:Euphrates 2008:Jarrahids 1977:(plural: 1962:Jerusalem 1846:al-Fustat 1835:Palestine 1774:al-Qāhira 1730:al-Mansur 1721:Abu Yazid 1616:Christian 1610:from the 1555:Kharijite 1498:with the 1437:Kasserine 1413:al-Aribus 1280:Aghlabids 1259:Sijilmasa 1134:Khuzestan 1038:end times 1020:al-Husayn 910:فَاطِمِيّ 859:Crusaders 815:al-Mu'izz 799:Sijilmasa 714:West Asia 698:caliphate 687:romanized 494:Caliphate 454:Sulayhids 167:caliphate 137:Religion 97:(948–973) 91:(921–948) 85:(909–921) 21661:Japanese 21624:Scottish 21604:American 21596:Colonial 21525:Imperial 21493:Moroccan 21429:Japanese 21407:Afsharid 21266:Burmese 21252:Austrian 21207:Later Le 21182:Early Le 21167:Venetian 21093:Tiwanaku 21006:Hellenic 20969:Moroccan 20900:Kamakura 20890:Japanese 20873:Saffarid 20826:Georgian 20740:Chalukya 20718:Rashidun 20708:Calakmul 20676:Bruneian 20555:Haryanka 20533:Sasanian 20528:Parthian 20479:Bactrian 20469:Seleucid 20449:Goguryeo 20427:Egyptian 20361:Assyrian 20351:Akkadian 20342:Colonies 20282:Category 20212:Folklore 20175:Carnival 20152:Religion 20076:Taxation 20061:Currency 19937:Politics 19818:Blockade 19813:Invasion 19730:Invasion 19705:Timeline 19689:articles 19638:Category 19596:Olympics 19591:Football 19583:Religion 19426:Military 19357:Politics 19343:Wildlife 19089:Category 19053:Olympics 18989:Football 18821:Hinduism 18789:Religion 18696:Feminism 18684:Families 18647:Diaspora 18610:Censuses 18600:Cannabis 18585:Abortion 18529:Airports 18524:Airlines 18500:Internet 18303:Passport 18281:Military 18254:Missions 18201:Politics 18182:Wildlife 17906:By topic 17819:Republic 17654:Sassanid 17505:Category 17398:Islamism 17381:Muhammad 17337:Apostasy 17312:Hinduism 17202:Feminism 17133:Medicine 16973:Military 16927:Gambling 16876:Apostasy 16871:Criminal 16783:Marriage 16752:Tayammum 16704:Murabaha 16577:Madrasas 16567:Holidays 16557:Clothing 16552:Children 16547:Calendar 16498:Quranism 16432:Khawarij 16404:Alawites 16355:Atharism 16249:Rashidun 16088:In Islam 16083:Muhammad 15977:Alawiyya 15923:Bahdinan 15905:Ayyubids 15887:Artuqids 15875:Uqaylids 15845:Fatimids 15827:Tulunids 15821:Abbasids 15815:Umayyads 15561:movement 15540:Abdallah 15448:Musta'li 15329:Military 15277:generals 15233:Zurayids 15189:Ifriqiya 15095:Kutayfat 15055:Barjawan 14982:al-Hafiz 14978:Kutayfat 14955:Musta'li 14904:Alptakin 14668:dynasty 14604:909–972 14600:Ifriqiya 14545:Archived 14514:(eds.). 14403:(1951), 14344:Le Caire 14342:(1993). 14320:(2016). 14300:Khe–Mahi 14291:(eds.). 14269:(1986). 14251:Iran–Kha 14242:(eds.). 14220:(1978). 14193:(eds.). 14171:(1971). 14080:(2013). 14056:(2023). 14015:(eds.). 13958:(1991). 13907:(2007). 13887:Khe–Mahi 13878:(eds.). 13856:(1986). 13822:(eds.). 13804:(1965). 13715:Archived 13676:Archived 13514:40000079 13333:Al-Masāq 13272:14 March 13266:Archived 12996:Archived 12978:(2014). 12954:Archived 12728:11 March 12722:Archived 12646:Archived 12623:8 August 12617:Archived 12574:Archived 12541:14 April 12535:Archived 12203:Archived 12171:Archived 12067:14 April 12061:Archived 11940:(1997). 