430:
of
Congressional Democrats, in particular Albert Gore Sr., George Fallon, Dennis Chavez, and Hale Boggs. That bill authorized paying for highway expansion by establishing the Highway Trust Fund, which in turn would be funded by increases in highway user taxes on gasoline, diesel, tires, and other materials. For his part, during 1954–1955, Eisenhower had adamantly refused to support a highway bill that either raised user taxes or increased deficit spending, instead favoring a plan that would create a government corporation that would issue highway bonds. However, Congressional Democrats and members of his own administration, including his Comptroller General Joseph Campbell, publicly criticized Eisenhower's proposed government corporation on that grounds that its bonds would, in fact, count towards the national debt.
368:
29:
2026:
422:, may have convinced him to support construction of the Interstate System when he became president. "The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land." His "Grand Plan" for highways, announced in 1954, led to the 1956 legislative breakthrough that created the Highway Trust Fund to accelerate construction of the Interstate System.
506:, tolls continue to be collected, even though the turnpikes have long since been paid for. The money collected is used for highway maintenance, turnpike improvement projects and states' general funds. (That is not the case in Massachusetts, where the state constitution requires the money be used for transportation.) In addition, there are several major
426:
transportation for the national economy. In the event of a ground invasion by a foreign power, the U.S. Army would need good highways to be able to transport troops and material across the country efficiently. Following completion of the highways, the cross-country journey that took the convoy two months in 1919 was cut down to five days.
390:, which was the first road across America. However, there is little evidence in either his private or public utterances from the time (1952–1956) to support this claim. The highly publicized 1919 convoy was intended, in part, to dramatize the need for better main highways and continued federal aid. The convoy left the Ellipse south of the
429:
Eisenhower's role in passage of the 1956 Federal-Aid Act has been exaggerated. Eisenhower's preferred bill, authored by a group of non-governmental officials led by Gen. Lucius Clay, was voted down overwhelmingly by the
Congress in 1955. The bill Eisenhower actually signed in 1956 was the brainchild
56:
An act to amend and supplement the
Federal Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1956, to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways; to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide additional revenue from taxes on motor fuel, tires, and trucks and buses; and for other
425:
Though
Eisenhower is sometimes described as having advocated for the highways for the purpose of national defense, scholarship has shown that he said relatively little about national defense when actually advocating for the plan, instead emphasizing highway fatalities and the importance of
2168:
409:
The convoy was memorable enough for a young Army officer, 28-year-old
Lieutenant Colonel Dwight David Eisenhower, to include a chapter about the trip, titled "Through Darkest America With Truck and Tank", in his book
406:. Bridges cracked and were rebuilt, vehicles became stuck in mud and equipment broke, but the convoy was greeted warmly by communities across the country. The convoy reached San Francisco on September 6, 1919.
1681:
356:
1740:
1207:
329:
that paid for 90 percent of highway construction costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent. It was expected that the money would be generated through new
976:
2146:
414:(Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1967). "The trip had been difficult, tiring and fun", he said. That experience on the Lincoln Highway, plus his observations of the German
2286:
1510:
1303:
1217:
378:
Some biographers have claimed that
Eisenhower's support of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 can be attributed to his experiences in 1919 as a participant in the
1171:
1765:
1494:
333:
on fuel, automobiles, trucks, and tires. As a matter of practice, the federal portion of the cost of the
Interstate Highway System has been paid for by taxes on
307:
into law. With an original authorization of $ 25 billion (equivalent to $ 215 billion in 2023) for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of the
1202:
1419:
1386:
1528:
826:
620:). Additionally, Kentucky has several former toll roads that, in full or part, became part of the Interstate Highway system after the removal of tolls (
322:
in the act's title was because some of the original cost was diverted from defense funds and "because of s primary importance to the national defense".
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1018:
2151:
1166:
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928:
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695:
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1159:
1109:
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1197:
1104:
876:
843:
830:
2063:
1676:
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1505:
1119:
968:
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949:
2186:
2123:
2213:
2203:
2141:
762:
2281:
1703:
1671:
1733:
1645:
1640:
447:
1557:
1332:
1085:
921:
442:
that had been built prior to the
Interstate Highway Act were incorporated into the Interstate system (for example, the
181:
171:
152:
147:
1693:
1453:
1431:
1003:
1409:
1183:
211:
1790:
2118:
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1960:
1327:
1189:
1154:
1149:
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1134:
1129:
1124:
1075:
1038:
960:
892:
677:
125:
117:
1971:
1863:
1546:
1517:
1033:
952:
847:
834:
707:
297:
1243:
367:
2276:
2056:
2029:
1826:
1698:
914:
383:
350:
580:
Toll turnpikes in the following states have been declared paid off, and those highways have become standard
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1068:
2234:
1983:
87:
1236:
523:
284:
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1470:
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1053:
1023:
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621:
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308:
868:
175:
110:
2049:
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1436:
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1254:
637:
574:
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535:
399:
2080:
1842:
1424:
1368:
1248:
1058:
559:
547:
888:
852:
1818:
1713:
1028:
897:
511:
1977:
1913:
1482:
1414:
1362:
1063:
28:
1943:
1901:
1760:
1718:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1402:
1274:
937:
617:
372:
300:
263:
8:
1925:
1723:
1380:
1225:
1048:
1008:
729:
786:
2239:
1937:
1475:
1374:
1114:
810:
613:
379:
360:
326:
207:
185:
162:
253:
235:
1919:
1907:
1808:
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1601:
1446:
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1043:
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758:
225:
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Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient
Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
1895:
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1871:
1834:
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1522:
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459:
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and toll tunnels included in the
Interstate system, including four bridges in the
2015:
2008:
1889:
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1850:
1813:
1775:
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1296:
1291:
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872:
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787:""Giving government to business": Dwight Eisenhower and the Federal Highway Act"
658:
1931:
1308:
663:
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1994:
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1989:
1345:
901:
467:
439:
419:
325:
The money for the Interstate Highway and Defense Highways was handled in a
312:
1315:
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with New Jersey, New Jersey with New York, New Jersey with Pennsylvania,
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344:
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1965:
1230:
906:
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The Greatest Decade 1956–1966 Part 1 Essential to the National Interest
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696:"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, Creating the Interstate System"
581:
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62:
526:. Tolls collected on Interstate Highways remain on segments of
483:
727:
1321:
601:
499:
16:
1956 U.S. legislation creating the Interstate Highway System
1338:
471:
977:
Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1304:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
330:
345:
Historical background of the Interstate Highway System
1420:
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954
728:
Federal Highway Administration (September 15, 1999).
1682:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite
1495:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
1059:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany
656:
285:
2175:Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
1387:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
402:. From there, it followed the Lincoln Highway to
2287:United States federal transportation legislation
2268:
2152:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
2073:United States federal transportation legislation
1511:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
732:. Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-PL-99-015
2158:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
1529:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
657:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
315:project in American history through that time.
2163:Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
650:
2250:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
2057:
1771:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)
1709:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport
1626:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948
922:
281:National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
45:National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
2181:Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act
1489:People to People Student Ambassador Program
1265:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization
573:In addition, some states have built tolled
524:Indiana and Kentucky in the Louisville area
248:on June 22, 1956 (adopted) and by the
2255:United States Department of Transportation
2064:
2050:
929:
915:
844:United States Department of Transportation
831:United States Department of Transportation
520:the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan
311:over a 10-year period, it was the largest
242:Reported by the joint conference committee
1651:United States Presidential election (1952
693:
386:across the United States on the historic
351:Interstate Highway System § History
1746:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center
1571:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960
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840:History of the Interstate Highway System
366:
354:
750:
2269:
2187:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
751:Ambrose, Stephen E. (March 18, 2014).
2045:
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780:
778:
776:
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694:Weingroff, Richard F. (Summer 1996).
1704:Eisenhower Executive Office Building
1641:Republican National Convention (1952
1076:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
785:Zug, Charles U. (February 9, 2023).