11793:14 April 11787:Archived 11610:27 April 11604:Archived 11449:14 April 11443:Archived 11062:Archived 11020:Baghdad. 11007:Archived 10877:Archived 10776:9 August 10694:27811145 10672:Muqarnas 10536:Lev 1995 10466:14 April 10460:Archived 10424:12 March 10418:Archived 10261:Archived 9688:Archived 9434:Archived 9395:Archived 9363:Archived 9321:Archived 9287:Archived 9249:12 March 9217:Archived 9169:Archived 9113:Archived 8976:Republic 8845:969–1171 8573:a series 8571:Part of 8522:• 8407:Husainid 8331:Medieval 8303:Aghlabid 8202:Province 8187:Carthage 8122:a series 8120:Part of 7958:Timeline 7672:Marinids 7664:Almohads 7624:Fatimids 7608:Idrisids 7584:Ifranids 7547:Gemellae 7537:Partenia 7313:a series 7311:Part of 7131:al-Qāʾim 7082:al-Baqir 6936:Atashgah 6728:Satpanth 6713:Seveners 6623:Musta'li 6611:Nizarism 6539:Theology 6446:Concepts 6417:a series 6415:Part of 6349:Fujairah 6330:Al Thani 6240:Al Sabah 6129:Wituland 6064:896–1279 6020:Idrisids 5950:Qasimids 5930:Tahirids 5900:Usfurids 5890:Rasulids 5860:Zurayids 5824:968–1925 5810:Wajihids 5804:899–1077 5794:897–1962 5784:865–1066 5770:Yufirids 5764:819–1138 5760:Ziyadids 5754:751–1970 5695:Tahirids 5625:Abbadids 5605:Tujibids 5579:831–1091 5545:Idrisids 5529:756–1031 5509:710–1019 5505:Salihids 5470:Harfushs 5460:Turabays 5424:990–1081 5414:990–1096 5410:Uqaylids 5404:970–1107 5394:961–1150 5384:955–1071 5380:Rawadids 5374:890–1004 5364:869–1075 5344:861–1538 5330:Kaysites 5324:854–1011 5294:736–1122 5259:909–1171 5255:Fatimids 5249:750–1258 5245:Abbasids 5235:Umayyads 5225:Rashidun 5190:Lakhmids 5180:Salihids 5057:See also 5026:Al-'Āḍīd 5016:Al-Fā'īz 4933:Al-Zāfīr 4838:Al-Ḥāfīz 4741:Muhammad 4558:Al-Zahir 4480:Al-Hakim 4168:Al-Qā'im 3997:Al-Hafiz 3975:Aga Khan 3935:(d. 974) 3892:Az-Zahra 3870:and the 3600:Language 3572:Karaites 3483:frescoes 3454:Husaynid 3256:Consorts 3050:al-Fa'iz 3046:al-Zafir 2993:al-Hafiz 2977:de facto 2802:Ethiopia 2786:Cyril II 2738:de facto 2680:Muqattam 2630:Imam in 2560:Fatimid 2522:al-Zahir 2488:al-Hakim 2455:general 2453:Armenian 2405:al-Hakim 2121:de facto 2072:Basil II 2052:Daylamis 2040:Hamdanid 2010:and the 1920:convert 1660:Idrisids 1620:Taormina 1582:al-Qa'im 1510:al-Qa'im 1505:al-Mahdī 1401:Kairouan 1284:de facto 1276:Ifriqiya 1217:Abdallah 1138:Salamiya 1083:Muhammad 973:Isma'ili 902:fāṭimiyy 890:Muhammad 838:al-Hakim 834:al-'Aziz 811:Kairouan 787:Aghlabid 746:Ifriqiya 726:Muhammad 702:Fatimids 696:) was a 273:Currency 141:Isma'ili 59:909–1171 21728:largest 21723:Empires 21703:Swedish 21698:Spanish 21693:Russian 21656:Italian 21631:Chinese 21619:English 21614:British 21609:Belgian 21584:Vietnam 21574:Tay son 21520:Tsarist 21515:Russian 21510:Ottoman 21476:Dzungar 21471:Khoshut 21444:Mexican 21439:Maratha 21422:Pahlavi 21402:Safavid 21397:Iranian 21324:Haitian 21287:Chinese 21247:Ashanti 21219:Wagadou 21145:Eastern 21140:Western 21123:Timurid 