1872:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower
784:
754:Eisenhower Volume II: The President
296:was enacted on June 29, 1956, when
206:in the House as H.R. 10660 by
13:
2292:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
1558:Student loans in the United States
1333:National Aeronautics and Space Act
771:
412:At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends
398:, on July 7, 1919, and headed for
290:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
2303:
1694:Eisenhower National Historic Site
1454:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1432:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
1004:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy
858:
2025:
2024:
1410:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954
730:"Financing Federal-Aid Highways"
27:
1961:Eisenhower baseball controversy
1506:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
1466:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
1328:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958
1039:People of Western Europe speech
961:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
885:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
880:Statute Compilations collection
865:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
678:Gross Domestic Product deflator
640:following in the near future).
277:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
22:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
1547:National Defense Education Act
1518:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1034:June 6, 1944, order of the day
1019:European Theater of Operations
953:President of the United States
848:Federal Highway Administration
835:Federal Highway Administration
791:Presidential Studies Quarterly
744:
721:
708:Federal Highway Administration
687:
1:
1828:Backstairs at the White House
1699:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
1523:Little Rock Nine intervention
1415:Internal Revenue Code of 1954
659:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
643:
384:Transcontinental Motor Convoy
363:, primary sponsor of the bill
1791:Other tributes and memorials
1069:European Advisory Commission
7:
2282:84th United States Congress
2235:Federal-aid highway program
1984:Introduction to Outer Space
1972:And I don't care what it is
1786:Places named for Eisenhower
1369:Outer Continental Shelf Act
1190:Military–industrial complex
853:Federal Highway Act of 1956
584:with the removal of tolls:
433:
88:84th United States Congress
78:Highway Revenue Act of 1956
10:
2308:
1237:Korean Armistice Agreement
1208:Presidential Proclamations
1115:State of the Union Address
969:Chief of Staff of the Army
612:(the part of I-95 between
577:within existing freeways.
458:). For major turnpikes in
348:
2245:Interstate Highway System
2227:
2196:
2132:
2079:
2003:
1953:
1862:
1799:
1751:Eisenhower Medical Center
1664:
1621:Draft Eisenhower movement
1613:
1594:
1471:Interstate Highway System
1398:National Wool Act of 1954
1355:
1287:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
1249:"Chance for Peace" speech
1216:
1084:
1024:Allied invasion of Sicily
987:
944:
318:The addition of the term
309:Interstate Highway System
199:
194:
161:
140:
135:
116:
106:
101:
93:
82:
74:
61:
52:
35:
26:
2081:Federal aid highway acts
1822:(1949 television series)
1576:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1501:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1460:Bank Holding Company Act
1437:Agricultural Act of 1956
1393:Agricultural Act of 1954
1244:1953 Iranian coup d'état
400:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
224:on April 27, 1956 (
42:Highway Construction Act
1844:Ike: Countdown to D-Day
1425:Small Watershed Program
252:on June 22, 1956 (
148:16 U.S.C.: Conservation
2133:Surface transportation
1714:Eisenhower Fellowships
1029:Armistice of Cassibile
757:. Simon and Schuster.
570:, and several others.
512:San Francisco Bay Area
375:
364:
246:agreed to by the House
234:on May 29, 1956 (
1978:Atoms for Peace Award
1914:Ida Stover Eisenhower
1910:(great-granddaughter)
1483:Fish and Wildlife Act
1363:Executive Order 10479
1172:Judicial appointments
1064:Disarmed Enemy Forces
370:
358:
2277:1956 in American law
1944:Milton S. Eisenhower
1902:Mary Jean Eisenhower
1761:Eisenhower Golf Club
1719:Eisenhower Institute
1565:Hawaii Admission Act
1553:Federal Perkins Loan
1541:Humane Slaughter Act
1535:Alaska Statehood Act
1403:Special Milk Program
938:Dwight D. Eisenhower
893:US Statutes at Large
446:carries portions of
438:Many limited-access
373:Dwight D. Eisenhower
301:Dwight D. Eisenhower
279:, also known as the
264:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1926:Edgar N. Eisenhower
1741:U.S. Postage stamps
1724:Eisenhower Monument
1381:Submerged Lands Act
1226:Eisenhower Doctrine
1049:Operation Veritable
1009:Louisiana Maneuvers
680:figures follow the
218:) on April 19, 1956
195:Legislative history
176:ch. 2, subch. I
153:23 U.S.C.: Highways
23:
2240:Highway Trust Fund
1938:Earl D. Eisenhower
1766:Eisenhower Theater
1476:Highway Trust Fund
1375:Refugee Relief Act
1275:1955 Geneva Summit
1198:Kennedy transition
1054:Berlin Declaration
376:
365:
361:George Hyde Fallon
327:Highway Trust Fund
244:on June 22, 1956;
36:Other short titles
21:
2264:
2263:
2039:
2038:
2016:John F. Kennedy →
2009:← Harry S. Truman
1920:Arthur Eisenhower
1908:Jennie Eisenhower
1838:(1979 miniseries)
1830:(1979 miniseries)
1820:Crusade in Europe
1809:Eisenhower jacket
1756:Eisenhower Trophy
1729:Eisenhower dollar
1603:Crusade in Europe
1590:
1589:
1447:Soil Bank Program
1280:1960 U-2 incident
1110:1957 inauguration
1105:1953 inauguration
1044:Normandy landings
799:10.1111/psq.12816
764:978-1-4767-4587-9
273:
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232:Passed the Senate
119:Statutes at Large
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1896:Susan Eisenhower
1884:David Eisenhower
1781:Mount Eisenhower
1214:
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1203:Executive Orders
1184:Farewell address
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600:(part of I-95),
396:Washington, D.C.
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266:on June 29, 1956
222:Passed the House
165:sections created
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1999:
1949:
1904:(granddaughter)
1898:(granddaughter)
1892:(granddaughter)
1890:Anne Eisenhower
1878:John Eisenhower
1858:
1814:Eisenhower Tree
1801:
1795:
1776:Fort Eisenhower
1660:
1609:
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1356:Domestic policy
1351:
1297:Restricted Data
1292:Atoms for Peace
1270:New Look policy
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999:Military career
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418:network during
388:Lincoln Highway
371:U.S. President
359:Representative
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260:Signed into law
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859:External links
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682:MeasuringWorth
676:United States
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179:
168:
166:
159:
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150:
144:
142:
141:Titles amended
138:
137:
133:
132:
122:
114:
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108:
104:
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99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
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59:
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33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2304:
2293:
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2256:
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2110:
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2100:
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2032:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:Kay Summersby
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
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1734:commemorative
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1469:
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1442:Soil Bank Act
1440:
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1260:Domino theory
1258:
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1242:
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1234:
1233:
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1229:
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1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Supreme Court
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
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1133:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
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1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
946:
943:
939:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
909:
903:
899:
896:
894:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
862:
854:
851:
849:
845:
841:
838:
836:
832:
828:
825:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:: psq.12816.