21083:Tibetan 21073:Songhai 21063:Serbian 20984:Almohad 20974:Idrisid 20878:Samanid 20868:Tahirid 20863:Iranian 20841:Kannauj 20821:Genoese 20757:Chinese 20750:Eastern 20745:Western 20733:Fatimid 20728:Abbasid 20723:Umayyad 20696:Burmese 20656:Ayyubid 20651:Angevin 20621:Xianbei 20609:Eastern 20604:Western 20550:Magadha 20513:Iranian 20506:Xiongnu 20491:Hittite 20400:Chinese 20388:Kassite 20337:Ancient 20329:Empires 20266:Outline 20195:Cuisine 20162:Culture 20105:Society 20044:Economy 19913:Islands 19908:Geology 19898:Climate 19697:History 19622:Outline 19587:Sports 19531:Culture 19512:Tourism 19452:Economy 19313:Climate 19303:Borders 19245:Kingdom 19203:Ottoman 19178:Ancient 19170:History 19119:Commons 19038:Museums 18982:regions 18950:Cuisine 18935:Castles 18907:Culture 18877:Smoking 18858:Judaism 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15155:Saladin 15150:Shirkuh 15145:Dirgham 15040:Jawdhar 15030:Viziers 14991:Tayyibi 14825:History 14815:Dynasty 14174:"Imāma" 14084:(ed.). 13936:(ed.). 13734:Sources 12580:2 April 12212:9 March 12025:7 April 10267:20 July 9165:2600793 8835:935–969 8825:868–905 8815:750–935 8805:661–750 8795:641–661 8768:619–629 8500:present 8397:Ottoman 8360:Almohad 8313:Fatimid 8293:Abbasid 8283:Umayyad 8178:Ancient 8133:Tunisia 7680:Hafsids 7444:Numidia 7387:Ahaggar 7383:Tassili 7324:Algeria 7219:Taiyabi 7118:Ḥusayn 7055:leaders 7027:Abbasid 6961:Rudkhan 6946:Lambsar 6941:Gerdkuh 6931:Alamut 6921:Anjudan 6910:Centers 6854:Pamiris 6747:Bahrayn 6631:Tayyibi 6589:Fasting 6584:Charity 6569:Walayah 6467:Imamate 6289:Bahrain 6225:Al Said 6210:Al Saud 6199:Sharjah 6169:Morocco 6165:'Alawis 6104:Mombasa 5940:Jabrids 5880:Mahdids 5850:Uyunids 5814:926–965 5790:Rassids 5774:847–997 5715:Saadids 5705:Nasrids 5615:Amirids 5595:Bakrids 5585:Kanzids 5569:814–922 5559:800–909 5549:788–974 5539:771–793 5519:745-757 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1240:Maghreb 1207:(893). 1205:Maghreb 1199:(899), 1197:Bahrayn 1004:Abbasid 1000:Umayyad 984:Berbers 962:messiah 948:Origins 943:History 883:Fatimah 863:Saladin 846:viziers 817:, they 809:, near 758:Maghreb 750:Tunisia 722:Red Sea 689:: 502:‎ 370:Zengids 257:• 243:• 230:• 205:Al-Adid 83:Raqqada 76:Capital 21666:Mongol 21651:German 21646:French 21636:Danish 21579:Dainam 21554:Tongan 21542:Somali 21537:Sokoto 21503:'Alawi 21481:Kalmyk 21461:Mongol 21454:Second 21434:Korean 21385:Mughal 21375:Indian 21358:German 21351:Second 21341:French 21334:Second 21270:Second 21242:Afghan 21234:Modern 21160:Kyrgyz 21155:Uighur 21150:Second 21130:Turkic 21098:Toltec 21034:Epirus 21019:Nicaea 20942:Mongol 20895:Yamato 20831:Huetar 20689:Second 20626:Rouran 20575:Shunga 20570:Maurya 20545:Kushan 20518:Median 20496:Hunnic 20454:Harsha 20287:Portal 20180:Cinema 20147:People 20066:Energy 19845:Exiles 19687: 19643:Portal 19553:Health 19492:Energy 19484:Dinar 19308:Cities 19163: 19099:Portal 18940:Cinema 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