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
766:
760:
756:
755:
747:
736:September 10,
731:
724:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
683:
679:
666:
665:
660:
653:
649:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:parts of I-69
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:express lanes
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:West Virginia
501:
497:
496:New Hampshire
493:
492:Massachusetts
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Interstate 76
445:
444:Ohio Turnpike
441:
440:toll highways
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
407:
405:
404:San Francisco
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
369:
362:
357:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
288:
282:
278:
265:
262:by President
261:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
208:George Fallon
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
169:
167:
164:
160:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
121:
115:
112:
109:
105:
100:
97:June 29, 1956
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
51:
44:
41:
40:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2171:(SAFETEA-LU)
2108:
2023:
2014:
2007:
1990:Eddie Slovik
1982:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1687:Boyhood home
1672:Bibliography
1602:
1465:
1346:Operation 40
902:Congress.gov
887:as enacted (
867:as amended (
790:
753:
746:
734:. Retrieved
723:
711:. Retrieved
703:
700:Public Roads
699:
689:
681:
670:November 30,
668:. Retrieved
662:
652:
579:
572:
508:toll bridges
468:Pennsylvania
437:
428:
424:
420:World War II
411:
408:
377:
324:
319:
317:
313:public works
280:
276:
274:
259:
249:
245:
241:
231:
221:
203:
136:Codification
66:(colloquial)
18:
1854:(2014 play)
1846:(2004 film)
1316:Suez Crisis
979:(1943–1945)
971:(1945–1948)
963:(1951–1952)
955:(1953–1961)
586:Connecticut
392:White House
339:diesel fuel
303:signed the
2271:Categories
2183:(FAST Act)
1966:Camp David
1886:(grandson)
1677:Birthplace
1231:Korean War
1100:Transition
1086:Presidency
898:H.R. 10660
713:August 25,
644:References
618:Petersburg
464:New Jersey
204:Introduced
107:Public law
53:Long title
1946:(brother)
1940:(brother)
1934:(brother)
1928:(brother)
1922:(brother)
1614:Elections
1581:Sikes Act
891:) in the
875:) in the
815:256750020
807:0360-4918
634:I-69 Spur
604:(part of
592:(part of
382:'s first
380:U.S. Army
298:President
182:23 U.S.C.
172:16 U.S.C.
102:Citations
94:Effective
75:Nicknames
57:purposes.
2177:(MAP-21)
2165:(TEA-21)
2030:Category
1916:(mother)
1852:Pressure
1255:Cold War
1091:timeline
989:Military
684:series.
614:Richmond
610:Virginia
598:Maryland
590:Kentucky
588:(I-95),
582:freeways
546:, I-76,
542:, I-80,
534:, I-90,
516:Delaware
488:Oklahoma
480:Illinois
460:New York
450:(I-76),
434:Tollways
416:Autobahn
335:gasoline
124:70
63:Acronyms
2257:(USDOT)
2228:Related
2154:(ISTEA)
1954:Related
1802:culture
1800:Popular
1167:Cabinet
889:details
873:details
632:, with
476:Indiana
320:defense
286:Pub. L.
2189:(IIJA)
1874:(wife)
1864:Family
1665:Legacy
1605:(1948)
1583:(1960)
1567:(1959)
1551:1958;
1543:(1958)
1537:(1958)
1531:(1957)
1525:(1957)
1497:(1956)
1491:(1956)
1485:(1956)
1462:(1956)
1456:(1955)
1389:(1953)
1383:(1953)
1377:(1953)
1371:(1953)
1365:(1953)
1348:(1960)
1337:1958;
1324:(1958)
1318:(1956)
1251:(1953)
1235:1953;
991:career
813:
805:
761:
628:, and
522:, and
502:, and
484:Kansas
454:, and
294:84–627
292:
250:Senate
226:388–19
163:U.S.C.
128:
111:84-627
1880:(son)
1656:1956)
1646:1956)
1636:1956)
1595:Books
1322:DARPA
811:S2CID
706:(1).
638:I-369
630:I-169
626:I-165
602:Texas
568:I-355
564:I-294
500:Maine
331:taxes
236:41–39
186:ch. 1
184:
178:§ 503
174:
126:Stat.
2219:1974
2214:1970
2209:1965
2204:1964
2147:1987
2142:1982
2124:1974
2119:1973
2114:1968
2109:1956
2104:1952
2099:1944
2094:1921
2089:1916
1631:1952
1339:NASA
1160:1961
1155:1960
1150:1959
1145:1958
1140:1957
1135:1956
1130:1955
1125:1955
1120:1953
950:34th
803:ISSN
759:ISBN
738:2008
715:2015
672:2023
636:and
616:and
606:I-30
594:I-65
560:I-35
556:I-44
552:I-64
548:I-70
544:I-77
540:I-87
536:I-88
532:I-94
528:I-95
472:Ohio
456:I-90
452:I-80
337:and
305:bill
275:The
254:89–1
86:the
70:FAHA
1836:Ike
900:on
877:GPO
869:PDF
842:at
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394:in
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